Indexed by - Universitas Udayana · 2021. 1. 13. · Journal of Applied Hortulture, 22(3):, 2020 of...
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ISSN: 0972-1045
COORDINATING EDITORS AND REFEREES
• Editorial Advisory Committee
• Become a Country Editor
• Call for Nomination of Country Editors The Editorial Board consists of Editors from different countries and a group of Technical Editors, competent research scientists in their respective fields. About seven years ago, an initiative was started to expand the scope and geographic representation of the Editorial Board of Journal of Applied Horticulture. A glance of Members of Editorial Advisory Panel will reveal that this initiative has indeed been very successful, with over twelve countries represented in a board of members. However, nominating and electing members alone is not enough. The goal of such measures is also to attract both authors and readers from a wider and more diverse scientific community. Journal of Applied Horticulture (1999-2013) now has a more diverse and international representation on the editorial board, more fully reflecting the horticultural research agenda internationally.
Members of the Editorial Advisory Panel and Country Coordinating Editors
• Ákos Máthé,Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of West Hungary, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
• Alberto C.Q. Pinto, EMBRAPA-CPAC, Planaztina � BF, Brazil • Alberto Pardossi, Dip. Biologia delle Piante Agrarie, University of Pisa, Italy • Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida, Brazil • Amanollah Javanshah, Director of Iran Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran • Amos Mizrach Institute of Agricultural Engineering, The Volcani Center, ARO, Israel • Atilla Eris, of Horticulture, Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 16059 Bursa,
Turkey • B.Sasikumar ,Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut � 673 012, Kerala, • Bingru Huang, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, USA • Bletsos Fotios,National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Agricultural Research Center of Macedonia
and Thrace, Greece • C.P.A.Iyer, Ex Director, Central Institute of Horticulture for Northern Plains, Lucknow, India • Cengiz Kaya, Turkey • Chang-Hung Chou, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan • Daniel Valero Garrido , Ctra. Beniel, Orihuela, Alicante,Spain • David W.M. Leung, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand • Der-Ming Yeh Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan • Duong Tan Nhut,Dalat Institute of Biology, 116 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh, Dalat, Lam Dong, Vietnam • E.Lahav, Head, Department of Fruit Trees, ARO-Volcani Centre, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, Israel • E.Litz Richard, University of Florida, 18905 (SW) 280th. Street, Homestead, Florida (USA) • Ekaterini Traka-Mavrona Aristotelian, University of Thessaloniki, Greece • Elhadi M. Yahia ,Bosque España 8, Colinas del Bosque Queretaro, 76190, Qro., México. • Enzo Magliulo,CNR ISAFoM, S. Sebastiano (Na) - Italy • ES du Toit, Southern, African Society of Horticultural Sciences, South Africa • Eun-Joo Hahn • Fábio Pinto Gomes.Brazil • Freddy Leal, Central University of Venezuela, College of Agriculture, Maracay, Estado,Aragua P.O. Box 4736,
Maracay-Aragua • Fure-Chyi Chen, Institute of Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation,
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (NPUST), Taiwan • G.Sivakumar, Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National
University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea • Hugo S. Garcia, Professor of Food Science, Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz., Apado. Postal 142, Veracruz,
Mexico • Inuwa S. Usman, Department of Plant Science, ABU, Samaru � Zaria, Nigeria. • Kee-Yoeup Paek, Korea • Leon A. Terry ,Plant Science, Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University at Silsoe, Bedfordshire,
MK45 4DT, UK • Liang Chen,Lab for Germplasm, Breeding and Molecular Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China • Luis Romero, Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada,
Spain
• Majeed Mohamad, Department of Food Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
• Metaxia, Koutsika-Sotiriou, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Aristotelian, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
• Mucahit Taha Ozkaya, Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Turkey • Narayana R. Bhat, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O.
Box 24885, 13109 - Safat, Kuwait • Nazim Gruda, Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute for Horticultural Sciences, Department of Vegetable Crops,
Lentzeallee 75, 14195, Berlin • Nikolaou N.A., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece • Norbert Keutgen , Ostlandweg 19, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany • P.L. Tandon, Principal Scientist, Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR), Bellary Road, Bangalore-
560024, India • Paolo Inglese, Italian Society of Horticultural Science - Fruit Section, Italy • Pedro Correia , University of Algarve, Department of Agronomy, Gambelas, Portugal • Pedro Martinez Gomez , Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain • Petel Gilles, Vice Président Recherche, Directeur UFR Recherche scientifique et technique, Université Blaise
Pascal • Piet Stassen, Institute of Tropical and Subtropical crops, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa • Po-Yung Lai National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Taiwan • Prange, Robert, 32 Main Street/32, rue Main, Kentville, Nova Scotia/Kentville (Nouvelle-Écosse) B4N 1J5,
Canada • R.P. Awasthi, Ex. Vice Chancellor, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan-173230, India • Ram Kishun, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, PO Kakori, Lucknow-227107, India • Ranvir Singh, Ex.Dean, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar-263145,
(Nainital), India • Reginaldo Baez-Sanudo, Carretera La Victoria, Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora Mexico • Riccardo d'Andria, CNR ISAFoM, Ercolano (Napoli),Italy • S. Adaniya, College of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan. • Salih Kafkas, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana-Turkey • Samuel Kwame Offei, Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana • Sisir Mitra, Professor and Head, Department of Fruits and Orchard Management BCKVV, Kalyani 741235, Nadia,
West Bengal, India • Suprasanna Penna , Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India • Teresa Terrazas Salgado, Genetics Program, Colegio de Postgraduados. Mexico-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de
Mexico • Tzong-Shyan Lin, Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Rood, 106
Taipei , Taiwan ROC • Uri Lavi, ARO-Volcani Centre, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, Israel • Vasileios Noitsakis , Laboratory of Plant Production, University of Ioannina, G. Seferi 2, Agrinio-Greece
Verschoor, Jan , Wageningen UR, Agrotechnology and Food Innovations B.V., News Zealand • Yuanwen Teng, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University,
Huajiachi Campus, Hanzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R.China • Yueming Jiang, South China Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou ReYiJu, The
People's Republic of China • Zeev Wiesman, The Institute for Applied Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel • Zen-hong Shu, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Plant Industry, Pingtung,
Taiwan • Zora Singh, Department of Horticulture, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6845
Chief Editor
Dr R.P. Srivastava, Ex.Director, Horticulture and Food Processing, Deputy Director General
(Horticulture), UPCAR, UP, Lucknow-226016, India
Editor
Dr. Shailendra Rajan,Principal Scientist, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture,
Rehmankhera, PO Kakori, Lucknow-227107, India
Indexing :
SELECTED CONTENTS
2021 |2020 |2019 |2018 |2017 |2016 |2015 |2014 |2013 |2012 |2011 |2010 |2009 |2008 |2007 |2006 |2005 |2004 |2003 |2002 |2001 |2000 |1999 |
Journal of Applied Horticulture, 2020, 22(3), 171-175. Quality evaluation of tender jackfruit using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy Pritty S. Babu1, K.P. Sudheer2, M.C. Sarathjith1, Santhi Mary Mathew1 and Girish Gopinath3 1Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Malappuram-679 573, Kerala, India. 2College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur-680 656, Kerala, India. 3Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi-682 508, Kerala, India. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.31 Key words: Tender jackfruit, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, regression, reference method, quality, non-destructive, firmness, toughness Show Abstract Journal of Applied Horticulture, 2020, 22(3), 176-183. Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan in variations of types and addition of fillers B.A. Harsojuwono1,2, S. Mulyani1 and I.W. Arnata1 1Technology of Agriculture Industry, Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, 2Present address: Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.32 Key words: Bio-plastic composites, modified cassava starch, glucomannan, fillers Show Abstract Journal of Applied Horticulture, 2020, 22(3), 184-188. Effect of storage temperature and duration on pollen viability and in vitro germination of seven pistachio cultivars Abdallah Aldahadha1, Nezar Samarah2 and Ahmad Bataineh1 1Field Crops Directorate, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), P.O. Box 19831, Baqa’, Jordan. 2Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.33 Key words: Pollen, storage, pistachio, cultivars, viability, germination Show Abstract
www.horticultureresearch.net
Journal of Applied Hortulture, 22(3):, 2020
Journal of Applied
Horticulture ISSN: 0972-1045
Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava
starch-glucomannan in variations of types and addition of fillers
B.A. Harsojuwono1,2*, S. Mulyani1 and I.W. Arnata1
1Technology of Agriculture Industry, Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, 2Present ad-
dress: Agriculture Technology Faculty, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia,
phone / fax : 62 361 70180. *E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of variations in filler types, the addition of fillers and their interactions on the
characteristics of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan, and determine the type and addition of fillers that
produce the best bio-plastic composite characteristics of modified cassava starch-glucomannan. This research applied a randomized
block design with factorial experiments using two factors consisted of the type of filler (i.e. ZnO, CMC, and chitosan) and. the addition
of fillers (i.e. 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g), with the total of 18 combination treatments. Each combination treatment is grouped into
4 based on the processing time of making bio-plastic composites. The variables observed were tensile strength, elongation at break,
Young’s modulus, swelling, degradation time of bio-plastic composites, surface profiles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
and functional groups using FTIR spectrometers. The results showed that the type, the addition of fillers and their interactions had a
very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, swelling, and degradation time of bio-plastic composites from
modified glucomannan cassava starch. Bio-plastic composites from modified cassava-glucomannan starch using ZnO with the addition
of 0.6-1.0 g have the best characteristics compared to others with tensile strength values reaching 2012.45-2022.23 MPa, elongation at
break 8.12-8.65 %, Young’s modulus 23.265.32 - 24,904.31 MPa, swelling 9.52-9.72 %, and degradation time of 6.25 days. Transverse
surface profiles showed a smooth wave surface, there were not any holes or pores and visible fibers, while longitudinal surface profiles
showed a fewer holes or pores and more surface smooth with not too high waves. In addition, these bio-plastic composites contained
functional groups (O-H) and (C-H).
Key words: Bio-plastic composites, modified cassava starch, glucomannan, type and addition of fillers
Introduction
Bio-plastic or its composite from raw materials of starch and
glucomannan had been widely developed, but the quality was
still very low. Harsojuwono and Arnata (2016) made bio-plastic
from modified cassava starch used concentration of 6% and
the plasticizer glycerol of 1%, resulting products with a tensile
strength of 930 MPa, elongation at break of 18.75 %, and Young’s
modulus of 4960 MPa. Meanwhile, Harsojuwono et al. (2017)
made bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch and
dried at 50 oC for 5 hours with hot air debit of 5 + 1 m3/minute,
resulting product that had a tensile strength of 1057.40 MPa,
elongation at break of 15.95%, Young’s modulus of 6629.47
MPa, swelling of 9.91 % and the degradation time of 7 days,
respectively. Harsojuwono et al. (2018) developed bio-plastic
of modified cassava starch and used treatment of gelatinization
temperature at 75 + 1 oC and pH 5, resulting product that had a
tensile strength of 1657.43 MPa, the elongation at break of 10.32
%, Young’s modulus of 16060.37 MPa, swelling of 9 % and
degradation time of 7.33 days. Furthermore, Harsojuwono et al.
(2019) developed a bio-plastics composite from modified cassava
starch and glucomannan on the ratio of 3:1 and used 1 % vinegar
acid solution, resulting product that had a tensile strength of
1997.40 MPa, elongation at break of 8.90%, Young’s modulus of
22442.70 MPa, swelling of 10.40 % and degradation time of 6.33
days. Meanwhile, according to Aveorus (2009), the International
Plastic Standard (ASTM 5336) showed the characteristics of
tensile strength for PLA plastics from Japan reaching 2050 MPa
and PCL plastics from the UK reaching 190 MPa, elongation at
break for PLA plastics from Japan reaching 9% and PCL plastic
from the UK reaching > 500%.This showed that bio-plastic
or bio-plastic composites developed from cassava starch and
glucomannan has not meet that of the the International Standards.
It was necessary to optimize the other factors that influenced the
characteristics of bio-plastics composite, including application of
filler materials, both in the type and the volume added. According
to Melani et al. (2017), filler is a material used to strengthen the
physical and mechanical properties of a composite based on the
principle of adhesion. Several researchers had tried several filler
materials to increase quality bio-plastic composites. Rahmatunisa
(2015) showed that the biodegradable tapioca styrofoam that uses
of ZnO fillers and plasticizer of ethylene glycol could result the
packaging materials for dry products. According to Hardjono et
al. (2016), bio-plastics from kepok banana peel that used citric
acid and CaCO3 filler of 0.4 % w/w had a tensile strength of 4.202
MPa. This value was higher than bio-plastics of kepok banana peel that used 0.4 % CMC filler w/w with a tensile strength of
4.032 MPa. Conversely, the degradation ability of bio-plastics
of kepok banana peel with the addition of CaCO3 filler of 0.4
% w/w was smaller than bio-plastics with the addition of CMC
Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture. 22(3):176-183, 2020
www.horticultureresearch.net
Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan
filler of 0.4 % w/w. Meanwhile, Khalistyawati et al. (2016)
showed that bio-plastics composites made of modified starch:
(corn husk: PLA) at ratio of 70: (15:15), added with 4.5% ZnO
filler and 30% glycerol plasticizer, had tensile strength of 8.55
MPa and an elongation at break of 49.17 %. These values were
in accordance to the bioplastic criteria of SNI 7818: 2014.
However, the edible film from carrageenan and modified starch
with addition of nanochitosan filler at 1 % v/v had a thickness
of 0.065 mm and a transparency level of 82.56, meet that of the
Chromameter Standard for bioplastic (Rochima et al., 2018).
Prasetyo et al. (2013) showed that addition of a silane coupling
agent from0 % to 1.5 % in a polyester-cantula composite with
3D fiber webbing increased impact resistance, bending and
tensile strength. Addition of 1.5 % silane coupling agent caused
the composite had an impact resistance of 92.4 %, bending of
9.6 % and tensile strength of 30,990 MPa, which was higher
than without silane coupling agent. Kartika (2017) showed that
bio-composite from mango seed starch using ZnO hybrid of 3
%, clay of 6 % and glycerol of 25 % had a tensile strength of
6.053 MPa, elongation at break of 58.148 %, density of 1.338 g/
cm3 and water absorption of 27.845 %, respectively. Meanwhile,
Melani et al. (2017) showed that making bio-plastics from taro
yam starch using melt intercalation method with addition of clay
filler of 4 % and sorbitol of 25 %, stirred for 40 minutes and dried
at 45 oC for 5 hours, resulted bioplastics with tensile strength of
89.33 MPa, the degradation residual weight of 52 %. Their study
indicated that the resulted bioplastics has the quality that meet
with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).
Above mentioned studies confirmed that the addition of fillers
in the manufacture of bio-plastics or bio-plastics composites
could improve their quality. Variation of types and addition
of filler material has different impact on the characteristics of
bio-plastic and it’s composite. There was limited research has
been found on using the application of filler materials on the
bio-plastic composites manufacture from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan. In this regard, it was necessary to study the type
and addition of appropriate fillers in the manufacture of bio-plastic
composites from the modified cassava starch-glucomannan so that
its composite characteristics are not according to International
Plastic Standards. The research was aimed at investigating the
effect of filler type, addition of fillers and their interaction to
the characteristics of bio-plastic composites from the modified
cassava starch-glucomannan, and determined a type and addition
of fillers that produce the best characteristics of bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan.
Materials and methods
Material : the modified cassava starch (Indo Food Chem.),
glucomannan and chitosan (CV Nura Jaya), vinegar acid
(CH3COOH), glycerol, ZnO, CMC, chitosan and aquadest
(CV Brathacem). The research tools consisted of water bath,
drying oven, teflon molder of 20 cm, and plastic mechanical test
equipment namely Autograph-Sidmazu based on ASTM D638,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR spectrometer.
Research design : This research used a randomized block design
with factorial experiments using two factors. The first factor was
a type of filler with 3 levels, namely ZnO, CMC and chitosan.
The second factor was the addition of fillers with 6 levels, namely
0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g so there were 18 combination
treatments. Each combination treatment was grouped into 4 based
on the time of the bio-plastic composite manufacturing process,
so that there were 72 experimental units.
Making Bio-plastic Composites from the Modified Cassava
starch – Glucomannan : Preparing the research materials that
covered: filler material according to treatment, modified cassava
starch and glucomannan on ratio of 3:1 with a total weight of 6
g, 93 g of 1% vinegar acid solution, 1 g glycerol. Furthermore,
mixed the fillers material with types and amount that according
to treatment with 93 g of 1 % vinegar acid solution and stirred
for 10 minutes. That mixture was added modified cassava starch
and glucomannan, furthermore stirred again for 10 minutes. After
that, it was added 1 g glycerol then stirred and heated at 75 + 1 oC in the water bath until gel form. Furthermore, a gel was mold
with a teflon molder which has 20 cm diameter after this dried
in the drying oven at 60 oC for 5 hours. Bio-plastic composites
formed were cooled at room temperature then removed from
teflon molder after 24 hours.
The variables observed : were tensile strength, elongation
at break and Young’ Modulus (ASTM D638), swelling
(Harsojuwono and Arnata, 2016), biodegradation time (ISO
17556), surface profile of bio-plastics composite using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) (Harsojuwono et al., 2017) and
functional groups with FTIR spectrometers (Gable, 2014).
Data analysis : The data were analyzed according to the variant
(ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s multiple comparison
test. In the data analysis applied software program of SPSS 25.
Results
The tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s
modulus: The analysis of the variant showed that the filler type,
addition of fillers and their interactions had a very significant
effect to tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s
modulus of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan. The value of the tensile strength was between
1476.87-2022.23 MPa, elongation at break was between 8.12-
12.76 % and Young’s modulus was between 11.574.22- 24.904.31
MPa, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 showed that the bio-plastic composite from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan using ZnO filler on addition of
0.6-1.0 g had a high tensile strength (2012.45-2022.23 MPa),
but it was not significantly different from that of the bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan that
using CMC filler on addition of 0.4 - 0.8 g. Table 1 also showed
that the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan using chitosan filler on the addition of 1.0 g had
the largest value of elongation at break (12.67 %) which was
not significantly different from the elongation at break (11.65
%) of the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan with addition of 0.8 g chitosan filler.. Meanwhile,
bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan
on the addition of ZnO between 0.6-1.0 g and CMC between
0.4-0.6 g, had low value of elongation at break (8.12-8.82 %).
This value was not significantly different from the elongation at
break value (8.91 %) of bio-plastic composite from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan with addition of 0.8 g CMC filler .
177
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Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan
Table 1. Mean of tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s
modulus of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-
Table 2. The mean of swelling and degradation time of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan in treatment of type and addition of fillers
glucomannan in treatment of type and addition of fillers
Type and
addition of
Mean of tensile
strength (MPa)
Mean of
elongation at
Mean of Young’
modulus
Type and
addition of
Mean of
swelling
Mean of
degradation time
fillers break (%) (MPa)
ZnO ; 0 g 1996.64b 9.35b 21,354.44b
ZnO ; 0.2 g 1998.78b 9.21b 21,702.28b
ZnO ; 0.4 g 2001.13b 9.01b 22,210.10b
ZnO ; 0.6 g 2022.23a 8.12c 24,904.31a
ZnO ; 0.8 g 2017.45a 8.15c 24,753.99a
ZnO ; 1.0 g 2012.45a 8.65c 23,265.32a
CMC ; 0 g 1993.86b 9.33b 22,080.40b
CMC ; 0.2 g 1995.76b 9.01b 22,150.50b
CMC ; 0.4 g 1999.79ab 8.76c 22,828.65ab
CMC ; 0.6 g 2001.45ab 8.82c 22,692.18ab
CMC ; 0.8 g 2000.02ab 8.91bc 22,446.91b
CMC ; 1.0 g 1997.56b 9.21b 21,689.03b
Chitosan ; 0 g 1998.12b 9.27b 22,275.59b
Chitosan ; 0.2 g 1867.78c 9.13b 20,457.61bc
Chitosan ; 0.4 g 1754.9d 9.67b 18,147.88c
Chitosan ; 0.6 g 1623.67e 10.23b 15,871.65d
Chitosan ; 0.8 g 1577.89f 11.65ab 13,544.12e
Chitosan ; 1.0 g 1476.87g 12.76a 11,574.22f
Description: The same notation behind the mean in the same column showed no significant difference at the error level of 5 %
Furthermore, the study also found that the bio-plastic composite
from modified cassava starch-glucomannan with addition of ZnO
filler atvalues of 0.6-1.0 g had a high Young’s modulus (23,265.32
- 24,904.31 MPa). However, this was not significantly different
with that of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava
starch-glucomannan with addition of MC fillers of 0.4 - 0.6 g.
Meanwhile, bio-plastic composite of modified cassava starch-
glucomannan which used chitosan filler had the lowest Young’s
modulus of 11,574.22 MPa. Bio-plastics composite from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan with ZnO fillers addition of 0.6 - 1.0
g had higher Young’s modulus (23,265.32 - 24,904.31 MPa) than
the research result of Harsojuwono et al. (2019). Harsojuwono et
al. (2019) informed that bio-plastics composites from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan with ratio of 3:1 which used vinegar
acid solution of 1% had the Young’s modulus of 22,442.70 MPa.
The swelling and biodegradability: The analysis of variant
showed that the filler type, the addition of fillers and their
interactions had a very significant effect to swelling and the
degradation time of bio-plastic composites from modified cassava
starch-glucomannan. The value of swelling was between 9.52-
119.76 % and degradation time was between 6.25 - 9.25 days,
as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 showed that the bio-plastic composite from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan which used CMC filler at the
addition of 0.6 - 1.0 g had a high swelling value (90.15-119.76
%) and was not significantly different from swelling value (79.98
CMC ; 0.4 g 79.98ab 6.50b
CMC ; 0.6 g 90.15a 6.25b
CMC ; 0.8 g 102.02a 6.25b
CMC ; 1.0 g 119.76a 6.25b
Chitosan ; 0 g 10.39c 6.50b
Chitosan ; 0.2 g 11.78c 7.25ab
Chitosan ; 0.4 g 12.49c 7.50ab
Chitosan ; 0.6 g 13.67c 7.75a
Chitosan ; 0.8 g 14.79c 8.25a
Chitosan ; 1.0 g 16.68c 9.25a
Description: The same notation behind the mean in the same column showed no significant difference at the error level of 5 %
%) of the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan by using CMC fillers on the addition of 0.4 g, but
significantly different with bio-plastic composites from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan using the fillers of ZnO and chitosan.
Table 2 also showed that the bio-plastic composite from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan using chitosan filler on the addition
of 0.6 - 1.0 g had the longest degradation time (7.75 - 9.25 days)
and was not significantly different from the degradation time
(7.25-7.50 days) of the bio-plastic composite from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan which was using chitosan filler on
the addition of 0.2 - 0.4 g, but it was significantly different from
the others which had a degradation time between 6.25 - 6.50 days.
Surface profiles: The transverse surface profile of the bio-plastic
composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan without
filler, as shown in Fig. 1a, while that using ZnO filler as shown
in Fig. 1b. Meanwhile, as the comparison was the research result
of Harsojuwono et al. (2018b), was shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1a showed that the transverse surface profile of a bio-plastic
composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan with no
filler appeared to have holes (pores) on one side of the side. While
Fig. 1b showed the transverse surface profile of the bio-plastic
composite from modified cassava starch- glucomannan which
used ZnO filler. The longitudinal surface profile of the bio-plastic
composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan without
filler, as shown in Fig. 3a, while those using ZnO fillers as shown
in Fig. 3b. Fig. 4 showed the comparison of the research result
of Harsojuwono et al. (2019).
filler (%) (day)
ZnO ; 0 g 10.40c 6.50b
ZnO ; 0.2 g 9.98c 6.50b
ZnO ; 0.4 g 9.81c 6.25b
ZnO ; 0.6 g 9.72c 6.25b
ZnO ; 0.8 g 9.65c 6.25b
ZnO ; 1.0 g 9.52c 6.25b
CMC ; 0 g 10.36c 6.50b
CMC ; 0.2 g 69.58b 6.50b
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Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan
Fig. 1. The transverse surface profile of the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch- glucomannan (a) no filler, (b) using ZnO filler
Fig. 3a was the longitudinal surface profile of bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch -glucomannan without
filler. This Figure 5a showed that there were large or small holes
(pores) which evenly distributed on the surface, while in Fig. 3b
showed that bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan which used ZnO had a fewer holes or pores and
more surface smooth with not too high waves.
The functional group : The existence of functional groups in
bio-plastics was highly dependent on the components that made
up the bio-plastics, including the form of bio-plastics composites.
Fig. 5 showed that bio-plastic composites from modified cassava
starch-glucomannan without filler, had more wave numbers
than wave numbers in Fig. 6 which was a spectra of bio-plastic
Fig. 2. The transverse surface profile of the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch- glucomannan using vinegar acid solution of 1 % (Harsojuwono et al., 2019)
composites from modified cassava starch - glucomannan that
using ZnO fillers. However, when it was compared with wave
Fig. 3. The longitudinal surface profile of bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch -glucomannan (a) no filler, b) using ZnO filler
Fig. 4. The longitudinal surface profile (a) bio-plastics cassava starch using ZnO nano filler (Harunsyah et al., 2017) (b) bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan using vinegar acid solution of 1 % (Harsojuwono et al., 2019)
a b
a b
b a
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Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan
Fig. 5. The wave numbers spectra of bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch – glucomaman without filler
Fig. 6. The wave numbers spectra of bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-glucomaman that using ZnO filler
Fig. 7. The wave numbers spectra of bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan that using vinegar acid solution of 1 % (Harsojuwono et al., 2019)
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Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan
Table 3. The wave numbers and functional groups in bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan without fillers and using ZnO fillers
Area standard of wave numbers*
(cm-1)
Wave numbers of bio-plastic composite without filler
(cm-1)
Functional group in the bio- plastic composite without
filler
Wave numbers of bio-plastic composite with using ZnO
filler (cm-1)
Functional group in the bio- plastic composite with using
ZnO filler
3700 – 3800 3768.91 O-H
3100 – 3700
1500 – 1600
3641.60 and 3315.63
1591.27
O-H
C=C
3377.36 O-H
1050 – 1300 1128.36 C-O
675 – 995 931.62 C-H 866.04, 781.17, 607.58 C-H
600 – 900 862.18 C-H
< 600
*Gable (2014)
455.20 (CH2)n
numbers spectra of a bio-plastic composite from modified cassava
starch-glucomannan that using vinegar acid solution of 1 %,
as shown Fig. 7, both bio-plastic composite had a fewer wave
numbers (Harsojuwono et al., 2019).
Discussion
The tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus
: This result of tensile strength was in accordance with Mousa et
al. (2014) who explained that the high hydroxyl group content of
cellulose derivatives including CMC caused poor compatibility
of natural fillers because it’s hydrophilic. Meanwhile, the lowest
tensile strength value (1476.87 MPa) was shown by bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan using
chitosan fillers on the addition of 1 g. The overall results above
were still higher than the research results of Khalistyawati et al
(2016) which showed that bio-plastics composites with a ratio
of modified starch: (corn husk:PLA) = 70:(15:15), using ZnO of
4.5 % and glycerol of 30 % had a tensile strength value of 8.55
MPa. These results were also higher than the research results of
Kartika (2017) which showed that bio-composite from mango
seed starch using hybrid ZnO of 3 %, clay of 6 % and glycerol
of 25 %, had a tensile strength value of 6.053 MPa. According
to Kasmuri and Zait (2018), the addition of filler from eggshells
(source of minerals) increased the tensile strength of bio-plastic
starch by 4.94 %, compared to the addition of chitosan which
was only able to increase 1.28 %. But, it was further explained
that the addition of fillers on the starch-based bio-plastics would
improve the performance of bio-plastics. Bio-plastic composites
from the modified cassava starch - glucomannan that using fillers
or without fillers, only qualified to SNI plastic standards with
tensile strength values of 24.7- 302 MPa (Nurlita et al., 2017),
ISO 527/1B International Standards with values of 35.95 MPa
and PCL from the United Kingdom with values of 190 MPa but
it did not qualify to international plastic standards (ASTM 5336)
for PLA plastics from Japan with values of 2050 MPa (Averous,
2009). Meanwhile, the value of elongation at break was still lower
than the elongation at break (49.17 %) of bio-plastic composite
from the mixture of modified starch, corn husk and PLA with the
ratio of 70: (15:15), that using ZnO of 4.5 % and glycerol of 30
% (Khalistyawati et al., 2016). This bio-plastic composite that
was studied by Khalistyawati et al. (2016) was according to the
SNI 7818: 2014 criteria. Besides, the elongation at break was
higher to be shown by Kartika (2017). Kartika (2017) informed
that bio-composite from mango seed starch which used hybrid
ZnO filler of 3 %, clay of 6 % and glycerol of 25 %, had an
elongation at break of 58.148 %. The elongation at break of bio-
plastic composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan
which used fillers or without fillers, both of them were not yet
qualified for SNI (21-220 %), but some of them fulfilled the PLA
plastic standard from Japan which set the maximum elongation
at break of 9 %. All of the bio-plastic composites from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan had qualified the international plastic
standard (ASTM5336) which set the elongation at break smaller
than 500 % for PCL plastic from the UK. Related to the value
of elongation at break, the information of the addition of ZnO
filler evidently suitable of the opinion of Harunsyah et al. (2017),
who explained that increasing concentration of ZnO caused an
increase in the tensile strength but it decreased the elongation at
break. The point was the increasing ZnO concentration caused
the increasing Young’s modulus value. This happens because the
Young’s modulus was directly proportional to the tensile strength
but inversely proportional to elongation at break. Bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan which
used fillers or without fillers, both of them had qualified the
Young’s modulus of international plastic standards ISO 527/1B
with a minimum value of 6019 MPa
Swelling and degradation time : In general, swelling value
of the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan by using CMC was higher than swelling value
of the bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch -
glucomannan using the fillers of ZnO and chitosan. According to
Sapei et al. (2017), the addition of ZnO significantly decreased
ability of swelling of bio-plastic composites. Swelling value of the
bio-plastic composite from modified cassava starch-glucomannan
using the fillers of ZnO and chitosan on the range of 9.52-16.68
%, which was similar to the research results of Harsojuwono
et al. (2019), which showed that composite bio-plastics with a
ratio of modified cassava starch with glucomannan = 3:1 which
used 1% vinegar acid solution, had swelling value of 10.40 %.
Swelling characteristics of bio-plastic composites from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan using fillers or without fillers still did
not qualified to International Plastic Standards (EN 317) which
determined a maximum swelling value of 1.44 %. Related to
the degradation time, these results were similar to the research
results of Harsojuwono et al. (2019) which showed that bio-
plastics composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan
on the ratio of 3:1 with addition of 1% vinegar acid solution,
had a degradation time of 6.33 days. Meanwhile, bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan using
filler chitosan had a longer degradation time due to the presence
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Bio-plastic composite characteristics of the modified cassava starch-glucomannan
of anti-microbial properties of chitosan. This was in accordance
with Sapei et al. (2015) and Rochima et al. (2018) who explained
that higher concentration of chitosan may lead to a longer
degradation time of bio-plastic composites. This study showed
that the degradation time of bio-plastic composites from modified
cassava starch-glucomannan with filler or without filler was
meeting withthe international plastic standards (ASTM5336)
value of 60 days.
The surface profile of bio-plastic composites: This transverse
surface profile showed a smooth wave surface, there were not
any holes or pores and visible fibers. This was different from
the research results of Harsojuwono et al. (2019), as seen in
Fig. 2, which showed that there were a few holes in the part of
edges and very clearly visible a fine fibers. This difference was
in accordance with Jamnongkan et al. (2018), who explained
that using ZnO fillers or the other additive would affect the
morphology or appearance of a bio-composite profile. Meanwhile,
this longitudinal surface was similar to the research results of
Harunsyah et al. (2017) which showed that the surface profile of
bio-plastics using ZnO as filler as seen in Fig. 4a. Fig. 4a showed
that the longitudinal surface of the bio-plastic was not porous and
smooth, there were no cracks or air bubbles. But this was very
different from the research results of Harsojuwono et al. (2019)
which showed a large fiber clumps with sharp bumps and large
pores that were evenly distributed throughout the surface (Fig.
4b).
The functional group : The functional groups contained in bio-
plastic composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan
without filler include (O-H), (C = C), (C-O), (C-H) and -(CH2)n
while bio-plastic composites that using ZnO fillers had functional
groups O-H and C-H as shown in Table 3. Table 3 showed that
there were differences in the composition of functional groups
between bio-plastic composites without fillers from those using
ZnO fillers. This was different from Harunsyah et al. (2017), who
explained that the addition of ZnO did not change the composition
of functional groups of bio-plastic composite. Meanwhile,
Harsojuwono et al. (2019) explained that there were change
composition of the functional groups contained in bio-plastic
composites from modified cassava starch-glucomannan if given
different treatment such as treatment of vinegar acid solution
of 1% that caused bio-plastic composite had a functional group
(O-H), (C-H), (C-N ), (C-O), (C-C), (C = O), (N-H), - (CH2)n
and (C = C).
The results showed that the type and the addition of filler affected
the tensile strength, elongation at break very significantly,
Young’s modulus, swelling and time of degradation of bio-plastic
composites of modified cassava starch-glucomannan. Bio-plastic
composite of modified cassava starch-glucomannan which used
ZnO on the addition of 0.6 -1.0 g had better characteristics
than the others with tensile strength value of 2012.45-2022.23
MPa, elongation at break of 8.12-8.65 %, Young’s modulus of
23,265.32-24,904.31 MPa, swelling of 9.52-9.72 %, degradation
time of 6.25 days. Transverse surface profiles showed a smooth
wave surface, there were not any holes or pores and visible fibers,
while longitudinal surface profiles showed a fewer holes or pores
and more surface smooth with not too high waves. In addition,
these bio-plastic composites contained functional groups (O-H)
and (C-H). Bio-plastic composites from modified cassava starch-
glucomannan with or without fillers meets the plastic tensile
strength requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI),
ISO 527 / 1B International Standards, and PCL standards from the
UK, but it does not meet the requirements for plastic standards
international (ASTM 5336) for PLA plastics from Japan. All
of them have elongation at break that meet the requirements of
international plastic standards (ASTM5336) for PCL plastics
from the UK and have Young’s modulus that meets international
plastic standards ISO 527 / 1B. The degradation time qualifies for
international plastic standards (ASTM5336) from Japanese PLA
plastics and PCL from the UK, but the swelling does not qualify
for International Plastic Standards (EN 317).
In order to improve the properties of bio-plastic composite from
the main raw material of glucomannan and modified cassava
starch, further research is needed on other influential factors that
have not been revealed such as the addition of thermoplastic
forming agents in the hope that the characteristics of bio-
thermoplastic composites formed according to international
standards.
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgments to Udayana Universities that had funded the
research through grant program of research group and facilitated
its publications.
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