INDONESIAN JOURNAL FOR ISlAMIC STUDIES Volume 4,...

INDONESIAN JOURNAL FOR ISlAMIC STUDIES Volume 4, Number 4, 1997

ISSN 0215-0492

!SLAM AND MEDICAL SCIENCE: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIAN AND INDONESIAN FATAWA

M. B. Hooker

ISLAMIC LEGAL LITERATURE

AND SUBSTANTIVE LAW IN INDONESIA Nur Ahmad Fadhil Lubis

AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT

OF DIVORCE LAW REFORM IN INDONESIA Mark Cammack

INDONESIANS IN SAUDI ARABIA:

WORSHIP AND WORK Laurence Husson

STUD lA ISLAMIKJ\ lndonesran Joumal for Islamic Studies

Volume 4, Number 4, 1997

EDITORIAL BOARD Hamn Nasuliou Mastubu M Quraisb ~brbab A Aziz Dab/an M. Strlria Jijfelldi Vabilah Lubir M. l'tt~l(/11 I usuf Komartuldin Hidaytrl M Dm !!J:ram~uddill Muslim .Vaslllion \fl'flhib Mu'lbi

EDITOR-IN-CIIIEF Az)'ltmardi tb'ra

EDITORS \'ai[rrf ,l1ujalll flrmdro Pras~t) o .ftJban H. Alc!lllrmtm Didltr ~)'afrruldin .'\II Mrmbanif

ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR: Arief Subbau 01111111 l-atburrabma11 Nrml NttrOIIf

ENC.LISH LANGUAGF. ADVISOR. Donald Pourr

AI!ABIC l.ANGCAGE ADVISOR N111'$WIIU(/

COVER DESIGNER S. Prinka

~TUUIA ISLAMlKA (ISSN 0215-!H92) is a journal published quarterly by the /nstitut Agama Islam Ni!geri (WN. lhe St:lle Instirute lor lsl:umc SIUdies) Syarif Hida)'lltULIJh,Jakarta (STT DEPPEN No. Jl9i5K/Dl1JEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Deparm1cnt of Reli!lious Affairs of the Republic ollndone~ia . It speclahzes in Indonesian Islamk studies, and is imcndcd ro communicare onginJI researches and current issues on the subjccr !his )ournO!l warmly welcomes contribuuons from scholars of rdatcd discrplines. All articles publrshcd do not neccssanly represent the views of tht: journal. or other institutions to

wh1ch it1s arf1hared Thcrare solclv the: views of the authors. The aruclcsconts~ned in this journal have hct:n refcn:cd by the Board of Editors.

Agus Salim Daulay

" Al-J:iajj 'Umar Sa'1d Shukru Am!nutu: tJayatuh wa Kifa}:luh wa Afkaruh

Abstract: HOS Tjokroaminoto, to this day, tends to be considered as a Sarekat Islam (Islam Union) important figure only, whereas he was one of the actors who contributed to the formation of Indonesian modem history.

Tjokroaminoto was born in the village of Suny~ Bakur, in the Ponorogo Regency, Eastfava on 16August 1882 at the time of the Krakatau emp· tion. When he was still a child, he was named Raden Mas Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto. His father's name was Raden Mas Tjokroamiseno, a district chief from Kewedanan Kleco, Madiun, East Java. His grandfather Raden Mas Tjokronegoro was the Regent of Ponorogo, son ofKj yai Bagoes Kasan Besari, a famous religiot~ leader of the Islamic boarding school (pesantren) in Tegalsari, Ponorogo. This means that in Tjokroaminoto flowed the blood of priyayi (aristoaatic ruling class} and santri, pious Muslim.

Tjokroaminoto's background as a priyayi and samri gave him at the same time a Western model of education at school and an Islamic one at home. When he was small, he was known as a naughty child causing him to be moved from school to school. Yet, owing to his intelligence, he progressed well and was received at the Dutch school OSV7A (Opleidings School Voor /nlandsche Ambtenaren), a school for indigenous civil ser· vants atMagel.ang. After he graduated in 1902, he worked in the pamong praja (civil service corps), as a writer for the vice-regent of Ngawi. He could not endure this work, which lasted three years from 1902 to 1905.

After this period, he used his time to roam, searching for something new. He went to Semarang working as a coolie, and then on to Surabaya to work for the firm Cooy & Co. He also attended an evening course in machinery at Burgelijke Avendschool Afdeling Wertuigkundige {1907-

1}7 SludiA lslamiktt, Vol. ~. No. 4, 1997

1910}. He cber1 changed 7obs co become a learning machinist (1911-1912}. 1 le did not find tl.ns a suitable lme of work and took up employment at a sugar factory in Rogojampi. Supplied witb a strong deszre, the horizon of bis knowledge widened and he becmnc an increasingly adept tlnnker.

In 1913, Tjokmttminoto applied himself diligently to the field ofwrit· ing and joumalisnz. I Je sent his writing concermng nation<dism (tr7d CO·

Ionia/ism to vanous Indonesian ne·wspapers. Tbrough hzs writing, he became known as ,m aspi?·ing leader who ·uoiced the people's and nation's interests. When he was approached by the Sarekat Islam, Solo branch, in~·umg hun to join the organization, he was already kno'U'n lO bave rctdical attitudes in opposing colonial p1·acr:ices that hu.milzated the people. 7jokm indeed possessed a strident attitude. He did not wane to pan·ot others vzews and was known dS a person who conside1·ed hzmself of equal status to others, be cbey the Drachm· government officials. A lthougJ:J Tjokro was a natiorut!ist that gained a Western (Dutcb) education., he did not behave !tke <l westerner. Howe-c.'er, he dtd not like outd.1ted customs and traditron.s that smell of fo11dalrsm either. Consequently, be supported tbe Djawa Dwipa1 an organizcmon dedicated to buryingjavanese fet{dal symbols and mentality.

After a Surabaytf hra.ncb ofSarekat Islam was fonned, Tjokro devoted his life to the or-ganization1

S cause. Through tbe organizatton, he continued to struggle for self government or, at the !ettSt, for his people to be gi·uen the ngbt to have a •voice in the country's political mstiJ:I(tions. He )trongly oppo.<-ed the coloni.1/ govermnenc t?·eating the Nethedands Indies .ts a cow co be milked dry. He also demanded tbe elimin,ttion of forced labor .tnd widening of educational opportunities for indigenes people. He pushed for the tteation of mLe law u·eating all citizens as equal.

Tjokroaminoto through his leadership of the Sarekat Islam was t?b!e tn regrster the people's radical political struggle and awaken a national spirit and awareness in confronring the DutdJ coloma/ government at a tllne that n.ttiorzaLism was still based on concepts of cultural·etlmicity. His stmggle g.uned wzde support beyond the confines of religton, Many non Muslims such as Douwes Dekker assisted Sarekat Islam becauseJor them, the most important element in the org.mization was its radical character as a people's m.ovement1 more so became it was aimed at nationttl independence from colunia!ism. KH Dewamara left Budi Utomo (a move· ment in Javanese etlmic ~·esurgerzce) drzd became -.1 Bandung brancb mem · her because he was attracted I')' Tjokro's personal actions. Thus, Tjokro's vahwble mfluence which should be acknowledged was his immense cour· aRe in opposing the Dutch colonial govemmenl.

Agus Salim Daulay

" Al-ljajj 'Umar Sa'!d Shukru Amlnutu: ljayatuh wa Kifa~uh wa Afkaruh

Abstraksi: HOS Tjokroaminoto sampat sekarang cenderung masih dianggap sebagai tokoh Sarekat !slam sa}t1, padahal ia termasuk akto,· se· jarah yang mempunyai andil dalam pembenlukan sejarah moderen Indonesia moderen.

Tjokroaminow lahir di desa Sunyi, Bakur, Ponorogo, tangga/16 Aguslus 1882, bersamaan dengan meletusnya gummg Krakatau. Semasa kecil i,1 bemama Raden Mas Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto. fa adalah putra kedua dari dua belas bersaudara. Ayalmya bernama Raden Mas Tjokroamiseno, seora.ng wedana dari Kewedanan Kleco, Madiun, sedang kakeknya bernama Raden Mas Tjokronegoro, Bttpati Ponorogo, putra dari Ktyat Bagoes Kasan Besari, seorang ulama terkenal, pengasuh sebuah pondok pesantren di Tegalsari, Ponorogo. lni berarti dalam din T;okroaminoto mengalir darah priyayi dan santri.

Latar belakang kehidupmz priyayi dan santri menjadikan Tjokroami· nato memperoleh pendidikan model Barat dan pendidikan keislaman sekaligus. Dalam kebidupan keluarga, ia memperoleh pendidikan aga ma, sedang di sekolab ia menddpat pendidikan Barat. Sewakt~t keci/, ia dikenal sehagai anak nakal sebingga membuatnya sering pindab sekolah karena dikelum·kan dari sekolah. Namun berkar kecerdasannya, ia lulus dengan baik dan d.apat diterima di OSVTA (Opleidings School Voor Jnla,ndsche A mbtenaren ), yaitu sekolah buat cal on pegawai bumiputra di Magelang. Setelab lulus dari sekolah ini tahrm 1902 ia bekerja sebagai pamongpraja, ju.ru tulis di kepatihan Ngawi. Pekerjaan ini dilaluinya tig.~ tahun (1902-1905} karena tidak betah.

Waktu berikutnya dipergunakannyn tmtuk mengembara mencari

119 Srudi<t lslanukn, Vnl 4, Nn. ~. /991

Su1·abaya bekerja pada perusahaan Firma Cooy & Co. Selazn ttu, pada mt'dam hari ia kursus permesinan di Burgelijke Avendschool Afdeeking Wertuigkundige (1907-1910} fa memang tertarik kepada sekian banyak pekerjaan. Untuk zttt, za pindah kerja menjadi masinis (1911-1912). Kare· na merasa r:idak cocok, akhimya ia pindak ke pabrik gt,ia di Rogojampi, Surabaya. Berbekal kemauan keras, cakrawala pengetahuannya semakin luas dan ia semakin cekatan dalam berolah pikir.

Tahun 1913, i.a menekuni bidang karang·mengarang dan jurnali5· tik. la mengirim tulisan-tulisannya, yang memuat pemikirannya ten· tang kebangsaan, nasionalisme, kolonialisme ke berbagai sura£ kabar Indonena. Melalui tulisan-tulisan inilah ia diken.al sebagai tokoh yang menyuarakan kepentingan rakyat dan bangsanya. Ketika itt did.atangi delega5i dari Sa?·ekat Islam Solo untuk bergabung dengan orgamasi ini, Tjokroaminoto telah terkenal dengan sikapnya yang radikal dengan menentang kebiasan-kebiasaan yang merugikan rakyat banyak. Ia tidak mau membeo begitu saja kepada pikiran orang lain. fa jHga dikenal sebagai seotang yang menganggap dirinya sama sederajat dengan pihak mana pun, apakah dengan Belanda ataupun dengan pejabat pemerintah. Walaupun Tjokro seorang bangsawan dan mendapat pendidikan Barat (Belanda), ia tidak kebarat-baratan. Tapi ia juga tidak menyukai adatLStiadat kolot yang berbau Jeoc/41. Oleh karenanya, ia mendukung gerakan Djawa Dwipa, yang bertujztan mengubut sikap mental dan simbol-simbol feoc/4lisme.

Setelah terbentuknya Sarekat Islam cabang Surabaya, ia mendarmabaktikan hidupnya ttntuk organtsasi ini. Melalui organisasi inilah Tjokroaminoto terus berjuang menuntttt pemerintahan sendiri atau sekurang· k~trangnya agar penduduk ptibumi diberikan hak untuk mengemukakan suaranya dalam masalah-masalah politik. fa san gar: menentangpeme· rintah kolonial yang menjadikan Indonesia hanya sebagai sapi perahan. Ia juga menuntut penghapusan kerja paksa dan perluasan kesempatan pendidikan bagi kaum pribumi. Dalam bidang hukum, ia menuntut hukum yang sama di antara berbagai go Longan pend:tduk.

Perjuangan Tjokroaminoto melalui Serekat Islam yang dipimpinnya, meletakkan Landasan perjuangan policik rakyat yang bersifot radikal dan membangkitkan kesada?·an dan semangat nasional dalam menghadapi pemerintahan kolonial Belanda pada saat nasionalisme masih berdasar konsep etnis-kultural. Pe?juangannya memperoleh dukungan luas melam· paui batas-bacas agama. Banyak orang yang tidak beragama Islam seperti Douwes Dekker memberi bantuannya kepada Sarekat Islam.

Stlldi" fslt•mika, Vol . .f, No.4, /?91

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Al-lj../1 '0mar S.. '1ii Shu.lm:t Aminlllw 151

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!54 A gus Salim Daulay

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Al-H.JJ 'Umar S•'id Sh,..kru Amuwtu 171

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Swdra /sl4mrka, Vol. 4, No.4, /997

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