INDIA INDIA Chapter 4 and 9Chapter 4 and 9

INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATIONINDUS RIVER CIVILIZATION

One of the first 4 river civilizationsOne of the first 4 river civilizations Bigger in size than Mesopotamia and EgyptBigger in size than Mesopotamia and Egypt Language is still undecipheredLanguage is still undeciphered Planned cities - Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro; walled, Planned cities - Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro; walled,

designed in a grid patter, steets, marketplaces temples, designed in a grid patter, steets, marketplaces temples, rich and poor sections; rich had indoor showers and rich and poor sections; rich had indoor showers and toiletstoilets

Cultivated cotton; wove cotton clothCultivated cotton; wove cotton cloth Traded with Mesopotamia & PersiaTraded with Mesopotamia & Persia Polytheistic -- images of Shiva; probably the beginning Polytheistic -- images of Shiva; probably the beginning

of Hinduismof Hinduism

INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATIONINDUS RIVER CIVILIZATION

Civilization went into decline in 2000 B.C.E.; Civilization went into decline in 2000 B.C.E.; by 1900 B.C.E. cities were abandonedby 1900 B.C.E. cities were abandoned

Causes unknown; probably environmentalCauses unknown; probably environmental By 1500 B.C.E. the civilization had collapsedBy 1500 B.C.E. the civilization had collapsed People survived as cattle herdersPeople survived as cattle herders

ARYANSARYANS

Nomads who would settle in the Indus ValleyNomads who would settle in the Indus Valley Indo-European originIndo-European origin Moved into India through the Khyber Pass around Moved into India through the Khyber Pass around

1700 B.C.E. (Hindu Kush Mts.)1700 B.C.E. (Hindu Kush Mts.) Mixed with the native IndiansMixed with the native Indians Written about in the Vedas (collection of sacred Written about in the Vedas (collection of sacred

hymns, songs, prayers and rituals)hymns, songs, prayers and rituals) Patriarchal; polytheisticPatriarchal; polytheistic

ARYANSARYANS

Social Structure became the basis of the Social Structure became the basis of the caste system in Indiacaste system in India

Varnas - four social classes based on Varnas - four social classes based on occupationoccupation Brahmins (scholars and priests)Brahmins (scholars and priests) Ksatriyas (ruling and warrior class)Ksatriyas (ruling and warrior class) Vaiyas (professional class)Vaiyas (professional class) Shudras (servant class)Shudras (servant class) Untouchables added to the system later!Untouchables added to the system later! Not supposed to intermarry among the varnas!Not supposed to intermarry among the varnas!

ARYANSARYANS

ReligionReligion PolytheisticPolytheistic Believed in reincarnationBelieved in reincarnation Recorded their beliefs in the Vedas and Recorded their beliefs in the Vedas and

Upanishads which would become the basis for Upanishads which would become the basis for HinduismHinduism

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Alexander the Great continued into India Alexander the Great continued into India after defeating the Persians, but later after defeating the Persians, but later withdrew from Indiawithdrew from India

Aryan culture had spread from the Indus to Aryan culture had spread from the Indus to the Ganges; but there will small kingdoms the Ganges; but there will small kingdoms that fought with each other; no centralized that fought with each other; no centralized rulerruler

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Chandragupta Maurya stepped in to fill the Chandragupta Maurya stepped in to fill the vacuum left by Alexandervacuum left by Alexander

He unified the Aryan kingdoms into 1 He unified the Aryan kingdoms into 1 civilizationcivilization

His grandson Ashoka would continue his rule His grandson Ashoka would continue his rule and bring the empire to new heightsand bring the empire to new heights

ChandraguptaChandragupta: : 321 321 BCE-298 BCEBCE-298 BCE

ChandraguptaChandragupta: : 321 321 BCE-298 BCEBCE-298 BCE

Unified northern India.Unified northern India.

Defeated the PersianDefeated the Persian general general SeleucusSeleucus..

Divided his empire intoDivided his empire into provinces, then districts provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law for tax assessments and law enforcement. enforcement.

He feared assassination [like SaddamHe feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein] Hussein] food tasters, slept in food tasters, slept in differentdifferent rooms, etc. rooms, etc.

301 BCE 301 BCE gave up his throne & gave up his throne & becamebecame a Jain. a Jain.

The Maurya The Maurya EmpireEmpire

The Maurya The Maurya EmpireEmpire

321 BCE – 185 BCE321 BCE – 185 BCE

KautilyaKautilyaKautilyaKautilya Chandragupta’s advisor.Chandragupta’s advisor.

Brahmin caste.Brahmin caste.

Wrote Wrote The Treatise onThe Treatise on Material Gain Material Gain or the or the ArthashastraArthashastra..

A guide for the king and his A guide for the king and his ministers:ministers:

Supports royal power.Supports royal power.

The great evil in society is The great evil in society is anarchyanarchy..

Therefore, a single authority is Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when needed to employ force when necessary! necessary!

Asoka (304 – 232 Asoka (304 – 232 BCE)BCE)

Asoka (304 – 232 Asoka (304 – 232 BCE)BCE) Religious conversion Religious conversion

after the gruesome after the gruesome battle of battle of KalingaKalinga in in 262 BCE. 262 BCE.

Dedicated his life to Dedicated his life to Buddhism. Buddhism.

Built extensive roads.Built extensive roads.

ConflictConflict how to balance how to balance Kautilya’sKautilya’s methods of keeping methods of keeping powerpower and Buddha’s demands to and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless become a selfless person?person?

AsokAsoka’s a’s

EmpiEmpirere

AsokAsoka’s a’s

EmpiEmpirere

ASHOKAASHOKA

– The empire was wealthy because of tradeThe empire was wealthy because of trade• Cotton, silk and elephantsCotton, silk and elephants• Traded with Mesopotamia and the Eastern Roman Traded with Mesopotamia and the Eastern Roman

empireempire

– Powerful militaryPowerful military– Bureaucracy; taxes ;roads, hospitals; and Bureaucracy; taxes ;roads, hospitals; and

rest houses to encourage trade routesrest houses to encourage trade routes– After a bloody, violent victory at Kalinga After a bloody, violent victory at Kalinga

Ashoka converted to BuddhismAshoka converted to Buddhism• He preached non-violence & moderationHe preached non-violence & moderation• He lead by moral exampleHe lead by moral example• Rock & Pillar Edicts - told people in his empire to Rock & Pillar Edicts - told people in his empire to

live generous and righteous liveslive generous and righteous lives• Buddhism began to spread in IndiaBuddhism began to spread in India

Asoka’s law Asoka’s law codecode

Asoka’s law Asoka’s law codecode Edicts scattered inEdicts scattered in

more than 30 places more than 30 places in India, Nepal, in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. Pakistan, & Afghanistan.

Written mostly inWritten mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. Greek and Aramaic.

10 rock edicts.10 rock edicts.

Each pillar [Each pillar [stupastupa] is 40’-50’ high.] is 40’-50’ high.

Buddhist principles dominate his Buddhist principles dominate his laws.laws.

One One of of

AsokAsoka’sa’sStStupasupas

One One of of

AsokAsoka’sa’sStStupasupas

WomenWomenUnder Under

ananAsokaAsokatreetree

WomenWomenUnder Under

ananAsokaAsokatreetree

Turmoil & a power Turmoil & a power Vacuum:Vacuum:

220 BCE – 320 CE220 BCE – 320 CE

Turmoil & a power Turmoil & a power Vacuum:Vacuum:

220 BCE – 320 CE220 BCE – 320 CE

Tamils

Tamils

The Maurya Empire is divided into many The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.kingdoms.

Gupta Empire:Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 320 CE – 647 CE647 CE

Gupta Empire:Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 320 CE – 647 CE647 CE

Gupta RulersGupta RulersGupta RulersGupta Rulers Chandra GuptaChandra Gupta II

r. 320 – 335 CEr. 320 – 335 CE

“ “Great King of Great King of Kings”Kings”

Chandra Gupta IIChandra Gupta II r. 375 - 415 CEr. 375 - 415 CE

Profitable trade Profitable trade withwith the Mediterranean the Mediterranean world! world!

Hindu revival.Hindu revival.

Huns invade – 450 Huns invade – 450 CECE

Fa-Hsien: Life in Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta IndiaGupta India

Fa-Hsien: Life in Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta IndiaGupta India Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along

the the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c. Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.

He was following the pathHe was following the path of the Buddha. of the Buddha.

He reported the people to He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, rapidly assuming its basic features, includingincluding "untouchability," the social isolation of a "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowestlowest class that is doomed to menial labor. class that is doomed to menial labor.

GUPTA EMPIREGUPTA EMPIRE

• Under Gupta, Hinduism became the Under Gupta, Hinduism became the dominant religion and Buddhism all but dominant religion and Buddhism all but disappeareddisappeared

• Caste system became more rigid; Caste system became more rigid; Brahmins became more powerfulBrahmins became more powerful

• Women: forbidden from reading Women: forbidden from reading sacred prayers or studying religion; sacred prayers or studying religion; subject to supervision of fathers, subject to supervision of fathers, husbands and sons; no property rights; husbands and sons; no property rights; child marriageschild marriages

Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta 1111

Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta 1111

International Trade International Trade Routes during the Routes during the

GuptasGuptas

International Trade International Trade Routes during the Routes during the

GuptasGuptas

Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:4c4c

Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:4c4c

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

KalidasaKalidasaKalidasaKalidasa

The greatest of Indian poets.The greatest of Indian poets.

His most famous play was His most famous play was ShakuntalaShakuntala..

During the reign of Chandra Gupta During the reign of Chandra Gupta II. II.

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gupta Gupta AchievemeAchieveme

ntsnts

Gupta Gupta AchievemeAchieveme

ntsnts

The Decline of the The Decline of the GuptasGuptas

The Decline of the The Decline of the GuptasGuptas Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c

signaledsignaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even thoughthough at first, the Guptas defeated them. at first, the Guptas defeated them.

Economic problems due to powerful Economic problems due to powerful regions in the empire; cost of defending regions in the empire; cost of defending against Huns was high, and couldn’t collect against Huns was high, and couldn’t collect enough taxesenough taxes

After the decline of the Gupta empire, After the decline of the Gupta empire, northnorth India broke into a number of separate India broke into a number of separate HinduHindu kingdoms and was not really unified again kingdoms and was not really unified again untiluntil the coming of the Muslims in the 7c. the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

HINDUISMHINDUISM

Only major polytheistic religion to survive Only major polytheistic religion to survive over timeover time

No “Mr. Hindu” - a belief system that No “Mr. Hindu” - a belief system that evolved over timeevolved over time

Supreme force = Brahma = creator who is Supreme force = Brahma = creator who is in all thingsin all things

Hindu goal = merge with Brahma Hindu goal = merge with Brahma (moshka); takes many lifetimes(moshka); takes many lifetimes

BrahmanBrahman is the one is the one main godmain god Represents a single force Represents a single force

in the universein the universe Many smaller deitiesMany smaller deities

Brahma - creator who Brahma - creator who continues to createcontinues to create

Vishnu – the preserverVishnu – the preserver Shiva – the destroyerShiva – the destroyer

There are no prophetsThere are no prophets Holy Readings:•Vedas

•Bhagavad Gita

•Upanishads

•Epics of Ramayana and Mahabhrata

HINDUISMHINDUISM

Dharma - duty to perform in life); determined Dharma - duty to perform in life); determined by birth and state in life (your caste)by birth and state in life (your caste)

Follow the dharma, you get good karmaFollow the dharma, you get good karma Karma = sum of all good and bad deeds Karma = sum of all good and bad deeds

performedperformed Samsara – circle of life, death and rebirth that Samsara – circle of life, death and rebirth that

continues until you reach mokshacontinues until you reach moksha Moksha = highest state of being; one with Moksha = highest state of being; one with

Brahma; internal peace; soul is releasedBrahma; internal peace; soul is released

What is Buddhism?Who started it?..............Siddhartha Gotama

(Buddha) What does it mean?......'budhi', 'to awaken'. When did it start?..........2,500 years agoHow many people?……300 million What is the holy book?..TripitakaWhen is worship?..........2x Daily: home, temple, & monasteryBuddhist holidays?........Theravada (Lunar New year-April), Vaisakha –Buddha’s Birth/death/ enlightenment day

Siddhartha Gotama was born into a royal family in what is now Nepal, in 563 BC. At 29, he realized that wealth and luxury did not guarantee happiness, so he explored

the different teachings religions and philosophies of the day, to find the key to human happiness. After six years of study and meditation he finally found 'the middle

path' and was enlightened. After enlightenment, the Buddha spent the rest

of his life teaching the principles of Buddhism - called the Dhamma, or Truth -

until his death at the age of 80.

He was not, nor did he claim to be. He was a man who taught a path to enlightenment

from his own experience.

Is Buddhism a Religion?

Buddhism is more of a philosophy or 'way of life than religion1.to lead a moral life

2.to be mindful and aware of your thoughts and actions

3.to develop wisdom and understanding

Was the Buddha considered a God?

Buddhism Fast Facts

Who Was the Buddha?

Dalai LamaSpiritual LeaderBuddhist statues

8. Right Concentration

7. Right MindfulnessMental Development

6. Right Effort

5. Right Livelihood

4. Right Action

Ethical Conduct

3. Right Speech

2. Right Intention Wisdom

1. Right View

1. Life means suffering.2. Suffering is caused by desire3. One can be freed of this desire.4. Eight-fold path- follow to be free of desire

The wheel of life, or "samsara", is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the cycle of birth,

life, and death. When one revolution is completed, life begins again with rebirth.

The Eight-fold Path

The moral code within Buddhism. 1. Not to take the life of anything living2. Not to take anything not freely given3. To abstain from sexual misconduct and

sensual overindulgence4. To refrain from untrue speech5. Avoid intoxication; losing mindfulness.

The 4 Noble Truths

What are the 5 Precepts?

Escape from the samsara. Good Karma, can end the cycle of samsara and achieve pure enlightenment or Nirvana.

What is Nirvana?

The sacred book of Buddhism, written in Pali, is called the Tipitaka. The Tripitaka is a very large book. The English translation of it takes up nearly forty volumes.

What is the holy book?

SPREAD OF HINDUISM & SPREAD OF HINDUISM & BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

Christianity will spread along the Roman Christianity will spread along the Roman RoadsRoads

Hinduism and Buddhism spread into Southeast Hinduism and Buddhism spread into Southeast Asia through the Silk RoadsAsia through the Silk Roads