Indian Railways 2

5/26/2014 Indian Railways - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Narrow Gauge Train at Rajim,

Chhattisgarh

Indian gauge is the

predominantgauge used by Indian

Railways.

Technical details [edit]

Track and gauge [edit]

Indian railways uses four gauges, the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge which is wider than

the 1,435 mm (4 ft 812 in) standard gauge; the 1,000 mm (3 ft 338 in)metre gauge; and two narrow

gauges, 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft). Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 75 to

160 km/h (47 to 99 mph).

The total length of track used by Indian Railways is about 115,000 km (71,000 mi) while the total route

length of the network is 65,000 km (40,000 mi).[23] About 23,541 km (14,628 mi) or 36% of the route-

kilometre was electrified as on 31 March 2013.[4]

Broad gauge is the predominant gaugeused by Indian

Railways. Indian broad gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)is the most

widely used gauge in India with 105,000 km (65,000 mi) of track

length (91% of entire track length of all the gauges) and

56,000 km (35,000 mi) of route-kilometre (86% of entire route-

kilometre of all the gauges).

In some regions with less traffic, the metre gauge

(1,000 mm (3 ft 338 in)) is common, although the Unigauge

project is in progress to convert all tracks to broad gauge. The

metre gauge has about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of track length (7%

of entire track length of all the gauges) and 7,000 km (4,300 mi)

of route-kilometre (10% of entire route-kilometre of all the

gauges).

The Narrow gauges are present on a few routes, lying in hilly

terrains and in some erstwhile private railways (on cost

considerations), which are usually difficult to convert to broad

gauge. Narrow gauges have 2,000 route-kilometre. The Kalka-

Shimla Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway and the Darjeeling

Himalayan Railway are three notable hill lines that use narrow

gauge, but the Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a metre gauge

track.[24] These four rail lines will not be converted under the

Unigauge project.

The share of broad gauge in the total route-kilometre has been steadily rising, increasing from 47%

(25,258 route-km) in 1951 to 86% in 2012 whereas the share of metre gauge has declined from 45%

(24,185 route-km) to 10% in the same period and the share of narrow gauges has decreased from 8%

to 3%. About 21,500 route-km of Indian railways is electrified.

Sleepers (ties) are made up of prestressed concrete, or steel or cast iron posts, though teak sleepers

are still in use on a few older lines. The prestressed concrete sleeper is in wide use today. Metal

sleepers were extensively used before the advent of concrete sleepers. Indian Railways divides the

country into four zones on the basis of the range of track temperature. The greatest temperature



Map of Indian Railways network with

population density

Bholu the official mascot of

Indian Railways

variations occur in Rajasthan.

Research and Development [edit]

In August 2013, Indian Railways entered into a partnership with

Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) to develop technology to

tap solar energy for lighting and air-conditioning in the coaches.

This would pave way for a significant reduction of fossil fuel

dependency for one of the world's largest railway network.[25]

Recently it ingeniously developed and tested the Improved

Automated Fire Alarm System in Rajdhani Express Trains. This

System would now be applied to AC coaches of all regular

trains.[26]

Mascot [edit]

Bholu or Bholu the guard elephant is themascot of Indian Railways.

The mascot, a cartoon of an elephant holding a signal lamp with green

light in one hand, was initially designed for Indian Railways' 150th year

commemoration events and was unveiled on 16 April 2002 in Bangalore.

Later in 2003, Indian Railways decided to permanently retain it as the

official mascot.[27] The icon was placed on the reverse of a

coin.[28] Bholu is presented as a train guard and he holds a signal lamp

with green light in one hand.[29] The green light is the symbol of

movement which assures trains and passengers to go ahead with safety

and without fear.[30][31] it is also the most universally accepted symbol of

train running and interaction with passengers. He not only denotes

stability but also represents the workforce of the Railways. He is with the

train passengers at all times, day and night, and, as train in-charge, is

responsible for the safety of a running train and the well-being of passengers. The green light in his

hand symbolises movement, the intention to go ahead with safety and positivism.

Railway links to adjacent countries [edit]

See also: Rail transport in India International links

Existing rail links:

Nepal Break-of-gauge Gauge conversion under uni-gauge project

Pakistan same Broad Gauge. Thar Express to Karachi and the more famousSamjhauta

Express international train from Lahore, Pakistan to Amritsar(Attari).

Bangladesh Same Broad Gauge. The Maitri Express between Dhaka andKolkata started in April

2008 using the Gede-Darsana route, in addition to a Freight Train service

from Singhabad and Petrapole in India to Rohanpur andBenapole in Bangladesh A second

passenger link between Agartala, India andAkhaura Upazila, Bangladesh was approved by the

Government of Bangladesh and India in September 2011.[32]



Under construction / Proposed links:

Bhutan railways under construction Same gauge

Myanmar Manipur to Myanmar (under construction)

Vietnam On 9 April 2010, Former Union Minister of India, Shashi Tharoorannounced that the

central government is considering a rail link from Manipur to Vietnam via Myanmar.[33]

Thailand possible if Burma Railway is rebuilt.[34]

Types of passenger services [edit]

Trains are classified by their average speed.[35] A faster train has fewer stops ("halts") than a slower

one and usually caters to long-distance travel.

Rank Train Description

1 Duronto Express These are the non-stop (except for operational stops) point to point rail servicesintroduced for the first time in 2009. They connect the metros and major statecapitals of India and are faster than Rajdhani Express. They provide first AC, two-tier AC and three-tier AC accommodation. Some of them provide Sleeper Classaccommodation.

2 Rajdhani Express These are air-conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi. They have highpriority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 130 km/h(82 mph). They have only a few stops.

3 Shatabdi Express The Shatabdi trains are air-conditioned intercity trains for travel during day. Theyhave seats and executive class seats. Some of them 3-tier AC berths. They are thefastest trains in India, travelling at about 144 km/h.

4 Garib Rath Air-conditioned no-frills trains with seats and 3-tier Economy AC berths. Themaximum speed is 130 km/h.

5 Jan ShatabdiExpress

Jan Shatabdi Express are a more affordable variety of the Shatabdi Express, whichhave both AC and non-AC classes. The maximum speed is 130 km/h.

6 Intercity SuperfastExpress/Mail

These are trains that have an average speed greater than 80 km/h (50 mph). Ticketsfor these trains have an additional superfast surcharge.

7 Express These are the most common kind of trains in India. They have more stops than theirsuper-fast counterparts, but they stop only at relatively important intermediatestations.

8Passengerand FastPassenger

These are slow trains that stop at most stations along the route and are thecheapest trains. The trains generally have unreserved seating accommodation butsome night trains have sleeper and 3-tier AC compartments.

9 Suburban trains These trains operate in the urban areasof Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata,Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune andbetween Kanpur &Lucknow,usually stop at all stations and have unreserved seatingaccommodation.

10 Metros andMonorails

These trains are designed for city transport in metro cities of India.

Accommodation classes [edit]

Main article: Indian Railways coaching stock

Indian Railways has several classes of travel with or without airconditioning. A train may have just one or

many classes of travel. Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating class whereas Rajdhani,

Duronto, Shatabdi, garib rath and yuva trains have only airconditioned classes. The fares for all classes

are different with unreserved seating class being the cheapest. The fare of Rajdhani, Duronto and



Air-conditioned Chair Car (CC)

coaches in an Shatabdi Express.

Shatabdi trains includes food served in the train but the fare for

other trains does not include food that has to be bought

separately. In long-distance trains a pantry car is usually

included and food is served at the berth or seat itself. Luxury

trains such as Palace on Wheels have separate dining cars but

these trains cost as much as or more than a five-star hotel room.

A standard passenger rake generally has four unreserved (also

called "general") compartments, two at the front and two at the

end, of which one may be exclusively for ladies. The exact

number of other coaches varies according to the demand and

the route. A luggage compartment can also exist at the front or

the back. In some mail trains a separate mail coach is attached. Lavatories are communal and feature

both the Indian style as well as the Western style.

The following table lists the classes in operation. A train may not have all these classes.

Class[36] Description[36][37]

1A First class AC: This is the most expensive class, where the fares are almost at par with air fare.There are eight cabins (including two coupes) in the full AC First Class coach and three cabins(including one coupe) in the half AC First Class coach. The coach has an attendant to help thepassengers. Bedding is included with the fare in IR. This air conditioned coach is present only onpopular routes and can carry 18 passengers (full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach). The sleeperberths are extremely wide and spacious. The coaches are carpeted, have sleeping accommodationand have privacy features like personal coupes. This class is available on broad gauge and metregauge trains.

2A AC-Two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays. Berths areusually arranged in two tiers in bays of six, four across the width of the coach and two berthslongways on the other side of the corridor, with curtains along the gangway or corridor. Bedding isincluded with the fare. A broad gauge coach can carry 48 passengers (full coach) or 20 passengers(half coach). This class is available on broad gauge and metre gauge trains.

FC First class: Same as 1AC but without air conditioning. No bedding is available in this class. Theberths are wide and spacious. There is a coach attendant to help the passengers. This class hasbeen phased out on most of the trains and is rare to find. However narrow gauge trains to hill stationshave this class.

3A AC three tier: Air conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths. Berths are usually arranged as in2AC but with three tiers across the width and two longways as before giving eight bays of eight. Theyare slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding isincluded with fare. It carries 64 passengers in broad gauge. This class is available only on broadgauge.

3E AC three tier (Economy): Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, present in Garib RathTrains. Berths are usually arranged as in 3AC but with three tiers across the width and threelongways. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways.Bedding is not included with fare.

CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of five seats in a row used for day travelbetween cities.

EC Executive class chair car: An air-conditioned coach with large spacious seats and legroom. It has atotal of four seats in a row used for day travel between cities. This class of travel is only available onShatabdi Express trains.

SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR, and usually ten or morecoaches could be attached. These are regular sleeping coaches with three berths vertically stacked.In broad gauge, it carries 72 passengers per coach.

2S Seater class: same as AC Chair car, but with bench style seats and without the air-conditioning.These may be reserved in advance or may be unreserved.



Seen here is the Mumbai Rajdhani

Express. Rajdhanis are long-distance

high-speed and high-priority trains

connecting major state capitals with

New Delhi

Seen here is the Secunderabad

Yeshwanthpur Garib-Rath Express.

Garib-Rath's are low cost A/c trains

Interior of a First Class(1A)

compartment in the Rajdhani Express

UR Unreserved: The cheapest accommodation. The seats are usually made up of pressed wood in oldercoaches but cushioned seats are found in new coaches. These coaches are usually over-crowdedand a seat is not guaranteed. Tickets are issued in advance for a minimum journey of more than 24hours. Tickets issued are valid on any train on the same route if boarded within 24 hours of buying theticket.

At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as

the guard's cabin. It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the

guard usually gives the all clear signal before the train departs.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites [edit]

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian

Railways. The Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus[38] and

the Mountain Railways of India. The latter consists of three

separate railway lines located in different parts of India:[39]

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow gauge railway in

West Bengal.

Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a metre gaugerailway in the Nilgiri

Hills in Tamil Nadu.

Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in

the Shivalik mountains inHimachal Pradesh. In 2003 the

railway was featured in the Guinness Book of World

Records for offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space

of 96 kilometre.[40]

Notable Trains and Railway Lines [edit]

Railway Lines [edit]

Maharaja Railways (Gwalior Light Railway), a narrow gauge

line of just 610mm width from Gwalior to Sheopurof 198 km.

in length is world's longestnarrow gauge railway line is in the

UNESCO world heritage tentative list.

Neral-Matheran Railway, a narrow gauge railway

connecting Matheran is also a historic line.

Tourist Trains [edit]

Palace on Wheels is a specially designed luxury tourist train

service, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, for

promoting tourism inRajasthan. The train has a 7 nights & 8 days itinerary, it departs from New

Delhi (Day 1), and covers Jaipur (Day 2), Sawai Madhopur and Chittaurgarh(Day 3), Udaipur (Day

4), Jaisalmer(Day 5), Jodhpur (Day 6), Bharatpurand Agra (Day 7), return to Delhi (Day 8).[41]

Royal Rajasthan on Wheels a luxury tourist train service covers various tourist destinations in

Rajasthan. The train takes tourists on a 7-day/8-night tour through Rajasthan. The train starts



Interior of an air-conditioned Chair

Car coach(CC) in an Jan Shatabdi

Express.

Inside a 3-tier AC Compartment of

the Dakshin Express

A typical sleeper class coach

A tight loop (Agony Point) on

theDarjeeling Himalayan Railway in

West Bengal

from New Delhi's Safdarjung railway station (Day 1), and has

stops at Jodhpur (Day 2), Udaipur andChittaurgarh (Day

3), Ranthambore National Park and Jaipur (Day

4),Khajuraho (Day 5), Varanasi andSarnath (Day

6), Agra (Day 7) and back to Delhi (Day 8).[42]

Maharaja Express a luxury train operated by IRCTC runs on

five circuits[43] covering more than 12 destinations across

North-West and Central India, mainly centered

aroundRajasthan between the months of October to April.

Deccan Odyssey luxury tourist train service covers various

tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa. The 7 Nights / 8

Days tour starts from Mumbai (Day 1) and covers Jaigad

Fort,Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri (Day

2), Sindhudurg, Tarkarli and Sawantwadi(Day 3), Goa (Day

4), Kolhapur and Pune (Day 5), Aurangabad and Ellora

Caves (Day 6), Ajanta Caves and Nashik (Day 7), and back

to Mumbai (Day 8).[44]

The Golden Chariot luxury train runs on two circuits Pride of

the South[45] andSplendor of the South.[46]

Mahaparinirvan Express an a/c train service also known as

Buddhist Circuit Train which is run by IRCTC to attract

Buddhist pilgrims. The 7 nights/8 Days tour starts from New

Delhi (Day 1) and covers Bodh Gaya (Day

2), Rajgir andNalanda (Day 3), Varanasi and Sarnath (Day

4), Kushinagar and Lumbini (Day 5 and 6), Sravasti (Day

7), Taj Mahal (Agra) (Day 8) before returning to New Delhi

on (Day 8).[47]

Other Trains [edit]

Samjhauta Express is a train that runs between India and

Pakistan. However, hostilities between the two nations in

2001 saw the line being closed. It was reopened when the

hostilities subsided in 2004. Another train

connectingKhokhrapar (Pakistan) and Munabao (India) is

the Thar Express that restarted operations on 18 February

2006; it was earlier closed down after the 1965 Indo-Pak war.

Lifeline Express is a special train popularly known as the

"Hospital-on-Wheels" which provides healthcare to the rural

areas. This train has a carriage that serves as an operating

room, a second one which serves as a storeroom and an

additional two that serve as a patient ward. The train travels

around the country, staying at a location for about two

months before moving elsewhere.



A view of the Pamban Railway

Bridge that links Rameshwaram to the

mainland

Fairy Queen is the oldest operating locomotive in the world today, though it is operated only for

specials between Delhi and Alwar. John Bull, a locomotive older than Fairy Queen, operated in 1981

commemorating its 150th anniversary. Kharagpur railway station also has the distinction of being the

world's longest railway platform at 1,072 m (3,517 ft). The Ghum station along the Darjeeling Toy

Train route is the second highest railway station in the world to be reached by a steam

locomotive.[48] The MumbaiPune Deccan Queenhas the oldest running dining car in IR.

Vivek Express, between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari, has the longest run in terms of distance and

time on Indian Railways network. It covers 4,286 km (2,663 mi) in about 82 hours and 30 minutes.

Bhopal Shatabdi Express is the fastest train in India today having a maximum speed of 150 km/h

(93 mph) on the FaridabadAgra section. The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h

(114 mph) in 2000 during test runs.

Double-decker AC trains have been introduced in India. The first double decker train was Pune-

Mumbai Sinhagad express plying between Pune andMumbai[49] while the first double-decker AC train

in the Indian Railways was introduced in November 2010, running between

the Dhanbad and Howrahstations having 10 coaches and 2 power cars.[50] On 16 April 2013, Indian

Railways celebrated its 160 years of nationwide connectivity with a transportation of 23 million

passengers in a day.[51]

Bridges

Pamban Bridge Pamban Bridge is a cantilever bridge on the Palk Strait which connects

Rameswaram on Pamban Island to mainland India.

Chenab Bridge The worlds tallest rail bridge over Chenab

River in Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir is being

constructed by Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL),

a Central Public Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of

Railways . It is likely to be ready by 2016. This bridge will be

on the Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)

project which is a national project to provide rail connectivity

to the Kashmir. Konkan Railway has taken up the

construction of part of USBRL project from Katra to Dharam

in December 2002.[52]

High speed trains [edit]

Some initiatives have been launched in order to study the feasibility of high speed trains or bullet trains

that could boost the economic growth.[53]

Food [edit]

Trains are classified as pantry car/non-pantry car, trains with pantry cars are listed as P in Trains at a

Glance. Meals are included in the fare on Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto trains, while Indian Railways

catering staff come around to collects orders an hour or two before mealtimes. Meals available for lunch

and dinner are generally vegetarian and non-vegetarian thalis (rice, dal, a vegetable (chicken or fish

curries for non-veg thalis), curd/yogurt, chapattis/rotis and occasionally, a sweet dish) or

(veg/egg/chicken) biryani. Pantry car service always includes the sale of tea, coffee, cold drinks, Indian



snacks (samosa) and "namkeen" (chips and other salty snacks). Pantry cars mostly re-distribute food

from base kitchens that are based at important stations; As per the catering policies only heating is

encouraged for which electric heating equipment is provided. Any cooking at stations or in pantry cars is

discouraged. The quality of food varies, with the fare being better in the South and West. Also, the

parameters like: hygiene, taste, cuisine changes from region to region. Most pantry cars and restaurants

at stations are used to be earlier managed by Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation IRCTC.

However Indian Railways has now phased out IRCTC from most catering in Railways except at Food

Courts, Fast Food Units etc. Most catering is now managed by Zonal Railways. Kiosks are ubiquitous

where one can find snacks/breakfast/packed foods/ biscuits/ cookies/ mineral water etc. At major

stations, one can find higher end IRCTC food courts and food plazas and even fine-dine restaurants

that have been given to reputed private players to manage. Recently, young initiatives have started

creating online marketplaces for the passengers of the Indian Railway. These market places consist of

restaurants near railway stations which delivers fresh food in train to the passengers who order online or

through their call center.[54]

Problems and issues [edit]

The personnel costs and operating costs have increased several times over the past decade. Fares

have been hiked both in 2011 and 2013, offsetting a good percentage of the loss.[55] The maintenance

of passenger coaches and goods wagons is poor and often results in derailments and other accidents.

The sanitation in trains and stations is improving. Trains like Duronto/Rajdhani & some express trains

such as Hyderabad to Bangalore Kacheguda Express have onboard janitors, whose job it is to clean to

compartment and washrooms on a regular basis. Further, mobile numbers of supervisors are provided

on the train for any complaints.

New railway line projects are often announced without securing additional funding for them. A large

number of these projects are not profitable and do not get completed within the scheduled time. As on

31 March 2011, 347 projects including new lines, doubling and gauge conversion were pending and

their costs have increased to 1472 billion (US$25 billion).[56] However, the railway budget for 201213

provided only 130 billion (US$2.2 billion) for the projects.

Sanitation [edit]

Toilets were not present in the lower class carriages during the first 55 years of its operation.[57] On July

2, 1909, Babu Okhil Chandra Sen lodged a complaint to the then Transportation Superintendent,

Sahibganj.[58] After this, the railway authorities introduced toilets in all lower class carriages in trains

running more than 50 miles. The rule is that the trains running more than 150 km have to provide this

facility in all compartments and Hopper toilets are mostly used.

Clean Train At Station Scheme [edit]

In October 2002 the Ministry of Railways (MM, & FC) Railway Board decided to launch the "Clean Train

At Station Scheme", as a major initiative for improving train cleanliness. It gave a 5-year contract to M/S

Eureka Forbes Limited to develop a pilot module under this scheme at Ratlam, the en route station on

Delhi Mumbai main line. Under this scheme, the trains will be cleaned by reputed and professional

agencies using a mechanised process at mid-stations, during its scheduled halt.[59] A team of 2535



Railways in Indiaportal

people attend to the interiors of the trains, specially the toilets, which are cleaned by using high

pressure jet machines and environment friendly bio-degradable cleaning agents. The toilets and

coaches are sprayed with mosquito repellent and the area between the toilets, doorways, vestibules and

aisle are also cleaned. The dustbins of the coaches are emptied and the window glasses of AC coaches

are also cleaned.[60] The 2007 CAGreport, "The Report No.6 of 2007 (Railways)", criticised that it was

largely ineffective due to a number of deficiencies in its implementation.[61]

Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) have developed Environment Friendly Bio-

toilets for its passenger coaches. In these bio-toilets, the human waste is treated by anaerobic bacteria,

which are harmless to the humans. This bacteria converts human waste into water and gases

(methane and carbon dioxide). The water then passes through chlorine tank and is discharged as clean

water while the gas generated evaporates into the atmosphere. Unlike the Hopper toilet, human waste

does not fall on the tracks.[62]

Installing bio-toilets is technologically challenging because it requires a special technique of welding, to

ensure that safety of the coach is not compromised. The Gwalior-Varanasi Bundelkhand Expr

establishment of Indian Institute of Railway Research with Centres of Excellence in Green toilets, and

also introduction of Green toilets on all passenger trains.[63] Bio-toilets are being fitted in all new LHB

(Linke Holfmann Busch) coaches manufactured in Rail Coach Factory atKapurthala.[64]

As of Aug 2013, more than 1400 coaches are running with Bio-Toilets in various trains.[65] But in reality

the capacity of bio-toilet is low and the time taken to convert into water and gas takes time, as number of

persons using toilet is high, the toilet bowl fills up quickly so that others have no chance to use it.

See also [edit]Kolkata Metro Railway

List of railway stations in India

List of named passenger trains of India

List of countries by rail transport network size

All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)

Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway

Northeast Frontier Railway zone

Online Food Delivery in Indian Trains

Transnational India-Nepal-Bhutan Upper Himalaya Railway

List of All Indian Trains

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Scholarly studies [edit]

Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility(2011)

Indian Railways 2

Documents

Transcript of Indian Railways 2