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![Page 1: Indicators for a Knowledge-Based Economy The OECD perspective Belgrade, 2 October 2008 Martin Schaaper OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/55148b85550346f06e8b4f26/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Indicators for a Knowledge-Based EconomyThe OECD perspective
Belgrade, 2 October 2008
Martin SchaaperOECDDirectorate for Science, Technology and IndustryEconomic Analysis and Statistics Division
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Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
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Data
MethodologyAnalysis
EAS: how we work
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S&T: a linear model?
The model
Indicators
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A systems approach
Innovation is dynamic and complex:• Many actors, many linkages• Feedback and feed-forward loops
innovation is non-linear
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Evidence-based policy making
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The Scoreboard: an integrated view
A. R&D B. HRSTC. Innovation
policy
F. Particular technologies
E. ICTD. Innovation performance
G. Internationalisation
of S&T
H. Global economic
flows
I. Productivity and trade
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A. Research and Development
• First edition published in 1963!
• Sixth edition published in 2002
• Data also collected since 1963
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Highlights of the 5th Frascati Manual revision
• Improved methodological guidelines • Update various classifications• R&D in service sectors• Human resources for R&D • Survey methods business enterprise sector• GBAORD• Globalisation and links to SNA
(capitalisation of R&D!)• Annexes on health, ICT and biotechnology
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Definition of R&D
• Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
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Exclusions from R&D
• Education and training• Other science and technology
activities• Other industrial activities• Administration and other supporting
activities
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Intramural R&D expenditure
• By sector of performance (BES, HE, GOV, PNP)
• By source of funds (same plus abroad)• By type of activity (BR, AR, ED)• By type of cost (current and capital)• By field of science (nat sc, eng &
techn, med sc, agri sc, soc sc, hum)• By socio-economic objective (~ NABS)
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Business Expenditure on R&D
• BERD by industry (NACE/ISIC)– Main activity– Product field– ISIC 73
• BERD by size-class
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Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD)
1. Exploration and exploitation of the earth2. Environment3. Exploration and exploitation of space4. Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures5. Energy 6. Industrial production and technology7. Health 8. Agriculture9. Education10. Culture, recreation religion and mass media11. Political and social systems, structures and processes12. General advancement of knowledge: GUF13. General advancement of knowledge: non-GUF14. Defence
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R&D Personnel
• In headcounts and full-time equivalents• By sector of employment• By occupation (researchers, technicians,
oss)• By qualification (ISCED)• By field of science• By industry• By sex• By age-group
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R&D intensity,
2005
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R&D intensity in non-OECD countries,
2005
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Annual average
growth rate of GERD, 2000-05
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R&D expenditure by sector of
performance, 2005
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B. Human Resources for Science and Technology (HRST)
• The Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to Science and Technology – Canberra Manual (1995)
• The CM is part of the Frascati family
• Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH)
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Dimensions of HRST
• Skills• Qualifications• Mobility
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Definition of HRST(Canberra Manual)
HRST are people who fulfil one or other of the following conditions:
a) successfully completed education at the third level in an S&T field of study;
b) not formally qualified as above, but employed in a S&T occupation where the above qualifications are normally required.
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Definition of HRST (cont.)Education
• ISCED Level 5- First stage of tertiary education (not leading directly to an advanced research qualification)
• ISCED 5A: theoretically based/research preparatory or giving access to professions with high skills requirements
• ISCED 5B: practical/technical/occupationally specific
• ISCED Level 6- Second stage of tertiary education (leading to an advanced research qualification)
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Definition of HRST (cont.)Occupation
• A subset of ISCO Major Group 1: Legislators, senior officials and managersUsually ignored!
• ISCO Major Group 2: Professionals
• ISCO Major Group 3: Technicians And Associate Professionals
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HRST according to the CMOther
OCCUPATIONS ISCED 5A ISCED 5B ISCED 6 ISCED levels
122 Production and Operations Department Managers
ISCO 1 123 Other Department Managers
(subset)of which 1236 Computing Services Department Managers
131 General Managers HRSTC
HRSTO21 Physical, Mathematical and
Engineering Science Professionals of which 213 Computing Professionals =
= ISCO 2 22 Life Science and Health Professionals 23 Teaching Professionals Core HRST
HRST 24 Other Professionals
employed31 Physical and Engineering Science
Associate Professionals (with 3rd level education and employed in S&T)
in S&Tof which 312 Computer Associate Professionals
ISCO 332 Life Science and Health Associate
Professionals 33 Teaching Associate Professionals 34 Other Associate Professionals
All other occupationsHRSTU Unemployed
Out of the labour force
QUALIFICATIONSHRSTE = HRST with third level education
HRST = Human Resources in Science and TechnologyScientists and engineers = ISCO 21 +ISCO 22IT HRST occupations = ISCO 1236 + ISCO 213 + ISCO 312
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Fields of study
• Natural sciences• Engineering and technology• Medical sciences• Agricultural sciences• Social sciences• Humanities• Other fields
NSE
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National stocks and flows of HRST
Persons qualifying atISCED level 5 or abovefor the first time.
Persons without aqualification at ISCEDlevel 5 or above who enteran S&T occupation.
Qualified immigrants
Persons without aqualification at ISCEDlevel 5 or above who leavetheir S&T occupation.
Emigrants
Deaths
Stock
of
HRST
HRST inflows HRST outflows
National
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International mobility of HRST
• Definitions– Place of birth vs. citizenship
• Measurement problems– Migration and qualification– Data often not comparable between
countries– Migration outflows
• Relevant for many non-OECD countries• Very little detailed information
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Sources for HRST• Education databases• Labour force surveys• Population registers• Censuses• National administrative systems for
regulating and monitoring immigration• Administrative systems relating to
temporary residence or work permits for non-nationals
• Specific surveys
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Graduation rates at
doctoral level, 2004 (% of
relevant age cohort)
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Science and engineering
degrees, 2004
(% of total)
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Tertiary-level graduates in
total employment,
2004 (as a % of
total)
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Researchers per 1000
employment, 2005
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Researchers per 1000
employment in non-OECD
economies, 2005
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Educational attainment in non-OECD economies,
2004
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Students from non-OECD economies enrolled in OECD countries, 2004
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Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH)
• A joint OECD/Eurostat/UNESCO project launched by the OECD Secretariat in 2004
• An expert group of 40 countries among which the United States, Japan, China, India, Argentina, Uganda and many European countries
• A three-component package developed by the expert group: output tabulations, methodological guidelines and a model survey questionnaire
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Model questionnaire7 MODULES• MODULE EDU - DOCTORAL EDUCATION• MODULE REC - RECENT GRADUATES• MODULE POS - POSTDOCS• MODULE EMP - EMPLOYMENT SITUATION• MODULE MOB - INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY• MODULE CAR - CAREER RELATED
EXPERIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY
• MODULE PER - PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
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Output tabulationsTable P1. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY SEX AND AGE CLASSTable P2. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY SEX AND COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIPTable P3. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND AGE CLASSTable P4. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREETable P5. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY SEX AND COUNTRY OF BIRTHTable P6. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY PLACE OF BIRTH/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND AGE CLASSTable P7. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY PLACE OF BIRTH/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREE
Table ED1. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND COUNTRY OF DOCTORATE AWARD Table ED2. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY PLACE OF BIRTH/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND COUNTRY OF DOCTORATE AWARDTable ED3. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY COUNTRY OF DOCTORATE AWARD AND OF PRIOR EDUCATIONTable ED4. RECENT DOCTORATE RECIPENTS: AGE AT GRADUATION AND TIME TO COMPLETION BY MAIN FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREETable ED5. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY PRIMARY SOURCE OF FUNDING DURING COMPLETION OF DOCTORATE
Table EMP1. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND YEAR OF DOCTORATE AWARDTable EMP2. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS, FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREE AND AGETable EMP3. NUMBER OF RECENT DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS BY PRIMARY SOURCE OF FUNDING DURING COMPLETION OF DOCTORATE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUSTable EMP4. OCCUPATIONS OF EMPLOYED DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREETable EMP5. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS EMPLOYED AS RESEARCHERS BY FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREETable EMP6. MEDIAN ANNUAL BASIC SALARY OF EMPLOYED DOCTORATE HOLDERS (national currency)Table EMP7. ANNUAL BASIC SALARY OF EMPLOYED RECENT DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS BY SOURCE OF FUNDING DURING COMPLETION OF DOCTORATE (national currency)Table EMP8. JOB TO JOB MOBILITY: LENGTH OF STAY WITH THE SAME EMPLOYER
Table PERC1. PERCEPTION OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS REGARDING THEIR JOB QUALIFICATIONTable PERC2. SATISFACTION OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS WITH THEIR EMPLOYMENT SITUATION
Table IMOB1. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND LENGTH OF STAY IN THE COUNTRYTable IMOB2. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS BY CITYZENSHIP/RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND PREVIOUS COUNTRY OF RESIDENCETable IMOB3. REASONS FOR MOVING INTO THE COUNTRY FOR DOCTORATE HOLDERS HAVING ENTERED THE COUNTRY IN THE LAST FIVE OR TEN YEARS
Table OMOB1. INTENTIONS TO MOVE OUT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE NEXT YEAR BY COUNTRY OF INTENDED DESTINATION (optional)Table OMOB2. REASONS FOR INTENTIONS TO MOVE OUT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE NEXT YEAR (optional)Table OMOB3. NUMBER OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS HAVING LEFT THE COUNTRY IN THE LAST FIVE OR TEN YEARS BY CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENT STATUS AND COUNTRY OF DESTINATION (optional)Table OMOB4. REASONS FOR MOVING OUT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE LAST FIVE OR TEN YEARS (optional)
Table OUTP1. AVERAGE OUTPUT OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS WORKING AS RESEARCHERS IN THE LAST THREE YEARS (BY FIELD OF DOCTORATE DEGREE AND BY AGE)Table OUTP2. AVERAGE OUTPUT OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS WORKING AS RESEARCHERS IN THE LAST THREE YEARS (BY SEX AND CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENTIAL STATUS)
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Methodological guidelines
1. Introduction2. Purpose of statistics on CDH3. The target population4. Survey methodology5. Collecting and processing of data6. Estimation of results and data
quality 7. Data transmission
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CDH data collection
• First collection in 2005 for 7 countries• Second collection launched mid-
November 2007• Data received for 22 countries: 20
European countries + Australia + US• Data for Canada, Croatia and Malta still
pending; new version of Australian data based on the 2006 census to be included; two data series for Italy
• Other: Japan? Non-OECD countries?
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Data sources, coverage, limitations
• 4 types of data sources used:– Dedicated CDH surveys (census or sample)– Register data (Nordic countries)– Other established surveys (census and LFS)– A combination of the above
• Higher response rates for CDH sample surveys (> 50%) than for census surveys
• Good coverage of the target population– some difficulties with coverage of foreign
doctorate holders
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Sex-breakdown of doctorate holders
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Active DH as a % of total labour force
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Citizenship and residential status of foreign-born DH
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DH having received their doctorate abroad
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Ten top countries of previous residence of national DH having lived abroad
Austria BelgiumCzech
Republic Denmark Iceland Slovakia Spain Sweden
1 US US Germany US US US US US
2 Germany France US UK Sweden Germany UK Denmark
3 UK UK UK Germany Belgium Czech Rep. France China
4 France Netherlands France Australia Denmark France Germany UK
5 Italy Germany Austria Sweden Germany Austria Italy Iran
6 Belgium Canada Canada Canada Norway Belgium Netherlands Norway
7 Switzerland Italy Italy France Canada Japan Portugal Poland
8 Australia Switzerland Switzerland Italy Argentina UK Canada Germany
9 Netherlands Spain Netherlands Norway Austria Canada Belgium Finland
10 Spain Japan Belgium Netherlands Australia Italy Mexico Russia
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CDH conclusions
• The first results of the 2005 CDH data collection give interesting insights on the situation of doctorate holders in five countries
• Progress in the measurement of international mobility by cross-classifying place of birth and citizenship with residential status, length of stay in the country and other variables
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CDH conclusions (cont.)• Important value added by introducing the
collection of more qualitative information on the perception and plans of doctoral graduates regarding their employment and international mobility
• Such qualitative indicators are extremely useful to help understanding the complex patterns of international mobility that cannot only be gauged through quantitative data because of the heterogeneity of migration systems across countries
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International conference on the Careers and Mobility of Doctorate Holders
• 1st December in Brussels• Joint OECD/UIS/Eurostat event with
support of EC DG Research• The conference will serve as a forum
to diffuse and discuss the results with interested stakeholders, academics and policy makers
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International conference on the Careers and Mobility of Doctorate Holders
• Programme is under discussion, list of topics:– Doctoral and research training– Human resources in research– The labour market of doctorate holders– The international mobility of doctorate
holders
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C. Innovation policy
• Public-private cross-funding of R&D• Government R&D budgets• Tax treatment of R&D• Patenting by universities and
government• Collaboration with public research
organisations by innovating firms• Science linkages in technology• Entrepreneurship
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Defence and civil R&D budgets
(GBAORD), 2006,
as a % of GDP
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Rate of tax subsidies for USD 1 of R&D, 2007 (%)
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D. Innovation performance
• Patents• Bibliometrics• Innovation
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Patents
• Indicators of invention• Administrative data containing much
information • Data widely available, e.g. in
PATSTAT (EPO)• Drawbacks
– Not all inventions are patented– Value distribution skewed
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Patent Statistics Task Force
• OECD• Eurostat• European Patent Office (EPO)• Japan Patent Office (JPO)• US National Science Foundation (NSF)• US Patent and Trademark Office
(USPTO)• World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO)
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The Patent Manual 2008
• Part of the Frascati family• Major revision of the 1994 Manual• Provides background information to
understand the patent process• Proposes standards for compiling
indicators
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Contents of the Patent Manual
1. Introduction2. Patents as statistical indicators of S&T3. Patent systems and procedures4. Counting patents for conducting
international comparison5. Technical and economic classifications
of patents6. The use and analysis of citations7. Indicators of internationalisation8. Indicators of patent value
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Recent work
• Regional patents• Standardising patent holders’ names• Trademarks
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Trends in triadic patent families
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Triadic patent families per million population, 2005
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Any questions?
Or is it already time for the coffee break?
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Innovation: the Oslo Manual• Jointly with the EC• Part of the Frascati family• Used for CIS and national
innovation surveys• 1st edition 1992• 2nd edition 1997
coverage expanded to services
• 3rd edition 2005 including non-technological innovation
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Innovation definition
An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations
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The innovationmeasurement framework
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Innovation main concepts
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Technological innovation• A product innovation is the introduction
of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses. This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics.
• A process innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software.
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Non-technological innovation• A marketing innovation is the
implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing
• An organisational innovation is the implementation of a new organisational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace organisation or external relations
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More definitions (1)
Innovation activities are all scientific, technological, organisational, financial and commercial steps which actually, or are intended to, lead to the implementation of innovations. Some innovation activities are themselves innovative, others are not novel activities but are necessary for the implementation of innovations. Innovation activities also include R&D that is not directly related to the development of a specific innovation.
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More definitions (2)
• An innovative firm is one that has implemented an innovation during the period under review.
• A product‑process innovative firm is one that has implemented a new or significantly improved product or process during the period under review.
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More definitions (3)
• Type of innovation: successful, unsuccessful, ongoing
• Degree of novelty: technologically new / significantly improved/disruptive
• Approach: “subject” vs. “object”• Degree of novelty: technologically
new / significantly improved• Focus: business enterprise sector
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Innovation activities for product and process innovations
• Intramural (in-house) R&D • Acquisition of R&D (extramural R&D)• Acquisition of other external knowledge• Acquisition of machinery, equipment and
other capital goods• Other preparations for product and
process innovations• Market preparations for product
innovations• Training
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Innovation data
• Objectives of innovation• Factors assisting/hampering
innovation• Expenditure on innovation• Impacts and outcomes• Linkages
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In-house product innovators by size (as a % of all firms), 2002-04
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In-house process
innovators by sector (as a % of all firms), 2002-04
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Share of turnover due to new-to-market
product innovations by size (as a % of
turnover), 2002-04
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Non-technological innovators by
sector (as a % of all
firms), 2002-04
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E. ICT• OECD Guide to Measuring the
Information Society– OECD definition of the ICT sector– OECD classification of ICT products– Model survey of ICT use in households and
by individuals– Model survey of ICT use by businesses– OECD definitions of Internet and e-
commerce transactions– Impacts– Annex for developing countries
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Households with broadband access, 2000-06 (%)
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Individuals using the Internet from any location, 2006 (%)
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Broadband penetration by size class, 2006. As a % of businesses
with 10 or more employees
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Percentage of enterprises' total turnover from e-commerce,
2003-06 (%)
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Trade in ICT goods as a % of total trade
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Business R&D expenditure by selected ICT
manufacturing industries, as a % of GDP
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F. Particular technologies
• Biotechnology• Nanotechnology• Environmental science
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Biotechnology
• A series of ad-hoc meetings of a NESTI spin-off group
• A framework for biotechnology statistics (2005) – Definitions– Model survey of biotechnology use and
development – Classifications
• OECD biotechnology statistics - 2006
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The single definition of biotechnology
The application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services.
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The list-based definition of biotechnology technoques
• DNA/RNA: Genomics, pharmacogenomics, gene probes, genetic engineering, DNA/RNA sequencing/ synthesis/amplification, gene expression profiling, and use of antisense technology.
• Proteins and other molecules: Sequencing/synthesis/engineering of proteins and peptides (including large molecule hormones); improved delivery methods for large molecule drugs; proteomics, protein isolation and purification, signaling, identification of cell receptors.
• Cell and tissue culture and engineering: Cell/tissue culture, tissue engineering (including tissue scaffolds and biomedical engineering), cellular fusion, vaccine/immune stimulants, embryo manipulation.
• Process biotechnology techniques: Fermentation using bioreactors, bioprocessing, bioleaching, biopulping, biobleaching, biodesulphurisation, bioremediation, biofiltration and phytoremediation.
• Gene and RNA vectors: Gene therapy, viral vectors. • Bioinformatics: Construction of databases on genomes, protein
sequences; modelling complex biological processes, including systems biology.
• Nanobiotechnology: Applies the tools and processes of nano/microfabrication to build devices for studying biosystems and applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, etc.
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Other relevant definitions
• Biotechnology product • Biotechnology process • Biotechnology active firm (enterprise)• Dedicated biotechnology firm • Innovative biotechnology firm • Biotechnology R&D • Biotechnology sales/revenue • Biotechnology expenses
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Biotechnology statistics & indicators
• Biotechnology products and processes• Biotechnology R&D• Biotechnology firms by type
(dedicated, innovative)• Biotechnology sales/revenue• Biotechnology expenses• Biotechnology employment• Biotechnology patents
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Recommended biotechnology R&D question
•Did the R&D reported above include any biotechnology R&D (see definitions)?
Yes / No
•If yes, please provide an estimate of the share of the total intramural R&D expenditure reported earlier that is attributable to biotechnology.
________%
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Number of firms active in biotechnology, 2003
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Total expenditures on biotechnology R&D by biotech-
active firms, millions of USD PPP
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Biotechnology patents as a % of national total (PCT filings), 2002-04
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G. Internationalisation of S&T
• Foreign ownership of domestic inventions
• Domestic ownership of inventions made abroad
• International co-operation in research• Sources of R&D funding from abroad• International collaboration in science• Internationalisation of R&D• Foreign collaboration on innovation
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Data sources
• Patents• R&D data• Publications (SCI)• FATS and AFA• CIS
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Foreign ownership of domestic inventions, 2001-03 (%)
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Domestic ownership of inventions made abroad, 2001-03 (%)
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Patents with foreign co-inventors, 2001-03 (%)
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Funds from abroad, as a % of business enterprise R&D, 2005
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Firms with foreign co-operation in innovation, 2002-04 (%)
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H. Global economic flows
• International trade• FDI• Foreign affiliates statistics• Technology balance of payments
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Methodology
• Measuring Globalisation – OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators (2005)
• Technology Balance of Payments Manual (1990)– Part of the Frascati family– Now included in the Handbook on
Economic Globalisation Indicators (Ch. 4.4)
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TBP categories• Technology transfers:
– Patents– Unpatented inventions– Licences (linked to know-how)– Know-how
• Transfers of designs (sales, licences, franchises), trademarks and patterns
• Provision of technical services, comprising:– Technical and engineering studies (project design
and implementation)– Technical assistance
• Provision of industrial R&D (performed abroad or financed from abroad)
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TBP data• Technology receipts and payments for the
whole of the economy and also broken down by industrial sector (ISIC Revision 3) and by country and geographical area
• Technology receipts and payments of foreign-controlled affiliates, broken down by manufacturing sector
• Technology receipts and payments for the whole economy, broken down by sector according to the main categories of transaction
• Receipts and payments of foreign-controlled affiliates in services separately (sectoral breakdown)
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Technology balance of payments as a % of
GDP, 2005
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I. Productivity and trade• Income and productivity
– OECD Manual on Measuring Productivity (2001)
• Technology- and knowledge-intensive industries – Measuring Globalisation – OECD Handbook
on Economic Globalisation Indicators (2005)
– Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification (OECD, STI Working Paper 1997/2 – T. Hatzichronologou)
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Technology classification (1)
Originally based on (STI WP 1997/2):1.R&D expenditures divided by value
added2.R&D expenditures divided by
production3.R&D expenditures plus technology
embodied in intermediate and investment goods divided by production
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Technology classification (2)
For data availability reasons currently based on (Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators ):
1.R&D expenditures divided by value added 1991-1999
2.R&D expenditures divided by production 1991-1999
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High-technologymanufacturing industries
ISIC Industry353 Aerospace
2423 Pharmaceuticals30 Computers, office equipment32 Electronics-communication33 Precision instruments
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Medium-high-technology manufacturing industries
ISIC Industry31 Electrical machinery34 Motor vehicles
24-2423Chemicals (except pharmaceuticals)
352+359 Other transport equipment
29 Machinery and equipment
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Medium-low-technology manufacturing industries
ISIC Industry23 Petroleum refining25 Rubber and plastics26 Non-metallic mineral products
351 Shipbuilding27 Basic metals
28Fabricated metal products (except machinery and equipment)
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Low-technologymanufacturing industries
ISIC Industry36-37 Other manufacturing industry
20 Wood and furniture21-22 Paper and printing17-19 Textiles, clothing, leather
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Knowledge-intensive services
ISIC Industry64 Post and telecommunications
65-67Financial intermediation and insurance activities
71-74Business services (except real estate)
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Share of total gross value
added, 2004, High- and
medium-high-technology
manufactures
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Share of total gross value
added, 2004, Knowledge-
intensive market
services
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Growth of high- and medium-high technology exports, 1996-2005
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Links
• www.oecd.org/sti/statistical-analysis• www.oecd.org/sti/scoreboard or
www.sourceoecd.org/scoreboard• www.oecd.org/sti/cdh• www.oecd.org/sti/ipr-statistics • www.oecd.org/sti/measuring-
infoeconomy• www.oecd.org/sti/measuring-
globalisation
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Manuals (1)
Frascati Manual: http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/9202081E.PDF
Oslo Manual: http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/9205111E.PDF
Canberra Manual: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/0/2096025.pdf
Patent Manual: (forthcoming) http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3343,en_2649_34451_1901066_1_1_1_1,00.html
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Manuals (2)
OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society:www.oecd.org/sti/measuring-infoeconomy/guide
Biotechnology framework: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/48/34935605.pdf
Technology Balance of Payments Manual: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/13/2347115.pdf
Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators: (for sale) http://www.oecd.org/document/44/0,3343,en_2649_34443_34957420_1_1_1_1,00.html
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