India SCR in semi-arid and rainfed regions of Maharahtra
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Transcript of India SCR in semi-arid and rainfed regions of Maharahtra
STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITIES OF RURAL
COMMUNITIES TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN
SEMI-ARID AND RAINFED REGIONS OF
MAHARASHTRA MAHARASHTRA
Who We AreWho We Are??
Watershed Organization Trust (WOTR), an NGO was established in 1993.
Our Philosophy:
Land degradation and water scarcity are the most intense and commonly felt
needs of village communities that can bring diverse and competing groups of
people together to begin their development process.
Our Goal:
To reach out to 1,500,000 direct stakeholders and cover 1,000,000 hectares
(2,500,000 acres) by the year 2015
Our Vision:
Communities, especially the poor within, are empowered to live in dignity and
secure their livelihood and well-being in sustainable ecosystems.
WOTR’SWOTR’S Area of OperationArea of Operation
• No. of People directly impacted:
• WSD - +822,000
• SHGs - 92,100
• No. of Partner NGOs - 184
• No. of Watershed Villages - 1026
• No. of Project Villages 2172
• Total Area Covered (ha) - 596,000 ha
• No. of People Trained - 225,000
WOTR’sWOTR’s Core Areas /CompetenciesCore Areas /Competencies
• Integrated Water Resources Management / Watershed Development /Natural
Resources Management
• Capacity Building & Institutional Development
• Women’s Empowerment, Health and Environmental Education in Schools
• Knowledge Management and Dissemination
• ICT : Application of IT, Communication and Documentation
• Policy Advocacy , Networking and Linkage Building
• South to South Exchanges
• Consultancy Services
New Areas of Interventions:New Areas of Interventions:
- Renewable Energy for Rural Households
- Community Based Rural Tourism
- School for Sustainable Living and Livelihood
- Climate Change Adaptation
Policy ImpactsPolicy Impacts
� Capacity Building as a separate and pre-qualifying phase now adopted in all
Government as well as donor funded WSD projects.
� The National Watershed Development Fund (NWDF) set up by Govt. of India
at NABARD based on this approach.
� Participatory Net Planning (PNP) adopted by various state governments and
other projects
� Has permission to treat Govt. Forest land under IGWDP & WOTR projects
� Government of Maharashtra adopted the handholding approach of WOTR
involving NGOs and facilitating agencies as well as PNP for WSD.involving NGOs and facilitating agencies as well as PNP for WSD.
� The Rajiv Gandhi Watershed mission (MP) adopted the PNP & Village
Envisioning methodology. AP too has taken up PNP.
ReplicabilityReplicability
� All NGOs trained by WOTR have undertaken government and other
watershed development projects.
� 4 Village Development Committees have taken up watershed development
projects neighboring villages
� WOTR has assisted projects in Tanzania and Kenya and implemented this
approach in Boroma district in Somaliland & now in Malawi
70 % of Maharashtra is arid, semi-arid, hot sub-humid; 85%
agriculture is rain-dependent
The Problem: The Problem: Water Scarcity and Land DegradationWater Scarcity and Land Degradation
Today 1.7 billion people are water stressed around the world, by 2025 the
population would be over 3 billion.
58 % of India is arid, semi-arid, hot sub-humid; 70% agriculture
is rain-dependent
30% of the Earth is semi-arid & 20% is hot arid lands
The Problems: Water, Fodder and Fuel Scarcity, The Problems: Water, Fodder and Fuel Scarcity,
Unproductive Lands, Distress MigrationUnproductive Lands, Distress Migration
The Problem: The Problem: Poverty , Fractured CommunitiesPoverty , Fractured Communities
Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) 10
The Indian Sub-continent: a Hot spot or many hot spots
Arid Zone Pakistan, Afghanistan and Western India
Himalaya
The Middle Hills of the Himalaya
Ganga Basin:
Coastal regions
The Deccan Plateau
According to Professor Goswami (2008) of IITM
Instead of Indian monsoon being stronger and wetter, there is a potential for monsoon to go to a mega-drought state with high frequency of severe drought through nonlinear feedback within the climate system. the climate system.
VulnerabilityVulnerabilityVulnerabilityVulnerability of of of of thethethethe poorpoorpoorpoor
Climate effectsIncrease in droughts, floods, cyclones, mudslides
Geographical exposurePoorest areas
The poor:most exposed to
Vulnerability factorsBio-physical & Socio-economic
Impacts• Food and water insecurity• Increased forced migration• Incidence of diseases • Ecosystem changes
most exposed toworst impacts,least able to
cope
Source: adapted from IPPC, 2001, 2007; Tyndall & IIED, 2003
The Local Context to be AddressedThe Local Context to be Addressed
• Weather variations – disturbance in the regular weather patterns
(droughts and drought like situations: delayed monsoons, increased dry spells
between rains; sudden cloud bursts and unseasonal rains, floods for the down
stream villages)
• Natural resource base for livelihoods – Heavy dependency on natural resource
base with tiny percentage of people depend on non-land based income sources. Distress
migration and migration for work during the summer months.migration and migration for work during the summer months.
• The Current attitudes: individualistic survival approach resource
exploitation with no care for tomorrow; survive on what one gets today – let tomorrow take
care for itself
• The isolated village approach
• Large number of vulnerable people: (1719 out of 4314 HHs with land less than 1 ha)
Livestock & Milk Production
150
200
250
No.
of L
ives
tock
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
No.
/ M
ilk in
lit.
Impact Details
Livestock and Milk Production (1996 – 2009)
-
50
100
Year
No.
of L
ives
tock
-
200
400
600
800
No.
/ M
ilk in
lit.
Av. Milk prod ( daily) - - - 241 653 662 788 550 490 378 360
Cross breed 14 15 19 39 58 85 113 97 88 40 51
Indigenous Cow 170 148 91 117 96 100 101 85 65 60 200
Sheep 1,323 1,017 1,092 1,172 1,301 992 434 610 604 510 1,487
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2005 2007 2008 2009
Our ResponseOur Response
An Action Research Approach ProjectAn Action Research Approach ProjectAn Action Research Approach ProjectAn Action Research Approach Project
The Project Area Location MapThe Project Area Location Map
Wateshed Features and Villages Sangamner Clusters
Project Area and ScopeProject Area and Scope
• Project area: 25 villages
• Direct impact: approximately 4314 HH of 23,345 persons of which:
• STs are 1905 HHs (44%)• SCs are 260 HHs ( 6%)• OBCs are 279 HHs (7%)• OBCs are 279 HHs (7%)• NTs are 83 HHs (2%)• Others are 1787 HHs (41%)
• Total Project Area: 18,503 ha (185 sq.kms)
• Area Previously Treated: 8,634 ha (47%)
• Treatment not required: 1,976 ha (11%)
• Net Area to be Treated: 7,833 ha (42%)
Project Area
• The project area is widely representative - agro-climatically, demographically, economically and vulnerability wise - of most of rain-fed agrarian India where the bulk of the poor live.
• It represents 2 of the 9 agro-ecological zones of the state [Zone 5 (Transition Zone 2) and Zone 6 (the Scarcity Zone)] and covers 40% of the state.High congruence and relevance to Zones 3, 4 and 7. Altogether cover over 75% of the state.
• Areas selected are culturally and ethnically different (tribal and non-tribal), represent different levels of backwardness and integration with the wider economy
• Area is reasonably well connected, accessible, not far from major markets, close to taluka HQ and close to Mumbai and Pune.
• WOTR has long presence, substantial works, close relationship with the people and governance framework – trust, relationships and credibility is crucial to success of this project
The Project: Goals and ObjectivesThe Project: Goals and Objectives
Overall VisionOverall Vision: Food, water, livelihoods and income security and an improving quality of life
to vulnerable and disadvantaged communities on a sustainable and equitable basis is
ensured.
Overall GoalOverall Goal: To build the capacities of vulnerable communities in clusters to adapt to climate
change, contribute to mitigation and undertake measures to reduce poverty and improve
well being on a sustainable and equitable basis.
Specific Objectives:Specific Objectives:
• Understanding how locally experienced climate related variations/ changes affect
agriculture and livestock productivity levelsagriculture and livestock productivity levels
• Development of climate smart tested approaches and best practices that can be quickly
adopted by village communities and up-scaled.
• Development and promotion of livelihoods that are resilient to climate variations and
promotion o f technologies and practices that enhance the productivity of water,
agriculture, livestock and livelihoods.
• Development of tools and IT enabled systems to validate, assess and adjust initiatives that
seek to promote adaptation as well as capture additionalities.
• Generation of knowledge from field experiences and its widespread dissemination with a
view to policy change.
• Support the Government of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change.
Emissions
Concentrations
Climate Change
Climate Variability
Non Climatic Factors
MitigativeCapacity
Non Climatic Drivers
Mitigation
Implementation
Facilitation
Framework for Vulnerability and Climate Change Adaptation
Change Variability
Exposure
Impacts
Vulnerability
Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity Adaptation
Implementation
Facilitation
Political and Institutional Structures and Changes
Climate Variability and Change
Economic , Social and Cultural Structures
Contextual Vulnerability – Starting point Evaluation orInternal Social Vulnerability
Climate Change
Contextual Conditions
Institutional Socio Economical
Biophysical Technological
Contextual
Vulnerability
Project Responses
WOTR’sWOTR’s Engine for CC Adaptation…Engine for CC Adaptation…
Interventions & Measures…Interventions & Measures…
A. Promotion of Climate Change Adaptive Behaviour
and Disaster Risk Mitigation
• Participatory, Comprehensive and Integrated Ecosystems
Management along Watershed lines
• Integration of Biodiversity Concerns in Adaptation Measures
• Promoting Food Security through Sustainable Agriculture• Promoting Food Security through Sustainable Agriculture
1. Micro-Farming /LEISA/IPM/INM/IMM/ SRI
2. Agro-Meteorological-Hydrological Monitoring For Advisories
3. Development of integrated crop- micro-irrigation systems linked
to agro-meteorological conditions.
4. Sustainable livelihoods
5. Gender and women’s empowerment
Regenerating Natural Resources and Regenerating Natural Resources and Promoting Sustainable LivelihoodsPromoting Sustainable Livelihoods
Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) 26
Stone BundsStone BundsStone BundsStone Bunds
Land Treatments: Catching Rainwater Everywhere!Land Treatments: Catching Rainwater Everywhere!
Drainage Line Treatments: Water ConservationDrainage Line Treatments: Water Conservation
Impacts On Food Security, Livelihoods and EducationImpacts On Food Security, Livelihoods and Education
Interventions & Measures Interventions & Measures (contd)(contd)
B. Promotion of Renewable Energy
• For household cooking and lighting
• Green field/ Emerging Technologies....
C. Capacity Building, Knowledge Generation, Dissemination and Policy Dialogue
C. Capacity Building, Knowledge Generation, Dissemination and Policy Dialogue
• Training, Experience Sharing and Advisory Services.
• Action Research and Communications (Print, Audio-Visual, Electronic, Publications).
• Development of Tool Kits, Indicator Sets and Technology enabled Monitoring systems.
• The School of Sustainable Living and Livelihoods (SSLL)
• Policy Advocacy and Dialogue
Bringing the Village TogetherBringing the Village Together
Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) 31
How this is done: Coming together to regenerate the How this is done: Coming together to regenerate the
EnvironmentEnvironment
� Village institutions are involved / set up:
• The General Village Body (Gram Sabha of all adult members)
• The Village Council and the Village Development Committee
(representative of all communities including landless poor)
� The Village chooses to implement the project (self-selection)
Agree to non-negotiable disciplines
(representative of all communities including landless poor)
• The Women’s Self-Help Groups & their Apex Body
• The Forest Protection Committee & others
What is done: Community EngagementCommunity Engagement
� Village Envisioning for developmental activities
� Designing and Planning the project, step by step
� Capacity Building
� Implementation
� Maintenance of Accounts, Records and Reporting
� Participatory Impact Monitoring & Peer Group Assessment
Key Issues consciously addressed:
� Inclusiveness and equity (community takes responsibility)
� Gender Sensitivity
� Transparency
What is done: Important Aspects for continued Important Aspects for continued
Community Engagement & SustainabilityCommunity Engagement & Sustainability
34
� Transparency
Plan for Sustainability:
� Maintenance Fund
� Water Budgeting
� Quality Education & with an eco-systems focus
� Linkages with government and other service providers
� Addressing related issues (eg renewable energy; rural tourism)
Snapshot of Some Planned
InnovationsInnovations
Integration of Biodiversity Concerns…
• Ecosystems – the natural basis of human
beings – should be enabled to naturally adapt
to climate change
• Need for a toolkit• Need for a toolkit
– To facilitate the integration of biodiversity
concerns into climate change adaptation projects
36
Livelihood
Resources
(5 Capitals)
Climatic
hazards
Livelihoods
CASDAAT
Adjusted
project
activities
Climate
Change
Information
Sustainable
coping (5 Capitals)
Project
activities
Existing
Coping
Strategies
Additionalities
coping
Strategies
Climate Adaptive Sustainable Development Assessment & Adjustment Tool (CASDAAT)37
Weatherstationwith sensors1. Weather sensors2. Weather Data collection
WeatherstationConsole1. Weather data acquisition2. Local storage
AgrometConsole (Laptop )1. Storage and Archiving of weather
data2. Storage of IK3. Agromet advisory generation
2.2. Agricultural Meteorology in the context of Agricultural Meteorology in the context of CCACCA
3. Water Budgeting and Management3. Water Budgeting and Management
a. The Need for Water Budgeting and Management
b. Community mobilization for WB
c. Training of Jal Sevak (for agri-ment and WB), WB committee at village and cluster
levellevel
d. Sub-committee for WB at village level
e. Promotion of water conservation practices: well recharge, micro-irrigation, check
for leakages, water in households
e. Activities: (i) Crop planning according to water availability
(ii) Judicious use of water through micro-irrigation
(iii) records of water budgeting in the village
School of Sustainable Living and School of Sustainable Living and
LivelihoodsLivelihoods
• Ecological Community Organisers (ECOs)
• Rural Chroniclers (RCs)
• Water Use Promoters(Jal Sevaks)• Water Use Promoters(Jal Sevaks)
• Agriculture Promoters (Krushi Sevaks)
• Health Promoters (Mahila Arogya
Pravartaks)
• School Strengthening Program
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management
• On-going Action Research
• Thematic and issue based studies
• Best Practices and Experiences documented
• Dissemination of Knowledge Products and Processes
THE IMPACTSTHE IMPACTS
Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) 43
The Impacts of Watershed DevelopmentThe Impacts of Watershed Development
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Rainfall (mm) Green Veg.(ha.) Barren Land (ha.)
1197.45
773
115
819.5 858
30
Rainfall, Green Vegetation and Barren Land (Jan.'96 and Dec.'99)
January 1996 December 1999January 1996 December 1999
IMPACTS on WaterIMPACTS on Water
Water harvested in a year of 400mm rain fall
• On 1000 acres 745 million liters
• On 1,490,000 acres , 1,110 billion litres/
annum (1.1 trillion litres)annum (1.1 trillion litres)
Impacts on Agriculture Productivity and Local EmploymentImpacts on Agriculture Productivity and Local Employment
Consolidated for 10 villages
Consolidated for 5 villages
30
40
50
60
Rs.
In M
illio
n
Darewadi-Impacts
Income From Agriculture (1996 – 2009)
Cash Crops Cereal Oil seed Pulses Vegetable Milk Fodder Total
1996 - 1.27 0.32 2.41 2.61 - 4.01 10.61
2001 15.10 1.93 0.02 0.75 5.25 1.06 8.54 32.65
2009 32.53 4.13 0.04 0.92 2.63 0.82 14.88 55.93
-
10
20
Rs.
In M
illio
n
Water Shortages : Fading Memories Water Shortages : Fading Memories
Thank You Thank You for giving us your attention!for giving us your attention!
Do visit us at Do visit us at www.wotr.orgwww.wotr.org