India’s(Empires(and(Religions:( Buddhism(and(Hinduism( · Hinduism((•...

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India’s Empires and Religions: Buddhism and Hinduism

Transcript of India’s(Empires(and(Religions:( Buddhism(and(Hinduism( · Hinduism((•...

Page 1: India’s(Empires(and(Religions:( Buddhism(and(Hinduism( · Hinduism((• Three(mostimportantHindu(Gods((forms(of(Brahman)(– Brahma(creator),(Vishnu((protector),(Shiva(destroyer)(•

India’s  Empires  and  Religions:  Buddhism  and  Hinduism  

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Hinduism Copyright  ©  Clara  Kim  2007.  All  rights  reserved.  

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Hinduism  

Basic  facts:  1)  Has  no  single  

founder  2)  3rd  largest  

religion  in  the  world  a)  1  Billion  

world-­‐wide  b)  Most  live  in  

India  today  

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Hinduism  

•  3000  years  old  •  Brought  to  Indus  River  Valley  Region  by  Aryans  

•  Vedas  –  Holy  Text    •  WriKen  in  Sanskrit  

– All  are  part  of  an  all-­‐powerful  spiritual  force  called  Brahman  

•  Not  exactly  PolytheisPc  or  monotheisPc….      

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Hinduism    •  Three  most  important  Hindu  Gods  (forms  of  Brahman)  – Brahma  (creator),  Vishnu  (protector),  Shiva  (destroyer)  

•  Belief  in  reincarnaPon:  Rebirth  of  the  soul,  or  when  the  soul  enters  the  body  of  another  being  – Respect  for  ALL  living  things    

•  UlPmate  goal  Moksha    – Free  the  soul  from  the  cycle  of  reincarnaPon  &  the  soul  can  unite  with  Brahman.  

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                 Sacred  Cow  of  India  

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Hinduism  

 Karma:  Every  acPon  produces  a  JusPfied  effect  based  on  its  moral  worthiness.  

 Dharma:    ethical  duty  based  on  the  divine  order  of  reality.  The  word  is  the  closest  equivalent  to  “religion.”  

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Rise  of  Buddhism  •  Emerged  acer  Hinduism  

•  Began  in  Nepal    •  Siddhartha  Gautama  –  Founder  of  Buddhism  

– Became  known  as  the  “Enlightened  One”  

– Born  into  royal  life,  lec  to  pursue  search  for  religious  truth  and  end  to  life’s  suffering  

•  People  seek  enlightenment  through  meditaPon,  instead  of  priests,  formal  rituals  and  gods  

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Four  Noble  Truths  

– 1)  All  life  is  full  of  suffering  and  sorrow  

– 2)  Suffering  is  caused  by  a  desire  to  saPsfy  ourselves  (being  selfish)  

– 3)  The  way  to  end  suffering  is  to  end  all  desires  

– 4)  End  desire  by  following  the  eighfold  path  

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*  Steps  you  must  take  in  order  to  reach    NIRVANA  

•  Nirvana  –  Release  from  all  selfishness  and  pain  

•  Eighfold  Path:  – 1)  Right  Understanding    -­‐  2)  Right  aspiraPons    – 3)  Right  speech  –   4)  Right  Conduct  – 5)  Right  livelihood  -­‐    6)  Right  Effort  – 7)  Right  Mindfulness    -­‐    8)  Right  ConcentraPon  

Eight  Fold  Path  

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Buddha  • Accepted  the  idea  of  reincarnaPon  •  Rejected  the  many  gods  of  Hinduism  

•  Rejected  the  caste  system  

• Did  not  want  to  be  worshipped    

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What  they  have  in  common  

•  Both  goals  for  the  religions  –  – Involve  a  perfect  state  of  understanding    – Break  from  the  chain  of  reincarnaPon  

– Nonviolence  

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First  Empires  of  India  

Copyright  ©  Clara  Kim  2007.  All  rights  reserved.  

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The  Maurya  Empire  •  Chandragupta:  gained  power  in  Indus  Valley  – Conquered  northern  India  – Maintained  order  with  a  well  organized  government  

• Supervisors  • Tax  collectors  • Royal  court  system  

– EffecPve  but  harsh  leadership  • Secret  police  force    

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Asoka  

• Most  honored  Maurya  emperor  •  Grandson  of  Chandragupta  • Was  involved  in  war,  then  turned  to  Buddhism  – Became  peaceful  – Rule  by  moral  example  – Brought  peace  and  prosperity  – Unite  his  diverse  empire  – Paved  the  way  for  Buddhism  in  his  empire  

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From  Maurya  to  Gupta  

•  Asoka  died,  Maurya  power  declined  – Rival  groups  baKled  for  control  

•  500  years  later,  Gupta  dynasty  unites  India  – (Golden  Age)  

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Empires:  China  

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Religion  and  Philosophy  in  China  

•  Confucius  – Scholar  – Social  order  and  good  government  – Respect  for  elders  

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Daoism  •  Sought  to  live  in  harmony  with  nature  – The  Way  of  Virtue  

•  Best  government  was  the  one  that  governed  the  least  (government  is  unnatural,  and  therefore,  caused  many  problems.  

•  Proper  form  of  human  acPvity  –  act  in  harmony  with  the  universe  and  let  nature  take  its  course  – Yin  &  Yang  –  harmony  needs  2  elements  to  be  in  balance  

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Legalism  

•  Hanfeizi  –  way  to  achieve  order  is  to  pass  harsh  punishments  

•  “The  nature  of  man  is  evil.  His  goodness  is  acquired”  

•  Provide  rich  rewards  to  those  who  obey  •  Punish  those  who  don’t  

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Qin  Dynasty  •  Qin  (Ch’in)  Dynasty  – Shi  Huangdi-­‐  “First  Emperor”  

•  13  years  old  – United  China  

•   Promoted  unity  by  – Standardizing  coins  – Uniform  wriPng  system  – Extend  roads  and  canals  

•  Harsh  rule  – Banished  books  on  Confucius  – Ruled  by  Legalism  

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Shi  Huangdi  

– Plots  to  have  him  killed  • Family  members  • Became  paranoid  

– Died  suddenly  at  age  39  – TerracoKa  soldiers  (next  slide)  • 8,000  life-­‐size  figures  of  warriors  and  horses  • Built  to  defend  Shi  Huangdi  in  the  acerlife  

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Shi  Huangdi  

•  Great  Wall  of  China  (over  6000  miles  long)  – Symbolized  unificaPon  of  Chinese    people  to  want  to  protect  their  civilizaPon  • Keep  invaders  out,  keep  Chinese  people  in  

– Work  on  the  wall  or  die  • Many  died  anyway  while  working  

• Buried  in  the  wall  

•  Shi  Huangdi’s  death  • Taken  over  by  the  Han  Dynasty  

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The  Han  Dynasty  (206  B.C.E  –  220)  

– Restore  order  and  jusPce    • Lowered  taxes  • Eased  harsh  Legalist  policies  • Appointed  Confucius  scholars  as  advisors  • Made  Confucianism  official  belief  system  of  the  state  

• Government  officials  should  win  posiPon  by  merit  instead  of  family  background  

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Achievements  of  the  Han  Golden  Age  

•  Trade:  Silk  Road  (trade  route  stretched  4,000  miles  eventually  linking  China  to  FerPle  Crescent  

•  Science:  Chemistry,  astronomy,  seismology,    

•  Medicine:  AnesthePcs,  herbal  remedies,  acupuncture  

•  Technology:  manufacture  paper,  rudder  system,  sPrrups,  wheelbarrows,  suspension  bridges,  fishing  reels  

•  The  Arts:  Temples,  Palaces,  jade  and  ivory  carvings