Indirect Discoverers of the New World Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD...
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Transcript of Indirect Discoverers of the New World Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD...
Indirect Discoverers of Indirect Discoverers of the New Worldthe New World
Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD – reached shores of North America 1000 AD – reached shores of North America
Landed in NewfoundlandLanded in Newfoundland Norse called the place Vinland for its wild grapes Norse called the place Vinland for its wild grapes
No strong nation-state, seeking expansion, No strong nation-state, seeking expansion, supported Norse discoveries supported Norse discoveries
Weak settlements soon abandoned Weak settlements soon abandoned Discoveries forgotten except in Scandinavian Discoveries forgotten except in Scandinavian
legendlegend
Viking Settlement and Viking Settlement and TradeTrade
Indirect Discoverers of Indirect Discoverers of the New Worldthe New World
1000s – 1400s – restless 1000s – 1400s – restless Europeans explored world for Europeans explored world for conquest and trade conquest and trade Africa Africa Asia Asia Accidental discovery of Americas Accidental discovery of Americas
The CrusadesThe Crusades
Indirect Discoverers of Indirect Discoverers of the New Worldthe New World
Expanded trade with Asia Expanded trade with Asia Crusaders opened trade routes to eastCrusaders opened trade routes to east Silk, new drugs, perfumes, spices Silk, new drugs, perfumes, spices
(especially sugar)(especially sugar) Very expensive to transport goods from Very expensive to transport goods from
AsiaAsia
Trade Routes with the Trade Routes with the EastEast
Europeans Enter AfricaEuropeans Enter Africa Portuguese pushed further Portuguese pushed further
southward along African southward along African coastcoast 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias
rounded southern tip of rounded southern tip of AfricaAfrica
1498 – Vasco de Gama 1498 – Vasco de Gama reached India reached India
Later Europeans named any Later Europeans named any unknown land “Indies” unknown land “Indies”
Returned home with small (but Returned home with small (but tempting) cargo of jewels and tempting) cargo of jewels and spices spices
PortuguesPortuguese e
ExploratiExploration Along on Along
the the African African CoastCoast
Europeans Enter AfricaEuropeans Enter Africa
1400s – Spain united 1400s – Spain united Muslims expelled from Spain by 1492 Muslims expelled from Spain by 1492
(Reconquista)(Reconquista) Unity achieved by marriage of 2 monarchsUnity achieved by marriage of 2 monarchs
Ferdinand of Aragon (eastern Spain) Ferdinand of Aragon (eastern Spain) Isabella of Castile (western Spain) Isabella of Castile (western Spain)
Spain eager to expand to compete with Spain eager to expand to compete with Portuguese Portuguese
Looked to west because of Portuguese Looked to west because of Portuguese dominance of east (around Africa) dominance of east (around Africa)
Columbus Comes upon Columbus Comes upon a New Worlda New World
Events leading up to discovery of New Events leading up to discovery of New World World Europeans wanted more (and cheaper) products Europeans wanted more (and cheaper) products
from Asia from Asia Africa established as source of cheap slave laborAfrica established as source of cheap slave labor Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range
voyages voyages Spain – modern nation-state took shape with unity, Spain – modern nation-state took shape with unity,
wealth, power to explore faraway placeswealth, power to explore faraway places Renaissance (began in 1300s) gave Europeans Renaissance (began in 1300s) gave Europeans
adventurous spirit and thirst for knowledge adventurous spirit and thirst for knowledge Printing presses (1450) allowed spread of scientific Printing presses (1450) allowed spread of scientific
knowledge knowledge Mariner’s compass invented (possibly borrowed Mariner’s compass invented (possibly borrowed
from Arabs)from Arabs)
The World Known to The World Known to Europe, 1492Europe, 1492
Columbus Comes upon Columbus Comes upon a New Worlda New World
Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Italian sailor Italian sailor
persuaded Spanish persuaded Spanish Ferdinand and Isabella Ferdinand and Isabella to give him 3 ships to give him 3 ships
Searching for Searching for westward route to westward route to Indies (Asia)Indies (Asia)
Sailed for 6 weeks Sailed for 6 weeks October 12, 1492 – October 12, 1492 –
reached island in the reached island in the Bahamas Bahamas
Columbus Comes upon Columbus Comes upon a New Worlda New World
Columbus’ historical discoveryColumbus’ historical discovery Landed in huge land barrier between Landed in huge land barrier between
Europe and Asia Europe and Asia Columbus believed he had landed in Columbus believed he had landed in
“Indies” (Asia) “Indies” (Asia) Called natives “Indians” Called natives “Indians”
For decades after, explorers tried to sail For decades after, explorers tried to sail around America to get to Asia around America to get to Asia
Gradually realized that they were exploring a Gradually realized that they were exploring a huge new continent huge new continent
Columbus’ View of the Columbus’ View of the WorldWorld
Modern View of the Modern View of the WorldWorld
Columbus Comes upon Columbus Comes upon a New Worlda New World
Effects of Columbus’ discoveryEffects of Columbus’ discovery Radically affected 4 continents (both Radically affected 4 continents (both
Americas, Africa, Europe) Americas, Africa, Europe) Interdependent global economic Interdependent global economic
system of trade emergedsystem of trade emerged Europe provided the markets, capital, Europe provided the markets, capital,
technologytechnology Africa furnished the laborAfrica furnished the labor New World offered raw materials New World offered raw materials
(especially precious metals and soil for (especially precious metals and soil for sugar cane) sugar cane)
When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide
From New World to Old World From New World to Old World Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potato Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potato
transformed European diet and economy transformed European diet and economy 3/5 of crops today originally came from Americas 3/5 of crops today originally came from Americas
Maize, manioc (starchy tuberous root, Maize, manioc (starchy tuberous root, similar to a potato), sweet potatoes fed similar to a potato), sweet potatoes fed Africa Africa
Ironically may have fed African population boom Ironically may have fed African population boom that offset the population loss from the slave trade that offset the population loss from the slave trade
New animals like iguana and rattlesnake New animals like iguana and rattlesnake Syphilis introduced in Old World for 1Syphilis introduced in Old World for 1stst time time
When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide From Old World to New World From Old World to New World
Cattle, swine, horses Cattle, swine, horses Horses spread to Mexico and up to Canada Horses spread to Mexico and up to Canada Great Plains Indians – Apaches, Sioux, Blackfoot Great Plains Indians – Apaches, Sioux, Blackfoot
adopted the horse and were transformed into adopted the horse and were transformed into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societieshighly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies
Sugar caneSugar cane Brought by Columbus and thrived in Caribbean Brought by Columbus and thrived in Caribbean ““sugar revolution” in European diet, fueled by sugar revolution” in European diet, fueled by
slave labor slave labor Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass, dandelions, Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass, dandelions,
daisies daisies Smallpox, yellow fever, malaria Smallpox, yellow fever, malaria
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeActivity: transfer this Activity: transfer this
information to your world information to your world mapmap
Growing Growing Use of Use of
the the Horse by Horse by
Plains Plains IndiansIndians
When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide Old World diseases devastated New World Old World diseases devastated New World
nativesnatives 90% of the Indians in Americas in 1492 died in 90% of the Indians in Americas in 1492 died in
centuries after Columbus centuries after Columbus
Smallpox
The Spanish The Spanish ConquistadoresConquistadores
1500s – Spain dominant exploring 1500s – Spain dominant exploring and colonizing power in New and colonizing power in New World World Conquistadores (conquerors) came to Conquistadores (conquerors) came to
Americas for God, gold, glory Americas for God, gold, glory
The Spanish The Spanish ConquistadoresConquistadores
Juan Ponce de LeJuan Ponce de León ón 1513 and 1521 – traveled into Florida 1513 and 1521 – traveled into Florida Probably searching for gold (not Probably searching for gold (not
mythical fountain of youth) mythical fountain of youth) Killed by an Indian on 2Killed by an Indian on 2ndnd voyage voyage
The Spanish The Spanish ConquistadoresConquistadores
Francisco Coronado Francisco Coronado 1540 – 1542 – travelled 1540 – 1542 – travelled
around Arizona and New around Arizona and New Mexico; as far east as Mexico; as far east as Kansas Kansas
Searched for Searched for (nonexistent) golden (nonexistent) golden cities cities
Discovered the Grand Discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous Canyon and enormous herds of buffalo herds of buffalo
The Spanish The Spanish ConquistadoresConquistadores
Francisco Francisco Pizarro Pizarro 1532 – 1532 –
crushed crushed Inca of Inca of Peru, Peru, gaining gaining huge huge amounts amounts of wealth of wealth for Spain for Spain
The Spanish The Spanish ConquistadoresConquistadores
Importance of the West IndiesImportance of the West Indies Served as bases for conquests of mainland Served as bases for conquests of mainland
Americas Americas Supplies stored Supplies stored Men and horses rested Men and horses rested
Served as testing laboratories for Served as testing laboratories for techniques to conquer native peoplestechniques to conquer native peoples
Encomienda system – allowed government to Encomienda system – allowed government to commend (give) Indians to certain colonists in commend (give) Indians to certain colonists in return for their promise to try and Christianize return for their promise to try and Christianize the Indians the Indians
In reality, a system of slaveryIn reality, a system of slavery
The Caribbean Colonies, The Caribbean Colonies, 16601660
The Conquest of MexicoThe Conquest of Mexico 1519 – Hern1519 – Hernán Cortés sailed from Cuba án Cortés sailed from Cuba
to Mexico to conquer Aztecs to Mexico to conquer Aztecs 16 fresh horses and several hundred men16 fresh horses and several hundred men
On Yucatán PeninsulaOn Yucatán Peninsula Rescued a Spanish castaway who had been Rescued a Spanish castaway who had been
enslaved by Mayans (and understood enslaved by Mayans (and understood Mayan) and a female Indian slave (Dona Mayan) and a female Indian slave (Dona Marina, “Malinche”) who knew both Mayan Marina, “Malinche”) who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl (language of the Aztec empire) and Nahuatl (language of the Aztec empire)
Cortés now had advantage of superior Cortés now had advantage of superior firepower and ability to understand speech firepower and ability to understand speech of the Indians he was about to conquer of the Indians he was about to conquer
Explorations of HernExplorations of Hernán án CortésCortés
The The Spanish Spanish
and and PortuguePortugue
se se Empires, Empires,
16101610
Spain’s North American Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542-1823Frontier, 1542-1823
1680 – Pop1680 – Popé’s Rebellioné’s Rebellion What was it?What was it?
Native American Rebellion against the Spanish in Native American Rebellion against the Spanish in New Mexico New Mexico
Why did it occur?Why did it occur? 2,000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblos2,000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblos Spanish priests and government suppressed Native Spanish priests and government suppressed Native
practices that were inconsistent with Christianitypractices that were inconsistent with Christianity Spanish demanded tribute and labor from NativesSpanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives
What happened?What happened? Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and
forced Spanish to fleeforced Spanish to flee Spain regains control in 1696Spain regains control in 1696
Significance?Significance? Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the
NativesNatives Pueblos were given more freedoms from the Pueblos were given more freedoms from the
SpanishSpanish
The Spread of Spanish The Spread of Spanish AmericaAmerica
Converting Indians in California Converting Indians in California 1769 – Spanish missionaries led by Father 1769 – Spanish missionaries led by Father
Junipero Serra founded a mission in San Junipero Serra founded a mission in San Diego Diego
Eventually chain of 21 missions that went to Eventually chain of 21 missions that went to Sonoma (north of San Francisco)Sonoma (north of San Francisco)
Serra Christianized 300,000 IndiansSerra Christianized 300,000 Indians Indians brought into missions and taught Indians brought into missions and taught
agriculture and craftsagriculture and crafts Lost contact with native cultures and many died Lost contact with native cultures and many died
because of contact with European diseases because of contact with European diseases
Spain’s North American Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542-1823Frontier, 1542-1823
The Spread of Spanish The Spread of Spanish AmericaAmerica
Spanish misdeeds led to rise of “Black Spanish misdeeds led to rise of “Black Legend” Legend” False idea that Spanish tortured and False idea that Spanish tortured and
butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), stole their gold, infected them with stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left only misery behind smallpox, and left only misery behind
Legend popularized by anti-Catholic Legend popularized by anti-Catholic Protestants in Europe Protestants in Europe
The Spread of Spanish The Spread of Spanish AmericaAmerica
Spanish did kill, enslave, infect countless Spanish did kill, enslave, infect countless nativesnatives But this was not a systematic slaughter But this was not a systematic slaughter
(like the Holocaust) (like the Holocaust) Spain also brought some benefits to nativesSpain also brought some benefits to natives
Technology, law, culture, religion Technology, law, culture, religion Natives brought some benefits to Spanish Natives brought some benefits to Spanish
Spanish intermarried with natives and fused Spanish intermarried with natives and fused native cultures into their ownnative cultures into their own
The “Black Legend”The “Black Legend”
The “Black Legend”The “Black Legend”