Indian Condition 2
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- 1. Energy Alternate Solutions for Indias Needs IOC R&D Centre Conference on India R&D 2005 Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, India Potential Alternate Fuels& Energy sources for India 8 thNov, 2005 Dr. R.P.Verma
2. Sustainability Generally avoiding human activities that negatively impact natural environment But to sustain human growth & progressmeeting their needs R&D scientists & engineers to keep sustainability aspect in mindWhile developing new technology/ alternate energy sources etc. 3. SOURCE:International Energy Agency, Renewables inGlobal Energy Supply (2003) Renewables Nuclear Coal Natural Gas Oil World Total Primary Energy Share 4. SOURCE:International Energy Agency, Renewables in Global Energy Supply (2003) Share of Renewables in Total TPES (%) 14.0% 13.3% 13.5% 13.8% 13.3% 12.9% 12.5% 12 World Total Primary Energy Supply 5. Energy Sources Indian Scenario 6. Challenges
- Continuous growth in energy requirement
- Stringent environmental regulations
- Soaring crude oil prices and
- reduced availability (?)
- Energy security for our country
Alternate fuels/ energy sources could be a solution 7. Alternative fuels/ energy sources
- Presently in use
- Gaseous fuels(LPG, CNG/LNG, Bio/ Gober (cow dung) gas
- Nuclear energy
- Ethanol
- Wind energy
- Emerging fuels/ energy sources & technologies
- Bio-diesel
- Gasification (Biomass/ coal/ Petcoke/ residue) & GTL
- Solar/ Solar- thermal energy
- Wave energy
- Hydrogen energy
- Fuel cells
DFR preparation under progress (alongwith EPRI,USA) 8.
- Biofuels will ensure energy security of the country
- Biofuels production will generate employment opportunities for rural masses
- Greening of waste lands by plantation
- Biofuels will promote integrated Holistic rural development
Biofuels in Indian Perspective 9.
- Ethanol Molasses, Beet, Sorghum, sugar
- Transesterified vegetable oils
- In India: Likely candidates
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- Non edible oils
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- Jatropha curcas
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- Karanjia (Pongamia-Pinneta)
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Biofuels - Sources 10. Ethanol 11.
- Cold / hot startability and driveability studies
- Emission testing using alcohol blends
- Controlled field trials - fuel system compatability and engine durability
R&D Studies Conducted at IOC usingEthanol Gasoline Blends 12.
- Pilot Projects have been launched in;
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- Maharashtra
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- - Miraj (Hazarwadi) on 15.4.2001
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- - Manmad (Panewadi) on 24.6.2001
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- Uttar Pradesh
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- - Bareilly (Anola) on 22.6.2001
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5% Ethanol-gasoline Pilot Projects 13.
- Ethanol blending in Gasoline beyond 5% is yet to be approved by vehicle manufacturers.
- Ethanol in diesel is not acceptable to fuel injection equipment manufacturers.
- Ethanol is diesel also raises concern about safety on account of lower Flash point.
- Sustained availability of Ethanol at reasonable price is another issue of concern.
Issues related to Ethanol use in India 14.
- Oil Companies commissioned Pilot projectsin sugarcane growing states as per the directives of MoP&NG
- IOC R&D undertaken detailed studies on a fleet of vehicles using ethanol blends.
- Based on the success of 3 Pilot projects, Govt. made ethanol blend mandatory in 9 states and 4 UTs .
- OMCs extended the supply of 5% ethanol gasoline blend in various states during 2003 05.
- Adequate supply of ethanol is not available in the country for
- last two years
Status of Ethanol use in India 15. Biodiesel 16.
- Renewable source from vegetable seeds/ oils
- Non-toxic and biodegradable
- Lower greenhouse gas emissions than diesel
- Lower exhaust emissions from engines
- Better fuel properties than diesel like cetane number, sulphur content, lubricity, flash point etc.
Biodiesel An Emerging Renewable Option 17. Jatropha & Karanjia,Vegitable plants of Choice for India 18.
- Developed process for esterification of vegetable oils and already produced several batches of bio-diesel from various vegetable oils
- Physico-chemical testing of HSD and Biodiesel blends
- Storage Stability and Material Compatibility Studies
- Startability, Driveability, power and Mass emission tests on vehicles
- Chemical Speciation of Particulate Matter (Pm) collected during emission testing
Biodiesel Studies at IOC R&D 19.
- Trans-esterification process optimization, patentingand commercialization, Know How Transferred toM/s Venus Ethoxyethers, Goaon Technology Fee and Royalty basis
- Testing of LOCO engine with Biodiesel and diesel blends jointly withRDSO
- Vehicle performance and Emission studies jointly withEscorts, Tata motors and Mahindra & Mahindra
- Field trials on buses jointly withHaryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors
IOC Initiatives on Biodiesel 20.
- Jatropha plantation on 70 Ha of Railway land.
- Studies on 16 Cylinder ALCO Engine (3100 HP) on B5, B10 and B20.
- Shatabdi & Jan Shatabadi Train Trial Runs conducted earlier & 5 Trains through Lucknow to run on 10% Bio-diesel from June, 06.
IOC Indian Railways MoU 21.
- Evaluation of neat diesel and upto B20 on 4 passenger cars and 2 Light Commercial vehicles
- Engine oil condition monitoring, Material compatibility and durability of engine to be assessed by Tata Motors
- Tata Motors Employee buses 43 Nos. already running on B10 in Pune.
Tata Motors IOC Joint Project 22.
- 20 buses running on 5% Biodiesel blend for almost one year
- Driveability performance observed satisfactoryand smoke found lower
- Based on the success of trials so far Haryana Roadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel
- Biodiesel blending facility created at Rewari terminal of IOC
Haryana roadways IOC Joint Project 23. Biodiesel Emission Life Cycle 24.
- Biodiesel policy has been announced by MoP&NG on 9 thOctober, 2005 at IOC R&D Centre for the purchase of Biodiesel.
- The Biodiesel policy will involve the PRIs for Jatropha plantations and oil extractions by establishing Rural business hubs (RBHs).
- Under this policy OMCs will set up purchase centre at a price of Rs. 25 /lt for Biodiesel at 20 locations for 5% blending of biodiesel in diesel.
- Assistance will be provided to PRIs by institutes like NOVOD, Ministry of Bio-technology, PCRA and NBRI for Jatropha plantation and oil extraction.
- IOC R&D will conduct further emission studies and field trials for developing data on increasing biodiesel content in asystematic manner i.e. from 5% to 20%.
Biodiesel Purchase policy 25. Gasification & GTL 26. Gasification and production of liquid fuels
- Exploitation of vast coal reserves in India
- Co-generation of steam, power& hydrogen and production
- of liquid fuels from synthesis gas
- (technology cost reduced from $60/bbl in 1970 to $ 35/bbl)
- Collaborative R&D efforts for cogasification of coal,
- residue and petcoke
- Bio mass gasification
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- Overall potential assessed to be 19500 MW (India)
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- From bagasse alone 3500 MW (India)
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- Current installed capacity : 425 MW (India)
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- (addl. 480 MW under construction)
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- Swiss grass crop higher Syngas and Hydrogen
- Cogasification of biomass, coal etc. for low NOx and
- hydrogen production
27. GTL
- GTL Process
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- Group of technologies to produce liquid hydrocarbons from variety of feedstock
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- Involves two major process steps
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- Conversion of feedstock into Syngas (mixture of H 2& CO)
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- Syngas conversion to liquid fuels through Fischer Tropsch
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- Expected worldwide capacity of1.5 2.0 Mbbl/day (~75-100MMTPA) by 2015
28. HYDROGEN 29. CHALLENGE(Process Reverse of Nature) 30.
- Potentially an inexhaustible supply of energy
- Can be produced from several primary energy sources
- Reduced dependence on petroleum imports if produced from coal or renewable
- Potential environmental benefits
- High energy conversion efficiency by use ofH 2in Fuel Cells (up to 80% in case of co-generation) in place of I.C. engines (30-35%)
Need for Hydrogen 31. Hydrogen Some recent trends
- Conversion of Natural gas to Hydrogen
- Water electrolysis
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- Employing high efficiency electrolysers
- Biological process
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- Employing extremophiles
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- (Themotoga-Neapolitana)
- Exploiting Sulfur-Iodine Chemical cycle
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- Employing sulfuric acid and HI
- Nuclear Hydrogen production
32.
- Planning Commission constituted a committee to address issues related to Hydrogen Energy
- Four sub-groups were setup on different aspects of hydrogen forproduction; storage & distribution; applications; safety standards, security and related policy issues.
Initiatives by Planning Commission 33.
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- Focus to be primarily on production of hydrogen, storage and distribution, beginning with use of hydrogen directly in I.C. Engines and examining feasibility & economics of use of metal hydrides and fuel cells from a long-term perspective.
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- Corpus fund created with oil companies pooling resources for hydrogen research.
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- IOC-R&D to be the nodal agency for hydrogen research where a dedicated group will work, including experts from other organisations on deputation/ otherwise
MoP&NG Initiatives on Hydrogen 34.
- Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels (Reforming/ Partial oxidation)
- Natural Gas (Reforming/ Partial oxidation/ Dissociation)
- Coal (partial oxidation/ Gasification)
- Bio-mass (Gasification/ Fermentation)
- By product from Chlor-Alkali &Dehydrogenation units
- Water electrolysis using electricity (also from Nuclear/ renewable energy sources e.g., solar, wind etc.)
- Water splitting using direct Nuclear energy
H2 Production Options for India 35.
- International Workshop on Hydrogenorganized by IOC R&D under the aegis of MoP & NG and in association with ONGC, BPCL, HPCL & GAIL
- Electrolyser based Hydrogen generation system at IOC, R&D Commissioned(5 NM3/HR)
- HCNG dispensing system commissionedat IOC, R&D
- Portable gensets using Hydrogen with technical support from IIT, Delhi
- MoC signed with MINDA Industries Ltd for Development of Hydrogen and H 2/ CNG mixed Fuelling System for IC Engines
- MoC signed with MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA for development of Hydrogen run 3 Wheelers and Buses.
Initiatives taken by IOC-R&D 36. H2 CNG Station at IOC R&D Inauguration of H2 CNG Dispensing Station by HonbleMinister MoP&NG and PR 37.
- Sustainability aspect to be kept in mind by R&D scientists/ engineers
- Alternate fuels/ energy sources could be a solution for Indias energy and environmental needs
- Ethanol, Bio-diesel & H 2 could be promising alternate fuels for India and IOC-R&D already initiated activities in these areas
- Gasification of Biomass/ Coal/ Petcoke/ Residue and GTL processes have good prospects for India
Summary 38. Thank You