INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Why did it begin in Great Britain?

1.Farming (more land new crops, better food)

2.Britain had many workers (pop)

3. British had money or CAPITAL to invest.

4. ENTREPRENEURS: businessmen who want new opportunities to make money.

5. natural resources such as coal, iron, & water for power & shipping.

6. Colonies create markets to sell goods

1765:. James Hargreaves-invented spinning jenny- makes thread. Cotton industry grows!!

Other inventions:•1775: James Watt- improved steam engine- run machines, faster transportation

•Edmund Cartwright- water powered loom- factories next to rivers, weaves cloth

COAL & IRON•Henry Cort invents PUDDLING- process to burn away impurities in iron to make hi quality iron

•1804: Robert Trevithick

1st steam locomotive•Built 100s miles of RR•New trains go 50 mph •Creates new jobs, mkts & lowers costs

of shipping.

•Robert Fulton credited w/ Clermont, 1st steamboat

•Factories built.•Owners have shifts to run machines constantly.

•Employees work assembly lines, repeating same task.

•Fined & beaten for being late

•Many workers were kids (young as 5) who worked 12-16 hr days, little pay, beaten

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•INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM- an eco system based on industrial production –

•New classes developed as a result

NEW MIDDLE CLASS were people who built factories,

bought machines & planned markets

• Industrial Working Class- factory workers.

•Worked 12-16 hr days, 6 days a weeks

•Little pay. •Dangerous & dirty conditions

LABOR RULES •DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!!!!•People often locked in.

• Mills & mines worst •Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as min age for employment & limits workday to 9 hours

•Society changed:•Most factory laborers were farmers.

•2/3 were women & kids.

•Factories advertised for families to work.

• (pg 366)

•Women paid ½ & were 50% of factory laborers.

•Many also work out of home (called a COTTAGE INDUSTRY) doing cleaning, laundry, etc

NORTH AMERICADON’T WRITE btw 1800-1860 Us pop grew from 5 mil to 30 mil

•canals & RRs link US•50% of people live on farms in US.

City growth factors include:

•Pop doubles in Europe. (266 mil)

• Less wars, diseases & better food led to growth.

• people come to city to work in factories

EUROPE BY 1815

•Living conditions poor in cities

•Rats, trash, disease, sewage poor sanitation

•Conditions worsen

•socialism grows: Idea that govt (society), should take control of means of production such as factories & utilities

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

•GB, AUS, PRU, RUS meet Sept 1814 for peace settlement at CONGRESS OF VIENNA

•Led by Klemens Von Metternich

•Principle of Legitimacy- restore monarchies to power

•Divide territories so that so no one too strong

•GB, Rus, Pru Aus, Fr meet to keep peace

•adopt PRINCIPLE of INTERVENTION- right to send in armies if rev occurs. But Britain refused

•New ideas:• LIBRALISM-idea people should be free from govt restraint (freedom of speech, separation

of church & state, want a constitutional

monarchy)

•NATIONALISM- a unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion, history. Often leads people to want own nation. Starts revolutions, upsets balance of power

• GERMANY was 38 states (German Confederation)

• Rulers promise new constitutions & meet as Frankfort assembly to write one. Draft it, but can’t enforce.

• ITALY: 9 states, some owned by Austria.

• Revolts break out to create unified Italy w/ liberal constitutions, but Austrians stop it.

SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

•DON’T WRITE!!!•Second Industrial Rev lasted from 1870s into 1900s.

•1st rev focused on railroads, iron, coal, and cloth. 2nd focused on:

1. Iron replaced by steel- light, strong

2. electricity- heat & light, factories could run 24 hrs

3. chemicals & oil

NEW INVENTIONS

1.telephone in 1876- Alexander Graham Bell

2.Radio- Guglielmo Marconi

3. Plane- Wright brothers

4. Internal combustion engine- Daimler

OTHER CHANGES•Wages increased & prices drop due to cheaper transportation & factories

• Italy, Aus-Hungary, SP, Port & Rus still agricultural, not industrial.

ORGANIZING THE WORKING CLASS

•Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels upset by factory conditions & blame industrial capitalism.

•Wrote in Communist Manifesto that:

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

a.history is a class struggle

b. Oppressors or Bourgeoisie are middle class who own means of production (land, $$$) & control govt

COMMUNIST MANIFESTOc. Oppressed or Proletariat are working class & depend on oppressord. Huge struggle will occur w/ violent revolution

KARL MARXe. Proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie & form dictatorship to organize production.

KARL MARX

f. Creates no social or economic classes or differences.

TRADE UNIONS•Trade unions dev

•Fight to raise wages, improve conditions & earn collective bargaining- negotiate btw worker & employer

Top- wealthy 5% of pop own 30-40% of money

•Middle Class- Drs, lawyers, civil servants

•Lower-middle class- shopkeepers

•Lower class- sales people, secretaries.

• Working class- 80% of pop (servants, farmers)

GROCERY STORE late 1800s

•Women- new jobs open up. Shortage of men create jobs as clerks, secretaries, typists

•Women work until marriage in working

class families.• Feminism grows. •Can divorce, own property, go to college

FUN!!!! •People had time & $$$$ for leisure

•Pro sports (Reds 1869)

•Amusement parks & dance halls

open

CONEY ISLAND

CONEY ISLAND

CONEY ISLAND

CONEY ISLAND RIDES

CONEY ISLAND RIDES

CONEY ISLAND’S 1st COASTER

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•State financed schools set up for boys & girls to:

•train labor for factories•Increase literacy•Create patriotism