On Sept. 2, 2016, tens of millions of public-sectorworkers staged a daylong strike to protest plans bythe government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi

to implement reforms said to be necessary to boost the econ-omy. Strikers also called for higher wages and guarantees ofhealth care and social security for all workers. The partici-pating unions billed the strike as the largest work stoppagein human history, estimating that between 150 and 180 mil-lion people took part, although the claim could not be inde-pendently verified.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 1,320,844,000.Density (2016)6: persons per sq mi 1,080.4, persons per sq km417.1.

Sex distribution (2011): male51.54%; female 48.46%.

Population projection: (2020)1,382,621,000; (2030) 1,520,799,000.

Major cities (urban agglomerations;2011): Mumbai (Bombay)12,442,373 (18,394,912); Delhi11,034,555 (16,349,831); Kolkata(Calcutta) 4,496,694 (14,057,991);Chennai (Madras) 4,646,732 (8,653,521); Bangalore(Bengaluru) 8,443,675 (8,520,435); Hyderabad 6,731,790(7,677,018); Ahmadabad 5,577,940 (6,357,693); Pune (Poona)3,124,458 (5,057,709); Surat 4,467,797 (4,591,246); Jaipur3,046,163 (3,046,163); Kanpur 2,765,348 (2,920,496); Lucknow2,817,105 (2,902,920); Nagpur 2,405,665 (2,497,870);Ghaziabad 1,648,643 (2,375,820); Indore 1,964,086(2,170,295); Coimbatore 1,050,721 (2,136,916); Patna1,684,222 (2,049,156); Bhopal 1,798,218 (1,886,100);Vadodara 1,670,806 (1,822,221); Agra 1,585,704(1,760,285); New Delhi9 302,36310.

Castes/tribes (2011): number in Scheduled Castes (for-merly referred to as “Untouchables”) 201,378,086;number in Scheduled Tribes (aboriginal peoples)104,281,034.

Households (2001). Total number of households (2011)246,692,667. Average household size (2011) 4.9. Typeof household: permanent 51.8%; semipermanent 30.0%; tempo-rary 18.2%. Average number of rooms per household 2.2; 1 room38.4%, 2 rooms 30.0%, 3 rooms 14.3%, 4 rooms 7.5%, 5 rooms2.9%, 6 or more rooms 3.7%, unspecified number of rooms 3.2%.

Urban-rural (2014):

India

Official name: Bharat (Hindi); Republic of India(English).

Form of government: multiparty federal republicwith two legislative houses (Council of States[2451]; House of the People [5452]).

Head of state: President Pranab Mukherjee.Head of government: Prime Minister NarendraModi.

Capital: New Delhi.Official languages: Hindi; English.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: Indian rupee (`3); valuation(Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = `66.99; 1 £ = `89.10.

Area and population area population

2011States4 Capitals sq mi sq km census5

Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 61,855 160,205 49,386,799Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 32,333 83,743 1,383,727Assam Dispur 30,285 78,438 31,205,576Bihar Patna 36,356 94,163 104,099,452Chhattisgarh Raipur 52,198 135,191 25,545,198Goa Panaji 1,429 3,702 1,458,545Gujarat Gandhinagar 75,685 196,024 60,439,692Haryana Chandigarh 17,070 44,212 25,351,462Himachal Pradesh Shimla 21,495 55,673 6,864,602Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar 39,146 101,387 12,541,302Jharkhand Ranchi 30,778 79,714 32,988,134Karnataka Bangalore (Bengaluru) 74,051 191,791 61,095,297Kerala Thiruvananthapuram

(Trivandrum) 15,005 38,863 33,406,061Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 119,014 308,245 72,626,809Maharashtra Mumbai (Bombay) 118,809 307,713 112,374,333Manipur Imphal 8,621 22,327 2,855,794Meghalaya Shillong 8,660 22,429 2,966,889Mizoram Aizawl 8,139 21,081 1,097,206Nagaland Kohima 6,401 16,579 1,978,502Orissa (Odisha) Bhubaneshwar 60,119 155,707 41,974,218Punjab Chandigarh 19,445 50,362 27,743,338Rajasthan Jaipur 132,139 342,239 68,548,437Sikkim Gangtok 2,740 7,096 610,577Tamil Nadu Chennai (Madras) 50,216 130,058 72,147,030Telangana Hyderabad 44,340 114,840 35,193,978Tripura Agartala 4,049 10,486 3,673,917Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 93,022 240,928 199,812,341Uttarakhand Dehra Dun 20,650 53,483 10,086,292West Bengal Kolkata (Calcutta) 34,267 88,752 91,276,115

Union TerritoriesAndaman and Nicobar

Islands Port Blair 3,185 8,249 380,581Chandigarh Chandigarh 44 114 1,055,450Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 190 491 343,709Daman and Diu Daman 43 112 243,247Lakshadweep Kavaratti 12 32 64,473Puducherry Puducherry (Pondicherry) (Pondicherry) 185 479 1,247,953

National Capital TerritoryDelhi Delhi 573 1,483 16,787,941TOTAL 1,222,5506, 7 3,166,3916 1,210,854,977

Other principal cities (2011)population population population

Allahabad 1,212,395Amritsar 1,183,549Dhanbad 1,196,214Faridabad 1,414,050Guwahati 962,334Gwalior 1,117,740Howrah (Haora)11 1,077,075Hubli-Dharwad 943,788Jabalpur 1,055,525Jodhpur 1,033,756Kalyan-Dombivali8 1,247,327

Kota 1,001,694

Ludhiana 1,618,879Madurai 1,017,865Meerut 1,305,429Mysuru (Mysore) 893,062Nashik (Nasik) 1,486,053Navi Mumbai 1,120,547Pimpri-Chinchwad12 1,727,692

Raipur 1,010,433Rajkot 1,286,678Ranchi 1,073,427Shambajinagar(Aurangabad) 1,175,116

Sholapur (Solapur) 951,558Srinagar 1,180,570Thane (Thana)8 1,841,488Thiruvanan-thapuram (Trivandrum) 743,691

Tiruchirappalli 1,022,518Varanasi(Benares) 1,198,491

Vasai Virar 1,222,390Vijayawada 1,034,358Vishakhapatnam 1,728,128

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica

National economyGross national income (GNI; 2015): U.S.$2,084,448,-000,000 (U.S.$1,590 per capita); purchasing power par-ity GNI (U.S.$6,020 per capita).

Budget (2013–14). Revenue: `10,658,955,000,000 (taxrevenue 78.4%, of which corporate taxes 36.9%,income tax 22.7%, excise taxes 16.8%; nontax revenue18.2%; capital revenue 3.4%). Expenditures:`15,904,341,000,000 (current expenditure 88.0%, ofwhich economic affairs 27.4%, interest payments23.9%, defense 15.9%; capital expenditure 12.0%).

Production (in ’000 metric tons except as noted).Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2014): sugarcane 352,142, cereals 293,993 (of which rice 157,200, wheat 94,483, corn [maize] 23,670,millet 11,420, sorghum 5,390), vegetables18 121,015 (of which dry onions 19,299, tomatoes 18,227, eggplants 13,444, okra 6,350,garlic 1,259), fruits18, 19 82,632 (of which bananas 27,575, mangoes 18,00220, coconuts 11,930, papayas 5,544, lemons and limes2,524), water buffalo milk 70,00018, cow’s milk 60,60018, potatoes 46,395, soybeans 10,528, chickpeas 9,880, peanuts (groundnuts)6,557, cotton lint 6,05218, hen’s eggs 3,83518, pigeon peas 3,290, jute 1,94418, castor oil seed 1,733, dry chilies and peppers

1,37618, tea 1,20918, natural rubber 90018, tobacco 83018,sesame seed 811, ginger 68318, anise, badian, fennel, andcoriander 54618, sunflower seed 415, safflower seed 113;livestock (number of live animals) 187,000,000 cattle,133,000,000 goats, 110,000,000 water buffalo, 63,000,000sheep; roundwood (2015) 356,689,633 cu m, of which fuel-wood 86%; fisheries production 9,600 (from aquaculture51%). Mining and quarrying (2013): iron ore 117,00021;bauxite 15,360; chromite 2,95022; manganese 2,264; barite1,20023; zinc 710; lead 10524; copper 3624; mica 1.5; silver355,842 kg; gem diamonds 36,000 carats.

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015): 19.6(world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000 population (2015): 7.3(world avg. 8.1).

Natural increase rate per 1,000 population(2015): 12.3 (world avg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2015): male 67.0years; female 69.4 years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) living withHIV (2013): 0.3% (world avg. 0.8%).

Age breakdown (2015):

Linguistic composition (2001)13: Religious affiliation (2011):

Social indicatorsEducational attainment (2001). Percentage of population age 25 andover having: no formal schooling 48.1%; incomplete primary educa-tion 9.0%; complete primary 22.1%; secondary 13.7%; higher 7.1%.

Quality of working life. Agricultural workers in servitude (“debtbondage”) to creditors (early 1990s) 10–20%. Children ages 5–14working as child labourers (2003): 35,000,000 (14% of age group).Percentage of population living below the poverty line (official esti-mate; 2009–10): 37.2%.

Access to services (2005–06)15. Percentage of total (urban, rural)households having access to: electricity for lighting purposes (2011)67.2% (92.7%, 55.3%), kerosene for lighting purposes (2011) 31.4%(6.5%, 43.2%), water closets 24.3% (50.8%, 11.4%), pit latrines7.9% (7.0%, 8.6%), no latrines 55.3% (16.8%, 74.0%), closeddrainage for waste water (2001) 12.5% (34.5%, 3.9%), open drainagefor waste water (2001) 33.9% (43.4%, 30.3%), no drainage for wastewater (2001) 53.6% (22.1%, 65.8%). Type of fuel used for cooking inhouseholds: firewood 54.4% (23.0%, 69.6%), LPG (liquefied petrole-um gas) 24.7% (58.7%, 8.2%), dung 10.6% (2.8%, 14.4%), kerosene3.2% (8.2%, 0.8%), coal 1.9% (4.3%, 0.8%). Source of drinkingwater (2011): hand pump or tube well 42.0% (20.8%, 51.9%), pipedwater 43.5% (70.6%, 30.8%), well 11.0% (6.2%, 13.3%), river, canal,spring, public tank, pond, or lake 3.5% (2.5%, 4.0%).

Social participation. Eligible voters participating in April/May 2014national election: 66.4%. Trade union membership (2002)24,601,58916.

Social deviance (2008)17. Offense rate per 100,000 population for:theft 27.8; cruelty by husband 7.1; riots 5.8; molestation of women3.5; murder 2.9; kidnapping/abduction 2.7, of which women/girls 2.0;rape 1.9; robbery 1.8; dowry deaths 0.7; dacoity (gang robbery) 0.4.Rate of suicide per 100,000 population: 10.8.

Material well-being (2005–06)15. Total (urban, rural) households pos-sessing: television receivers (2011) 47.2% (76.7%, 33.4%), scooters,motorcycles, or mopeds 17.2% (30.5%, 10.8%), cars, jeeps, or vans2.7% (6.1%, 1.0%). Households availing banking services (2001)35.5% (49.5%, 30.1%). Agricultural households with access to credit(2008) 48.6%.

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2008–09 1999–2000

in value % of total labour % of labour`’000,000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 16,450 16.3 190,940,000 52.6Mining and quarrying 2,224 2.2 2,260,000 0.6Manufacturing 13,209 13.1 40,790,000 11.2Construction 7,600 7.5 14,950,000 4.1Public utilities 1,571 1.5 1,150,000 0.3Transp. and commun. 7,088 7.0 13,650,000 3.8Trade, restaurants, hotels 16,159 16.0 37,540,000 10.3Finance, real estate 16,171 16.0 4,620,000 1.3Pub. admin., defense 5,672 5.6 30,840,000 8.5Services 14,989 14.8 … …Other 26,580,00025 7.325

TOTAL 101,133 100.0 363,330,0007 100.0

}

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica

National economy (continued)Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012)1,035,264,000,000 (785,130,000,000), by source (2013): fossilfuels 80.0%; nuclear 2.7%; renewable energy 17.3%; hardcoal (metric tons; 2012) 557,700,000 ([2011–12] 639,000,000);lignite (metric tons; 2012) 46,600,000 ([2011–12] 42,500,000);crude petroleum (barrels; 2012) 282,000,000 ([2011–12] 1,607,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2012)231,492,000 ([2011] 122,206,000); natural gas (cu m; 2012) 42,149,000,000 ([2011] 61,108,000,000).

Population economically active (2015): total 534,750,000; participation rates (2014): age 15 and over, male 74.0%;female 26.0%; unemployed 5.0%, of which youth (ages 15–24; 2010) 10.3%.

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$164,122,000,000.Land use as % of total land area (2009): in temporary crops (2007) 44.7%, left fallow 8.4%, in permanent crops3.9%, in pasture 3.5%, forest area 23.0%.

Foreign tradeImports (2013–14): U.S.$450,213,600,000 (crude and refinedpetroleum 36.6%; electronics 7.2%; gold 6.4%; nonelectricalmachinery and apparatus 6.0%; precious stones/semipreciousstones/pearls 5.2%; chemical products 5.0%; transport equip-ment 4.3%; coal/coke 3.6%; iron and steel 2.8%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013–14): U.S.$314,415,700,000 (engineering goods20.4%; refined petroleum products 20.1%; gems and jewelry[significantly diamonds] 13.2%; chemicals and chemical prod-ucts 8.7%; textiles and wearing apparel 8.3%, of whichready-made garments 4.8%; food, beverages, and tobacco7.1%; electronic goods 2.5%; plastic and linoleum 2.0%). Major export destinations:

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): percentage of total population age 15 and overliterate 71.2%; males literate 81.3%; females literate 60.6%.

Health (200827): physicians28 696,700 (1 per 1,696 persons);hospital beds28 482,500 (1 per 2,449 persons); infant mortali-ty rate per 1,000 live births (2015) 41.8; undernourished pop-ulation (2006–08) 224,600,000 (19% of total population basedon the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of1,780 calories).

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2012–13): route length (2013–14)40,891 mi, 65,808 km; passenger-km 1,098,103,000,000;metric ton-km cargo 692,637,000,000. Roads (2015): totallength 2,919,833 mi, 4,699,024 km (paved, n.a.). Vehicles(2009): passenger cars 13,673,611; trucks and buses7,526,529.

1Includes 12 members appointed by the President. 2Includes 2 Anglo-Indiansappointed by the President. 3The first symbol for the rupee was officially approvedin July 2010, and coins and banknotes with the new symbol began being issued inlate 2011. 4Telangana statehood was established in June 2014. 5Populations are finalresults of census. 6Excludes 46,660 sq mi (120,849 sq km) of territory in the Kashmirregion claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir state but administered byPakistan or China; inland water constitutes 9.6% of total area of India. 7Detail doesnot add to total given because of rounding. 8Within Mumbai urban agglomeration.9Within Delhi urban agglomeration. 102001 census. 11Within Kolkata urban agglom-eration. 12Within Pune urban agglomeration. 13Data are for the scheduled (“offi-cially recognized”) languages of India unless otherwise footnoted; Hindi (roughly66%) and English (roughly 33%) are also spoken as lingua francas. 14Includes manynonscheduled (“not officially recognized”) languages. 15Data based on the NationalFamily Health Survey 2005–06, comprising 515,507 people in 109,041 households.16Registered with Ministry of Labour only. 17Crimes reported to National CrimeRecords Bureau by police authorities of state governments. 182013. 19Excludes mel-ons. 20Includes mangosteens and guavas. 21World rank (2015): 4. 22World rank(2015): 5. 23World rank (2015): 2. 24Metal content. 25Unemployed. 26End-of-period.27January 1. 28Government hospitals only. 29Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Reserve Bank of India www.rbi.org.in• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

mospi.nic.in

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015): 1,346,000(army 85.5%, navy 4.3%, air force 9.5%, coast guard0.7%); paramilitary 1,403,700; reserve 1,155,000.Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2015):2.2%; per capita expenditure U.S.$38.

Breakdown of 17.3% renewable energy (2013):

Financial aggregates26

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Exchange rate, ` per:U.S. dollar 44.25 39.42 48.46 46.68 44.81 53.26 54.78£ 86.85 78.97 70.64 75.59 70.15 82.35 86.44SDR 66.56 62.29 74.63 73.18 69.01 81.77 84.19

Interest and pricesCentral bank discount (%) 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 9.00Advance (prime) rate (%) 11.2 13.0 13.3 12.2 8.3 10.2 10.6Industrial share prices(2005 = 100) 155.0 216.3 207.7 194.3 252.3 245.6 239.5

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 1,011,05429 78829

Landline 2015 25,518 20

Internet users 2009 61,300 51Broadband 2015 17,12029 1329

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica