India in Space v2vahia/IiS.pdf · 15/03/2005 India in Space 5 How to go to space and what to do...

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15/03/2005 India in Space 1

India in Space

Mayank N VahiaTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, INDIA

Special thanks to Dr. S Rangarajan for the visuals


Why go to Space

• Long duration observation of earth

• Communication• Defence• Astronomy

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Is it easy to go to space?

NO• It costs 1000 Rs per gram of weight put in space – so

weight is limited• It must fit in a rocket so volume is limited• It must rely on Solar cells so power is limited• Launch itself is very violent• It takes the Sun directly so it gets heated• It faces intense radiation environment• Satellite cannot be repaired.Yet, a good satellite is an enormously powerful tool.


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How to go to space and what to do


India launched its First Rocket on 21st November 1963 from Thumba.It was a ‘sounding rocket’ that took its payload to a little more than 100 km.

Our first satellite Aryabhatta was launched from Kapustin Yar in Russia on 9 May 1975 in a 398 km x 409 km 50.7° orbit. It weighed 360 kg. It re-entered the earth after 1 year.

Our first successful indigenously launched satellite was Rohini – 1B on a rocket called Satellite Launch Vehicle – 3.

The 35 kg satellite was launched on 18 July 1980 from Sriharikota in the 305x919km, 44.7°. It weighed 35 kg. It re-entered earth on 20 May 1981.This experimental satellite followed the failure of the Rohini-1A on 10 August 1979. THUMBA

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Motion of RocketMotion of Rocket

Using the principle of momentum we can calculate velocity of the rocket

as ∆∆∆∆V= Veln (Mo/M)

Mo

M=Mo-m

Ve

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LAUNCH VEHICLE FAMILY� ��


Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

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The PSLV's Launch Sequence��

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The Satellite Launch Vehicles

GSLV PSLVOverall length 49 m 42.2 mLift-off weight 401 t 283 t No. of stages 3 4Payload GSAT (~ 1500 kg) IRS (1000 kg)Orbit (GTO) 180 x 36,000 km 800 km


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DESIGN OF ORBITSDESIGN OF ORBITS

Equatorial Orbit

Inclined Orbit

Polar Orbit

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GSLV Orbit


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INSAT FAMILYINSAT FAMILYAPPLE

•SPIN STABILISED•1 TRANSPONDER

INSAT-1•3-AXIS STABILISED

• 12C, 2S•32 dbw (1 kw)

INSAT-2•3-AXIS STABILISED

• 12C, 6-ExtC,2S, MSS, Ku•36 dbw (1.5 kw)

INSAT-2E•3-AXIS STABILISED

• 17C, GLOBAL•36 dbw (2.5 kw)

INSAT-1

INSAT-2A,BINSAT-2C,D

INSAT-2E

INSAT-3B

INSAT-3C

INSAT-3D

INSAT-3E

DTH

APPLE

GSAT-2

INSAT-3A

INSAT- 3B•3-AXIS STABILISED

• 17C,2S,MSS,Ku, GLOBAL•36 dbw (2.5 kw)


Typical reach of a satellite

Pointing accuracy required

Alt Vel Resolution Stability

36,000 km 3.1 km/s 2,000 km 3 deg

800 km 7.9 km/s 6 m 1.5 sec

36,0000 km

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� TELEPHONES

� TELEVISION

� BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS

� MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES

� GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS

� SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICE

� WEATHER FORCASTING

� DISASTER WARNING SYSTEM

GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE APPLICATIONS


Indian Remote Sensing Satellite orbit

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Line Array

DetectorOptics

Space craft

motion

Contiguous

scan lines

across scene

Area by area

BHASKARA TVCAMERA

Pixel by pixelOptomechanical scanner

INSAT-VHRR

Line by LinePush broom scanning

IRS-LISS

• Lower dwell time• Geometric distortion• Lower reliability due to

Oscillating mirror

• Large dwell time• High geometric fidelity• High reliability due to

non-moving parts

Orbit

Ground

resolution

element

Ground

coverage

IMAGING SENSORS - TYPES OF SCANNING


CARTOSAT CARTOSAT -- 11PAN PAN -- 2.5M, 30 KM, 2.5M, 30 KM,

F/AF/A

RESOURCESATRESOURCESAT--11LISS3 LISS3 -- 23 M; 4 XS23 M; 4 XSLISS4 LISS4 -- 5.8 M; 35.8 M; 3--XSXSAWIFS AWIFS -- 70 M; 470 M; 4--XSXS

CARTOSATCARTOSAT--22PAN PAN -- 1M 1M

MEGHAMEGHA--TROPIQUES TROPIQUES SAPHIR SAPHIR

SCARAB & SCARAB & MADRASMADRAS

20012001

20022002

20032003

20052005

IRS-1C/1D LISS-3 (23/70M,STEERABLE PAN (5.8 M);

WiFS (188M)

INSAT-2E CCD

(1KM RESOLUTION;

EVERY 30 MINUTES)

INDIAN IMAGING SATELLITE SERIES

INDIAN IMAGING SATELLITE SERIES

19991999

IRS-P2 LISS-2

IRS-P3 (1996)WiFS MOS X-Ray,

IRS-P4 OCEANSAT OCM, MSMR

IRS-1A & 1B LISS-1&2 (72/36M,4 BANDS; VIS & NIR)

BHASKARA

RS-D1

19791979

19821982

1988/911988/91

1994199419961996

1995/19971995/1997

19991999

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REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE APPLICATIONS

WATER RESOURCE INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT:

•Vegetation, cultivated and forest

•Land

•water

•climate

• GEOLOGY AND MAPPING

• OCEANOGRAPHY

• RURAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

• DISASTER MANAGEMENT


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The data shown is of 5m resolution It is a merged product of PAN and LISS–III

Path 94 Row 59 acquired on 17Apr 2000

Mumbai as seen from IRS-1D

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PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

REFLECTANCE

(%)

WAVELENGTH (µm)

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SILTY CLAY SOIL

MUCK SOIL

0

20

40

60

80

GREEN BAND (0.5-0.6 µm)

RED BAND (0.6-0.7 µm)

NEAR IR (0.7-0.9 µm)

TRUE COLOR COMPOSITE

BLUE BAND (0.4-0.5 µm)

FALSE COLOR COMPOSITE

1- SAND 2-VEGETATION 3-WATER

3

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REMOTE SENSING PERSPECTIVES

NATURAL SOURCE

ARTIFICIALSOURCE

BALLOON

•Energy source (Sun or transmitter)

•Transmission of energy from source to object

•Energy Interaction with object surface

•Transmission of energy to sensor

•Scattering, absorption by atmosphere

•Detection , Measurement and Output by sensor

•Data acquisition, recording, pre-processing and analysis/ interpretation

•Energy source (Sun or transmitter)

•Transmission of energy from source to object

•Energy Interaction with object surface

•Transmission of energy to sensor

•Scattering, absorption by atmosphere

•Detection , Measurement and Output by sensor

•Data acquisition, recording, pre-processing and analysis/ interpretation


Atmospheric correction and Chlorophyll-a image from OCM data (Off Gujarat, February 27, 2000)

µW/cm2/sr/nm mg/m3

Band-3(uncorrected)

Band-3(corrected) Chlorophyll-a

Atmospherically correctedfor 490 nm Chlorophyll -a image

IRS-P4 OCM 490 nm data

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BASIC CONCEPT

SATELLITE ALTIMETRY FOR GRAVITY ANOMALY MODELING

FREE-AIR GRAVITY ANOMALY

SITE: BOMBAY HIGH


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The Indian sub continent is one among the world’s most

disaster prone areas

40 M ha flooding

68% Net sown area in 116 Dist

Sub-Himalayan/Western Ghats55% of area in Seismic Zone III-IV

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Satellites in Astronomy

Satellites have played a crucial role in astronomy because:

a) They give a view not contaminated by atmosphere

b) They can look at the same object for a long, long time.

c) They can be extremely stable


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SPACE SCIENCE - THE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE

�X-RAY ASTRONOMY

�GAMMA RAY BURSTS

�IONOSPHERIC PLASMA

�MIDDLE ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS

�EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET

�SOLAR FLARES AND STORMS

�IONOSPHERIC TOPOGRAPHY

�PLANETARY EXPLORATION

� ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

� AERONOMY AND PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

� EARTH SCIENCES AND SOLAR SYSTEM STUDIES

� THEORETICAL PHYSICS


Astronomy Satellite Missions By Indian Scientists

• Aryabhatta• Skaylab• GRB experiments on IRS satellites• Space Shuttle• Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment• Solar X-ray Spectroscopy Experiment

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Future plans


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ASTROSAT


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Chandrayan 1

• 525 kg satellite

• 100 km orbit

• Possible Lander with 25 kg mass.

• 2 year orbit life time

• Launch in 2007 - 2008


Scientific Objective:

Remote sensing of the moon in the visible, near infrared and X-ray for:

• Preparing 3-dimensional atlas of the moon with a resolution of 5-10 m

• Chemical mapping of lunar surface for Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Ti and heavy elements, such as 222Rn, U, Thand Gd.

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Scientific Instruments:

• Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) with stereo imaging capability

• A Hyper-Spectral Imager (HySI) operating in 400-900 nm band

• A Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) with a height resolution of 10 m

• A Low Energy (1-10 keV) X-ray spectrometer.• A High Energy X-ray mapping camera (HEX)

As well as other payloads from India and abroad making a total of 11 packages.


Mission Sequence:

• Launch into 240 km X 36000 km GTO by PSLV• Two consecutive in-plane perigee manuver to achieve

3,86,000 km apogee (Lunar Transfer Trajectory -LTT)• Coasting for 5 ½ days in LTT prior to lunar encounter• Lunar capture at peri-selene (nearest point in lunar orbit)• Satellite in near circular 1,000 km orbit of the moon• Solar panel deployment• In-plane corrections to reduce orbit height to 200 km,

polar• Study of orbit perturbations for 1-2 weeks• Reduce orbit altitude to 100 km circular, polar

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New Facilities:

• Deep Space Network located in Bangalore and Goldstone, California, USA.

• Supports spacecraft with 34 m diameter antenna with a power of 2 kW.

• Receiving spacecraft data with a transmitted power of 2 W.

• National Science Data Centre to process raw data.


India in Space v2vahia/IiS.pdf · 15/03/2005 India in Space 5 How to go to space and what to do...

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Transcript of India in Space v2vahia/IiS.pdf · 15/03/2005 India in Space 5 How to go to space and what to do...