India Defence Technology

8/13/2019 India Defence Technology

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IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of Defence program between

the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a

comprehensive range of missiles, including the Agni missile,Prithvi ballistic missile, Akash missile, Trishul missile and Nag

Missile.

In 2010,then defence minister A.K. Antony ordered therestructing of the Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO) to give 'a major boost to defence

research in the country and to ensure effective participation

of the private sector in defence technology'.The keymeasures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include

the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with

the defence minister as its chairman.


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DRDO(Defence Research and Development Organisation)

Defence Research and Development Organisation

(DRDO) was established in 1958 by amalagamatingDefence Science Organisation and some of the technical

development establishments.

A separate Department of Defence Research andDevelopment was formed in 1980 which later on

administered DRDO and its 52 laboratories/ establish -

ments.


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Defence

Technology


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As early as 26 June 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,

soon to be India's first Prime Minister, announced:

India's first nuclear test occurred on 18 May 1974. Sincethen India has conducted another series of tests at the

Pokhran test range in the state of Rajasthan in 1998. India

has an extensive civil and military nuclear program, which

includes at least 10 nuclear reactors, uranium mining and

milling sites, heavy water production facilities, a uranium

enrichment plant, fuel fabrication facilities, and extensive

nuclear research capabilities.

In 1998, as a response to the continuing tests, the United

States and Japan imposed temporary economic sanctions

on India.


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Command and control

India's Strategic Nuclear Command was formally

established in 2003, with an Air Force officer, Air

Marshal Asthana, as the Commander-in-Chief. The

joint services SNC is the custodian of all of India's

nuclear weapons, missiles and assets. It is alsoresponsible for executing all aspects of India's nuclear

policy. However, the civil leadership, in the form of

the CCS (Cabinet Committee on Security) is the onlybody authorized to order a nuclear strike against

another offending strike: In effect, it is the Prime

Minister who has his finger "on the button."


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Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

The Government of India launched the Integrated Guided MissileDevelopment Program in 1983 to achieve self sufficiency in the

development and production of wide range of Ballistic Missiles.

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was anIndian Ministry of Defence program between the early 1980s and 2007

for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the

intermediate range Agni missile (Surface to Surface), and short range

missiles such as the Prithvi ballistic missile (Surface to Surface), Akashmissile (Surface to Air), Trishul missile (Surface to Air) and Nag Missile

(Anti Tank). The program was managed by Defense Research and

Development Organization (DRDO) in partnership with other Indian

government labs and research centres.


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India on Tuesday 07 may, 2008

announced the closing of the strategic

integrated guided missile programme, and

said the development and production ofmost of futuristic weapons systems would

henceforth be taken up with foreign

partnerships.


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In 1998, the Government of India, signed an

agreement with Russia to design, develop, manufacture and

market a Supersonic Cruise Missile System which has been

successfully accomplished by 2006.

BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile that

can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land. At

speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8, it is the world's fastest cruise

missile and is about three and a half times faster than the

American subsonic Harpoon cruise missile. BAPL is

contemplating a hypersonic Mach 8 version of the missile,

named as the BrahMos II. BrahMos II will be the firsthypersonic cruise missile and is expected to be ready by

2012-13. The laboratory testing of the missile has

started.(codenamedBrahMos)


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Prithvi

Prithvi was the first missile to be

developed under the Program. DRDOearlier attempted to reverse engineer

SA-2 Surface-to-air Missile underProject devil


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The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing 3 variants for use

by the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The initial project

framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines

the variants in the following manner. This class of Prithvi missile was inducted

into the Indian Army in 1994.

Prithvi I (SS-150)- Army Version (150 km range with a payload of 1,000 kg)

Prithvi II (SS-250)- Air Force Version (250 km range with a payload of 500 kg)

Prithvi III (SS-350)- Naval Version (350 km range with a payload of 500 kg)

Dhanush- Dhanush is reportedly a naval version of Prithvi which can be

launched from Ships. Prithvi IIIclass (codenamedDhanushmeaningBow) is a

two-stage ship-to-surface missile. The first stage is solid fuelled with a 16

metric ton force (157 kN) thrust motor. The second stage is liquid fuelledOver the years these specifications underwent a number of changes. While the

codenamePrithvistands for any missile inducted by India into its armed forces

in this category, the later developmental versions are codenamed as Prithvi II

and Prithvi III.

Pradyumna Ballistic MissileThe Prithvi Air Defense missile has been named as Pradyumna Ballistic Missile


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Trishul missile system

Trishul is the name of a short range surface-to-air missile developed byIndia as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.

It has a range of 9 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg warhead . Designed to

be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the

system has been developed to defend naval vessels against missiles and

also as a short range surface to air missile on land. Guidance consists of

three different guiding beams, with the guidance handed over

progressively to a narrower beam as the missile approaches the target.

According to reports, the range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with

a 15 kg warhead. The weight of the missile is 130 kg. The length of themissile is 3.1 m.

India had Officially shut down Trishul Missile project on February 27,

2008.


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Nag missile

- Nagis a third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile

developed in India.- The Nag would have been available with three different

types of guidance, These included a wire guided version, an

infra-red version and a millimetric wave (mmW) version.

- The missile has a weight of 42 kg and can engage targets atranges 45 km. The Nag is claimed to be first anti-tank missile

which has a complete fiberglass structure.

- The land version has been tested from a tracked vehicle

known as NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier).- Nag will be configured to be used on the Advanced Light

Helicopter(ALH) and the HAL Light Combat Helicopter(LCH).

This version will be known as HELINA (HELIcopter NAg).


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As originally conceived, the Nag would have been available

with three different types of guidance, These included

(a) a wire guided version,(b) an infra-red version and

(c) a millimetric wave (mmW) version.

Currently, guidance is based on an imaging infra-red (IIR)

passive seeker that ensures a high-hit accuracy in both top-

and front-attack modes.

The Nag has a flight speed of 230 metres per second, is

armed with a 8 kg tandem shaped-charge warhead, has a

rocket motor using nitramine-based smokeless extruded

double band sustainer propellant.


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Namica

NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier)is a tank destroyer builtfor the army. It is equipped with a thermal imager for

target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified BMP-2 ICV

produced as "Sarath" in India. The carrier weights

14.5 tonnes in full combat load and is capable of

moving 7 km/h in water. The carriers are capable of

carrying 12 missiles with 8 in ready-to-fire mode. The

NAMICA carrier was put through transportation trialscovering 155 km during summer trials.


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Nag was successfully test fired for the

second day in a row on August 8, 2008 from theTest Range at Pokhran, Rajastan, marking the

completion of the developmental tests. The

DRDO and Indian Army plan to hold the usertrial shortly. These trials will be the final trials to

decide the induction of the missiles. The

NAMICA carrier successfully completed itsamphibious trials in the Indira Gandhi Canal at

Rajastan on August 8, 2008.


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Agni (missile)The Agni missileis a family of Medium to Intercontinental range ballistic

missiles developed by India under the Integrated Guided MissileDevelopment Program. As of 2008, the Agni missile family comprises three

deployed variants:

Agni-I : short range ballistic missile, 500 - 700 Km range.

Agni-II : medium range ballistic missile, 2,000- 3,000 Km range.

Agni-III : intermediate range ballistic missile, 3,000 - 5,500 Km range.Agni-IV : 4000- 6000 km

Agni-V : intercontinental ballistic missile, 5000 - 6500 Km range (under

development).

Agni-I was first tested at the Interim Test Range in Chandipur in 1989, andis capable of carrying a conventional payload of 1000 kg (2,200 lb) or a

nuclear warhead. Agni missiles consist of one (short range) or two stages

(intermediate range). These are rail and road mobile and powered by solid

propellants.


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Akash missile system

Akashis a medium range surface-to-air missile developed as

part of India's Integrated Guided Missile DevelopmentProgram to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-

air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project ever

undertaken by the Union government in the 20th century.

Development costs skyrocketed to almost $120 million whichis far more than other similar systems.

Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an

intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a

diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.8 metres. Akash flies at

supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an

altitude of 18 km.


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The entire Akash SAM system allows for attackingmultiple targets (up to 4 per Battery). The Akash

missile's use of ramjet propulsion system allows it to

maintain its speed without deceleration, unlike the

Patriot missiles. The missile is supported by a multi-

target and multi-function phased array fire control

radar called the 'Rajendra' with a range of about

80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement.


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The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in

1990, with development flights up to March 1997.

The IAF has initiated the process to induct the Akashand Trishul surface-to-air missiles developed as a part

of the Integrated Guided Missile Development

Program. The Multiple target handling capability of

Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing

in a C4I environment during the trials. Two Akash

missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in

simultaneous engagement mode in 2005 itself. TheAkash System's 3-D central acquisition radar (3-D car)

group mode performance was then fully established.

h l


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Shaurya Missile System

The Shaurya Missile launched in November 2008

The Shaurya missileis a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile

developed by DRDO for use by the Indian Army. Capable of hypersonic

speeds, it has a range of 600 km and is capable of carrying a payload of

one-tonne conventional or nuclear warhead. It can hit targets deep

inside Pakistan and China, both nations having unsettled disputes withIndia. The Shaurya missile provides India with a significant second strike

capability. The missile was tested in November 2008

Shaurya missile is a land version of the under-water launched K-15

missile, Sagarika (missile). This missile is stored in a composite canisterjust like the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile. The composite canister

makes the missile much easier to store for long periods without

maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also houses the gas

generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid

propellant motors take over to hurl it at the intended target.


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Surya missile

The report of Surya ICBM has not been confirmed by officials of the

Indian government and have repeatedly denied the existence of the

project. The Surya ICBM is an ICBM program that has beenmentioned repeatedly in the Indian press . Surya (meaning Sun in

Sanskrit and many other Indian languages) is the codename for the

first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile that India is reported to be

developing. The DRDO is believed to have begun the project in 1994.As the missile is yet to be developed, the specifications of the missile

are not known and the entire program continues to remain highly

speculative. Estimates of the range of this missile vary from 5,000

kms to 10,000 kms. It is believed to be a three-stage design, with the

first two stages using solid propellants and the third-stage using

liquid. In 2007, the Times of Indiareported that the DRDO is yet to

reveal whether India's currently proposed ICBM will be called Agni-V

(or Surya-1). As of 2009 it was reported that the government had not

considered an 8,000-km range ICBM.


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According to a report published in The Nonproliferation

Review, in the Winter of 1995, Surya(meaning the Sun in

Sanskrit and many Indian languages) is the codename for the

first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile that India is reported tobe developing. The DRDO is believed to have begun the

project in 1994. This report has not been confirmed by any

other sources until 2009. Officials of the Indian government

have repeatedly denied the existence of the project.

According to the report, the Surya is an intercontinental-

range, surface-based, solid and liquid propellant ballistic

missile. The report further adds that Surya is the mostambitious project in India's Integrated Guided Missile

Development Programme. The Surya is speculated to have a

range between 8,000 to 12,000 kilometers.


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Speculated specifications

Class: ICBMLasing: Surface based and sometimes also used under

water in critical conditions

Length: 40.00 m

Diameter: 2.8 mLaunch Weight: 80,000 kg

Propulsion: First/second stage solid, third liquid

Warhead Capabilities: 3-10 nuclear warheads of 250

kilotons each

Status: Development / Developed to be tested

In Service: 2015

Range: 8,000 - 12,000 km


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International treaties

India is not a signatory to either the Nuclear Non-

Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive TestBan Treaty (CTBT), but did accede to the Partial Test

Ban Treaty in October 1963. India is a member of the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and four

of its 17 nuclear reactors are subject to IAEA

safeguards.

India announced its lack of intention to accede to the

NPT as late as 1997 by voting against the paragraphof a General Assembly Resolution which urged all

non-signatories of the treaty to accede to it at the

earliest possible date.


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India voted against the UN General Assembly resolution

endorsing the CTBT, which was adopted on 10 September

1996. India objected to the lack of provision for universal

nuclear disarmament "within a time-bound framework." Indiaalso demanded that the treaty ban laboratory simulations. In

addition, India opposed the provision in Article XIV of the

CTBT that requires India's ratification for the treaty to enter

into force, which India argued was a violation of its sovereign

right to choose whether it would sign the treaty. In early

February 1997, Foreign Minister Gujral reiterated India's

opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favors any stepaimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the

treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only

certain types of tests."


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In August 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) approved safeguards agreement with India under which the

former will gradually gain access to India's civilian nuclear reactors.

In September 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group granted India awaiver allowing it to access civilian nuclear technology and fuel from

other countries. The implementation of this waiver makes India the

only known country with nuclear weapons which is not a party to the

NPT but is still allowed to carry out nuclear commerce with the restof the world.

Since the implementation of NSG waiver, India has

signed nuclear deals with several countries including France, UnitedStates, Mongolia, Namibia, and Kazakhstan while the framework for

similar deals with Canada and United Kingdom are also being

prepared.

Cruise missiles


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Cruise missilesNirbhay

Nirbhayis a long range, subsonic cruise missile being developed in India. The missile

will have a range of 1,000 km and will arm three services, the Indian Army, Indian

Navy and the Indian Air Force. The Nirbhay will be able to be launched from multipleplatforms on land, sea and air.The first test flight of the missile is expected in the

year 2009. Nirbhay will be a terrain hugging, stealth missile capable of delivering 24

different types of warheads depending on mission requirements and will use inertial

navigation system for guidance.

3M-54 Klub

India has acquired around 200 3M-54 Klub for arming Talwar class frigate, Shivalik

class frigate, Kolkata class destroyer and Sindhughosh class submarine. The Russian

3M-54 Klub is a multi-role missile system developed by the Novator Design Bureau

(OKB-8) with a range of 250 km-300 km and an average speed of .8 Mach with a

maximum of 2.9 Mach

PopeyeIndia imported a large number ofIsrael's Rafael made Popeye Missile in late 1999.

Popeye II, an air launched cruise missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads with a

range of 80 km can be launched from planeswas given to India along with missile

defence radars in a deal. It is still not known which planes are armed with these

missiles but it is thought to be the Tu-142 and Sukhoi Su-30MKI, which incorporatesome Israeli technolo .


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P-70 Ametist

India has Soviet P-70 Ametist submarine- launched cruise missiles. The

missile were mostly probably bought in the early 90s and may be used

today as canistered launched land based cruise missiles instead ofsubmarine launched cruise missiles. The missiles can carry nuclear

warheads and have a range of 5065 km. Although they are extremely

old and incompetent due to their low range and speed, there are still

reports that they are kept in reserve and can still be used due to their

upgrades in the late 90s.

Moskit

India has a number of operational Moskits. The P-270 Moskit is a

Russian supersonic ramjet powered cruise missile capable of being

launched from land and ships. India has most probably bought bothland and ship variants which have a range of 120 km. India bought

around 200 Klub missiles and now it is believed that the Moskit have

been kept in reserve but can still be used.


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Brahmos

BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from

submarines, ships, aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between

India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) andRussia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia who have together formed the

BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited.

The acronym BrahMos is perceived as the confluence of the twonations represented by two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the

Moskva of Russia.

It travels at speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8 and is the world's fastest

cruise missile. It is about three-and-a-half times faster than theU.S.A's subsonic Harpoon cruise missile. The ship-launched and land-based missilescan carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg

warhead.It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a

liquid-fueled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much

more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-

powered missile would achieve. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment with theSu-30MKI as its carrier


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In 1998, the Government of India, signed an

agreement with Russia to design, develop, manufacture and

market a Supersonic Cruise Missile System which has been

successfully accomplished by 2006. BrahMos is a supersoniccruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships,

aircraft or land. At speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8, it is the

world's fastest cruise missile and is about three and a half

times faster than the American subsonic Harpoon cruise

missile.

BAPL is contemplating a hypersonic Mach 8

version of the missile, named as the BrahMos II. BrahMos IIwill be the first hypersonic cruise missile and is expected to

be ready by 2012-13. The laboratory testing of the missile

has started.(codenamedBrahMos).


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Nirbhay

India is said to be in the intermediate

stages of developing a new cruise missile,

Nirbhay. The subsonic Nirbhay is said to be6 m in length with a 520 mm diameter,

weigh 1,000 kg and have a 1,000 km range

with a speed of 0.7 mach. The technologydemonstrator flight is planned for end-

2009.


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India

Nuclearprogram startdate

1967

First nuclearweapon test

18 May 1974 (Smiling Buddha)

First fusionweapon test

11 May 1998 (disputed)

Last nuclear test 13 May 1998

Largest yieldtest

Underground - 20-60 Kt total in Pokhran-II (yield is disputed) (11 May1998)

Total tests 6

Peak stockpile 45-80 (2009 est.)

Currentstockpile

45-80 (2009 est.)

Maximummissile range

2,500km (Agni-II)

NPT si nator No

Name Class Range Payload Status


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Agni-I SRBM 850 km 1,000 kg Operational

Agni-II MRBM 2,500 km 500 kg - 1,000 kg Operational

Agni-III IRBM 3,500 km - 5,500 km 2,490 kg In Testing

Agni-V ICBM 5,000 km - 6,000 km 3,000 kg+ Under Development

Agni 3SL ICBM 5,200 km - 11,600 km 700 kg - 1,400 kg Under Development

Dhanush SRBM 350 km 500 kg Operational

NirbhaySubsonic Cruise

Missile1,000 km ? Under Development

Brahmos

Supersonic Cruise

Missile 290 km 300 kg Operational

P-70 Ametist Anti-shipping Missile 65 km 530 kg Operational

P-270 MoskitSupersonic Cruise

Missile120 km 320 kg Operational

Popeye ASM 78 km 340 kg Operational

Prithvi-I SRBM 150 km 1000 kg OperationalPrithvi-II SRBM 250 km 500 kg Operational

Prithvi-III SRBM 350 km 500 kg Operational

Sagarika SLBM 700 km - 2,200 km 150 kg - 1000 kg Under Development

Shaurya TBM 700 km - 2,200 km 150 kg - 1,000 kg Under Development

Surya-I ICBM 9,000 km - 12,000 km 3,000 kg+ Under Development

-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-surface_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-surface_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBM


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Agni-I MRBM 850 km 1,000 kg Operational

Agni-II MRBM 2,500 km 500 kg - 1,000 kg Operational

Agni-III

Agni IV

IRBM

IRBM

3,500 km - 5,500 km

4000 km - 6000 km

2,490 kg

2500 kg

In Testing

In Testing

Agni-V ICBM 5,000 km - 6,000 km 3,000 kg+ In Testing

Agni 3SL ICBM 5,200 km - 11,600 km 700 kg - 1,400 kg Under Development

Dhanush SRBM 350 km 500 kg Operational

Nirbhay Subsonic CruiseMissile

1,000 km ? Under Development

BrahmosSupersonic Cruise


P-70 Ametist Anti-shi in Missile 65 km 530 k O erational
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_(missile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirbhay_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-70_Ametisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-70_Ametisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-70_Ametisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-70_Ametisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirbhay_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_(missile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-I


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P-270 MoskitSupersonic Cruise


Popeye ASM 78 km 340 kg Operational

Prithvi-I SRBM 150 km 1000 kg Operational

Prithvi-II SRBM 250 km 500 kg Operational

Prithvi-III SRBM 350 km 500 kg Operational

Sagarika SLBM 700 km - 2,200 km 150 kg - 1000 kg Under Development

Shaurya TBM 700 km - 2,200 km 150 kg - 1,000 kg Under Development

Surya-I ICBM 9,000 km - 12,000 km 3,000 kg+ Under Development

Surya-II ICBM >12,000 km ? Under Development
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Nuclear submarinesIndia currently maintains six submarines of the Sindhughosh Class that can

launch the nuclear-capable 3M-54 Klubcruise missiles.

Former Leasing of Soviet submarines

In 1988 INS Chakra, a Charlie-class submarinewas leased by the Indian Navy

for three years from the Soviet Union, until 1991. The submarine was leased toIndia between 1988 and 1991 mainly for India to gain experience in the

operations of a nuclear submarine. It was later decommissioned in 1991.

Arihant class submarine

The Arihantclass submarinesare a class of nuclear-poweredBallistic Missile

submarinesbeing constructed for the Indian Navy at Visakhapatnam, India

under the Advanced Technology Vessel(ATV) Project The ATV is an SSBNand

will be armed with ballistic missiles.

The first of these, INS Arihantwas launched on 26 July 2009
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INS Cruise Missile Submarines

The INS Sindhuraj, INS Sindhuvir, INS Sindhuratna, INS Sindhushastra

, INS Sindhukesari and INS Sindhuvijay are capable of launching 3M-54 Klub and BrahMos nuclear-capable cruise missiles. India bought

10 Kilo class (in India known as Sindhughosh Class) submarine of

which 6 have been refitted by the Russian Navy so that the they can

launch cruise missiles such as nuclear capable 3M-54 Klub.

Leasing of Russian Akula and Amur Submarines

In 2000, negotiations between India and Russia were conducted intothe leasing of two incompleteAkulaclass. The Akulas were to be

delivered to the Indian Navy in 2008 on a lease of at least seven

years and up to ten years, in which at the end of the lease, it has an

option to buy them.


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Frigates, destroyers and aircraft carriers

Other than submarines, India also maintains ships

such as destroyers, modified patrol crafts and frigateswhich can launch nuclear capable ballistic and cruise

missiles.
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FRIGATES :

Talwar class frigateand Shivalik class frigateare frigates of the Indian

Navy that can fire nuclear capable cruise missiles.

INS Tabar and INS Trishul are Talwar class vessel armed with supersonic

nuclear 3M-54 Klubcruise missiles while INS Shivalikwas the first vessel

of the Shivalik class to incorporate the 3M-54 Klub.

Other vessels of the Shivalik Class and Talwar Class are to be armed with

the BrahMosand 3M-54 Klubmissiles by 2009 and 2010 respectively.

All these frigates are also equipped with Barak missiles or other SAMsand harbour helicopters such as the HAL Dhruv. In years to come, the

Nirbhay missileis also to be incorporated into Talwar class frigatesand

Shivalik class frigates.
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DESTROYER :

Rajput Class, Kolkata Classand Delhi Classare Destroyers of the Indian

Navy that may be armed with nuclear capable missile-Nirbhay. In

addition Kolkata Class will also incorporate the Russian nuclear 3M-54

Klubcruise missile.

The ship launched Dhanush Ballistic Missile was tested from INSSubhadra of the Sukanya class patrol craftin 2000. INS Subhadra is a

patrol vessel which was modified and the missile was launched from the

reinforced helicopter deck. The 250 km variant was tested but the tests

were considered partially successful. In 2004, the missile was againtested from the INS Subhadra and was this time successful. Then the

following year in December the missile's 350 km version was tested

from the INS Rajput and hit the land based target.
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AIR CRAFT CARRIER :

INS VikramadityaAircraft Carrier (formerly

known as Admiral Gorshkov) was fitted with P-

500 Bazaltnuclear capable cruise missiles of therange of 550 km. The Vikramaditya could still be

armed with this after its refit. India is also a

potential customer for a Slava class cruiserwhich also incorporates the P-500 Bazalt
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Nuclear-capable aircraftIndia currently has Fourth generation jet fighterscapable of

launching nuclear weapons.Sukhoi Su-30MKI,

Dassault Mirage 2000(French)

MiG-29

MiG-27Tejas

Due to similar features and components, the MKI variant is

often considered to be a customized Indian variant of the

Sukhoi Su-35.The Mirage 2000Hs were heavily customised during the Kargil War

and is the only other version, other than the French 2000N, to be

able to be armed with nuclear wea ons.

B h h HAL T j d S 30MKI l f
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Both the HAL Tejas and Su-30MKIcan travel excess of

3,000 km without refueling;this allows India to attack

targets far away in an effective manner only using planes

rather than delivery systems such as the Agni.

The HAL Tejas is India's only indigenous plane to be armed

with nuclear weapons, thus making India less dependent onRussia.

India has leased four Russian Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers,

which could carry air-launched cruise missiles. India has

reportedly upgraded its Russian-built Tu-142 maritime

patrol aircraft to carry air-launched cruise missiles.


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Chemical weapons

In 1992 India signed the Chemical Weapons

Convention (CWC), stating that it did not havechemical weapons and the capacity or capability to

manufacture chemical weapons. By doing this India

became one of the original signatories of the

Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC] in 1993, and

ratified it on 2 September 1996.

bh


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Abhay

The DRDO is developing futuristic infantrycombat vehicle (ICV) Abhay as a technology

demonstrator for replacement of BMP-II

(Russia) vehicle, which are presently in service.

Abhay ICV has taken best of BMP and western

equipment and will be designed for more

firepower. Various systems of this vehicle are in

advanced stage of development.


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Arjun (tank)

Arjunis a main battle tankdeveloped by India's

largest defense contractor, the Defence Research and

Development Organization(DRDO), for the Indian

Army. The delays and failures in its development from

the 1990s to the 2000s prompted the Indian Army to

order vast numbers of T-90S tanks(BHISHMA) from

Russiato meet the defense needs that the Arjun hadbeen expected to fulfill.

Unmanned aerial vehicles
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Unmanned aerial vehicles

The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles-the Nishant (Restless) tactical UAVand the Lakshya (Target)

Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA).

The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services fortheir gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are on to

develop the PTA further, with an improved all digital flight

control system, and a better turbojet engine. The Nishant is a

hydraulically launched short ranged UAV for the tacticalbattle area. It is currently being evaluated by the Indian Navy

and the Indian Paramilitary forces as well.


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The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a

new class of UAVs. These draw upon the experience gained

via the Nishant program, and will be substantially more

capable. Referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long

Endurance) and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance)

designations. The MALE UAV has been tentatively named

the Rustom, and will feature canards and carry a range ofpayloads, including optronic, radar, laser designators and

ESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off

capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as

SATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond lineof sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA

into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and

weaponizing UAVs.

The LCA programme was launched in 1983 for two primary purposes.


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The principal and most obvious goal was the development of a

replacement aircraft for India's ageing MiG-21fighters. The MiG-21

has been the mainstay of the Indian Air Forcesince the 1970s. The

"Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that the MiG-21s wouldbe approaching the end of their service lives by the mid-1990s, and

that by 1995 the IAF would lack 40% of the aircraft needed to fill its

projected force structure requirements.

The LCA programme's other main objective was to serve as the

vehicle for an across-the-board advancement of India's domestic

aerospaceindustry. The value of the aerospace "self-reliance"

initiative is not simply the production of an aircraft, but also thebuilding of a local industrycapable of creating state-of-the-art

products with commercial spin-offs for a global market. The LCA

program was intended in part to further expand and advance India's

indigenous aerospace capabilities.
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Nishant

Features


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FeaturesDay/night capability

Battlefield reconnaissance & surveillance

Target tracking and localization

Artillery fire correction

All terrain mobility

Target designation (using integral laser target designator)

Endurance: 4 h 30 min

Ground support systems

Mobile hydropneumatic launcher (MHPL)

Ground control station (GCS)

Antenna vehicle

Avionics preparation/maintenance fehicle

Mechanical maintenance vehicle

UAV transportation vehicle

Power supply vehicle

List of Nishant operators

Indian Army- 4

Specifications (DRDO Nishant)
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General characteristics

Crew:None

Length:4.63 m (15.2 ft)Wingspan:6.57 m (21.6 ft)

Height:()

Empty weight:380 kg (840 lb)

Useful load:45 kg (99 lb)

Powerplant:1 RE-2-21-P or RE-4-37-P

PerformanceMaximum speed:185 km/h

Cruise speed:125 km/h to 150 km/h

Range:160 km (100 mi)

Service ceiling:3,600 m (up to 11,800 ft)Launch & recovery

Launch:Mobile hydropneumatic launcher (MHPL) system

Recovery:Parachute + landing nags
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Lakshya
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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The Lakshyais an Indianremotely piloted high speed

target dronesystem developed by the Aeronautical

Development Establishment(ADE) of DRDO. The drone,remote piloted by a ground control station provides realistic

towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training. The drone is

ground or ship launched from a zero length launcher and

recovery is by a two stage parachute system developed byADE (DRDO), for land or sea based recovery. The drone has a

crushable nose cone, which absorbs the impact of landing,

minimizing damage. The flight path may be controlled or pre-

programmed, based upon the type of mission.

Rustam

Operators
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Indian Air Force

Indian Navy

Indian Army

Aviation Research Centre

Specifications (Lakshya PTA)General characteristics

Crew:None

Length:2385 mm

Height:(500-5000 m)

Wing area:2.27 m2

Max takeoff weight:705 kg (1554 lb)Powerplant:1 HAL PTAE-7 turbojet

PerformanceMaximum speed:Mach 0.7

Range:150 km

Service ceiling:9000 mRate of climb:25 m/s

Launch & recovery

Launch:Rocket Assisted

Recovery:Two stage parachute
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Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher

Pinakais a multiple rocket launcherproduced in Indiaand
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developed by the DRDOfor the Indian Army. The system has

a maximum range of 3940 km.

Pinaka saw service during the Kargil War, where it was

successful in neutralizing enemy positions on the mountain

tops. It has since been inducted into the Indian Army in large

numbers.

Pinakais a complete MBRL system, each Pinaka battery

consists of six launcher vehicles, each with 12 rockets, six

loader cum replenishment vehicles, three replenishmentvehicles, two Command Post vehicle (one stand by) with a

Fire Control computer and the DIGICORA MET radar. A

battery of six launchers can neutralize an area of 1000 m x

800 m.

Modes of operationh l h h f ll d
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The launcher can operate in the following modes:

1. Autonomous mode.The launcher is fully controlled by a fire control

computer (FCC). The microprocessor on the launcher automatically executes

the commands received from the FCC, giving the operator the status of thesystem on displays and indicators.

2. Stand-alone mode:In this mode, the launcher is not linked to the FCC

operator, and the operator at the console enters all the commands for laying

of the launcher system and selection of firing parameters.

3. Remote mode:In this mode, a remote control unit carried outside the cabinup to a distance of about 200 m can be used to control the launcher system,

the launcher site and to unload the fired rocket pods from the launcher.

4. Manual mode:All launcher operations including laying of the system and

firing are manually controlled. This mode is envisaged in the situations where

the microprocessor fails or where there is no power to activate themicroprocessor-based operators console.

The Pinaka was tested in the Kargil conflictand proved its effectiveness. Since

then it has been inducted into the Indian Armyand series production has been

ordered. The Pinaka MBRL is stated to be cheaper than other systems. It costs

23 million per system compared to the M270 which costs 195 million.
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Salient features

* Use of state-of-the-art technologies for improved combatperformance.

* Total operational time optimised for shoot & scoot capability

Cabin pressurisation for crew protection in addition to blast shields.

* Microprocessor-based fully automatic positioning and fire controlconsole.

* Night vision devices for driver and crew.

* Neutralisation/destruction of the exposed troop concentrations, B

vehicles and other such soft targets.* Neutralisation of enemy guns/rocket locations.

* Laying of antipersonnel and antitank mines at a short notice.

Specifications


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Specifications

Range:7 km - 40 km (4.4 - 26 mi)

Rocket Diameter:214 mm (8.42 in)Length: 4.95 m (16.24 ft)

Warhead weight:100 kg (220 lbs)

Total weight:276 kg (608 lbs)

Warheads:

Fragmentation high explosive

Incendiary

Anti-Tank and Anti-Personnel minelettes

Anti-Tank bomblettes

Launcher


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Based on a Kolos Tatratruck for high mobility. The truck is license

manufactured by BEML.

The truck features a central type regulation system; the driver can adjust the

tire pressure to suit the terrain for optimum mobility.

Two rocket pods per launcher, with a total of twelve rockets between them.

A total of six launchers per battery.

Launchers are NBC protected, have their own computerized fire control

system, and automatic positioning system.The Pinaka system and the launchers are designed for shoot and scoot fire

missions thanks to the use of an inertial navigation systemSIGMA 30.

A battery of six launchers can neutralize an area of roughly 1000 * 800 meters

at 40 km range.

The launcher assembly has electromagnetic elevation and traverse, with

traverse being 90 left and right of the centerline and elevation up to 55

Rate of Firefor a complete salvo from a launcher:

Approximately 44 seconds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGMA_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGMA_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(car)


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Sukhoi Su-30

The Sukhoi Su-30is a twin-engine, multi-

role military aircraftdeveloped by Russia's

Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. It is a two-seat, dual-role fighter for all-weather, air-

to-air and air-to-surface deep interdiction

missions. The Su-30 was introduced intooperational service in 1996.

Su-30
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Indian Air Force Su-30MKI landing with an airbrake.

Role Multi-role fighter

Manufacturer Sukhoi

First flight 31 December 1989

Introduction 1996

Status Operational

Primary users PLA Air Force (China)

Indian Air Force

Venezuelan Air Force

See Operators sectionfor others

Unit cost US$3345 million

Developed

from

Sukhoi Su-27

Variants SukhoiSu-30MKI

Sukhoi Su-30MKK

Admiral Gorshkov
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Admiral Gorshkov

Admiral Gorshkovwas a modified Kiev class aircraft carrierof the Russian

Navy, originally named Baku. Sometimes Gorshkov is considered a separate

class due to its improvements including a phased array radar, extensive

electronic warfare installations, and an enlarged command and control suite.

In 2004, she was sold to India for conversion into a STOBARcarrier to be

named INS Vikramaditya.

History

The ship was laid down in 1978 at Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444)in

Ukraine, launched in 1982, and commissioned in 1987. The delay in

commissioning was largely caused by software bugs in the new command andcontrol system.

The ship was renamedAdmiral Gorshkovafter the collapse of the Soviet Union

in 1991, as the city of Bakuwas now in independent Azerbaijan. Sergey

Gorshkovwas responsible for the expansion of the Soviet Navy during the Cold

War.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_class_aircraft_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_class_aircraft_carrier


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In 1994, following a boiler room explosion, the ship was docked for a

year of repairs. Although she returned to service in 1995, she was finally

withdrawn in 1996 and offered for sale.

On January 20, 2004, Russiaagreed to sell theAdmiral Gorshkovto

India, though payment details are still being worked out. The original

price was $947 million. The upgrade would be undertaken by Russias

major shipyard, Sevmash Enterprise. As of 2009, Russia is upgrading theship by stripping all the weaponry from the ship's foredeck to make way

for a Short Take-Off But Arrested Recoveryconfiguration, with a ski-

jump on the bow. The carrier will be named INS Vikramadityain Indian

Navy service. Russiawould also change the boilers to diesel fuel.

On December 17, 2009, it was reported that India and Russia ended the

stalemate over Gorshkov price deal by agreeing on a price of USD 2.3-

billion.

Name: Admiral Gorshkov

Namesake: Sergey Gorshkov
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vikramadityahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkov


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g y

Builder: Chernomorskiy yard,Nikolayev

Laid down: December 1978

Launched: April 17, 1982

Commissioned: January 1987Decommissioned: 1996

Fate: Sold to January 20, 2004

General characteristics

Displacement: 45,000 tons full load

Length: 273.1 m overall

Beam: 31.0 m

Draught: 8.2 m

Propulsion: 4 shaft geared steam turbines, 200,000 shp

Speed: 32 knots (59 km/h)

Endurance: 13,500 nautical miles (25,000 km) at 18 knots (33 km/h)

Armament: 6 twin SS-N-12 SandboxSSM launchers (12 missiles), 24 8-cell SA-N-9vertical SAM

launchers (192 missiles), 2 100 mm guns, 8 AK-630 30 mm CIWS, 10 533 mm

torpedo tubes, 2 RBU-6000anti-submarine rocket launchers

Aircraft carried: 12 Yak-38M fighter aircraft20 Kamov Ka-25or Kamov Ka-27helicopters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernomorskiy_yardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolayivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K330_Torhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-630http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBU-6000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBU-6000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBU-6000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBU-6000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-630http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-630http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-630http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K330_Torhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K330_Torhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K330_Torhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K330_Torhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K330_Torhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolayivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernomorskiy_yardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernomorskiy_yardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernomorskiy_yardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkov


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AWACS systems

What is the Phalcon?

The Phalcon is an Israeli manufactured Airborne Early Warning Command and


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The Phalcon is an Israeli manufactured Airborne Early Warning, Command and

Control (AEWC&C) system. It is one of the most powerful such systems in the

world. India] is buying three of them for $1.1 billion (approximately Rs 5,000

crore or Rs 50 billion).

What does the Phalcon do?

It provides real time surveillance of a few hundred kilometres of territory and

also command and control. It can pick up a low flying aircraft, a missile or

communication and provide advance warning after correlation. It will help theIndian Air Force to maintain air superiority in a battle. It can pick up an

incoming object in all weather conditions, reportedly up to some 300 miles. It

can also pick up all sorts of communications from air, sea or land. All the

information collected can be conveyed live to the control centre in the

headquarters.

How does it pick up information of enemy objects in its area of coverage?

The Phalcon system has four sensors, which coordinate with each other. If one

of the sensors picks up an incoming object or enemy communication it

automatically co-relates with other sensors and reconfirm.

How different is it from other Airborne Early Warning Systems (AEWS)?


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How different is it from other Airborne Early Warning Systems (AEWS)?

Most other AEWS are mechanically rotating antennas, or rotodomes, mounted

on an aircraft. In the Phalcon it would be a stationary dome mounted on the

aircraft and based on an Active Phased Array Electronic Scanning Technology.

It would be able to track continuously any fast, high manoeuvring objects in

much shorter period of time than the rotodome-based AWACS.

Does it only track incoming objects and communications?

No. The Phalcon is also a full-fledged command and control centre mid-air thatcan be deployed to direct the aircraft, providing them a picture of the entire

battlefield thus allowing them superiority over enemy fighters.

Do Pakistan and China have it?

Neither have it. China was refused the Phalcon in 2000 even after they hadpaid an advance because of American objections. After India signed the

agreement last week Pakistan has threatened to take 'appropriate steps' to

match Indian capabilities.

Why is US permission so important for buying the Israeli manufactured

product?


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product?

America is Israel's key ally and a collaborator in Israel's development of several

cutting edge military technologies. The Israeli Aircraft Industries, which

produces the Phalcon, has an agreement with some European and US firms,

including Raytheon for further research, development and marketing of the

Phalcon. India too was given the Phalcon only after US permission. The US had

threatened to withdraw financial assistance to Israel if it went ahead and fitted

the system on a Chinese plane, which had landed in Israel in 2000.

Is India then the first country to get the Phalcon?

No. Countries such as Chile already have it. But India would be the first country

to mate the Phalcon system on the Russian manufactured IL-76 plane. In fact

there is a trilateral agreement between Israel, India and Russia on the project.

Israel has given an undertaking to Russia not to reveal the technology of fittingit on an Ilyusin to any other country.

The Phalcon has been mounted on which other aircraft?

It can be mounted on various Boeings, C-130 and even an Airbus. Chile's

Phalcon system, called Condor, is mounted on a modified Boeing 767.

St lth t h l


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Stealth technology

Stealth technologyalso known as LO technology(low observable

technology) is a sub-discipline of military tactics and passive electroniccountermeasures, which cover a range of techniquesused with

personnel, aircraft, ships, submarines, and missiles, in order to make

them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, infrared, sonarand other

detection methods.

Stealth principles -

Stealth technology (or LO for "low observability") is not a single

technology. It is a combination of technologies that attempt to greatly

reduce the distances at which a person or vehicle can be detected; in

particular radar cross section reductions, but also acoustic, thermal, and

other aspects.

Non metallic airframe
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Non-metallic airframe

Dielectriccompositesare more transparent to radar, whereas

electrically conductive materials such as metalsand carbon fibersreflect electromagnetic energy incident on the material's surface.

Composites may also contain ferritesto optimize the dielectric and

magnetic properties of the material for its application.

Radar-absorbing material

Radar-absorbent material(RAM), often as paints, are used especially on

the edges of metal surfaces. While the material and thickness of RAM

coatings is classified, the material seeks to absorb radiated energy from

a ground or air based radar station into the coating and convert it to

heat rather than reflect it back.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric


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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Signed

Location

1 July 1968

New York, United States

Effective

Condition

5 March 1970

Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States,

and 40 other signatory states.

Parties 189 (Complete List)

Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
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Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

SignedLocation

10 September 1996New York City

Effective

Condition

Not yet in force

180 days after it is ratified by all 44 Annex 2 countries: Algeria, Argentina,

Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China,

Colombia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Egypt, Finland, France,

Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Italy, Japan,

Mexico,Netherlands,Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania, Republic of

Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United

States of America, Vietnam, Zaire

Signatories 182

Ratifiers 153(including 35 of 44 Annex 2 states)

Anti-satellite weapon
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Anti satellite weapon

India had identified development of ASAT weapons "for electronic or

physical destruction of satellites in both LEO (2,000-km altitude

above earth's surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit" as athrust area in its long-term integrated perspective plan (2012-2027)

under the management of DRDO.

InterceptorAn interceptor aircraft(or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter

aircraftdesigned specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft,

particularly bombers, usually relying on great speed. A number of

such aircraft were built in the period starting just prior to World War

IIand ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important

due to the shifting of the strategic bombingrole to Inter Continental

Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs).

Sonars
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DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed and productionized

a range of Sonars and related systems for the Indian Navy's frontlinecombat ships.

The Shivalik class of frigates contain significant DRDO developed

systems

These include the:

- APSOH (Advanced Panoramic SOnar Hull mounted)

- HUMVAD (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar)- HUMSA (Follow on to the APSOH series; the acronym HUMSA

stands for Hull Mounted Sonar Array)

- Nagan (Towed Array Sonar)

- Panchendriya (Submarine sonar and fire control system).


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Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir, are in

trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of

sonars. Sonars may be considered one of DRDO's most

successful achievements as the Indian Navy's most powerful

ships rely on DRDO made sonars. The standard fit for afrontline Naval ship would include the HUMSA-NG hull

mounted sonar, and the Nagan towed array sonar. The Mihir,

is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in

conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya isin production for the Kilo class submarine upgrades.

Torpedoes


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p

DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs.

These include a lightweight torpedo that has been accepted by the Navyand cleared for production ). Other projects include the heavy weight

wire-guided torpedo called the Varunastra and the Thakshak thermal

torpedo suitable for use against both ships and submarines. The

electrically powered Varunastra is now stated to be also in production.

The DRDO also developed and productionised a microprocessorcontrolled triple tube torpedo launcher for the Indian Navy as well as a

towed torpedo decoy.

Shyena is an advanced experimental torpedo developed by the NavalScientific and Technological Laboratory, India's Defence Research and

Development Organisation (DRDO) wing. Development was started in

1990.


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Thank you

RAVI P. AGRAHARI

(Faculty of Science & Tech.)

India Defence Technology

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