Industrial revolution part1 def

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONTHE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

UNIT 4

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION1. FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION1. FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

In the 1700s Europeans experienced not only political and social revolutions but also the

beginnings of an economic revolution. First Britain, then Europe, North America, and eventually other

parts of the world moved from economies based on agricultural production to economies based on

industrial production. Although the process took many years, it became known as the Industrial

Revolution.

It respresented a combination of many developments: a rise in population, more efficient food

production, a growing demand for manufactured goods, new attitudes toward the creation of wealth

and prosperity, and new technologies.

1. WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGIN IN BRITAIN?

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain due to a unique combination of geographical and

historical features.


However, the inmediate reason for Industrial Revolution was a growing demand for

manufactured products, as a result of two main factors:

1. A rising population (thanks to agricultural improvements and overseas settlers), which meant

more goods were needed.

2. Lower food prices meant that people had more money to spend on clothes and manufactured

items. As demands of all these goods rose, many entrepeneurs realized that they could make

enormous profits by finding more efficient means of producing them.

2. WHAT WERE SOME OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION?

The Agricultural Revolution was one of the most important factors for the Industrial Revolution

since it increased food productions and contributed to both population growth and the

commercialization of agriculture.

NEW FARMING METHODS: CROP ROTATION and ENCLOSURE

Until the 1700s people still practiced open-field farming, in which land was divided into strips

and worked by villagers. About one third of the land remained unplanted to be replenished with

nutrients (fallow land).

However, Netherlands farmers learned how to make their land produce more efficiently: they had

not only won farmland from the sea, the Dutch had learnt to use animal manure and new crops like

turnips and clover to restore the fertility of their soil.

The Bristish soon began to copy Dutch farming methods, and in the early 1700s, Lord Townshend,

a former British statesman, began to use the Dutch technique of crop rotation.

Crop rotation is a method of altherning different kinds of

crops to preserve soil fertility. Lord Townshend planted grains

one year and root vegetables, such as potatoes (come from

America) and turnips, the next. The root crops also made ideal

food for farm animals, which began to grow larger and

healthier.

Impressed by Townshend's success, others in England also

began to adopt a most scientific approach to farming like

Jethro Tull, who invented the seed mill.

In spite of new methods were certainly more profitable and

many landowers adopted them, but they found the old

open-field system to be a problem, so some of them started to enclosure their lands in order to take

better methods. By 1830s almost the entire English country side was enclosed by hedgerows or fences.

Enclosing required paying legal fees and planting extensives hedges to separate one farmer's

land from another's. These costs were often too high for small farmers to bear. As a result, many of

these small farmers were squeezed out and became landless laborers, while others gave up farming and

moved to the cities. In their place a new class of prosperous tenant farmers emerged. Both the land

owners and landless laborers now had to work for money rather than simply to produce enough crops to


feed their families. Agriculture, like trade, became a commercial interprise.

In addition, the greater availability of food meant that families could grow larger and improved

diets, so people lived longer. The result was an ever-increasing population.

3. HOW DID RISING DEMAND AND NEW TECHNOLOGY AFFECT THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY?

The textile industry was the first to feel the full impact of the Industrial Revolution. Since Middle

Ages, cloth had been produced through the domestic system. Under this system, people worked from

their homes. Merchants bought wool from a farmer and distributed it to villagers to clean, weave, or spin

into yarn, usually during the winter months. The merchant then collected the finished cloth and sold it

for a profit. This system was succesfull because productions costs were low. Most families already

owned spinning wheels and most villages had looms.

As demand for cloth began, the wool was not enough, the domestic system blocked and cotton

goods started to be demanded thanks it was cheaper and they had enough from American plantations

(worked by slaves).

Under the pressure of rising demand, the textile

industry used new technologies like the spinning jenny,

invented by James Hargreaves. Spinning jenny replaced the

spinning wheel because it was be able to spin eight cotton

threads at one time. But spinning jenny was quickly replaced

by a Richard Arkwright invention: the water frame. In 1785

Edmund Cartwright invented the first power loom, which

eventually drove the handweavers out of business. These

new machines were large and expensive, so they had to

locate them in large factories.

4. WHAT WERE THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

While spinning and weaving machines were being developed to produce textiles, another device,

the steam engine, had emerged from the mining industry. The use of the steam engine would ultimately

change the world.

IRON AND COAL

By 1700s British forest had been cut down in order to build ships and provide fuel (charcoal), so

they were living a wood shortage which affected iron-making business. As the demand for iron rose in

the 1700s, the solution was found in coal when Abraham Darby discovered in 1709 that replacing

charcoal with coke (purified coal). He could see that coke made the smelting process more efficient and

economical.


THE STEAM ENGINE

Coal mines were dug deeper into the earth, and at

certain depth the mines would fill with water. Initially, they

removed water using buckets drawn to the surface by

people or animals. As early as 1698 Thomas Savery

invented a steam pumping machine to speed up water

removal, but in 1769 James Watt refined it and patented a

steam engine that worked efficiently with less fuel.

The new steam machine became the primary source of

power in several industries: textile, sugar, even china

industry. Most important of all, perhaps, steam engines

transformed the iron industry itself.

The application of steam power stimulated different

industries developing.

2. CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION2. CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

1. WHAT WERE SOME OF THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION?

Industrial and Agriculture Revolution changed life conditions of everyone, but the economic

rise in prosperity was not applied to everyone. Life for many industrial workers remained difficult and

soon led to demands for reform. Most important changes were:

1. WORK IN FACTORIES: the introduction of steam-powered machinery to manufacturing changed

the way people worked. For the first time large number of people started to work in factories. In many

factories, laborers-men, women and children worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week. The work was regulated

by the time clock, since machines never needed to rest, they worked all season.

2. INCREASE IN POPULATION: industrialization transformed the structure of society: better

farming methods allowed an increase in population. In the early 1800s, for example, the population of Britain

exploded. In 1801 the population was about 10,5 million, and by 1851 it had nearly doubled. Urbanization

therefore also increased, specially cities in manufacturing regions. Not all workers toiled in factories since

more jobs also became avalaible for the middle-class (bankers, merchants, lawyers, engineers) and new

nonindustrial workers, such as domestic servants.

3. WORKER'S CONDITIONS: as people streamed into the cities, conditions for workers were often

miserable at first: poors and migrants crowded into shoddy buildings. Open sewers ran through the slums,

garbage and human waste, and occasionally even dead animals. The danger of disease was so bad in London.

Despite such conditions many people preferred life in the cities, where they could find jobs, to life in the

countryside, where conditions could be even worse due to a high unemployment. Cities also provided

enterteinment: parks, soccer matches, free concerts, etc.


4. MIDDLE-CLASS' CONDITIONS: life for the middle-class was better and also improved more

rapidly than it did for workers. Middle-class (bourgeoisie) could afford to employ servants and send their

children to school.

2. WHAT POLITICAL THEORIES EMERGED IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERA AND HOW DID THEY

DIFFER FROM ONE TO ANOTHER?

In some ways the industrial revolution was an extension of the Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment, however many people began to develop new ideas about the structure of society and

the state. They hoped that industrialization would lead to greater prosperity for more of the population:

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM

Charles Fourier created ideal communities where people could live and work

together in perfect harmony; they were called “phalansteries”.

In 1825, Robert Owen established several model communities in New

Harmony (Indiana), however New Harmony communities had run into serious

financial problems. Over the next 30 years, similar communities were built in

Europe and North America, but none of these communities lasted very long.

Eventually, socialists would turn to more practical methods in order to

achieve their goals.

LIBERALISM UTILITARISM SOCIALISM

ADAM SMITH JEREMY BENTHAM / JOHN STUART MILL FOURIER / OWEN / MARX

NEW INDUSTRIAL BOURGEOISIE MIDDLE CLASS (HIGH-MEDIUM BOURGUEISIE)

UNIVERSAL DEMOCRACY (MEN AND WOMEN).

GOVERNMENT SHOULD PROMOTE THE PUBLIC EDUCATION

MIDDLE CLASS (MEDIUM BOURGUEISIE AND WORKERS)

INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY: FOLLOW YOUR OWN TRUE SELF INTEREST

INSTITUTION AND LAWS SHOULD BE USEFULNESS FOR ALL THE POPULATION

SOCIAL EQUALITY: POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL

GOVERNMENT ACTION IS NOT NECESSARY PRIVATE CAPITAL→

GOVERNMENT ACTION SHOULD PEOPLE'S LIFE FREE, BUT IT MUST PROMOTE THE GREATEST HAPPINESS OF THE GREATEST NUMBER

STATE SHOULD TAKE CHARGE OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTIONS (CAPITAL AND EQUIPMENT) AND USE IT FOR THE COMMON GOOD OF ALL PEOPLE

DEMOCRACY (BUT ONLY MEN OF PROPERTY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE)

NO EDUCATION FOR EVERYONE. ONLY IF SOMEONE COULD AFFORD IT


3. HOW DID MANY WORKERS RESPOND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION?

While aristocratic and middle-class socialists theorized

about working-class problems, workers themselves pursued

more concrete actions. Industrialization threatened the old

guilds and artisans associations' bonds, causing early in the

industrial era some frustrated worker complaints such as

machine destruction (ludismo).

However, as the workers accepted the idea that

industrialization was here to stay, many eventually began to

organize themselves in groups known as trade unions. Trade unions gained members from all over the

country. The most effective weapon used to obtain their demands for higher wages or better working

conditions was the strike. The more workers the union could count on to strike, the more pressure they

could put on employers.

Organizing unions was difficult, however. In the early 1800s British, French and German

governments declared them illegal. These governments were in the hands of either conservatives or

liberals, who represented the interest of employers.

Nevertheless, workers eventually made some progress: in 1824 the British Parliament permited

workers to organize peacefully and to bargain for better wages and hours. Although the government

continued to put down strikes, union strenght slowly grew, providing workers with a new sense of

community and security.

Industrial revolution part1 def

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