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1973

Industrial Property Rights in Ethiopia Industrial Property Rights in Ethiopia

Peter Winship Southern Methodist University, Dedman School of Law

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Peter Winship, Industrial Property Rights in Ethiopia, 9 J. Ethiopian L. 357 (1973)

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INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ETHIOPIA*

by Peter Winship**"

Although the Commercial Code of 1960 contemplates the promulgation"of aspecial law governing industrial property rights,1 the Imperial Ethiopian Govern-ment has neither promulgated this law nor, with the exception of a draft trademark law, prepared the appropriate draft legislation. The lack of a comprehensivelaw has not been disastrous: until recently the number of trade marks iand indus-trial inventions used or created in Ethiopia was very small. A number, of differentlegal theories, moreover, have been or could be used to protect some persons'

trade marks or industrial inventions.2 However, with the growing number of courtcases related to industrial property disputes and of applications for registration inthe trade mark and patent registers maintained by the Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, the Government must soon examine the need for detailed industrial propertylegislation. This brief Note argues that although it is possible for some groups toprotect their industrial creations the confusion in the present legal situation requiressome legislative clarification and the most efficient way to proceed is to prepare andpromulgate the comprehensive law contemplated twelve years ago by the CommercialCode.

1. International Treaties.

International treaties are a potential source of industrial property rights in Eth-iopia, although at present only the Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations bet-ween the United States of America and Ethiopia deals directly with industrialproperty rights.3 Article IX(2) of this treaty states:

* Refer to the oven and the trade mark cases on p. 227 and p. 234 respectively.** H.S.I.U. Faculty of Law.

1. The English text of Article 148(2) of the Commercial Code states that "Patents shall besubject to the provisions of special laws." -The Amharic and French texts refer more accura-tely to "industrial property" rather than "patetns."

2. See E.F. Goldberg, "Protection of Trade Marks in Ethiopia," J. Eth. L., vol. 8 (1972),pp. 130-147 and Section 3 below where I discuss alternative theories for the protection ofinventions.

3. U. S. Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series 2864. An initial prob-lem with this treaty is whether or not it is self-executing: does Article IX(2) create rightswithin Ethiopia for persons from the other High Contracting Party or does it merely representa promise by the Imperial Ethiopian Government that it will promulgate the necessary domes-tic legislation? For example, may a United States' national protect his industrial inventions inEthiopia by a civil, as well as a penal, action based on the theory that Article IX(2) createsa property right in the invention in Ethiopia? If a property right is created, then one mayrun into difficulty with the constitutional requirements of Article 30 of the Revised Constitu-tion, which requires approval by Parliament before ratification by the Emperor for "all treatiesand international agreements invovling monopolies", on the ground that patent rightscreate monopolies within the meaning of this Article. In this case, however, the treaty wasratified on 8 October 1953 or before the Revised Constitution came into force and bothjudicial and doctrinal interpretation would continue to give full effect to the treaty even thoughParliament had not approved the treaty. See Aberra Jembere, "Treaty-Making Power andSupremacy of Treaty in Ethiopia," J, Eth. L., vol. 7 (1970), pp. 409-434, at p. 414. if noproperty right is created, however, has the Imperial Ethiopian Government fully complied withits treaty obligations?

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Nationals and companies of either High Contracting Party shall be accordedwithin the territories of the other High Contracting Party effective protection inthe exclusive use of inventions, trade marks and trade names, upon compliancewith the applicable laws and regulations, if any, respecting registration andother formalities.4

By virtue of this Article, United States' nationals and companies not only have thesame rights as Ethiopian persons to protect trade marks and trade names by civiland penal actions (Civ. C., Art. 2057; Comm. C., Arts. 132-134; Pen. C., Arts.673, 674(l))5 but in addition they may also protect other forms of industrialproperty by a penal action under Article 674(2) of the Penal Code which punishesintentional infringement of "industrial designs or models, or patented inventions orprocesses, duly registered and protected by existing orders or agreements, national orinternational."'6

The U. S. A. - Ethiopia treaty raises several problems of interpretation. Forexample, has the Ethiopian Government complied with its treaty obligation to ac-cord "effective protection" in Ethiopia to United States' nationals and companieswhen it has failed to prepare and promulgate a law protecting industrial inventions?Unless one accepts the argument that Article IX(2) is self-executing and thereforeby itself creates a property right which can be protected by a civil action, evenby a narrow reading of "effective protection"' 7 one can query whether the failureto provide a civil remedy for the protection of inventions means the EthiopianGovernment is failing to provide effective protection in its substantive law. Althoughthe United States' Government has not made an issue of this question and anindividual presumably could not bring an action to enforce this international obli-gation, the Imperial Ethiopian Government may find it expedient to forestall anydiplomatic question by moving ahead with domestic legislation protecting bothEthiopian and foreign persons.

A further textual difficulty in Article IX(2) relates to the phrase "laws andregulations, if any, respecting registration and other formalities." Ethiopia at presenthas no formally promulgated legislation governing registration but the Ministry ofCommerce and Industry maintains trade mark and patent registers governed byinternal rules.8 May a United States' national protect his industrial creation incourt without following this informal procedure on the ground that it is not formal

4. Note that only inventions, trade marks and trade names are included in this Article. Protec-tion of other forms of industrial property, such as designs and models, are presumably leftto the discretion of the contracting parties.

5. If Article IX(2) is deemed to be self-executing it may be possible for a United States' na-tional or company to protect his trade marks and trade names in Ethiopia even though heis not in competition in Ethiopia.

6. The phrase "protected by existing . . [international] agreements" may cause problems. Ifthe treaty is not self-executing can it be said to protect industrial creations? If the treatydoes protect industrial creations, what is the need for Article 674(2)? it is suggested herethat Article 674(2) is national legislation implementing treaty provisions such as Article IX(2).

7. This phrase should be given a narrow reading because of the sensitivity of a Governmentabout submitting the quality of its national legal system to international scrutny. Thus, itshould be read to require only protection in substantive law and no discriminatory proceduralburdens.

8. See section 4 below.

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INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ETHIOPIA

legislation? In the case of trade marks, the Supreme Imperial Court has suggestedin dictum that registration in accordance with current practice is a prerequisite toprotection in an unfair competition action involving trade marks.9 To be on thesafe side, therefore, the United States' national or company should register withthe Ministry even under the internal regulations. In the case of inventions and otherforms of industrial property, Article 674(2) of the Penal Code requires registratidn 0

Despite these textual difficulties, the result of Article IX(2) is clear: in somecases United States' nationals or companies may protect industrial creations, parti-cularly industrial inventions, within Ethiopia whereas Ethiopian persons may not doso for lack of a special law creating industrial property rights. Although few Ethio-pians may have the technical skill or facilities to discover industrial inventions inlarge numbers and while it may be desirable to encourage the inflow of "technologyby treaty provisions protecting industrial creations," the inequity of treatment-notto mention the practical difficulty of piloting each treaty provision through Parlia-ment-should encourage the Imperial Ethiopian Government to approach the pro-blem of industrial property rights directly by preparing and submitting to Parlia-ment an industrial property proclamation to be applicable to all persons actingwithin the Empire.

2. Eritrean Legislation

During the Italian occupation of Eritrea, the colonial administration promulga-ted legislation governing the protection of trade marks, inventions and desigs.12

By virtue of Article 96 of the Constitution of Eritrea adopted in 1952, thisItalian colonial legislation remained in force in the federal territory of Eritrea."As late as March 1962 the Attorney-General's Office in Eritrea recognized these lawsas being in force without amendment.'4 Even to-day the Eritrean provincial officeof the Ministry of Commerce and Industry continues to accept new applications for

9. Azanaw Aleme v. Singer Sewing Machine Co. Ltd. (Civ. App. No. 1240/56), J. EMh. L., vol.2 (1965), pp. 220-227, at p. 223. Whether or not one agrees with the Court's reasoning inthis case, registration does serve a useful purpose by giving notice to the public about theownership and use of the trade mark.

10. The discussion in the above paragraph is by no means exhaustive. Specific cases should bringout additional problems. For example, what happens if a United States' national registershis mark after another person registers the same or a similar mark in Ethiopia? Prior regis-tration should not be dispositive as the question to be asked in an action of unfair compe-tition is whether or not a trader has acted"contrary to honest commercial practice" (Comm.C., Art. 133(1). If the mark was well-know in many parts of the world in connection withsimilar goods the United States' plaintiff may show that the act of defendant does not meetthis minimum standard of morality.

11, See U.N., Department of Economic and Social Affairs, The Role of Patents in the Transferof Technology to Developing Countries (1964) and United Bureau for the Protection of Intel-lectual Property (B. !, R. P. 1.), Model Law for Developing Countries on Inventions (1965), p. 17.

12. Published in A. Mori, Manuale di legislazione della Colonia Eritrea, vol. 6 (1914), pp. 140-146.13. Article 96(1) reads: "Laws and regulations which were in force on 1 April 1941, and have

not since been repealed by the Administering Authority, . shall remain in force solong as they have not been repealed and to the extent that they have not been amended."The Constitution was adopted by the Representative Assembly of Eritrea on 10 July 1952and ratified by His Imperial Majesty in August of the same year.

14. Memorandum of 12 March 1962 prepared by the Attorney-General's Office in Eritrea (un.published, (Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa).

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registration in its trade mark and patent registers in accordance with this legisla-tion.1

5

Order No. 27 of 1962, which terminated the federal status of Eritrea,'6 throwsdoubt, however, on the present legal effectiveness of these laws, at least with regardto applications for registration after the promulgation of the Order. To the extent ;-that the legal validity of these laws is cast in doubt the certainty of protection fortheir industrial creations which the registrants seek is vitiated.

Uncertainty about the legal validity of legislation in force in Eritrea at thetime of promulgating the Order (1962) arises from differing interpretations given toArticle 6 of the Order.17 Article 6 states that until specifically repealed all legisla-tion then in force in Eritrea shall remain in full force "to the extent that theapplication thereof is necessary to the continued operation of existing administra-tions." On the one hand, one might argue that prior Eritrean legislation continuesin force only if necessary to avoid a breakdown of the local Government adminis-tration or to protect vested rights guaranteed by Articles 4 and 5 of the Order.'8

In other words, it would be argued that in the context of the Order as a wholeArticle 6 is intended to introduce a unified legal system within the Empire so thatall citizens of the Empire are subject to the same rules of law. On the other hand,one might argue that the purpose of the Order is not to introduce a unitary legalsystem but to eliminate some of the unnecessary administrative complexities of theFederation: Articles 4, 5 and 6 are intended to ensure that this step disrupts aslittle as possible vested rights and existing laws) 9

15, Interview with Ato Yoharnes Berhane, Director-General, Asmara Office, Ministry of CommerceIndustry and Tourism, 1 February 1971.

16. Termination of the Federal Status of Eritrea and the Application to Eritrea of the System ofUnitrary Administration of the Empire of Ethiopia Order, 1962, Order No. 27, Neg. Gaz.,year 22, no. 4.

17. The relevant text of Article 6 states:All enactments, laws and regulations or parts thereof which are presently in force withinEritrea ., to the extent that the application thereof is necessary to the continued ope-ration of exising administrations, until such time as the same shall be expressly replacedby subsequently enacted legislation, remain in full force and effect and existing administ-rations shall continue to implement and administer the same under the authority of theImperial Ethiopian Government.

For differing interpretations see, for example. R. C. Means, "The Eritrean Employment Act of1958: Its Present Status," vol. 5 (1968). pp. 139-150 at pp. 141-142; J. Vanderlinden, Intro-duction au droit de I'Erhiopie moderne (1971), pp. 7-8.

18. Because industrial property rights created pursuant to the Italian legislation prior to the ef-fective date of the Order (15 November 1962) are vested rights protected by Article 4 of theOrder, the office of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism in Eritrea (an "existingadministration") will have to continue to maintain industrial property registers and the lawswill have to remain in effect to govern the operation of the registers and to define therights conferred by registration. Registration of new applications however, are not necessaryfor the continued operation of the register and therefore should be rejected according to theabove interpretation.

19. The constitutional framework of the Revised Constitution requires the Emperor to act to-gether with Parliament in the promulgation of proclamations and to allow the Emperor byan Order, which is not referred to Parliament, to repeal this legislation would be to under-cut the elaborate procedure for promulgation set out in Articles 86-122 of the RevisedConstitution. This interpretation is concerned with His Imperial Majesty's authority to termi-nate the federal status of Eritrea pursuant to His authority to determine the organisation ofthe Government administration under Article 27 of the Revised Constitution, but the emphasiswould be on uniform administration, not uniform legislation.

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Although a court decision on the validity of the Eritrean industrial propertylegislation may take political factors into consideration-and these factors at presentapparently would militate towards enforcement of these laws20 - persons engaged incommercial and industrial activities usually prefer a certain legal rule to the un-certainty of predicting the results of a court action. By this tests of certainty thepresent situation in Eritrea is hardly satisfactory to the person seeking protection of i.his industrial creations. To satisfy this need for certainty most effectively the Im- t

perial Ethiopian Government should introduce industrial property legislation for thewhole of the Empire with a specific repeal of the prior legislation.

3. Alternative theories for the protection of inventions

While some classes of persons may protect all forms of industrial creations bybeing foreign persons with treaty rights, by registration in Eritrea or only in thecase of trade marks and trade names do all persons have effective protection inEthiopia by means of an action of unfair competition.2' Inventors or industrialdesigners have remained unprotected although several different theories by whichthey may persuade a court to grant protection are given below. The inadequacy ofthese theories again illustrates the need for a comprehensive industrial property law.

a) unfair competition

If trader A creates an invention and trader B, who is in competition withtrader A, uses the same invention without payment or acknowledgement to trader Athen trader A may be able to recover from B under Article 133 of the CommercialCode on the theory that trader B's sale of goods or rendering of services byusing the inventions is an "act of competition contrary to honest commercial prac-tice."22

As a general remedy, however, the action of unfair competition is un satisfac-tory because it only protects persons in competition with each other. If the inven-tor is not a trader he will not be in competition; if the person appropriating aninvention-even on a large-scale--does not use the invention for the production ofgoods for sale or for the rendering of services he will not be in competition; if

The decision of the Supreme Impperial Court in Asmara in societa National Transport Gond-rand Brothers et a. v. Ate Seyum Misgina (Civil Appeal No. 108/58), J. Eth. L., vol. 4(1967), pp. 293-303, further supports this latter argument by a textual interpretation of Article4 of Order No. 27. In that case the Court decided that by virute of Artice 4 limitations inArticle 390 of the Civil Code on the rights of foreigners to acquire immovables were notapplicable to foreigners in Eritrea. This interpretation may, however, be distinguished on theground that Article 4 specifically deals with rights to real property: "All rights, including theright to own and dispose of real property shall remain in full force and effect."

20. This is suggested by both Means, cited above at foot note 17, p. 142 and Vanderlinden,cited above at foot note 17, p. 8.

21. For a discussion of the protection of trade marks by an action of unfair competition, seeGoldberg, cited above at foot note 2.

22. Although industrial property rights are not created by granting this action, the same resultsmay be reached. For example, if trader A, who would have had an action against trader Bon the ground that A is the first user of the mark, transfers his business with the inventionto trader C, then the transferee should have the same right of action (even though he personallybegan use of the invention after B) on the theory that B's acts are dishonest no matterwho now uses the invention-which is a factor beyond B's control. Given this protection, thetransferee (C) will be willing to- pay trader A for the invention.

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the inventor or holder of foreign patent rights does not export to Ethiopia goodsproduced by means of the invention or does not use the invention in Ethiopia hewill not be in competition with local persons who may appropriate the invention.The result is that an inventor may be rewarded if he is also a trader in Ethiopiabut not if he is not a trader-hardly a rational distinction if the goal is to en-courage inventiveness.

In any case, an action based on unfair competition can only be a stop-gapmeasure. The relatively narrow goal of commercial honesty among traders, which isthat of the unfair competition action, does not require the close regulation whichthe encouragement and reward of inventiveness requires because of the subtle balan-cing of interests between the need to encourage research by the reward of mono-poly property rights with that of not discouraging industrial development by spread-ing information and use of new processes.

b) work of the mind

Title XI of the Civil Code of 1960 grants the author of a "work of the mind"an incorporeal right of ownership in the work regardless of "the nature, form ofexpression, merit or purpose of the work" (Art. 1647). Among the works deemed tobe a work of the mind is the general catch-all category of "any work created bythe intelligence of their author and presenting an original character" (Art. 1648 (e).Because of the generality of the wording of these clauses one might argue thatindustrial inventions may also be protected by Title XI.

Several objections can be made to this conclusion. The Commercial Code dis-tinguishes industrial property from literary and artistic property. For the latter,Article 149(2) of the Commercial Code refers to Title XI of the Civil Code (thetitle of which is "Literary and Artistic Ownership") for the former, Article 148(2)refers to the provisions of "special laws" The implication is clear that this speciallaw Will be issued in the future and that the general civil law rules found in theCivil Code--which was promulgated at the same time as the Commercial Code---donot apply to industrial creations.

Moreover, if Title XI of the Civil Code were read to include industrial inven-tions, protection would be granted without registration, publicity or administrativereview and for a period of at least 50 years from the date of the "publication"(divulging to the public) of the invention.23 This makes nonsense of the traditionalbalance struck by patent laws between encouraging research and not discouraginggeneral use of inventions. At the very least, a law would be necessary to limit theperiod of monopoly.24

c) imperial prerogative

His Imperial Majesty has on occasion allegedly granted persons monopoliesof certain sectors of trade on the grounds that they would improve the welfare of

23. Civ. C., Arts. 1653, 1670.24. The average duration for the protection of industrial inventions in the world is approximately

18 years. B. I. R. P. L, cited above at foot note 11, p. 48.

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ETHIOPIA

His subjects.2" Although no constitutional provision has been cited, presumably theaction would be taken pursuant to Article 36 of the Revised Constitution.26 Beforethe promulgation of the Revised Constitution of 1955 Ethiopian Emperors had ex-ercized a prerogative power to grant such monopolies without dispute.27 To rewarda subject for an invention which helps the industrial development of the country orthe health of its people would not normally be regarded as an abuse of imperialpower, but, even broadly read, Article 36 expressly deals with the Emperor's residualpowers other than those granted by other provisions of the Constitution. Moreover,subsequent legislation promulgated by His Imperial Majesty presumably restricts thisresidual power until the legislation is amended by following the constitutional pro-cedure.

Under the Constitution itself, Article 47 is probably not intended to be a provisionunder which monopolies could be granted. Article 47 states that "Every Ethioptansubject has the right to engage in any occupation in accordance with thelaw." Only "laws" may restrict this fundamental constitutional right and restrictionsmust conform to the standard set out in Article 65. A grant of special favour toan individual without publicity should not be considered as "law" in this context.Moreover, by Articles 22 and 23 of the Commercial Code, which state that "anyperson or business organisation has the right to carry on any trade" subject to

"lawful restrictions" and "legal prohibitions or restrictions", the Emperor, togetherwith Parliament, has reaffirmed the constitutional right to engage in trade. Subse-,quent restrictions on this right should only be found in or pursuant to legislationalso approved by the Emperor and Parliament.

While these arguments raise doubts as to the legal effectiveness of imperialgrants of limited monopolies after the promulgations of the Revised Constitution,the very fact that the Emperor has found such grants to be for the general welfareof the Ethiopian people suggests that there is a need for a proclamation governingindustrial property rights.

d) licensing legislation

Recent trade and industrial license proclamations,28 requiring Governmentpermission before a person may engage in trade or industry, may allow the Govern-

25. The most celebrated case is the recent dispute over the "invention" of an electric injera

cooker, where one of the parties claimed a monopoly for five years granted to him by His

imperial Majesty. The case is now before the High Court, Addis Ababa.

26. Article 36, in its relevant parts, reads:"The Emperor, as Sovereign, has the duty to take all measures that may be necessaryto ensure, at all times the safety and welfare of [Ethiopia'sl inhaibtants.Subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, He has all the rights and powers

necessary for the accomplishment of the ends set out in the present Article."For varying interpretations of this Article see J. C. N. Paul & C. Clapham, Ethiopian Consti-

tutional Development, vol. 2 (1971), pp. 441-445.

27. See, for example, the monopoly granted by Emperor Menelik in Article of His contract dated30 January 1908 with the Compagnie du chemin de fer Franco-ethiopien de Djibouti a

Addis Ababa.28. Industrial Licence Proclamation, 1971, Proc. No. 292, Neg. Gar., year 30, no. 31; Foreign

Trade Proclamation, 1971 Proc. No. 293, Neg. Gaz. year 30, no. 32; Domestic Trade Pro-

clamation, 1971, Proc., No. 294, Neg. Qaz., year 30, no. 32.

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ment to protect inventors.29 Pursuant to the discretion granted to him under thislegislation, the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Tourism may subject the licenseshe issues to the condition that the license holder not use certain inventions or newprocesses.30 While this may be an interim method of dealing with the problem,neither the interest of the public nor that of the inventor is fully protected.

The most important drawback is that the Minister has complete discretion togrant, deny or restrict the inventor's request for protection. While this discretionmay be used to require publicity of new processes and compulsory licensing, it mayalso be subject to the abuses of discriminatory application and unreasonable restric-tions.

Even if the inventor reaches initial agreement with the Minister his protectionwill not be secure. The Minister is not under a continuing obligation to continuethe restriction or condition for any specific period of time. This leaves the inventorwith no guarantee that he will have protection for longer than one year-the periodof the license. The result may be difficulty in finding finance for the developmentof the invention. A further problem arises because the inventor may not have stand-ing to bring an action to enforce the limitations placed on a license-holder becausethe only parties to the license are the licensee and the Ministry. Courts may bewary to recognize a right of action in other licensees because of the potentialharassment by competing traders. Although the inventor may persuade the Ministryto take action to revoke the license or bring a criminal charge against the licenseholder, this decision in many cases may be subject to delay and compromise onpolitical grounds.

As in the case of the other alternative theories for the protection of industrialinventions, the licensing legislation does not fully incorporate the basic characteristicsof patent laws in other parts of the world: publicity (usually registration in apublic register and publication in a specialized Government journal) following someform of administrative review to ensure that the discovery really is an "invention"and monopoly rights for a limited period of time (e.g., an average of eighteenyears for industrial inventions). These characteristics are designed to balance theinterests of the inventor with other interests of the public and to protect industrialproperty without carefully striking a balance may give undue weight to one or theother of the competing interests. Only comprehensive legislation can properly clarifyand regulate industrial property rigths.

29. For example, under Articles 3(3) and 6 of the Domestic Trade Proclamation, cited above atfoot note 28, the Minister may limit the number of licenses "for any particular manner oftrade". A practical limitation on the exercise of this power. is that the limitations may onlybe imposed by regulations.

30. In a circular distributed by tho Ministry the registration procedure in Addis Ababa is describedas follows:

Applicants desiring to obtain patents or trade mark certificates are required to submitpriority documents and cautionary notices right away, Upon receipt of an appli-cation searches are conducted under their corresponding classes, names of owners registeredor pending in the name index cards and marks that are similar, resemble or capable ofinfringing devices are picked out. If the office finds the application and accompanyingdocuments complete and accurate the applicant will be granted a certificate after amonth from. the publication date, except in rare cases when the patent office receivesdoubtful applications.

Trade Mark Circular, vol. 1, no. 2 (Jan., 1971), pp. 1-2.

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4. The Administration

Pursuant to its mandate set out in Article 24(d) of the Ministers' (Definitionof Powers) Order, as amended by Order No. 46 of 1966, the Ministry of Commerceand Industry has established "registers of patents and trade marks" in Addis Ababaand Asmara. Ministry officials have gained practical experience in the operation,;,ofthese registers and have publicized their rules of operation. If industrial propertlegislation were promulgated there would be little difficulty in adapting the existingadministration with a minimum of training and expense.

CONCLUSION

Although trade marks are now protected by an action of unfair competitionand some classes of persons may be able to protect other industrial property rightsin Ethiopia on several different theories, there is no doubt that specific legislation-as originally contemplated by the Commercial Code-would solve many doubts andregulate in detail many of the specific problems related to the different interestsinvolved in industrial property. Specific legislation is not essential: Ethiopian industryin most cases is not in a position at present to invest large sums of money tocarry out research or to pirate foreign technology. But legislation protecting indust-rial property rights may encourage foreign investors to come to Ethiopia and speci-fic legilsation may also balance this incentive with requirements, such as compulsorylicensing, which would activley encourage the use of the invention in Ethiopia. Whenreviewing its investment and trade policies, therefore, the Imperial Ethiopian Govern-ment should seriously consider the preparation and promulgation of a comprehensiveindustrial property law.

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