India, Pakistan, and India, Pakistan, and BangladeshBangladesh

An Ancient LandAn Ancient Land India’s culture and history dates back India’s culture and history dates back

over 4000 years. It started in Indus over 4000 years. It started in Indus Valley (now Pakistan)Valley (now Pakistan)

Mohenjo-Daro and HarappaMohenjo-Daro and Harappa

Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro

Well surrounded by paving Well surrounded by paving

Toilet from Toilet from Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro

What Harappa might have looked What Harappa might have looked like:like:

Aryan InvasionsAryan Invasions

The Aryans were a group of these The Aryans were a group of these nomadic people who entered into nomadic people who entered into India over the Hindu Kush mountain India over the Hindu Kush mountain range.range.

They may have migrated because They may have migrated because they sought a better climate, or they they sought a better climate, or they may have migrated to get closer to may have migrated to get closer to the major centers of trade.the major centers of trade.

Aryan Invaders Transform IndiaAryan Invaders Transform India

In about 1500 BC, the In about 1500 BC, the AryansAryans were were another Indo-European group that crossed another Indo-European group that crossed over the Hindu Kush range and began over the Hindu Kush range and began settling in the Indus Valley. settling in the Indus Valley.

The only archeological evidence we have The only archeological evidence we have

of these people is written in their holy of these people is written in their holy books that are called books that are called Vedas.Vedas. The Vedas The Vedas are a collection of prayers, magical spells are a collection of prayers, magical spells and instructions for performing religious and instructions for performing religious rituals.rituals.

The Aryans originated from Central Asia as hunting and gathering peoples

The Aryans were taller, lighter skinned, and spoke their own language. Also, their religion was quite different from the native people of the Indus Valley. These differences became the basis for class assignment. A fourth class was formed to include the non-Aryan laborers and craftsmen.

Before migrating to the Indus Valley, Before migrating to the Indus Valley, the Aryans had already developed a the Aryans had already developed a fairly rigid 3-level class system. fairly rigid 3-level class system.

The priests (Brahmins) were at the top.The priests (Brahmins) were at the top.

The warriors were the 2The warriors were the 2ndnd highest class highest class

Everyone else made up the lower class. Everyone else made up the lower class.

When they arrived in India, they set When they arrived in India, they set themselves apart from the indigenous themselves apart from the indigenous people and created new class levels for people and created new class levels for them.them.

The Caste System Becomes RigidThe Caste System Becomes Rigid

The class one was born into determined The class one was born into determined his/her role in society. People born into a his/her role in society. People born into a caste would be a member of that cast for caste would be a member of that cast for their entire lives. their entire lives.

MMembership in a particular caste embership in a particular caste determined everything about their lives determined everything about their lives from what kind of job that they did to from what kind of job that they did to whom they could marry.whom they could marry.

2. Top: Kshatriyas (warrior or governing class)

1. Priests (Brahmins)

3. Vaisyas(traders and farmers)

4. Sudras (common laborers) 5. Untouchables

The Aryan caste System

Aryan Kingdoms AriseAryan Kingdoms Arise

The Aryans extended their influence over The Aryans extended their influence over a large area to include the Ganges River a large area to include the Ganges River valley and the Yamuna River valley. valley and the Yamuna River valley.

These tribal units evolved into small These tribal units evolved into small kingdoms. kingdoms. After years of conflict, a single After years of conflict, a single strong kingdom emerged and took over strong kingdom emerged and took over control of the region. This kingdom is control of the region. This kingdom is called Magadha. By 200 BC, the Aryan called Magadha. By 200 BC, the Aryan kingdom of Magadha was in control of the kingdom of Magadha was in control of the entire sub-continent of India. entire sub-continent of India.

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Gupta EmpireGupta Empire

Harsha’s EmpireHarsha’s Empire

The Rise of Hinduism, Buddhism, The Rise of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainismand Jainism

Due to the bloody wars Due to the bloody wars during this time, many during this time, many people began to search people began to search for the answer to the for the answer to the ultimate question: What ultimate question: What is man’s place in the is man’s place in the universe, what is the universe, what is the place of the gods. Out of place of the gods. Out of these questions, new these questions, new religions emerged religions emerged Hinduism, Jainism and Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism.

Muslims InvadeMuslims Invade

Muslims Muslims invade and invade and conquer the conquer the Indus ValleyIndus Valley

By the 1500s, By the 1500s, they they establish the establish the Mughal Mughal EmpireEmpire

British East India CompanyBritish East India Company European traders come to India in European traders come to India in

the 1500s looking for spices and the 1500s looking for spices and clothcloth

trading arm of Britain trading arm of Britain 1757-Britain gains control over 1757-Britain gains control over

India’s trade with EuropeIndia’s trade with Europe 1857-British govt. puts down revolt, 1857-British govt. puts down revolt,

establishes direct rule over India.establishes direct rule over India.

Control Zones of the British East Control Zones of the British East India CompanyIndia Company

Britain gained some territories by force, but was content to form alliances with local princes with little attempt to interfere with Indian people, as long as tribute was paid.

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion

Sepoy's would Sepoy's would be placed in be placed in front of the front of the muzzle and the muzzle and the cannon's would cannon's would be shot through be shot through their body. They their body. They called this "The called this "The Devil's Wind".Devil's Wind".

Britain left social systems untouched, forming a new Britain left social systems untouched, forming a new class atop the social hierarchies that already existed.class atop the social hierarchies that already existed.

Aristocratic class left in charge of day to day Aristocratic class left in charge of day to day administrationadministration

Mixed marriages between Europeans and indigenous Mixed marriages between Europeans and indigenous people accepted at firstpeople accepted at first

Colonial Life in the 19th-20th Centuries

GandhiGandhi Mohandas Mohandas

Gandhi starts Gandhi starts nonviolent nonviolent campaign in campaign in 1920 against 1920 against British govt.British govt.

India achieves India achieves independence independence from Britain in from Britain in 19471947

Now the Now the world’s largest world’s largest

democracydemocracy

1947

The Partition of India

Partition and WarPartition and War

1947-When India 1947-When India achieves achieves independence, 2 independence, 2 new countries are new countries are created; India and created; India and Pakistan. (East and Pakistan. (East and West Pakistan)West Pakistan)

HindusHindus→India, →India, MuslimsMuslims→→PakistanPakistan

Pakistan and BangladeshPakistan and Bangladesh

Like India, they are young countries Like India, they are young countries with ancient historieswith ancient histories

Starts in Indus ValleyStarts in Indus Valley Featured well planned cities Featured well planned cities

such as Harappa and such as Harappa and

Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro

Civil WarCivil War 1971-East and West Pakistan 1971-East and West Pakistan

engage in civil warengage in civil war East Pakistan wants their own East Pakistan wants their own

state, West opposesstate, West opposes With help from India, With help from India, East Pakistan wins East Pakistan wins

independence independence as Bangladeshas Bangladesh

The End!The End!

Mohenjo Daro