Industrial revolution.pptx

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Material de apoyo para los alumnos de 4ºESO bilingüe

Why in Great Britain?Why in Great Britain?

KEY ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN EUROPE

Why did the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to other countries in Europe?

Interprete this map

INDUSTRIALISATION IN SPAININDUSTRIALISATION IN

SPAIN

INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN SPAIN IN THE 19th CENTURY

The metallurgical industry in Asturias and Vizcaya.

The metallurgical industry in Asturias and Vizcaya.

The cotton industry in Cataluña.

The cotton industry in Cataluña.

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISMWhat is Economic liberalism?

•It´s the theory that freedom of production and free trade are essential conditions for economic growth and development to take place.

Adam Smith, the father of modern economics.

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISMAdam Smith´s theory


1.- The State should not interfere with economic activity.•This also meant that the state should not intervene to solve the problems that were created by industrialisation, such as people losing their jobs, high unemployemnt or poor working conditions.



2.- Manufactures should be free to produce the goods that they want to produce:• In this way they can respond effectively

to the demands of the market.The law of the support and the demand.

The law of the support and the demand.



3.- There should be free competition between businesses.•This will lead to better-quality products and lower prices. The law of the

support and the demand.

The law of the support and the demand.



4.- Merchants should be able to import and export goods without restrictions, since this will increase trade and result in greater profits.

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISMWhat is Industrial capitalism?

It´s a system which puts the ideas ofeconomic liberalism into practice.

What is the difference between commercial capitalism and industrial capitalism?

•Under commercial capitalism, trade had been the most important source of profits.

•Under industrial capitalism, industrial production became a country´s most profitable

economic activity.

What is the difference between commercial capitalism and industrial capitalism?

•Under commercial capitalism, trade had been the most important source of profits.

•Under industrial capitalism, industrial production became a country´s most profitable

economic activity.

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

A CLASS-BASED SOCIETYA CLASS-BASED

SOCIETY

A CLASS-BASED SOCIETY

People´s social status depended on their work and their personal wealth, and not on their family background.

WORKING-CLASS POLITICAL MOVEMENTSWORKING-CLASS

POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONSINDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS

• Machinery was unprotected, and accidents and injuries were common.


• A tipycal working day ws an exhausting 14 or 16 hours long.

• Wages were low.• Young children often

worked to increase the family income.


• Employers could dismiss or fine workers without restrictions.

• Workers did not have the right to protest or go on strike.


• There was no social insurance or benefits to help workers in cases of illness, accident and unemployment.

CHILD LABOUR1833 FACTORY ACT

•No child under the age of 9 could work in a factory.•Children between the ages of 9 and 13 could work up to 9 hours a day.•Children had to receive at least two hours of schooling every day.•Children could not work at night.

THE ORIGINS OF WORKING-CLASS POLITICS

THE ORIGINS OF WORKING-CLASS POLITICS

The proletariat in Great Britain began to organise itself in opposition to both factory owners and the government.

LUDDITES• This movement emerged in

1811.• The luddites were hostile to

nwe technology because they thought that machines took jobs from workers.

• They protested destroying machines in the factories.

TRADE UNIONS• This movement emerged in 1830s.• This were associations of workers

in particular types of work, for example miners or textile workers.

• They demanded:• Improved working conditions.• Better wages.• Support in case of accident or

illness.

CHARTIST MOVEMENT• This movement emerged in 1838.

• Chartist demanded:• Political changes.• Universal manhood suffrage.• They petitioned Parliament to

pass laws which would imrpve workers´ conditions.

Results

• Factory owners and governments were forced to introduce measures that improved industrial working conditions.

LEFT-WING IDEOLOGIES

• In the mid-19th century, the working-class political struggle led to the emergence of new left-wing ideologies:• Interests of the working class.• Alternatives to industrial capitalism and the

class-based society.• The most important:

• Marxism and Anarchism.

MARXISM• The most important socialist

theory.• Aim:

• Analize the contradictionsof the capitalist system.

Engels Marx

MARXISM

Four principles:

•Historical materialism.•Class struggle.•The dictatorship of proletariat.•Society without classes (Communism)

HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

• The economy is the foundation of the story.• Society is mounted on relations of production.• The economy affects the legal and political

superstructure and vice versa.• The story is divided into certain modes of

production by their periods:• In his day, mode of capitalist production.

«Capital»• In his work "Capital" Marx notes that the extent of

exploitation of the worker by the employer was expressed by the surplus value:• the difference between what the worker

receives for support and the value of what it produces.

• The worker is alienated. (Theory of alienation)• This surplus value is the basis of capitalist

accumulation.

CLASS STRUGGLE• Classes are social groups that occupy a particular place in the

material production process.

• In the beginning of History there was a classless primitive community.

• With private ownership classes arise.

• History is a struggle between oppressors and oppressed:• Master - Slave

• Feudal Lord - Servant

• In industrial societies:

• The bourgeoisie (owners of the factories) and workers.

The oppressed proletariat would

organise itself and fight its capitalist oppressor,

the wealthy bourgeoisie.

THE DICTATORSHIP OF PROLETARIAT

• Marx thought that workers should carry out a revolution to destroy capitalism and empower workers.

• The proletariat would conquer the state and impose a temporary dictatorship to remove the structures of capitalism.• The proletariat would seize political power. Once in the power, the workers´

dictatorship would control the economy and redistribute wealth equally among all members of society.

• Once achieved, the state would gradually reduce its role.• Marx defended the intervention of organizations and workers'

parties in the political struggle => gave rise to socialist parties, from 1875.

SOCIETY WITHOUT CLASSES

• It is the last phase of the transformation of society.

• A communist society would be established:• Classless: everybody would be equal.• Without private property => collectivization of the

means of production (natural resources and machines).

• The State would disappear.

ANARCHISM• Its main founder is Bakunin• It extends to all oppressed sections of society.• More radical Marxist social revolution:

• Anarchists proposed immediate and total destruction of the bourgeois social order and the state and its instruments of control (police, military, government, borders).

• They opposed the State => substitution by some kind of voluntary association among people.

• They rejected politics, political parties and participation in elections.

ANARCHISM• Bakunin rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat and proposed an

ideal society based on:• Individual freedom:

• People had to fight against any authority or institution (the State or the Church, for example) that limited their freedom.

• Communes:

• Society would be reorganised into small, independent groups called communes.

• In these groups, all decisions would be taken by popular assemblies.

• Direct action:

• People had to defend their interests through their own actions, not through political parties or elections.

• For some Anarchists, direct action included violent attacks and even murder.

THE INTERNATIONAL WORKINGMEN´S ASSOCIATIONS (IWA)

• All labor organizations in the world tried to unite their struggles:• 1864: the First International Workers Association (IWA) was

created:• This meeting brought together workers´ organisations from various countries.

• 1889: some socialist leaders created the Socialist International (Second International) => coordinate programs and activities of labor organizations of Marxist ideology.• The Second International created some of the symbols of the identity of the

labor movement:• The First of May

• The Hymn of the International.

ACHIEVMENTS OF THE WORKING CLASS MOVEMNT• Governments developed labor laws to

stop abuse of employers:• Prohibition of child labor.• Maternity.• Obligation on the employer to pay accident

insurance.• Reduction of the working hours to 8 hours.

Prof. Isabel AguñaProfesora de Geografía e HistoriaSección bilingüe

Industrial revolution.pptx

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