Individual Differences-210910 120702
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Transcript of Individual Differences-210910 120702
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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES:PERCEPTION
Salbiah Abd Rahman
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The IndividualInterpersonalInfluence and
Group BehaviorOrganizational
Processes
Skills & Abilities
Perception
PersonalityAttitudes
Values
Group behavior
and work teams
Intergroup
conflict and
negotiations
Organizational
power and
politics
Communication
Leadership
Communications
Decision makingReward System
Job Design
THE ORGANIZATIONS ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOR IN THE
ORGANIZATION
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Individual Behavior First law of human behavior:
People are different. What one person
considers a golden opportunity anotherconsiders a threat.
Definition:A process by which individuals organizeand interpret sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment
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Perception Perception is the process by which individuals
make sense of their world.
Individuals organize and interpret information
from their environments using perceptualfilters personality, psychology, experience, preferences,
beliefs-based differences
Objective vs. perceived realities
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Perception People perceive the world uniquely
Differences in perceptions can cause
problems Communication
Conflict
Motivation Judgment
Decision Making
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Object Perception
Proximity things close together are seen as belongingtogether.
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Object PerceptionFigure-Ground:
The figure and thebackground switch
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Social Perception
How we gather information about thesocial world--about peoples behavior,
moods, motives, and traits
Similar to object perception, but
People are more dynamic than objects Were trying to figure out intentions,
motives, and causes of behavior
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Attribution
Why did they do that?
internal causes traits
skills
abilities external causes
situational constraints
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Internal
Stable Unstable
External
4 attributions for the causeof performance
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How do we determine cause?(Kelley) Consensus - how do others behave
Consistency - this person on otheroccasions
Distinctiveness - this person in othersituations
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Errors/Biases
in Social Perception Selective perception
notice stimuli which are salient due to ourinterests, background, experiences
Closure
tendency to fill in the gaps when
information is missing
Assume what we dont know is consistentwith what we do know
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Errors/Biases
in Social Perception Halo Effects
Impression on one dimension affects impressionof unrelated dimension
Contrast Stereotyping
A person has beliefs about a class of stimulusobjects and generalizes those beliefs to
encounters with members of that class of objects. Primacy/Recency effects
Disproportionately high weight is given to thefirst/last information obtained about a stimulus
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First Impressions Influences what subsequent information we notice
and how it is interpreted
Fill-in information consistent with first impression
Anchoring Failure to adjust for subsequent information
Confirmation Bias Seek out information & perceive stimuli in ways that confirm
expectations Discount contradictory information
Self fulfilling prophecy (2-way)
Recencyavailability bias
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Errors/Biases
in Social PerceptionActor-observer difference (aka the
fundamental attribution error)
Actors attribute their behavior to externalcauses
Observer attribute actors behavior to
internal cause
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Errors/Biasesin Social Perception
Self-serving bias attribute successes to ourselves - internal
attribute failures to the environment external
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Performance appraisal anderrors in social perception
Supervisor:
Subordinate:
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Perception Implications
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Guard against specific biases
Stereotypes Be aware that stereotyping can occur with very
little information, remain open to new information
Recognize that stereotypes rarely apply to aspecific individual
Fundamental attribution error?
Primacy/recency? Halo?
Confirmation?
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Perception Implications