Indian Military and Bureaucracy Namita Wahi , Harvard Law School Oct 2010
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Indian Military and
BureaucracyNamita Wahi , Harvard Law School
Oct 2010
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Indian Military
Features
Composition
Roles
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Features of the Indian Features of the Indian MilitaryMilitaryConsists of the Army, Air Force and
the NavyPresident of India, Commander in
ChiefMinistry of Defence, Ministry of
FinanceThird largest standing military in the
world9th in the world in terms of total
military spending (2009: $36.3 billion)Military spending 2.6% of the GDP
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Composition of the Composition of the MilitaryMilitaryMartial Race theoryDiversification during wartimeProfessional officer CorpsSocial MobilitySecular credentials
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Army Camp, Sonamarg, Kashmir
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Roles of the MilitaryRoles of the MilitaryNation buildingExternal DefenceInternal SecurityAid to civilian operationsUN peacekeeping operations
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Nation Building Nation Building First Kashmir War, 1947Inclusion of Hyderabad,1948Liberation of Goa, Daman and
Diu, 1961
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External DefenceExternal DefenceSino Indian conflict, 1962Indo Pak conflict, 1965 Indo Pak conflict, 1971 (Creation
of Bangladesh)Siachen conflict, 1984Kargil conflict, 1999Mumbai terror attack, 2008,
“26/11” (“Operation Black Tornado”)
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Internal SecurityInternal SecurityArmed Forces Special Powers
Act, 1958◦Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,Tripura
Operation Bluestar, 1984Armed Forces (Jammu and
Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990
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Political Map of IndiaPolitical Map of India
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Aid to Civilian Relief Aid to Civilian Relief OperationsOperationsSettlement of coloniesStrengthening communication
networks, railways, telegraphRoad repairs Flood controlDisaster reliefFamine and epidemic relief
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Why did India never have a Why did India never have a military coup?military coup?Nehru’s distrust of the military
◦Personal Dislike◦Military tool of the Raj◦1958 Coup in Pakistan furthered
distrust
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Nehru’s Personal DislikeNehru’s Personal DislikeThe military man who, “stiffening
to attention, drops his humanity and, acting as an automaton shoots and kills inoffensive and harmless persons who have done him no ill.”
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Nehru’s PoliciesNehru’s PoliciesPosition of Army Chief as “equal”
to Air Force and Naval Chiefs Abolished position of Joint
Commander of the ForcesFocus on economic growth,
reduced defence spendingChange following Sino Indian
War, 1962
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Size and Complexity of Size and Complexity of IndiaIndiaIndia too big to be run from the
centreIndia politically complex; no
dominant groupLegitimacy and integrity of the
political system until the 1970s
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Military TraditionsMilitary TraditionsEthnically diverseTradition of distaste for
exercising control over civilian population
High standards of professionalism
Good leadership
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Future Challenges for the Future Challenges for the MilitaryMilitaryHuge shortage of officers and staffErosion of professionalism and
integrityErosion of legitimacy Need for modernisation of
equipment, weaponryNeed for greater coordination
amongst the servicesGender issues
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BureaucracyIndian Civil ServiceNehru
◦“"The ICS was 'neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service.'"
Patel: ◦"In point of patriotism, in point of
sincerity and in point of ability, you cannot have a substitute...”
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All India Services◦Indian Administrative Service◦Indian Foreign Service◦Indian Police Service
Competitive national exam (UPSC)
Reservations for SC/ST and OBCsLong institutional memory: the
“file system”
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Politicisation of the bureaucracy during Indira Gandhi’s regime
85/128 (Transparency International, 2009)
Ranked least efficient bureaucracy in Asia (2009)