Index to Niugini Caver - openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au... · Index to Niugini Caver Tracy...

Index to Niugini CaverTracy Harwood and R. Michael Bourke*

Niugini Caver was a journal devoted to documenting cave exploration and speleology (the science of caves) in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The journal was published on behalf of the PNG Cave Exploration Group (PNGCEG), an informal association of those engaged in cave exploration in PNG. It was founded in early 1973 by RM (Mike) Bourke, supported by his wife, Jean, who were based at Keravat, about 40 km from Rabaul, New Britain. Mike edited sixteen issues of the journal, volumes 1 to 4, from 1973 to 1976. Another member of the PNGCEG (and also University of Queensland Speleological Society), Malcolm Pound, supported by his wife, Alison, and others in Port Moresby, took over the editing when Mike left PNG. The Pounds produced nine issues across 1977, 1978 and 1979. After a gap of several years, they produced a huge catch-up issue (volume 7, numbers 2, 3 and 4) of 124 pages in 1982.

Geoff Francis, assisted by John Wyeth and Bernard Pawih, produced one issue in December 1982. This was the final issue, as the number of active cave explorers in PNG, most of whom were Australian, British or New Zealander, had declined as this generation of expatriates left PNG. Twenty-seven issues of the journal were produced, containing 1010 pages.

The focus of the journal was documenting caves in PNG, but many other cave-related topics were covered, including documentation of cave use by indigenous Papua New Guineans (rock art, burials, wartime history, legends, spirits and stone artefacts). Other articles include karst geomorphology, cave fauna, bibliographies, short biographies of prominent cave explorers in PNG and a history of cave exploration in PNG from the early 1960s.

There were more articles on caves in Chimbu and New Ireland (over 270 in each of these two provinces) than elsewhere, but a significant number of articles from Southern Highlands (including what is now Hela), Eastern Highlands, East New Britain and Western provinces were also published. Eleven or fewer articles came from West New Britain, Madang, Western Highlands and Milne Bay. No articles were published in Niugini Caver from East Sepik, Northern (Oro) or Gulf provinces, although caves have been documented elsewhere in those three provinces, including by a 2017–18 Italian expedition to the border of Gulf and Southern Highlands provinces. A photo of cone karst in the Darai Hills inland from Kikori in Gulf Province was included in one issue. The distribution of articles reflects both the location of caves as well as ease of access to the karst area. Several articles were devoted to caves in other nations, including Vanuatu and Solomon Islands.

This comprehensive index was prepared by Tracy Harwood and proofread by Mike Bourke. We are grateful to Dave Gillieson, Kevan Wilde and Ian Wood for comments on a draft index. All personal names are indexed, although many are passing mentions — they offer little substantive information — and may be of interest only to the cavers themselves or for genealogical histories. The term passim refers to small mentions of a subject throughout a span of pages. The numbers that follow each entry indicate the volume, issue and page number where that item was published. Thus: Abara Creek, WSP, 4(2) 56 refers to that location in Niugini Caver volume 4, number 2, page 56.

We have used the official names for certain provinces, rather than the commonly used names; that is, we have used Chimbu (not Simbu) and West Sepik (not Sandaun). Hela Province, created in May 2012, is the site of many of the caves and activities described as being in Southern Highlands Province. The key to abbreviations used for provinces follows.

BOU Bougainville GUL Gulf SHP Southern Highlands (including Hela)CEN Central MAD Madang WES WesternCHI Chimbu (Simbu) MAN Manus WHP Western HighlandsEHP Eastern Highlands MBP Milne Bay WNB West New BritainENB East New Britain MOR Morobe WSP West Sepik (Sandaun)ENG Enga NIP New Ireland

*Corresponding author: Mike Bourke ([email protected]) Indexer: Tracy Harwood ([email protected])

Niugini Caver 1973–19822

AAbara Creek, WSP, 4(2) 56Abwessa Cave, WHP, 2(2) 190accidents

British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 107, 109, 4(1) 7

Derek Clark, 1(2) 44Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89–95, 101Unger, Bruce, 7(2–4) 137see also dangers of caving; injuries; safety

accommodation, 6(3) 95, 6(4) 128Afaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 23–25, 2(1) 139Afek ancestor, 4(4) 162–163Aggtelek caves, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, 3(1) 22–23Agim Imal, WES, 4(4) 160Agim Tém, WES, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 109–110, 117, 121, 4(1) 7Agumugl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101Ahlu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 77Aibura Cave, EHP, 2(1) 147, 2(2) 166, 172, 3(2) 26, 38,

45–47, 7(2–4) 100air transport, 6(3) 91–92Aitkin, Vince: Rempi caves, MAD, 1(3) 66, 1(4) 132–133Aiyung De Bem, WES, 3(4) 110Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163–177, 179,

4(2) 72 (photo)Akoitai, David: hospitality, 1(4) 131Al Valley, WSP, 2(4) 240Alakasam village, ENB, 1(1) 16, 3(1) 21Alakopa Cave, SHP, 7(5) 170Alexander, Terry: Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184–189Alice River, WSP, 1(1) 7Alimbit River, WNB, 1(1) 18, 1(3) 86Allen, Jim

archaeology in PNG, 2(4) 235–236new contributors, 2(4) 244

altitude effects, 1(4) 124Alumgu Cutoff Cave, ENB (also spelt Alumga), 2(2) 181,

2(4) 245Ambli Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 118, 119Ambrym caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168Amdi Range, WES, 6(4) 131American – New Britain Expedition, 2(3) 211–212Amos, Peter: Chuave area, CHI, 1(3) 79–82Anafaruafi Sink, CHI, 1(4) 114Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 39, 41, 42Anderson, Greg: Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109Anderson, Ted: Carstenz expedition, 1(2) 45–46Anenamo Cave, CHI, 7(1) 16, 18Angelek village cave, WNB, 1(3) 86Angolomon Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218Angunga Cave, CHI, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 18–19, 23–24,

5(1) 30see also Lombila cave system, CHI

Anthony, QuentinDabora caves, MBP, 2(1) 148–150new contributors, 2(1) 146

anthropomorphs, 2(2) 170, 172–173, 6(1) 4–5see also rock art

Anuntimpa Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 111–115Aproteles species (fruit bat), 7(2–4) 64Arakawau Cave, BOU, 7(5) 163Arau area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Arbaruru Cave (Afaruru Cave), MOR, 1(2) 23

archaeological sitesFrieda River area, WSP, 6(4) 115–119Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(4) 155–164

archaeology in PNG, 2(4) 235–236Arem Tém, WES, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113, 131arête and pinnacle karst, 3(2) 57, 4(1) 2–3armchair cavers, 1(4) 119Arnold Mur Cave, CHI, 6(3) 87art see rock artArt Gallery Cave, CEN, 3(4) 132, 7(2–4) 83, 100artefacts

Aggtelek caves, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, 3(1) 23Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 164Buangmeriba Cave, NIP, 3(1) 11Frieda River area, WSP, 6(4) 115–119Malanggan figures, NIP, 4(2) 47–54Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 61–62Toglua Cave, CHI, 1(4) 108

arthropodsAvilu Cave, MOR, 7(1) 20Chuave area, CHI, 7(1) 15, 16Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(1) 14New Ireland caves, 4(1) 27–30Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133Yousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 47see also by name, eg crabs; insects; spiders

Aruku clan, CHI, 2(2) 164Arumandu Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124, 127Aselliscus species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Ashby, John: Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4) 128–131Asiempa village area, EHP, 2(2) 185, 3(2) 36Asigau, William: Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150Askembu Tém, WES, 6(3) 100, 7(2–4) 106At Tém Luu Tém, WES, 3(4) 119–120, 4(4) 160Atea Kanada, SHP

errata (photo), 6(2) 62exploration, 7(2–4) 107longest caves, Southern Hemisphere, 7(2–4) 28Muller Range Expedition 1973, 3(1) 16Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140,

5(4) 109–127Muller Range Expedition 1978, 6(2) 70–71, 6(4) 108,

7(1) 2–10Muller Range Expedition 1982, 7(2–4) 139, 7(5) 162–163photographs, 4(4) back cover, 5(4) front cover, 120, 123,

125, 127, 7(1) front cover, back cover, 7(5) front coverstream flow, 5(1) 9

Atea resurgence, SHP, 5(4) 124, 127 (photo), 7(2–4) 84 (photo)

Atea River, SHPMuller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 125–126, 3(1) 16Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 107,

109, 111, 113Muller Range Expedition 1978, 7(1) 6, 8

Atkinson, Jerry: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Atkinson, OJ: Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 135Atsinima village, BOU, 1(3) 65Au-Kombogo Cave, CHI, 4(2) 78Auakani clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Aukmerik Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101Australian Speleo Abstracts, 1(2) 22, 3(2) 53Australian Speleological Federation Code of Ethics,

3(3) 102–103

Niugini Caver 1973–1982 3

Austrian–Belgian Expedition 1980, 5(2) 59Avilu Cave, MOR, 7(1) 16, 19, 20Awarida Cave (Afaruru Cave), MOR, 1(2) 23Awatbumbum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 219–220, 4(3) 97, 107–108, 116

Bback issues, 6(2) 67–69Bagl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101Bailey, Peter: Iuvare caves, ENB, 1(4) 120Bain, Gordon

gone finish, 4(1) 16Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 144–145

Bain, Robin: Iuvare caves, ENB, 3(4) 132, 4(1) 15Baining Mountains, ENB

cave surveys, 1(1) 9, 16–17, 1(3) 66Galavit–Pondo area, 3(4) 141–143limestone cappings, 1(1) 13Obungeram Cave, 1(1) 16, 3(1) 14, 21, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 140

Baiyer River caves, WHP, 2(2) 190Bakan village caves, NIP, 2(3) 201, 222Bakanovi volcano, BOU, 7(2–4) 38, 52Bal Kurinon, WSP, 3(4) 120Balázs, Denes, geomorphologist

Lake Kutubu, SHP, 2(1) 146mentioned, 1(1) 9, 4(4) 148

Balcony pitch, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71, 72, 2(4) 248

balloons, hydrogen, 1(2) 40Baluan Island, MAN, 4(1) 34–35Ban River, WSP, 2(4) 242, 6(3) 83Banamai Cave, NIP, 2(1) 141banana plants, 1(2) 40banded coral snake, 5(3) 79Bangeta Plateau, MOR, 7(1) 14Barabuna rest house area, EHP, 2(2) 185, 3(2) 38Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81, 101, 108, 111–

115, 7(5) 162Barnaby, John

Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 144

Barnes, Peter: Baiyer River caves, WHP, 2(2) 190Bartop, Richard: British Speleological Expedition 1978,

6(4) 113, 131basalt caves, 4(2) 65Batari Cave, EHP, 3(2) 26, 7(2–4) 101bats

identifying, 7(2–4) 63–66publications about, 6(3) 101

bats (by location)Afaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 23Agim Tém, WES, 3(4) 121Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41Art Gallery Cave, CEN, 7(2–4) 83Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Bismarck Archipelago, 7(2–4) 79Bokakup I karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 127Bougainville, 7(5) 163Buangmeriba Cave, NIP, 3(1) 11Cape Rodney – Kupiano area, CEN, 2(1) 138Durwy Cave, ENB, 1(2) 43Ehi rest house area, EHP, 2(2) 189Gembame Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100Gomea (Kiowa) system, CHI, 7(1) 15Irelya Cave, ENG, 3(4) 123

Iswanda Cave, SHP, 7(5) 170Iuvare caves, ENB, 3(4) front coverJavavere caves, CEN, 2(2) 181Kabase Cave, NIP, 2(3) 228Kaimomo Cave, CHI, 2(4) 249Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 128Kanangoro Sink, CHI, 1(4) 114near Katiloma village, SHP, 2(1) 144Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136Kerene en Eto, SHP, 7(2–4) 132Kibuari Cave, EHP, 3(2) 42Kistobu Cave, NIP, 2(2) 162Kopunei Cave, MAN, 3(3) 93Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4) 130Laboko village cave, SHP, 2(1) 146Lamari River caves, EHP, 3(2) 41, 42Leangnivu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 203Lenbinbin Cave, NIP, 4(3) 113Lihir Island cave, NIP, 4(1) 31Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(2) 64Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10, 12Luminas Cave, ENB, 1(2) 44Mageh No. 2 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 202, 223Makada Island, ENB, 3(4) 134Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229Meabin Cave, NIP, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 78Mukou Cave, MAN, 3(3) 93Murugugl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 108Nenduma Cave, BOU, 3(4) 137New Britain caves, 1(1) 15New Ireland caves, 3(4) 134, 4(1) 27–29Obi Cave, EHP, 2(2) 186, 188Obungeram Cave, ENB, 3(1) 21, 3(4) 140Obura land bridge, EHP, 3(2) 41Omkombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104Origiveka Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 56Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 65Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Porol Escarpment, CHI, 1(2) 45Punua Efflux Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 59Putladung Cave, NIP, 4(3) 112Rafaifo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 114Raiakama Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133Sauanda Cave, ENG, 3(4) 123Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 2(2) 177Siku Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37Silim Cave, ENG, 3(4) 126Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200Swiss Cave, EHP, 3(2) 50Taforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 36Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 134, 2(1) 148, 150Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41, 43Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Tutam Cave, SHP, 1(3) 56Tuweria Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 35United States caves, 3(3) 99Upper Ramu Gorge caves, 3(2) 44Yousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 47see also bats (by scientific name); flying foxes; guano

bats (by location) … cont.


bats (by scientific name)Aproteles species (fruit bat), 7(2–4) 64Aselliscus species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Dobsonia moluccensis (fruit bat), 1(4) 100, 134Dobsonia species (fruit bat), 7(2–4) 64Emballonuridae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65Hipposideros species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65, 79Megachiroptera (fruit bats), 7(2–4) 63–66Megadermatidae (false vampire bats), 7(2–4) 66Microchiroptera (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 63–66Miniopterus medius (intermediate long-fingered bat),

1(4) 104, 108Miniopterus species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Molossidae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65–66Myotis species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Rousettus species (fruit bat), 1(4) 134, 7(2–4) 64Tadarida species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 66Taphozous species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Vespertilionidae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65see also bats (by location); flying foxes; guano

Batumoris Cave, NIP, 2(3) 217–218Baum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196Bayam River, MAN, 3(3) 73Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Beaver Falls, SHP, 1(3) 61Bebere caves, SHP, 6(4) 122Beck, Howard

Bibima Cave, CHI, 3(2) 54, 61British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 110, 4(1) 8, 10British Speleological Expedition 1975 planning, 2(4) 245,

3(1) 13, 3(2) 54, 3(3) 96British Speleological Expedition 1975 reconnaissance,

3(3) 96, 3(4) 111–118, 119Iaro River Cave, SHP, 3(1) 4–5, 14new contributors, 3(1) 5

‘Beeline’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 113, 114beetles

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(1) 14Javavere caves, CEN, 2(2) 181

beliefsacross PNG, 2(2) 179Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 164Ikenar Cave, EHP, 3(2) 42love magic, 2(3) 220Metliki singsing, 2(3) 218see also legends; magic; spirits

Belik Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200, 225, 226, 4(1) 27–28Bell, Mike: Duglpagl village area, CHI, 1(4) 103Bem Tém, WSP, 4(1) 14Bena rock shelter, EHP, 2(2) 189Benedict, Father, 1(2) 32, 42Benjamin, Pastor Edward: Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 8Benjamin, Tihoti: Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 8Benkwin Bluff, WES, 6(3) front coverBennett, Chuck W

new contributors, 3(3) 104Virginia caves, United States, 3(3) 99–101

Benson, Liman, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 68Benstead Bluff, WES, 4(1) 11, 6(3) 75Benua Cave, BOU, 7(5) 163Bereina, CEN, 1(2) 45Berema Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 65–66, 70,

7(2–4) 78, 102, 108

Berenguer, D: French exploration 1978, 7(1) 15–21Berger, Roey: Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 101Beron, Petar, biologist

British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 132, 4(1) 13Malabunga caves, ENB, 3(4) 133new contributors, 4(1) 39New Ireland caves, 4(1) 16, 27–30, 4(4) 150

Beroro Pass, WES, 2(4) 240, 6(3) 83Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2–6, 1(4) 95, 101, 122, 127, 2(2) 162,

3(1) 12, 3(2) front cover, 54, 61, 3(4) 132bibliographies

Bougainville, 3(4) 139cave records, 5(1) 14–17Chimbu, 1(4) 116–119, 2(2) 180, 2(3) 205, 6(3) 88Eastern Highlands, 3(2) 51–53general caving publications, 2(1) 151–153history of speleology in PNG, 4(4) 148karst, 4(2) 70, 4(4) 152Lelet Plateau physiography, 5(3) 77major PNG caves, 7(2–4) 110–111Manus, 3(3) 74, 91–92Muller Range, SHP, 5(4) 126New Britain, 1(1) 18, 3(4) 143New Caledonia caves, 4(4) 169–170New Hebrides [Vanuatu] caves, 4(4) 169–170New Ireland, 2(3) 204–205, 4(1) 30, 4(3) 136rock art, 3(4) 122, 4(4) 163–164, 6(1) 13–14Solomon Islands caves, 4(4) 171–173Southern Highlands, 1(3) 55Star Mountains, WES, 2(4) 243–244, 6(3) 85–86Telefomin anthropology, 6(4) 119–120Trobriand Islands, MBP, 5(2) 42, 6(2) 57

Bielefeld, Dick: Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109Binney, Frank: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 7biographies of PNG cavers

Bourke, R Michael, 4(1) 37–38Farnworth, Jim, 3(1) 20Francis, Geoff, 3(3) 92Gallasch, Hal (Harold), 3(4) 144Goulbourne, Allan, 6(1) 37–38Hickson, Neil, 7(5) 174Meier, Hans, 4(2) 66Parker, Fred, 3(2) 64Pound, Malcolm, 4(4) 174Wilde, Kevan, 2(4) 255

Bipi Island, MAN, 4(1) 34–35birds, 1(4) 133, 2(3) 220, 3(2) 41, 6(1) 28

see also swiftletsBirepai, John: Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150Bismarck Archipelago: bats, 7(2–4) 79Black Hole Country, SHP, 7(2–4) 137Black Hole, SHP, 7(2–4) 139Black, K: Uma Cave, WSP, 4(2) 64, 65Blackbird Cave, New Zealand, 1(4) 127, 2(2) 162Blackham, Joan: Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(2) 63–64Blackham, Marie-Anne: Lombila cave system, CHI,

6(2) 63–64Blackham, Roy

Berema Cave, CHI, 6(2) 65–66Bibima Cave, CHI, 3(2) 54, 61British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(1) 13, 3(4) 110,

132, 4(1) 9Iaro River Cave, SHP, 3(1) 4, 14Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64


Blue Ridge Mountains, United States, 3(3) 99Bo village pothole, NIP, 2(3) 201boat transport, 6(3) 92body decoration, material for, 1(4) 109Bogan-Kombogo Cave, CHI, 4(2) 77–78Bögli, Alfred: Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) front cover, 51, 54Boiga species (tree snake), 1(4) 133Bokakup I karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 123, 127Bokaulawola Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 49, 50, 51Bolivip area, WES, 1(1) 7–8, 6(4) 114, 131Bolof Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 229Bomagem rock shelf, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 54Bonamai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200Bongbong, Stanley

Keravat Agricultural Station caves, ENB, 4(1) 15Londip caves, ENB, 3(4) 132

Bopire plantation, NIP, 2(3) 201Borem Imal, WES, 3(4) 116, 121, 4(4) 161Borem Tigiín, WES, 3(4) 116Borneo Expedition 1977/78, 5(2) 60Boro village, SHP, 2(1) 142Boromai Cave, BOU, 1(4) 120, 2(1) 147

see also Nenduma Cave, BOUBorough, Chris

cave near Tuke village, ENB, 1(2) 25–26, 28Minye Doline, ENB, 7(2–4) 85Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Nakanai Mountains, ENB, 1(1) 15new contributors, 1(2) 22Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145, 146

Bougainville Province, 7(2–4) 102, 7(5) 163Anaviato Nantaut, 7(2–4) 39, 41, 42Arakawau Cave, 7(5) 163Atsinima village, 1(3) 65Bakanovi volcano, 7(2–4) 38, 52Benua Cave, 7(5) 163bibliographies, 3(4) 139Boromai Cave, 1(4) 120, 2(1) 147 see also Nenduma CaveBuka Island caves, 3(2) 54, 5(1) 4, 25–26, 6(1) 36,

6(4) 130, 7(2–4) 109Busu Cave, 5(1) 25doline with lake, 7(2–4) 58Emevovi River, 7(2–4) 52, 62Esila Cave, 5(1) 25Ibu village, 1(4) 128Keriaka Limestone, 6(2) front cover, 7(2–4) 38Keriaka Plateau, 1(3) 65, 4(4) 150, 7(2–4) 38, 7(5) 163Kovava Cave (also spelt Kovana), 1(4) 120, 128–131,

7(5) 163Kuiripi Cave, 7(5) 163Kukuwa Cave, 6(3) 99, 7(1) 22Kurara Valley area, 6(3) 99–100, 6(4) 130Malasang Cave, 7(2–4) 109Manetai area, 5(1) 29, 6(4) 130, 7(2–4) 38–62maps, 7(2–4) 39Nenduma Cave, 2(1) 147, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211, 3(1) 13,

3(4) 137–139, 4(1) 15, 7(5) 163 see also Boromai Cave

Paru Paru School Cave, 6(3) 99Pauraka Cave 1, 6(3) 99–100, 7(5) 163Puna Cave, 5(1) 29Punua Efflux Cave, 7(2–4) 58–62, 7(5) 163Punua Inflow Cave, 7(2–4) 55, 58, 84Punua River Cave, 6(1) 36

Bougainville Province … cont.Rotokas area, 1(4) 128–131Small River Cave, 7(2–4) 52, 53Sohano Limestone, 7(2–4) 38Taroku Nantaut, 4(4) 150, 5(2) 60, 6(1) 36, 6(2) 71, 6(3)

100, 6(4) 130, 7(1) 22, 7(2–4) 38, 41, 43–52, 55, 56–57, 59, 62, 83, 7(5) 163

Teama Cave (also spelt Tioma), 5(1) 4, 25, 26, 6(1) 36, 7(2–4) 109

The Doline, 7(2–4) 52, 54–55Urumovi Cave, 6(1) 36

Bourke, David: Keravat Agricultural Station caves, 4(1) 15Bourke, Edward: Tuweiwu Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Bourke, Jean (nee Schafferius)

Londip caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Singoinga Cave, ENB, 2(2) 181

Bourke, R Michael1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17–19Aibura Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100arrives Aiyura, EHP, 6(1) 35Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 81, 101, 7(5) 162Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Berema Cave, CHI, 6(2) 65–66, 7(2–4) 102Chuave area, CHI, 4(1) 15Fasaivil Cave, EHP, 7(5) 164–165French Expedition 1978, 6(4) 130, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82French Expedition 1980, 7(2–4) 85–86Gaulim caves, ENB, 1(2) 43–44, 45Iuvare caves, ENB, 1(4) 120, 2(4) 245, 3(4) 132Kafiavana rock shelter, EHP, 3(3) 96Kamasi village area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Keravat Agricultural Station caves, ENB, 4(1) 15Lelet Plateau, NIP, 2(3) 212–221, 3(2) 62Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64Londip caves, ENB, 2(3) 211, 3(4) 132near Madang township, 2(4) 246Malabunga caves, ENB, 3(4) 133Mapos Caves, MOR, 7(2–4) 101Matali Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229–230Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 208–210Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 25–26Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Nembi Plateau, SHP, 6(2) 72, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 166–170New Britain caves, 1(1) 13–18New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 27–43New Caledonia caves, 4(4) 165–167new contributors, 1(1) 8New Hebrides [Vanuatu] caves, 4(4) 166–170New Ireland caves, 1(1) 9, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 193–205New Ireland Expedition 1975, 3(1) 14, 3(2) 55, 4(3) 88, 89New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(2) 68, 4(4) 141–143,

5(3) 62Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 3(2) 55Obungeram Cave, ENB, 3(1) 14, 21Obura area, EHP, 6(4) 131–132Omaura area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Ora Cave, ENB, 7(2–4) 85Oravanana Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63–65pumice caves, ENB, 2(4) 245, 5(1) 29Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149Raulei Range, ENB, 1(3) 66Rembarr Range, ENB, 3(2) 55, 4(4) 149


Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67Singoinga Cave, ENB, 2(2) 181Sonofi village area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100speleo personalities, 4(1) 37–38speleology in PNG – a history, 4(4) 144–148Tavurvur volcano, ENB, 4(4) 149Tuweiwu Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Waga River caves, SHP, 1(3) 59–62, 67water supply caves, NIP, 2(3) 231–232Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(2) 72, 6(3) 99

Bowden, Nick: new contributors, 2(4) 244Bowden, Peter: Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36Box Canyon, CHI, 1(3) 84Bozeat, Nick

Iuvare caves, ENB, 2(2) 181Malabunga caves, ENB, 3(2) 55

Bragge, LW (Laurie): Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 56–63Brass, LJ: Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 134–135Breathing Cave, Virginia, United States, 3(3) 99bridges, natural, 1(3) 62, 3(2) 40–41, 42, 5(1) 5British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 132, 4(1) 4–13,

4(2) 67, 5(2) 60planning, 2(1) 147, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 245, 3(1) 13,

3(2) 54reconnaissance for, 3(4) 111–118review of report, 5(1) 27–29summary, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 107, 109–110

British Speleological Expedition 1978, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113–114, 131

Britten, Ron, geologistMianmin Limestone, WSP, 6(4) 114, 120Porgera area, ENG, 5(1) 18–21

Brook, DavidBritish Speleological Expedition 1975, 2(4) 245, 4(1) 7,

5(2) 60new contributors, 4(1) 39

Brown, LexBerema Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 102Mebile Cave, CHI, 1(2) 45, 50–52Mendi caves, SHP, 1(3) 59New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(1) 9, 16, 1(2) 27–43,

2(1) front covernew contributors, 1(3) 55New Ireland Expedition 1975, 3(1) 14, 4(2) 68, 4(3) front

cover, 88, 89Brown River Road, CEN, 1(2) 45Buang Kalubu caves, NIP, 2(3) 198, 207Buang Mountains, MOR, 2(1) 139, 140, 2(4) front coverBuangkum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220Buangmeriba Cave, NIP, 3(1) 11

see also Kameribuk Cave, NIP; Kamiriba 1 Cave, NIPBuchan, John, medical doctor: British Speleological

Expedition 1975, 3(4) 109, 4(1) 6, 10Bufulmin Valley, WES, 3(4) 119–120Buka Island, BOU

caves, 3(2) 54, 5(1) 4, 25–26, 6(1) 36, 6(4) 130, 7(2–4) 109Sohano Limestone, 7(2–4) 38

Bulman, Dave: Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36Bulmer, Susan, 4(4) 148Bulu Cave, NIP, 4(3) 113Bulu village caves, NIP, 2(3) 200Bumbulup Cave, NIP, 2(3) 215–216

Bumbuve village, NIP, 2(3) 198Bunai caves, MAN, 3(2) 55, 3(3) 71, 80Bürgisser, Peter: Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) 51burial caves

Afaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 24–25, 2(1) 139Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163–177Arumandu Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124, 127Bal Kurinon, WSP, 3(4) 120Bebere caves, SHP, 6(4) 122Buang Mountains, MOR, 2(1) 139, 140, 2(4) front coverBufulmin Valley, WES, 3(4) 119Cape Rodney – Kupiano area, CEN, 2(1) 138–139Chimbu Gorge, CHI, 2(2) 178–179Erromango caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168–169Forapi area, EHP, 2(2) 189Gagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 46, 1(4) 97Haga’rintega Cave, EHP, 3(4) 136Henganofi area, EHP, 3(2) 29Kalopa Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 38, 49Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 101Kamiriba 1 Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29Kiriwina Island caves, MBP, 5(2) 33–40Kitava Island, Trobriand Islands, 6(2) 43–56Komndokoaumu Sink, CHI, 1(4) 114Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120Kuvwau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Lake Kutubu, SHP, 2(1) 146Lamari River area, EHP, 3(2) 42Lihir Island, NIP, 1(4) 120Lockabor Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139Lupwaneta caves, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 38Mendi caves, SHP, 1(3) 59Meruklu caves, NIP, 4(3) 97, 115Mount Hagen area, WHP, 3(2) 55Namatanai area, NIP, 3(3) 97Neguya Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37–38New Ireland, 2(1) 139, 141, 2(3) 196, 200, 201, 202, 204,

206, 222Noreikora area, EHP, 3(2) 38Obondoyonaminge Cave, CHI, 1(2) 48, 1(4) 97, 104,

2(2) 177Omkombogo Cave area, CHI, 1(4) 104Panamecho village area, NIP, 4(2) 47–54Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 56, 62Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 2(2) 177Singganigl Valley, CHI, 2(2) 177–178Sisimi Cave, SHP, 6(4) 122Walewabnea caves, SHP, 7(5) 167Wok Dubim Tém, WSP, 4(4) 159Yonki Dome area, EHP, 3(2) 44

Burnett River, SHP, 1(4) 126Busenitzand, Merle, 7(2–4) 104bush devils, 3(4) 115Bushgear Pty Ltd (advertisement), 3(2) back cover, 3(3) back

cover, 3(4) back cover, 4(1) back cover, 4(2) back coverBusikaraga Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51Busilmin village, WSP, 2(4) 240Busu Cave, BOU, 5(1) 25Butler Cave, Virginia, United States, 3(3) 99Bwaga Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 38Byrne, Geoff: Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109

Bourke, R Michael … cont.


Bywater, Johnmentioned, 1(4) 121new contributors, 1(4) 131Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Rempi caves, MAD, 1(3) 66, 1(4) 132–133

CCaffyn, Paul: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Caines, Frank: Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(5) 162Campbell, Glen, zoologist, 6(1) 37camping in PNG, 6(3) 95Canimelavow Cave, NIP, 2(3) 219–220

see also Kanimetlavau Cave, NIPCanivell, Jordi: Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 88canoe prows for burials, 6(2) 53, 55Canty, Rob

new contributors, 5(3) 101New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(4) 141–143, 5(3) 62

Canvas & Cordage Pty Ltd (advertisement), 3(4) 136, 4(1) 13, 4(2) 80, 4(4) 164

Cape, Nicky: Oksapmin area, WSP, 7(2–4) 103Cape Rodney – Kupiano area, CEN, 2(1) 138–139Capella Mountain, WSP, 2(4) 240, 242, 6(3) 82, 83carbide, 1(3) 69, 6(3) 106 see also lightingCarman, Kathy: water supply caves, NIP, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 231carpet snakes, 1(4) 133carriers see guides and carriersCarstenz expedition, Irian Jaya, 1(2) 45–46carvings, 4(2) 47–54 see also rock artCasala, George: Gaulim caves, ENB, 1(2) 43–44cassowaries, 6(1) 28Cater, John: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(3) 66,

1(4) 123–126Cavanagh, Noel: Kagua area, SHP, 2(1) 144cave art see rock artcave conservation, 2(4) 234–235, 3(1) 19–20cave rescue work, 6(2) 40Cave Survey and Map Standards, 6(2) 61–62cavers in PNG, list of names, 1(3) 89, 92

see also subscribers to Niugini CaverCaves and Karst of the Muller Range (book review),

7(2–4) 141–143Caves through the Ages, 3(1) 18 (advertisement)caves, unnamed, Lelet Plateau, 5(3) 84–85, 89–90, 93caving in PNG, challenges, 3(1) 15caving techniques, 3(4) 106Cellerier, Patrick

Chuave area, CHI, 6(1) 37, 6(2) 70, 6(3) 100, 7(2–4) 67–79new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

centipedesPolice Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 133Yousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 47

Central ProvinceArt Gallery Cave, 3(4) 132, 7(2–4) 83, 100Bereina, 1(2) 45Brown River Road, 1(2) 45Cape Rodney area, 2(1) 138–139Doae village caves, 6(1) 35Javavere caves, 1(1) 9, 1(3) 65, 89–91, 1(4) 120, 135,

2(1) 158, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211, 3(2) 54, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 132, 4(2) 67, 7(2–4) 67, 100

Kupiano area, 2(1) 138–139, 7(2–4) 100Kwikila area, 3(3) 96

Old Cave, 2(1) 158, 2(2) 181, 3(2) 54, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 132, 4(2) 67, 4(4) 149, 7(2–4) 67

Owen Stanley Range, 2(1) 138shelter provision, 2(1) 138Sogeri Plateau, 2(3) 211Surinumu Dam, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211

ceremonies, 3(1) 9chambers

largest in PNG, 5(1) 4, 12, 7(2–4) 29, 36largest in world, 7(2–4) 31

Champion, Clivearrives Port Moresby, 4(1) 16Carstenz expedition, 1(2) 45–46Henganofi area, EHP, 3(2) 32–34

Champion, Henry: Old Cave, CEN, 4(4) 149Champion, Randell

Old Cave, CEN, 4(4) 149Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149

Champion, Ruth: Old Cave, CEN, 4(4) 149Chapman, Phil, biologist

Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(1) 14new contributors, 4(1) 39

charcoal deposits, 1(1) 17charcoal paintings see rock artChavarria, Francisco

new contributors, 6(3) 101Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 86–88

Cheetham, Jill: Kupiano area, CEN, 7(2–4) 100Chillagoe, Australia, 3(2) 58, 60, 65Chimbu Gorge, 2(2) 177Chimbu Province, 1(4) 94–119

Agumugl Cave, 1(4) 101Ak Kagamugl Cave, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163–177, 179,

4(2) 72 (photo)Anafaruafi Sink, 1(4) 114Anenamo Cave, 7(1) 16, 18Angunga Cave, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 18–19, 23–24,

5(1) 30 see also Lombila cave systemArnold Mur Cave, 6(3) 87Au-Kombogo Cave, 4(2) 78Aukmerik Cave, 1(4) 101Bagl Cave, 1(4) 101Balcony pitch, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71, 72,

2(4) 248Berema Cave, 1(4) 101, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 65–66, 70, 7(2–4) 78,

102, 108Bibima Cave, 1(1) 2–6, 1(4) 95, 101, 127, 2(2) 162,

3(1) 12, 3(2) front cover, 54, 61, 3(4) 132bibliographies, 1(4) 116–119, 2(2) 180, 2(3) 205, 6(3) 88Bogan-Kombogo Cave, 4(2) 77–78Box Canyon, 1(3) 84burial caves, 2(2) 178–179Chimbu River, 1(2) 48, 50, 1(3) 70, 1(4) 95, 6(3) 86Chimbu way, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 74Choure Hole, 7(2–4) 71Choure Mountain, 7(2–4) 69, 72Chuave area, 1(3) 79–86, 1(4) 110–115, 2(3) 211,

2(4) 249–250, 4(1) 15, 7(1) 15–16, 7(2–4) 108Dangling Dutchman Cave, 1(3) 82–83Darua Muru Cave, 4(1) 20–22, 6(3) 87, 7(2–4) 107

see also The HoleDigandile Cave, 1(4) 104Duglpagl village area, 1(2) 52, 1(4) 103, 6(3) 86–88

Central Province … cont.


Duon Diri Cave, 1(3) 78Elimbari area, 1(4) 110–115Feyreko Cave, 7(2–4) 72, 73Feyreko dolines, 7(2–4) 69, 70Fikombaro Mission, 1(3) 79–83Gagogangama Cave, 1(2) 46–47, 1(4) 97, 104,

2(2) 178–179Gei River, 6(3) 86Gembame Cave, 1(4) 100Giwinigl River caves, 1(4) 108Goga-Kuri chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71Gomea (Kiowa) system, 1(4) 103, 110, 112, 7(1) 15, 17

see also Kiowa CaveGoro-Kombogo Cave, 4(2) 76–77 see also Kurakombogo

CaveGuria region, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 72Ilalamuru Sinkhole, 1(4) 108Inomangi Cave, 7(2–4) 72, 76–77, 78, 108Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 70–74, 1(4) 99, 2(3) 211,

2(4) 234, 248, 3(2) 54, 4(1) 17, 4(2) 67, 6(3) 87, 7(1) 22, 7(2–4) 103, 108

Irapui-Kombago shaft, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71, 74, 2(4) 248

Irapui Mur Cave, 6(3) 87Irukunguai Cave see Irapui (Irukunguai) CaveJapanese expedition 1971, 3(1) 15Kabinagame Cave, 1(4) 102Kagul area, 1(4) 103, 109–110Kaimomo Cave (also spelt Kimomo), 1(3) 80, 84, 85,

1(4) 110, 112, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 5(1) 30, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 153

Kanangoro Sink, 1(4) 112, 114Kansua Cave, 6(3) 86Kao village caves, 6(2) 70Kege Cave, 6(3) 87Kege Mur Cave, 6(3) 86, 87, 7(2–4) 29Keu village area, 7(2–4) 67–79Kewanmaru Cave, 1(4) 100Kimolimba Cave, 1(4) 114Kiowa Cave, 1(4) 103, 110, 112, 2(2) 178, 2(4) 249,

4(1) 23, 5(1) 30, 6(2) 64, 7(1) 15–16, 17Kiren Cave, 7(2–4) 72, 75Kiroro Weraro Cave, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249Kirove Cave, 1(3) 80, 81, 1(4) 112, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 23,

7(2–4) 108Kirowa Cave see Kiowa CaveKobikobiri Cave, 1(4) 109–110Kogonkombogo Cave, 1(4) 104Kokenbogua Cave, 6(3) 87Kokombogo caves, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 177Komndokoaumu Sink, 1(4) 114Kukombogo Cave (also spelt Kukombogol), 1(4) 100Kundiawa area caves, 1(4) 95–103, 120Kurakombogo Cave, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163, 4(2) 76–77Kwi River, 1(3) 70, 6(3) 87Kwi Valley, 1(4) 102, 103Kwiningl Overflow, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71, 74Kwiningl River (also spelt Kwingl, Kwinigl), 1(3) 70,

1(4) 95, 99, 2(2) 163, 178, 4(2) 76–78Lende Sink, 1(4) 112Leo village caves, 1(3) 80, 81Leyer River, 1(3) 80, 81, 82, 85Leyer village, 1(3) 84Linobamo Sink, 7(1) 16, 18

Lombida Cave, 1(3) 80, 86Lombila cave system, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64, 7(2–4) 108

see also Angunga CaveMabik Cave, 4(2) 77 see also Mebikombogo CaveMaig Mur Cave, 7(5) 160–161 see also Mebile CaveMaimbobo Cave, 1(4) 101Marata chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71, 74,

2(4) 248Marigl Shales, 1(4) 109Mebikombogo Cave, 1(3) 70, 1(4) 99–100, 2(2) 178,

4(1) 17–18, 25–26, 4(2) 73, 77Mebile Cave, 1(2) 45, 50–52, 1(4) 102, 6(3) 86,

7(2–4) 107, 7(5) 160–161Mim Koblo Cave, 6(3) 86Miro River, 1(3) 81Monono area, 1(3) 77–78, 79Moranambul River, 1(4) 108Morena Cave, 1(3) 78, 1(4) 114Mt Elimbari, 1(3) 66, 79, 83, 1(4) 102–103Murugugl Cave, 1(4) 108Niglgagle passage, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 72,

2(4) 248Nilkama River, 1(4) 102Nogar Cave, 1(4) 104 see also Welakumare CaveNogare village, 1(4) 103Nola Cave, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249Nola village area, 4(1) 18–19Nolangomo Stream, 6(2) 64Nolombila Cave, 6(2) 63–64, 7(1) 16, 17Nombi Rockshelter (also spelt Noumbi, Nombe), 1(4) 112,

113, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 15, 7(2–4) 102Nongamel Cave, 1(4) 97Obondoyonaminge Cave, 1(2) 48, 49, 1(4) 97, 104,

2(2) 177, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 248Ogi Oga Kombogo Cave, 4(2) 73Ogle-Ogla Cave, 4(2) 78Oglon Kombuglodra Cave, 6(3) 86Oglon Vamedira Cave, 6(3) 86Omkombogo Cave, 1(4) 97, 104Onanaro River, 1(3) 81Ongbonigl River, 1(4) 106Oriri River, 1(3) 80, 81, 82Oriro Cave, 1(3) 84–85Oriro River, 1(3) 84Pari village area, 6(3) 87Parka squeeze, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 72Pato Cave, 4(1) 19Pila Cave, 7(1) 16Pit-prop passage, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 72Ples Pit-pit chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71Porol Escarpment, 1(2) 45, 1(4) 95–96, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 248,

6(2) 65–66Queen’s Cave, 1(4) 99, 2(4) 234Rafaifo Cave, 1(4) 114Retretenoro Cave, 1(4) 112Rinimo Sink, 7(1) 16, 18Roko Sink, 1(4) 112Sigewage Cave (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48–50, 1(4) 99,

2(2) 177, 2(4) 248Sikuri Pass, 1(1) 2, 1(4) 95Singga-Kombogo Cave, 4(2) 78Singga River, 1(2) 48, 1(3) 69, 1(4) 97Singga Valley caves, 1(4) 103–106Singganigl River, 1(4) 95

Chimbu Province … cont. Chimbu Province … cont.


Singganigl Valley, 2(2) 163Sio Cave, 7(2–4) 72, 74Skunge chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71, 74Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 86–88Tao Mountain, 7(2–4) 72Tarn chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, 1(3) 71, 72,

2(4) 248The Hole, 1(3) 65, 67–69, 1(4) 97, 3(1) 12, 4(1) 18

see also Darua Muru CaveThe Passage of a Thousand Wounds, Irapui (Irukunguai)

Cave, 1(3) 72, 2(4) 248, 4(2) front cover, 7(1) 22The Wedge, 1(3) 80, 81Toglua Cave, 1(4) 108Tokobare Cave, 1(4) 102Topia River, 1(3) 80, 81, 85Uila Cave, 1(4) 101Umkombogo system, 2(2) 177–178Ungakoboro Cave, 1(4) 100–101Uram Cave, 1(4) 104, 2(4) 248Urungotainde Cave, 1(4) 97Wahgi Gorge, 1(4) 103, 106–108Welakumare Cave, 1(4) 106, 6(3) 88 see also Nogar CaveWela’mamaru Cave, 1(4) 103Welamuro Cave, 1(4) 106, 108Yogomul village area, 6(3) 87Yoigaranil Cave, 1(4) 102Yonaminge Cave, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163Yonggamugl area, 4(2) 76–78Yonomigl Cave, 1(4) 104 see also Obondoyonaminge CaveYunee Cave, 1(3) 84

Chimbu River, CHI, 1(2) 48, 50, 1(3) 70, 1(4) 95, 6(3) 86Chimbu way, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 74Chisholm, Yvonne: Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229Choure Hole, CHI, 7(2–4) 71Choure Mountain, CHI, 7(2–4) 69, 72Chuave area, CHI, 1(3) 79–86, 1(4) 110–115, 2(3) 211,

2(4) 249–250, 4(1) 15, 7(2–4) 108French exploration 1978, 7(1) 15–16, 7(2–4) 67–79maps, 7(2–4) 67–68

Cirera, Rafel: Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 88Clark, Derek

New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 27obituary, 1(2) 44

Clayton, CarolIaro River Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 103Tuweiwu Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101

Cleary, John: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126clothing, 1(2) 39, 4(3) 129–130, 6(3) 96, 6(4) 126coastal caves, NIP, 2(3) 222cockpit karst see cone (cockpit) karstcockroaches

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133

code of ethics, 3(3) 102–103Cody, Ashley

Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

Cole, DavidHells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 78–79Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184mentioned, 1(4) 110Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 82–83

new contributors, 4(2) 62Yonggamugl area, CHI, 4(2) 76–78

Collacalia spp. see swiftletsCollembola (springtails), 6(3) 100columns

Busikaraga Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51Karu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 223Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 43Waiya Eganda Cave, SHP, 7(1) 12Yavakuta Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51

Comunga Cave, ENB, 1(1) 17cone (cockpit) karst

described, 3(2) 57, 3(4) 126–128Lelet Plateau, NIP, 2(3) 214, 3(1) 9, 3(4) 128, 4(3) 105Manus Island, 3(3) 73Yalum limestone, ENB, 1(2) 28

conference reports7th International Speleological Congress, 5(2) 55–58ASF 10th biennial conference (1974), 3(2) 63WACCON ’79, 7(1) 13–14

conflict (locals), 3(2) 40conservation of caves, 2(4) 234–235, 3(1) 19–20Cook, David: Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244Cooper, Ian

arrives Mt Hagen, WHP, 3(1) 14departs PNG, 1(4) 121Gaulim caves, ENB, 1(2) 43–44, 45Raulei Range, ENB, 1(3) 66

coral islandsKiriwina Island caves, MBP, 5(2) 40–42Manus Province, 4(1) 34–35stages in uplift, 5(2) 48

coralline limestone (coronas), 1(1) 10, 12, 17Corbett, Peter: Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150coronas see coralline limestone (coronas)Coulter, Hugh: Rembarr Range, ENB, 3(2) 55covered karst, 6(3) 75–76, 80–82Cox, GC: Muller Range Expedition 1978, 7(1) 7crabs

Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41Ehi rest house area, EHP, 2(2) 189Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Yousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 47

Crabtree, Steven, geologist: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 107, 109, 4(1) 6, 7

Craig, Barry: Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244Cranfield, Colin

Malabunga caves, ENB, 3(2) 55Obungeram Cave, ENB, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 140

crayfishBelik Cave, NIP, 4(1) 28Danmin Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34

crevice karst, 1(1) 16, 3(2) 57, 4(2) 69–71crickets

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133

Chimbu Province … cont. Cole, David … cont.


Cromwell Range, MOR, 6(1) 27–34, back cover, 7(2–4) 144–147

Crossland, Derek: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 2(1) 147

‘Crucible’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) front cover, 110, 113–114, 123

Cruttwell, Father: Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 135crypts see burial cavescrystals

Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99–100

cultural change, 4(2) 53–54cultural heritage protection, 2(4) 238–239cumec (definition), 1(3) 59currency, 6(3) 95cusec (definition), 1(3) 60customary land use, 3(1) 19–20Czechoslovakia: Aggtelek caves, 3(1) 22–23

DDabandu Imal, WSP, 4(4) 160–161Dabora caves, MBP, 2(1) 148–150

see also Tapitapipi caves, MBPDabora people, MBP, 1(4) 134Dainok, carrier, 4(1) front coverDalum Efflux Cave, NIP, 3(1) 6, 5(3) 79, 81, 7(2–4) 102, 109Dalum River, NIP, 3(3) 97, 4(2) 68, 4(3) 105 (photo), 128,

4(4) 141Dalum village, NIP, 3(1) 6Damawewe Cave, MBP, 7(2–4) 101Danasing area caves, NIP, 5(3) 90, 93dangers of caving, 4(2) 45–46

see also accidents; injuriesDangling Dutchman Cave, CHI, 1(3) 82–83Daniels, Peter: Loniu Cave, MAN, 3(2) 55Danis caves, NIP, 2(3) 216–217Danmin Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29, 4(4) 141–142, 5(3) 78, 83Darai Hills, GUL, 3(4) 127Darai Limestone, SHP, 5(4) 116, 6(4) 121Darai Limestone, WES, 6(3) front cover, 74, 75, 83,

6(4) 110–112Darua Muru Cave, CHI, 4(1) 20–22, 6(3) 87, 7(2–4) 107

see also The Hole, CHIdecorations

Awatbumbum Cave, NIP, 4(3) 107–108Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 4Buangkum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220Iaro River Cave, SHP, 3(1) 4Inakebu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 45Inomangi Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72, 78Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72, 74, 4(1) 17,

4(2) front cover, 5(1) 9Kabase Cave, NIP, 2(3) 228Lamlamsik Cave, NIP, 5(3) 78Lawarivanggasu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218Lemerigamas Cave, NIP, 5(3) 89Lemetura Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139Lenbinbin Cave, NIP, 4(3) 96, 113Leviathan Cave, Kenya, 5(1) 24Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Marpos village cave, MOR, 4(1) 36Matupit volcano, ENB, 1(1) 17Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100‘Mill Series’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 121

Mwagai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Nenduma Cave, BOU, 3(4) 138Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 30Pamp Cave, NIP, 2(3) 198Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63Pororo caves, SHP, 1(3) 56Siku Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37Small River Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 52Soro River cave, SHP, 2(1) 146Swiss Cave, EHP, 3(2) 50Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41, 43Ugwapugwa streamway, SHP, 5(4) 114, 116

deepest cavesEast New Britain, 3(3) 96PNG, 5(1) 3–4, 6–7, 7(2–4) 28, 32–33 see also Bibima

Cave, CHISouthern Hemisphere, 1(1) 2–6, 1(4) 127, 2(2) 162,

7(2–4) 31in the world, 2(2) 183–184

Degedilis Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80Deharveng, Louis

contracts histoplasmosis, 7(2–4) 104French exploration 1978, 6(3) 100, 7(1) 15–21new contributors, 7(1) 23

Dekkers, KeithKundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

Dent, VicRembarr Range, ENB, 3(2) 55Tavurvur volcano, ENB, 4(4) 149

describing caves, 3(4) 106Deutrum, Geraldine: Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248dictionary of basic Lelet, NIP, 5(3) 99–100Digandile Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104Digoel River, Irian Jaya, 2(4) 242Dikulakusi caves, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 54Din Valley, WSP, 2(4) 240distributaries

definition, 1(3) 60Waga River caves, SHP, 1(3) 61

Doae village caves, CEN, 6(1) 35Dobsonia moluccensis (fruit bat), 1(4) 100, 134Dobsonia species (fruit bat), 7(2–4) 64Dodd, Brian

Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4), 128–131mentioned 1(4) 121

Dodd, John: Javavere caves, CEN, 3(2) 54Dokfuma Plateau, WES, 2(4) 240, 242, 6(3) front cover,

75–76, 80–82, 84dolines

across PNG, 3(2) 57, 4(4) 151–152Bougainville Province, 7(2–4) 52, 54–55, 58Chuave area, CHI, 1(3) 81definition, 1(3) 60Feyreko dolines, CHI, 7(2) 69, 70Gare Doline, ENB, 6(4) 130largest in PNG, 5(1) 4, 5, 13Luse Doline, ENB, 7(2) 87Ma Waru Doline, 7(2–4) 123, 128Mamo cave system, SHP, 5(4) 106–109Minye Doline, ENB, 5(1) front cover, 6(4) 130–131, 7(1)

14, 7(2–4) 28, 80–81, 85, 88, 108Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 79, 81, 82–83

decorations … cont.


Muller Range, SHP, 1(4) 123, 124, 4(4) 151, 152, back cover

Nakanai Mountains, ENB, 1(1) 15–16Nare Doline, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) front cover, 80, 85, 88, 109New Britain, 1(1) 13, 1(2) 25–26Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 27–43Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63Raulei Range, ENB, 1(3) 66Saruwaged Range, MOR, 4(4) 151, 152, back coverStar Mountains, WES, 2(4) 240, 242, 4(4) 152, 6(3) 74,

75, 84Uila Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101Urumovi, BOU, 7(2–4) 58Western Province, 4(4) 151see also honeycomb karst

Dow, Kamo: Nenduma Cave, BOU, 4(1) 15Dowling, Tony: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Drangut caves, MAN, 3(3) 91drawings see rock artDremsel and Yirri Intrusives, MAN, 3(3) 67Droia area, MAN, 3(3) 96D’Souza, Euclid

Kagua area, SHP, 7(2–4) 103Tari, SHP, 7(2–4) 104

Duglpagl village area, CHI, 1(2) 52, 1(4) 103, 6(3) 86–88Dui village area, WSP, 6(3) 99Duke of York Islands, ENB, 1(1) 17Duna people, SHP, 1(4) 124, 7(2–4) 137Duon Diri Cave, CHI, 1(3) 78Durugopa Cave, EHP, 2(2) 185–186Durwai Cave, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 43, 2(2) 181, 2(4) 245

see also Iuvare caves, ENBDwyer, Peter

Elimbari and Chuave areas, CHI, 1(4) 110mentioned, 4(4) 148Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 66

dysentery, 6(3) 93Dyson, Jane: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

EE Mama Ekanda, SHP, 7(2–4) 127, 134, 135E Mama Eleanda, SHP, 7(2–4) 84, 126E Mama Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 126, 127Eagles Nest Cave, Australia, 2(2) 182earthquakes

advice for visitors, 6(3) 93Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72Kwi Valley, CHI, 1(4) 102New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 70near Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 32Tavurvur volcano, ENB, 4(4) 149

East New Britain ProvinceAlakasam village, 1(1) 16, 3(1) 21Alumgu Cutoff Cave (also spelt Alumga), 2(2) 181,

2(4) 245Baining Mountains, 1(1) 9, 13, 16–17, 1(3) 66,

3(4) 141–143Comunga Cave, 1(1) 17Duke of York Islands, 1(1) 17Durwai Cave, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 43, 2(2) 181, 2(4) 245

see also Iuvare cavesEsis River, 1(1) 16

French Expedition 1978, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 130–131, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–81

French Expedition 1980, 7(2–4) 85–88Galavit village, 3(4) 141–142Gare Doline, 6(4) 130Gaulim caves, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 43–44, 45, 4(4) 149Gazelle Peninsula, 1(1) 9, 13, 16–18, 2(3) 205Iso River, 1(2) 28, 34Iuvare caves, 1(4) 120, 2(2) 181, 2(4) 245, 3(1) 13, 3(4)

front cover, 132–133, 4(1) 15 see also Durwai Cave; Luminas Cave

Jacquinot Bay, 4(2) 55Kavakuna Cave, 7(2–4) 85, 87, 101Keravat, 1(1) 9Lakit Range, 1(1) 17Londip caves, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 245, 3(4) 132Luminas Cave, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 43–44, 1(4) 120, 2(2) 181,

2(4) 245, 3(4) 133 see also Iuvare cavesLuse Doline, 7(2–4) 87Makada Island, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 134Malabunga caves, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 45, 1(4) 120, 2(2) 181,

2(4) 245, 3(1) 13, 3(2) 55, 3(4) 133Malasait village, 3(1) 14, 21Matali River, 1(1) 16, 7(2–4) 87Matanakunei village, 1(1) 17Matupit volcano, 1(1) 17Minye Doline, 5(1) front cover, 6(4) 130–131, 7(1) 14,

7(2–4) 28, 80–81, 85, 88, 108Mioko Island, 1(1) 17Nagail village, 3(3) 96Nakanai Mountains, 1(1) 13, 15–16, 6(3) 100, 7(2–4) 29,

85, 102, 108–109Nare Doline, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) front cover, 80, 85, 88, 109Nutuve Catholic Mission, 1(1) 16, 1(2) 28, 6(4) 130Obungeram Cave, 1(1) 16, 3(1) 14, 21, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 140Ora Cave, 1(2) 27–43, 1(4) 122, 2(1) front cover, 137,

5(1) 9, 7(2–4) 85, 109Ora uvala bridge, 5(1) 5Oreat-Satadat Cave, 1(1) 16Palaumatana Cave, 4(2) 55Pandi River, 1(1) 15Pomio area caves, 1(1) 16 see also French Expedition 1978Pondo, 1(1) 16pumice caves, 1(1) 17, 2(4) 245, 3(1) 13, 4(2) 67, 5(1) 29Rabagi village cave, 2(4) 245Ramarau Cave, 4(4) 149Rarururunga Cave, 4(4) 149, 5(1) 9Raulei Range, 1(1) 16, 1(3) 66, 3(3) 74–75Rembarr Range, 1(1) 17, 1(3) 67, 1(4) 120, 3(2) 55,

4(4) 149Rururunga Cave, 4(2) 67sea caves, 1(1) 17Simbum village, 1(1) 17Singoinga Cave, 3(1) front coverSt Georges Channel, 2(3) 211Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89–95Synnongoinga Cave, 1(1) 17Taulil village, 1(1) 17Tavurvur volcano, 4(4) 149, 5(1) 9Torio River, 3(1) 21Tuke village area, 1(1) 15, 1(2) 25–26, 28, 6(4) 130–131Turanguna cave, 4(2) 65University of Queensland Speleological Society Expedition

1972–73, 1(1) 9

dolines … cont. East New Britain Province … cont.


Vunadavai village, 1(3) 67Vunarakan Cave, 4(2) 67Vuvu sinkholes, 7(2–4) 87Warangoi River, 2(3) 211Wilambimki village, 1(1) 16, 3(4) 141–143Yalum Limestone, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 28Yalum village, 1(1) 16–17

Eastern Highlands Province, 3(2) 26–53Aibura Cave, 2(1) 147, 2(2) 166, 172, 3(2) 26, 38, 45–47,

7(2–4) 100Anuntimpa Cave, 7(2–4) 111–115Arau area, 7(2–4) 100Asiempa village area, 2(2) 185, 3(2) 36Barabuna rest house area, 2(2) 185, 3(2) 38Barananomba Cave, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81, 101, 108, 111–115,

7(5) 162Batari Cave, 3(2) 26, 7(2–4) 101Bena rock shelter, 2(2) 189bibliographies, 3(2) 51–53Durugopa Cave, 2(2) 185–186Ehi rest house area, 2(2) 184, 185, 188–189Esindona Cave, 3(2) 26Fasaivil Cave, 7(5) 164–165Forapi area, 2(2) 189Fore–Kemasi area, 2(2) 185French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81–82Gouffre Lar, 3(2) 26Haga’rintega Cave, 3(4) 135–136 see also The TombHaiza’namito Cavern, 3(4) 135Hells Gates, 1(3) 78–79, 2(4) 245, 252, 3(2) 28–30, 54,

4(1) 17, 18, 7(2–4) 100Henganofi caves, 1(3) 78–79, 2(2) 185, 2(4) 252–253,

3(2) 26, 29, 32–34Ikenar Cave, 3(2) 41–42, 6(1) 35, 7(2–4) 108Isiabinunda sinkhole, 2(4) 251, 6(1) 10Isontenu village, 3(2) 44Kafiavana rock shelter, 2(4) 245, 3(2) 26, 3(3) 96,

4(2) 72 (photo)Kainantu area, 3(2) 35–44, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 108Kamasi village area, 7(2–4) 100Kami Needle, 2(2) 184, 185Kami Thumb, 2(2) 189Kaugua River Cave, 6(1) 36Kekeronunga cliff face, 2(4) 250–251, 6(1) 9Kemasei village area, 2(2) 184, 185–186Kengkeng’pinka Cave, 3(4) 136Kibuari Cave, 3(2) 41–42, 6(1) 35, 7(2–4) 108Korangka village area, 3(2) 43Lamari River caves, 3(2) 26, 40–42, 7(2–4) 108Lethe River, 3(2) 29, 32Lufa area, 2(2) 184–189Matali Cave, 7(2–4) 101Mt Marunu, 2(4) 252Mt Michael, 3(2) 26Murifinka Cave see Hells GatesMusabe village area, 3(2) 35Muto Cave, 2(2) 186Nama’joga Cave, 3(4) 136Nambaiyufa village, 2(2) 185, 3(1) 13Noreikora village area, 2(2) 185, 3(2) 36, 38Obi Cave, 2(2) 186, 188Obura area, 3(2) 38, 40, 6(4) 131–132, 7(2–4) 100–101Obura land bridge, 3(2) 40–41, 42, 5(1) 5, 6(1) 35

Ofafunga Cave, 2(4) 251, 6(1) front cover, 4–9, 10–11, 16–26, 7(2–4) 100

Okapa, 2(2) 182, 185, 3(2) 26Omaura area, 7(2–4) 100Omuntianele Cave, 7(2–4) 100Onaningka village area, 3(2) 43O’napa cave system, 3(4) 135Oravanana Cave, 6(4) 131–132, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81, 100,

108 see also Yunamare CaveRamaivutaini Cave, 6(2) 72Second Source, 3(2) 29Sonofi village area, 2(2) 185, 2(4) 245, 250–251, 3(1) 16,

3(2) 35–36, 6(1) 3–15, 7(2–4) 100Sosoentenu village, 3(2) 44Swiss Cave, 3(2) 48–50Taforahabi Cave, 3(2) 35–36Tefola Cave, 2(4) 250, 6(1) 9The Maze, 3(2) 32The Tomb, 3(2) 29 see also Haga’rintega CaveThe Well, 1(3) 79Tin Tin Banga, 2(4) 245, 252Tu’eita Cave, 6(1) 35 see also Obura land bridgeTuweiwu Cave, 6(1) 36, 6(4) 131, 7(2–4) 101, 108Unggai Division caves, 3(2) 26Upper Ramu Gorge caves, 3(2) 43–44Wessex Cave, 3(2) 48–50Yagaria Division (Lufa area), 2(2) 187, 3(2) 26Yauna village, 3(2) 44Yohotegave village, 2(4) 252Yonki Dome area, 3(2) 44, 48–50, 6(4) 132, 7(2–4) 101Yunamare Cave, 6(2) 72, 6(3) 99, 6(4) 132, 7(2–4) 100 see

also Oravanana CaveEavis, Andy: British Speleological Expedition 1975,

4(1) 8, 9, 11, 4(2) 67Ebabini village caves, SHP, 2(1) 146Eccles, John: Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Edwards, Rod: Oksapmin area, WSP, 7(2–4) 103eels

Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4) 128, 130Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34

Efate caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168efflux caves, New Ireland, 2(3) 223, 3(1) 6Ehi rest house area, EHP, 2(2) 184, 185, 188–189Eisikel, elder, 3(1) 10El Guarataro, Venezuela, 2(2) 182Elam River, WES, 1(1) 8Elimbari area, CHI, 1(4) 110–115Emballonuridae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65Emery, Rosemary: Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89Emevovi River, BOU, 7(2–4) 52, 62Emia Valley, SHP, 1(3) 62, 3(2) 57–58, 59Emja Cave, SHP, 7(5) 166Emuk Range, WES, 6(4) 114, 131Endegu clan, CHI, 1(2) 48Endugua clan, CHI, 2(2) 177Enduguakani clan, CHI, 2(2) 163, 2(4) 248Enga Province

Arumandu Cave, 3(4) 124, 127Imungubus Cave, 3(4) 124Irelya Cave, 3(4) 123Lake Kopiago, 3(4) 133Mink River, 4(4) 149

Eastern Highlands Province … cont.East New Britain Province … cont.


Mt Faiam, 5(1) 20Mt Kaijende, 4(1) 2–3, 5(1) 18–21, 7(2–4) 101, 103,

7(5) 162Mt Lapwap, 5(1) 20Nimimb River, 3(4) 124Pawari Cave, 3(4) 123–124Porgera area, 5(1) 18–21Raiakama Cave, 3(4) 124Sauanda Cave, 3(4) 123Silim Cave, 3(4) 126Tibinini Limestone, 5(1) 20Wabag area, 3(4) 125Welya Cave, 3(4) 124Yalis Cave, 3(4) 126Yaramanda Cave, 3(4) 124, 126

engravings see rock artEnock, Steven, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 68equipment

advice for visitors, 6(3) 94, 6(4) 126Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 4Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 79Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) 54Mebile Cave, CHI, 1(2) 52New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 37–39New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 129–132New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 94Virginia caves, United States, 3(3) 101see also lighting

Era Tém, WES, 6(4) 113–114Erave River, SHP, 1(3) 59Erave Valley, SHP, 1(3) 62, 2(1) 143, 2(2) 182, 7(2–4) 103,

116–119Erromango caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168–169Erwood, Ken: Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184–189Esila Cave, BOU, 5(1) 25Esindona Cave, EHP, 3(2) 26Esis River, ENB, 1(1) 16Espiritu Santo caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 166Etis Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218Everett, Paul: British Speleological Expedition 1975,

4(1) 4, 5, 6Evers, Margaret: Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78evil spirits, 2(2) 164, 3(4) 121

see also spiritsExit Cave, Australia, 1(3) 75expeditions

in 1978, 6(1) 2, 6(4) 108advice for, 6(3) 89–98, 6(4) 124–129see also

British Speleological Expedition 1975 British Speleological Expedition 1978 French Expedition 1978 French Expedition 1980 Muller Range Expedition 1973 Muller Range Expedition 1976 Muller Range Expedition 1978 Muller Range Expedition 1982 New Britain Expedition 1972–73 New Ireland Expedition 1975 New Ireland Expedition 1976 Swiss Speleological Expedition 1979

FFantoli, JL: French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82Farnworth, Jim

Baining Mountains, ENB, 3(4) 141–143Bibima Cave, CHI, 3(4) 132British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 110, 132,

4(1) 5, 6, 9Geological Survey of PNG, 5(2) 59Iuvare caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 6–12, 14, 3(2) 62, 4(3) 89Nenduma Cave, BOU, 2(2) 181new contributors, 3(1) 5New Ireland caves, 4(4) 150New Ireland Expedition 1975, 3(2) 55, 4(3) 88New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(2) 68, 4(4) 141–143,

5(3) 62Obungeram Cave, ENB, 3(1) 14, 21, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 140Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109Rabaul, 4(1) 16Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149, 5(1) 9Rembarr Range, ENB, 3(2) 55Robinson River, CEN, 5(1) 29Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67Singoinga Cave, ENB, 3(1) front coverspeleo personalities, 3(1) 20

Farnworth, Mike: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 9

Fasaivil Cave, EHP, 7(5) 164–165Fasu village, SHP, 2(1) 146fatigue, 6(3) 93Fatmilak village cave, NIP, 2(3) 198Fault Controlled Valley, WES, 3(4) 110, 116, 4(1) 8, 12faults: Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 12fauna see by name, eg bats (by location); bats (by scientific

name); fish; insects; snakesFavre, Gerald: Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89fees

entry to caves, 4(2) 44, 7(5) 153for guides, 2(3) 211, 3(1) 14

fertiliser see guanoFeyreko Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72, 73Feyreko dolines, CHI, 7(2–4) 69, 70Field, Robin

Ialibu, SHP, 7(2–4) 104Iaro River Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 103

Fikombaro Mission, CHI, 1(3) 79–83Finch, Brian: Kupiano area, CEN, 7(2–4) 100Finim Tel area, WES, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 109, 112–115, 4(1) 11Finim Tém, WES, 3(4) 115, 4(1) 4, 7(2–4) 103Firchow, Mr and Mrs, 1(4) 128, 131firearms, 6(3) 91fish

Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Kodawa Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 65Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36

Fissoa plantation, NIP, 2(3) 196Flanagan, Don: Tavurvur volcano, ENB, 4(4) 149fleas, 6(3) 93Flint Ridge, United States, 1(3) 75flooding in caves, 3(4) 109, 4(2) 45–46, 6(3) 93flowstones

Awatbumbum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220, 4(3) 107–108Busikaraga Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51

Enga Province … cont.


Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71Kaimomo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 112Kanameroborunda Cave, NIP, 4(3) 112Lemerigamas Cave, NIP, 5(3) 89Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100Nenduma Cave, BOU, 3(4) 137–138Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 2(4) 253Ninggalau Cave, NIP (also spelt Ningilau), 4(3) 97Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 30Rafaifo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 114Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41, 43Ugwapugwa streamway, SHP, 5(4) 114, 116

Flux, NormanBarananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 81British Speleological Expedition 1978, 6(4) 113, 131French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14Obura area, EHP, 6(4) 131–132

Fly River, WES, 1(1) 7flying fox traps, 2(4) 249–250, 6(3) back coverflying foxes

Afaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 23Agim Tém, WES, 3(4) 117, 121Buangmeriba Cave, NIP, 3(1) 11Era Tém, WES, 6(4) 113Gagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 46Gebemi Tém, WES, 6(4) 114Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252, 3(2) 28, 4(1) 17identifying, 7(2–4) 64Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 128Kiren Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72Kiroro Weraro Cave, CHI, 2(4) 249–250Kistobu Cave, NIP, 2(2) 162Kobikobiri Cave, CHI, 1(4) 109Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(2) 63Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10Mageh No. 2 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 223Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229Mianmin Insurgence Cave, WSP, 6(3) back coverMianmin Limestone, WSP, 6(4) 118–119New Britain caves, 1(1) 15New Ireland caves, 2(3) 206–207, 4(1) 27–29Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 2(4) 253Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 30Pato Cave, CHI, 4(1) 19Raiakama Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 67Tina Bu Tém, WES, 4(1) 8Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Welamuro Cave, CHI, 1(4) 106, 108Yousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 47see also bats (by location); bats (by scientific name); guano

Fogorobe Tém, WSP, 6(4) 118food, expedition, 1(2) 41, 4(3) 131, 5(3) 96–97, 6(3) 94food gardens, 3(4) 119, 4(3) 106Foraminifera, 4(1) 31, 33Forapi area, EHP, 2(2) 189Fordham, Barry, 4(1) 31Fore–Kemasi area, EHP, 2(2) 185formation fluids, 7(5) 172–173

fossilsBolof Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 229Ehi rest house area, EHP, 2(2) 188Selminum Tém, WES, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 109, 4(1) 6, 4(2) 45–46

Fox, GordonKundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

Fox, RosemaryKundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

Francis, Geoffarrives Manus, 3(1) 14Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101, 114–115crevice karst, 4(2) 69–71gone finish, 4(1) 16Manus, 2(3) 212, 2(4) 246, 3(3) 67–74, 77–92, 96,

4(1) 34–35new contributors, 2(4) 244Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 2(4) 253–254, 3(2) 55, 4(1) 16Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 147photographs, 3(3) 76Pumpulyun Cave, MAN, 3(1) 14returns Port Moresby, 7(2–4) 104speleo personalities, 3(3) 92

Freeman, Steve: Londip caves, ENB, 3(4) 132French Expedition 1978, 6(2) 71, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 108, 130–131,

7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82French Expedition 1980, 5(2) 59, 7(2–4) 85–88, 102French exploration 1978, 7(1) 15–21, 7(2–4) 67–79Frieda River area, WSP, 4(1) 16, 4(4) 150, 6(4) 115–119frogs

Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Kamiriba 2 Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133Taforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 36Upper Ramu Gorge caves, EHP, 3(2) 44

fruit bats, 1(4) 100, 134, 7(2–4) 63–66see also bats (by location); bats (by scientific name);

flying foxesFugulil De Bem, WES, 4(1) 11–12fungi, 1(3) 81, 7(2–4) 112future of caving in PNG, 3(1) 2

GGagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 46–47, 1(4) 97, 104,

2(2) 178–179Galavit village, ENB, 3(4) 141–142Gallasch, Hal (Harold)

Afaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 23–25book review by, 3(1) 15–16Buka Island caves, BOU, 3(2) 54, 5(1) 25–26burial caves, 2(1) 138–141gone finish, 7(1) 23Lihir Island caves, NIP, 2(4) 246, 4(1) 31–33Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10–13, 3(2) 55Namatanai caves, NIP, 1(1) 9, 2(3) 222–228, 4(4) 150New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 27–43new contributors, 1(1) 8New Ireland caves, 1(3) 67, 2(2) 160–162, 2(3) 193–205,

3(3) 97, 3(4) 139New Ireland legends, 2(3) 206–207Omuru Cave, MAD, 5(1) 30Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146

flowstones … cont.


Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 66, 86–88Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149Rembarr Range, ENB, 1(3) 67, 1(4) 120Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67Silom 2 village cave, NIP, 2(3) 212speleo personalities, 3(4) 144

Gamu, Steven, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 98Gamu, Thomas, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 98gardens, food, 3(4) 119, 4(3) 106Gare doline, ENB, 6(4) 130gastropods: Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 48Gau’a Cave, CEN see Javavere caves, CEN; Old Cave, CENGaulim caves, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 43–44, 45, 4(4) 149Gazelle Peninsula, ENB

Japanese occupation, World War II, 1(1) 17, 2(3) 205karst, 1(1) 9, 13, 16–18see also East New Britain Province

Gebemi Tém, WES, 6(4) 114, 131Gei River, CHI, 6(3) 86Gembame Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100Gemmell, Jim

Dabora caves, MBP, 2(1) 148–150new contributors, 2(1) 146

Gena clan, CHI, 1(2) 48, 2(2) 177Geological Survey of PNG, 6(4) 109–112Gerigl Ambu spirit, 2(2) 168, 170, 172, 174–177, 4(2) 73Geroro village, SHP, 5(4) 124Gerrits, F: Trobriand Islands, MBP, 6(2) 48, 53, 54Gerson: Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 8Gevo, Samuel, elder: Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 8Gewane Kananda, SHP, 7(2–4) 128, 131Giddings, Rick

Eastern Highlands caves, 3(1) 13, 3(4) 135–136new contributors, 3(4) 108

Gillieson, DaveErave Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 103, 116–119Lake Kutubu, SHP, 6(4) 121–123New Caledonia, 3(3) 97new contributors, 5(3) 101New Ireland Expedition 1976, 3(3) 97, 3(4) 133, 4(1) 16,

4(4) 141–143, 5(3) 62Nombi Rockshelter, CHI, 7(2–4) 102Omai Cave, SHP, 7(1) 11–12PhD research, 6(1) 37, 6(2) 71Selminum Tém, WES, 7(2–4) 103Waiya Eganda Cave, SHP, 7(1) 12

Giltman, Bruce: cave surveys, SHP, 1(3) 60Giltman, Philip: Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63–65Gires, John: Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248Girthoil Tém, WES, 3(4) 115, 4(1) 5Giwinigl River caves, CHI, 1(4) 108Glasby, Phil: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Gleeson, Leigh

Art Gallery Cave, CEN, 7(2–4) 83Baining Mountains, ENB, 3(4) 141–143Bibima Cave, CHI, 3(4) 132Javavere caves, CEN, 3(4) 132Lake Kopiago, ENG, 3(4) 133Makada Island, ENB, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 134Mendi caves, SHP, 3(4) 133new contributors, 3(4) 108New Hanover (Lavangai Island), NIP, 3(3) 97, 3(4) 134New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 88

Goga-Kuri chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71Gomea (Kiowa) system, CHI, 1(4) 103, 110, 112, 7(1) 15, 17

see also Kiowa Cave, CHIGomia Cave, CHI see Gomea (Kiowa) system, CHIGonma depression, MOR, 6(1) 27–28Gorgoroth Cave, New Zealand, 1(4) 127, 2(2) 162Goro-Kombogo Cave, CHI, 4(2) 76–77

see also Kurakombogo Cave, CHIGouffre Lar, EHP, 3(2) 26Goulbourne, Allan

Aibura Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100arrives Lae, MOR, 6(1) 35arrives Port Moresby, 4(1) 16Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Berema Cave, CHI, 6(2) 65–66, 70, 7(2–4) 78British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 7–11Geological Survey of PNG, 5(2) 59gone finish, 7(2–4) 104Kaugua River Cave, EHP, 6(1) 36Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64Matali Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 101new contributors, 6(2) 66Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109Omaura area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Oravanana Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Sonofi village area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100speleo personalities, 6(1) 37–38WACCON ’79, 7(1) 13–14Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(3) 99

Goulbourne, Chrisgone finish, 7(2–4) 104Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(2) 63–64

government patrols, attacks on, 1(4) 99Gowamu clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Gowop Limestone, MOR, 6(1) 30Goyet, X: French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82grading systems, 1(3) 76–77graffiti

Aibura Cave, EHP, 3(2) 46Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229Ofafunga Cave, EHP, 6(1) 11Umarah Cave, NIP, 4(1) 27, 30

Grant, John: Mendi caves, SHP, 1(3) 59Gray, Peter: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 8, 10Grimm, Willi

Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) 50–55new contributors, 5(2) 31

‘Grindstone Alley’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 110, 113–114, 123Growin, Julius: Loniu Cave, MAN, 3(2) 55Guamaga, Emanuel, 4(2) 55, 62guano

Era Tém, WES, 6(4) 113Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136Leangnivu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 203Mageh No. 2 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 202Mandok Cave, NIP, 2(3) 204Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 2(1) 148, 150see also bats (by location); bats (by scientific name);

flying foxes

Gallasch, Hal (Harold) … cont.


guides and carriersadvice for visitors, 6(1) 2, 6(4) 126–127British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 12fees, 2(3) 211, 3(1) 14New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 32, 39, 42New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 130New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 97

Gulf Province: Darai Hills, 3(4) 127Gurema people, CHI, 1(4) 99Guria region, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72

HHadia Nduhongiri, SHP, 7(1) 8–9Hadia Yaneabogairi Cave, SHP, 7(1) 9, 7(2–4) 107, 139

see also Mamo Kananda, SHPHaga’rintega Cave, EHP, 3(4) 135–136

see also The Tomb, EHPHaiza’namito Cavern, EHP, 3(4) 135Hambly, Glenda: Singoinga Cave, ENB, 2(2) 181Hana-I-Uli sink, SHP, 7(2–4) 134Handel, Malcolm

Atea Kanada, SHP, 7(1) back coverMuller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 103,

108–109, 122Harom River, WES, 6(3) 74Harrison, Linda: Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 3(2) 54Harwood’s Hole, New Zealand, 1(4) 127, 2(2) 162, 182Hayllar, Tom: Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244health, 1(2) 41, 6(3) 92–93, 6(4) 127heat fatigue, 6(3) 93Heers, Gilbert: Trobriand Islands, MBP, 6(2) 41, 48helictites

Inomangi Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 78Kibuari Cave, EHP, 3(2) 41Lemetura Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Swiss Cave, EHP, 3(2) 50

heligmites: Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 4Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 78–79, 2(4) 245, 252, 3(2) 28–30, 54,

4(1) 17, 18, 7(2–4) 100Henganofi caves, EHP, 1(3) 78–79, 2(2) 185, 2(4) 252–253,

3(2) 26, 29, 32–34Hiap Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58Hicks, Bruce: Keravat Agricultural Station caves, 4(1) 15Hicks, Peter: Keravat Agricultural Station caves, 4(1) 15Hickson, Neil

Art Gallery Cave, CEN, 7(2–4) 100Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Iaro River Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 103Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 103Mount Hagen area, WHP, 7(2–4) 103Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 103,

107–109Muller Range Expedition 1982, 7(5) 162–163New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(4) 141–143, 5(3) 62Omaru area, MAD, 7(2–4) 101speleo personalities, 7(5) 174Tuweiwu Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101

Higgens, Gary: Kafiavana rock shelter, EHP, 3(3) 96highest caves in PNG, 3(4) 110, 5(1) 4–5, 12, 7(2–4) 29, 37highest caves in Southern Hemisphere, 1(4) 126, 127highest mountains in PNG, 7(5) 151–152Hilalon plantation caves, NIP, 2(3) 202

Hill, Mikenational parks, 3(1) 19–20new contributors, 3(1) 5

Himarata land bridge, 3(2) 41, 7(2–4) 101Himarata people, EHP, 3(2) 42Hindenburg Ranges, WES

British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 111–118cave biology, 4(1) 14further exploration warranted, 7(2–4) 106rock art, 4(4) 155–164

Hindenburg Wall, WES, 1(1) 7–8British Speleological Expedition 1975, 2(1) 147, 3(4) 111British Speleological Expedition 1978, 6(1) 37, 6(2) 71,

6(3) 100, 6(4) 113–114, 131Hipposideros species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65, 79Histoplasma capsulatum (fungus), 7(2–4) 112history of PNG, 2(4) 235–236history of speleology in PNG, 4(4) 144–148Hol Cave, SHP, 7(5) 170Holdsworth, David

Javavere caves, CEN, 3(2) 54new contributors, 5(2) 31Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145–146Sogeri Plateau, CEN, 2(3) 211study leave, England, 3(1) 14Trobriand Islands caves, MBP, 5(2) 33–49, 6(2) 41–57

‘Hole’ Cave, WHP, 2(2) 190Holl, Millie


Holland, Chrisarrives Lae, MOR, 3(1) 14Iuvare caves, ENB, 2(2) 181, 3(1) 13Malabunga caves, ENB, 1(2) 45, 1(4) 120

Hölloch, Switzerland, 1(3) 75, 5(2) 50–55Holmes, Keith

Elimbari and Chuave areas, CHI, 1(4) 110Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(3) 66

honeycomb karstdescribed, 3(2) 57, 3(3) 74–75Lelet Plateau, NIP, 5(3) 72–77Waga Valley, SHP, 1(3) 62see also dolines

Honnegar, Hans: Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 88hookworms, 6(3) 93Horatio, SHP, 5(4) 105horseshoe bats, 2(3) 229, 3(4) front cover, 105

see also bats (by location); bats (by scientific name)hot pools in caves, 5(1) 9Huli people, SHP, 7(2–4) 137Hungary: Aggtelek caves, 3(1) 22–23hunting

Hells Gates, EHP, 3(2) 28Kaban Range, WES, 6(4) 114Kokombogo caves, CHI, 1(4) 99Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10Mianmin Insurgence Cave, WSP, 6(3) back coverNew Ireland caves, 2(3) 206–207Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 2(2) 177Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 134The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 67Yoigaranil Cave, CHI, 1(4) 102

Huon, John: Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244


Huon Peninsula, MORCromwell Range, 6(1) 27–34, back cover, 7(2–4) 144–147French Expedition 1978, 6(4) 131, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81

Huri Ekanda, SHP, 7(2–4) 134, 136Huris village caves, NIP, 2(3) 202Husk, Tim, 7(2–4) 104Hutchings, Rick

new contributors, 4(2) 62Uma Cave, WSP, 4(2) 64, 65

Hutchinson, RC: Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136Huxley, Camilla: Javavere caves, CEN, 3(2) 54Hydra species (freshwater organisms), 3(2) 44hydroelectric schemes, 1(2) 45, 1(3) 60, 5(2) 32, 6(4) 109–112hydrology (definition), 1(3) 60Hyla species (frog), 1(4) 133

IIaro River Cave, SHP, 2(1) 142, 144, 3(1) 4–5, 14, 7(2–4) 103Ibu village, BOU, 1(4) 128Ikenar Cave, EHP, 3(2) 41–42, 6(1) 35, 7(2–4) 108Ilalamuru Sinkhole, CHI, 1(4) 108Ilam River, WES, 6(3) 83Imigabip area, WES, 6(4) 114, 131Imungubus Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124In the Spirit of Enterprise (book review), 7(2–4) 99Inakebu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 42, 43, 45Independence Day, 4(1) 7influx caves, 2(3) 223, 225–228Inikia De Bom, WSP: rock art, 6(4) 115–118injuries

Crabtree, Steven, geologist, 3(4) 107, 109, 4(1) 7Lemon, Lesley, 1(2) 36–37, 41see also accidents

Inomangi Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72, 76–77, 78, 108insect pests, 6(3) 93insectivorous bats, 7(2–4) 63–66

see also bats (by location); bats (by scientific name)insects

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 13French exploration 1978, 6(3) 100Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252, 3(2) 28, 4(1) 17Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(1) 14Javavere caves, CEN, 2(2) 181Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12New Britain caves, 1(1) 15New Ireland caves, 4(1) 27–30Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 34Oyarip Cave, SHP, 1(3) 56Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133Star Mountains, WES, 3(4) 110Taforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 36Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36see also arthropods

Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 70–74, 1(4) 99, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 234, 248, 3(2) 54, 4(1) 17, 4(2) 67, 5(1) 9, 6(3) 87, 7(1) 22, 7(2–4) 103, 108

Irapui-Kombago shaft, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71, 74, 2(4) 248

Irapui Mur Cave, CHI, 6(3) 87

Irelya Cave, ENG, 3(4) 123iron oxides, 1(3) 72Irukunguai Cave, CHI see Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHIIsiabinunda sinkhole, EHP, 2(4) 251, 6(1) 10Ismel, Lakuna, guide

Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 10new contributors, 4(3) 136New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 86, 95, 96, 97

Iso River, ENB, 1(2) 28, 34Isontenu village, EHP, 3(2) 44isopods, 7(1) 15, 16Iswanda Cave, SHP, 7(5) 170Ita village cave, SHP, 2(1) 144Iuvare caves, ENB, 1(4) 120, 2(2) 181, 2(4) 245, 3(1) 13,

3(4) front cover, 132–133, 4(1) 15see also Durwai Cave, ENB; Luminas Cave, ENB

JJacobson, Gerry

cave surveys, SHP, 1(3) 60gone finish, 1(4) 121Javavere caves, CEN, 1(3) 65Malabunga caves, ENB, 1(2) 45O’napa cave system, EHP, 3(4) 135Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63–65Waga River caves, SHP, 1(3) 67, 3(3) 97

Jacobson, RaeJavavere caves, CEN, 1(3) 65Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63–65

Jacquinot Bay, ENB, 4(2) 55James, Julia

Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2Gagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 46highlands caves, 1(1) 9Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 7(1) 22Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Muller Range Expedition 1976, 3(1) 14, 3(3) 97, 4(1) 16,

4(2) 67, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4)Muller Range Expedition 1978, 6(2) 70–71, 7(1) 2–10Muller Range Expedition 1982, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 162–163new contributors, 5(4) 128Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146

James, Peter: Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109Jamieson, Paul: Lihir Island caves, NIP, 2(4) 246Japanese expedition 1971, 3(1) 15Japanese occupation, World War II

Gazelle Peninsula, ENB, 1(1) 17, 2(3) 205Liga village cave, NIP, 2(3) 231Londip caves, ENB, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 245, 3(4) 132Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 208–210New Ireland, 2(3) 196, 202, 206Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133

Javavere caves, CEN, 1(1) 9, 1(3) 65, 89–91, 1(4) 120, 135, 2(1) 158, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211, 3(2) 54, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 132, 4(2) 67, 7(2–4) 67, 100

Jennings, Joearête and pinnacle karst, 4(1) 2–3mentioned, 4(4) 148Muller Range Expedition 1978, 7(1) 7new contributors, 4(1) 39

Johnson, Phil: Gaulim caves, ENB, 4(4) 149Jones, Tim: Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(3) 99Jonli, Leonard: Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 4(1) 16


KKaakil resurgence, WES, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113, 131Kaban Range, WES, 6(4) 114, 131Kabase Cave, NIP, 2(3) 202, 225, 227–228, 4(1) 27,

7(2–4) 109Kabinagame Cave, CHI, 1(4) 102Kabotlabangabang caves, NIP, 3(1) 10, 4(3) 97, 108Kabwum area, MOR, 2(2) 182Kabwum Limestone Member, MOR, 6(1) 30Kafiavana rock shelter, EHP, 2(4) 245, 3(2) 26, 3(3) 96,

4(2) 72 (photo)Kagua area, SHP, 2(1) 142, 144–146, 7(2–4) 103Kagul area, CHI, 1(4) 103, 109–110Kaimare Stream, SHP, 6(4) 121Kaimomo Cave, CHI (also spelt Kimomo), 1(3) 80, 84, 85,

1(4) 110, 112, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 5(1) 30, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 153

maps, 1(4) 113 [not Kiowa; see 2(4) 249]Kainantu area, EHP, 3(2) 35–44, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 108Kalili plantation cave, NIP, 2(3) 204Kalopa Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 38, 49Kaluan village, NIP, 2(3) 214Kaluirer Cave, New Caledonia, 4(4) 165Kamanagu clan, CHI, 2(2) 177Kamasi village area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29, 4(3) 101, 127–128

see also Buangmeriba Cave, NIPKami Needle, EHP, 2(2) 184, 185Kami Thumb, EHP, 2(2) 189Kamiriba 1 Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29

see also Buangmeriba Cave, NIPKamiriba 2 Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29Kanada Atea, SHP see Atea Kanada, SHPKanada Heiowa Heia, SHP, 1(4) 125, 127, 2(2) 162,

3(1) 12, 16Kanada Kana Cave, SHP, 1(4) 125kanada: meaning of, 5(4) 111Kanambu Cave, NIP, 3(1) 8, 4(3) 108Kanameroborunda Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29, 4(3) 96, 97, 104, 105,

108–112Kanangoro Sink, CHI, 1(4) 112, 114Kandap Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58Kandrian area, WNB, 1(3) 86–88, 7(2–4) 96–99Kanimbigim Cave, NIP (also spelt Kanembigin), 3(1) 10,

4(3) 96, 108Kanimetlavau Cave, NIP, 4(3) 97–98, 107, 116

see also Canimelavow Cave, NIPKansua Cave, CHI, 6(3) 86Kantembu village, NIP, 2(3) 198, 206–207Kanulumu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218Kao village caves, CHI, 6(2) 70Kapsel village, NIP, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 202Kari Polje, MAN, 3(3) 70, 71, 4(2) 71Kari village area, MAN, 2(4) 246, 3(3) 93Karimuk Imal, WSP, 3(4) 120karst

arête and pinnacle karst, 3(2) 57, 4(1) 2–3Carstenz, Irian Jaya, 1(2) 45–46Chimbu Limestone, 1(4) 95cone (cockpit) karst, 1(2) 28, 2(3) 214, 3(1) 9, 3(2) 57,

3(3) 73, 3(4) 126–128, 4(3) 105covered karst, 6(3) 75–76, 80–82crevice karst, 1(1) 16, 3(2) 57, 4(2) 69–71definition, 1(3) 60

Erave Valley, SHP, 1(3) 62Gazelle Peninsula, ENB, 1(1) 9, 13, 16–18honeycomb karst, 1(3) 62, 3(2) 57, 3(3) 74–75, 5(3) 72–77Lake Kutubu, SHP, 6(4) 121–123lapiés karst, 6(3) 82–83largest karst features in PNG, 7(2–4) 28, 36Lelet Plateau, NIP, 2(3) 194, 3(4) 128, 4(3) 117–127,

5(3) 72–77Manus, 3(3) 67–74, 85New Britain, 1(1) 13, 1(2) 25polygonal karst, 3(2) 57, 4(3) 100 (photo), 102, 104

(photo), 105pyramid-and-doline karst, 3(2) 57, 6(3) 82, 84, 85Star Mountains, WES, 6(3) 74–86tower karst, 3(2) 57–60types in PNG, 3(2) 57–60Waga Valley, SHP, 1(3) 62western Papua, 1(1) 13see also bridges, natural; coralline limestone (coronas);

dolines; perched lakes; pseudokarst; resurgences; springsKaru Cave, NIP, 1(3) 67, 2(3) 200, 223, 224

see also Ririe Cave, NIPKatasalong Cave, NIP, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 201Katiloma Cave, SHP, 2(1) 144Kaugua River Cave, EHP, 6(1) 36Kaulausi caves, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 38Kausi Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 46, 48–49Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136, 2(3) 202–203Kauwol River, WES, 6(3) 74Kauwolabip village, WES, 2(4) 240Kavakuna Cave, ENB

French Expedition 1980, 7(2–4) 85, 86, 87Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 85, 89–95, 101

Kavieng area caves, NIP, 1(1) 9Kay, Robert

Levani Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 121–137new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Kazenjean, Ken: Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(3) 99Keba, Thomas: Nenduma Cave, BOU, 2(2) 181Kege Cave, CHI, 6(3) 87Kege Mur Cave, CHI, 6(3) 86, 87, 7(2–4) 29Kekeronunga cliff face, EHP, 2(4) 250–251, 6(1) 9Keller, Alan

arrives Rabaul, 1(4) 121gone finish, 3(1) 14Lelet Plateau, NIP, 2(3) 212–221new contributors, 2(3) 221New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 89

Kelly, Greg: Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135Kemasei village area, EHP, 2(2) 184, 185–186Kenapit plantation caves, NIP, 2(3) 200, 222Kenengkeneng Tém, WSP, 4(4) 160Kengkeng’pinka Cave, EHP, 3(4) 136Kenya: Leviathan Cave, 5(1) 22–25Keravat, ENB, 1(1) 9Kerene en Eto, SHP, 7(2–4) 132, 133, 134Keriaka Limestone, BOU, 6(2) front cover, 7(2–4) 38Keriaka Plateau, BOU, 1(3) 65, 4(4) 150, 7(2–4) 38, 7(5) 163Kerr, Rod

Aibura Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100arrives Goroka, EHP, 7(2–4) 104Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Fasaivil Cave, EHP, 7(5) 164–165

karst … cont.


Hells Gates, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Kaimomo Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 153Kamasi village area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Oravanana Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100

Kesselring, Thomas: Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) 50–55Keu village area, CHI, 7(2–4) 67–79Kewandagu clan, CHI, 1(2) 48, 2(2) 177Kewane Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 123, 129–130Kewanmaru Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100Khazâd Dum, Australia, 1(4) 127, 2(2) 162Kiap, Michael

Nenduma Cave, BOU, 4(1) 15Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150

Kiaptabu, Noah, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 99Kibuari Cave, EHP, 3(2) 41–42, 6(1) 35, 7(2–4) 108Kikori River, SHP, 1(3) 60, 6(4) 121Kilal, Ernest, schoolteacher, 3(4) 140Kiligulagu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 52, 53Kimolimba Cave, CHI, 1(4) 114Kimomo or Kimono Cave, CHI see Kaimomo Cave, CHIKincaid, Di: Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135Kincaid, Peter: Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135King, Randall

Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 103, 105, 109–110, 122, 124

new contributors, 5(4) 128Kiowa Cave, CHI, 1(4) 103, 110, 112, 2(2) 178, 2(4) 249,

4(1) 23, 5(1) 30, 6(2) 64, 7(1) 15–16, 17Kiren Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72, 75Kiriwina Island caves, MBP, 5(2) 33–49Kiroro Weraro Cave, CHI, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249Kirove Cave, CHI, 1(3) 80, 81, 1(4) 112, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 23,

7(2–4) 108Kirowa Cave, CHI see Kiowa Cave, CHIKistobu Cave, NIP, 2(2) 160–162, 2(3) 200, 4(1) 27Kitane, Gilera: Muller Range Expedition 1976, 5(4) 107Kitava Island caves, MBP, 6(2) 41–57Knight, Dick

Bibima Cave, CHI, 3(2) 54, 61Chuave area, CHI, 2(4) 249–250Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Kafiavana rock shelter, EHP, 3(3) 96Nambaiyufa village, EHP, 3(1) 13Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(4) 245, 250–251

Kobikobiri Cave, CHI, 1(4) 109–110Kodawa Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36–37, 45Kogonkombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104Kohin caves, MAN, 3(3) 80Kokenbogua Cave, CHI, 6(3) 87Kokombogo caves, CHI, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 177Kol people, ENB, 1(2) 42Kolonoboi village, NIP, 2(3) 200, 207Komebe Cave, NIP, 2(1) 141, 2(3) 200Komndokoaumu Sink, CHI, 1(4) 114Konandagu clan, CHI, 2(2) 164Konobin village caves, NIP, 2(3) 198Konogusgus village caves, NIP, 2(3) 198, 231, 3(1) 11Kopunei Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84, 93Korangka village area, EHP, 3(2) 43Kororeda Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139Kotak, Steven, 4(2) 55, 62Kousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 46, 47–48, 49Kouya Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 49, 50

Kovava Cave, BOU (also spelt Kovana), 1(4) 120, 128–131, 7(5) 163

Krom River, WES, 2(4) 240, 242, 6(3) 75, 83Krom Valley, WES, 6(3) 81Kui (Vudal student), 1(2) 43Kuiripi Cave, BOU, 7(5) 163Kukombogo Cave, CHI (also spelt Kukombogol), 1(4) 100Kukuwa Cave, BOU, 6(3) 99, 7(1) 22Kula voyage, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 56Kumanagu tribe, CHI, 2(2) 163Kumburun Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Kumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 35–36Kundiawa area caves, CHI, 1(4) 95–103Kuper Range, MOR, 1(2) 23Kupiano area, CEN, 2(1) 138–139, 7(2–4) 100Kurakagl spirit, 1(4) 109–110Kurakombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163, 4(2) 76–77Kurara Valley area, BOU, 6(3) 99–100, 6(4) 130Kuruku Neng Imal, WES, 3(4) 121, 4(4) 161Kurumbu clan, CHI, 2(2) 164Kuvwau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36, 45Kwama River, MOR, 6(1) 30, 31Kwama Valley, MOR, 6(1) back coverKwi River, CHI, 1(3) 70, 6(3) 87Kwi Valley, CHI, 1(4) 102, 103Kwikila area, CEN, 3(3) 96Kwiningl Overflow, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI,

1(3) 71, 74Kwiningl River, CHI (also spelt Kwingl, Kwinigl), 1(3) 70,

1(4) 95, 99, 2(2) 163, 178, 4(2) 76–78

LLa Buum Tém, WES, 3(4) 112–115, 4(1) 5Lababat area caves, NIP, 5(3) 84–85Labaiyu caves, NIP, 2(3) 215–216Labakewa Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 44, 48Labapivilis Cave, NIP, 4(4) 142, 143, 5(3) 89, 91Laboko village cave, SHP, 2(1) 146Labungkalabus karst depression, NIP, 4(3) 126Lakabopolu-Bomatu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 44, 45Lakare Cave, NIP, 4(3) 113Lake Kopiago, SHP, 3(4) 133Lake Kutubu, SHP, 2(1) 146, 6(4) 121–123lake techniques, 1(2) 38Lake Vivien – Krom Basin, WES, 6(3) 75, 81–82, 83, 84Lake Vivien, WES, 2(4) 240Lake Yornam, MAN, 3(3) 71lakes, perched, 1(3) 66Lakit Range, ENB, 1(1) 17Lamangwat Cave, NIP, 4(3) 108

see also Kanambu Cave, NIPLamari River caves, EHP, 3(2) 26, 40–42, 7(2–4) 108Lambelubung Cave, NIP, 4(3) 96–97, 113, 115 (photo), 116Lamis Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 197Lamlad Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220, 4(3) 106Lamlamsik Cave, NIP, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 78, 86

see also Pamp Cave, NIPLamout Massang, NIP, 2(3) 198, 206–207Lamussong village cave, NIP, 2(3) 198Landsberg, Jill

Erave Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 103, 116–119Lake Kutubu, SHP, 6(4) 121–123mentioned, 6(1) 37, 6(2) 71new contributors, 5(3) 101

Kerr, Rod … cont.


New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(4) 141–143, 5(3) 62Omai Cave, SHP, 7(1) 11–12Selminum Tém, WES, 7(2–4) 103Waiya Eganda Cave, SHP, 7(1) 12

Langlang Imal, WES, 4(4) 161Langlang Tém, WES, 4(1) 10, 7(2–4) 106language of PNG, 6(3) 95lapiés karst, 6(3) 82–83Laram Cave, NIP, 3(1) 8Laranbut karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 117–123Laranbut village, NIP, 4(3) 97–99 passimLaria Cave, SHP, 1(3) 56Larkin, Dave

Lamerika plantation, NIP, 3(1) 11, 3(2) 62, 3(3) 97New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 94New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(2) 68, 4(4) 141–143,

5(3) 62Lash, Graham: Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 101Lasiliba school, NIP, 2(3) 203Lasiong, Sition, guide, 3(1) 10Latbebe village, NIP, 3(1) 10Latkiang Cave, NIP, 3(1) 8Lauis Limestone, MAN, 3(3) 69Lauis Sandstone, MAN, 3(3) 68, 70lava caves, 4(2) 65, 66, 5(1) 22–25lava tunnels, 4(2) 67, 4(4) 149Lavani Valley Expedition 1973 see Muller Range

Expedition 1973Lavani Valley, SHP, 6(2) 71, 7(1) 7, 7(2–4) 121–137

see also Muller Range expeditionsLawariskul Cave, NIP, 2(3) 216Lawarivanggasu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218–219Lawton, Ralph: Losuia, MBP, 6(2) 49Le Fevre, Laurie

Baiyer River caves, WHP, 2(2) 190new contributors, 2(2) 162Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145

Leadley, AlanLondip caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67

Leadley, Muriel: Londip caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Leadley, Simon: Londip caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Leangnivu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 203leeches

Avilu Cave, MOR, 7(1) 20Ehi rest house area, EHP, 2(2) 189Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252, 3(2) 28, 4(1) 17Javavere caves, CEN, 2(2) 181Onaningka village area, EHP, 3(2) 43

legendsAfaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 24Agim Tém, WES, 3(4) 121Aibura Cave, EHP, 3(2) 45–46disappearing children and villages, 3(4) 121–122Gagogangama Cave ghosts, 1(2) 46Gerigl Ambu spirit, 2(2) 168, 170, 172Hells Gates, EHP, 3(2) 28Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(4) 162–163Isiabinunda sinkhole, EHP, 2(4) 251, 6(1) 10Jacquinot Bay, ENB, 4(2) 55Kausi Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 48Kekeronunga cliff face, EHP, 2(4) 251, 6(1) 9Kiriwina Island caves, MBP, 5(2) 38, 39

Kobikobiri Cave, CHI, 1(4) 109–110Kopunei Cave, MAN, 3(3) 93Kouya Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 49Lelet Plateau, NIP, 4(3) 86Lemore Cave, WNB, 4(2) 55New Ireland, 2(3) 206–207Ok Iram, WES, 3(4) 121Ruun Tém, WES, 3(4) 122Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34and snakes, 3(4) 122So-osah Cave, MAN, 3(3) 94Was Was Meri Cave, MAN, 3(3) 95Wasuu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 93Welamuro Cave, CHI, 1(4) 106, 108Yogondo spirit, 2(2) 168, 170, 172Yoigaranil Cave, CHI, 1(4) 102see also beliefs; spirits

Legrady, CharlieMonono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 146

Lehlihia Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80, 90Lehman, Bill: arrives Port Moresby, 4(1) 16Lelet Plateau, NIP, 2(3) 194, 202, 212–221, 3(1) 6–12, 14,

4(2) 68caves, unnamed, 5(3) 84–85, 89–90, 93cone (cockpit) karst, 2(3) 214, 3(1) 9, 3(4) 128, 4(3) 105legends, 4(3) 86national park submission, 4(4) 150see also New Ireland Expedition 1975; New Ireland

Expedition 1976Lematura caves, NIP, 4(3) 113Lembebe Cave, NIP, 2(3) 215–216Lemerigamas Cave, NIP, 4(4) 142, 143, 5(3) 85, 89, 92, 95,

7(2–4) 102, 109Lemeris resurgence, NIP, 5(3) 79Lemerukluk Cave, NIP, 2(3) 221

see also Meruklu caves, NIPLemetrakabit Cave, NIP, 3(1) 8Lemetura Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139, 4(1) 28Lemon, Lesley

marriage, 1(2) 45New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 27–43

Lemore Cave, WNB, 4(2) 55Lenbinbin Cave, NIP, 4(3) 96, 112 (photo), 113, 116Lende Sink, CHI, 1(4) 112Lenevit karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 124Lenkamin village, NIP, 2(3) 212, 214, 221, 231, 3(1) 11,

4(3) 94, 97–98Lenkaso karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 123, 124–126Lenkindugudu karst depression, NIP, 4(3) 127Lentas, Narmis, guide, 5(3) 84Leo village caves, CHI, 1(3) 80, 81Lepan, Councillor, NIP, 4(3) 95, 96Leptahun Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Letema Creek, WSP, 6(4) 114Lethe River, EHP, 3(2) 29, 32letters to the editor, 4(4) 170Levani Valley, SHP see Muller Range Expedition 1978Leviathan Cave, Kenya, 5(1) 22–25Leyer River, CHI, 1(3) 80, 81, 82, 85Leyer village, CHI, 1(3) 84library of PNGCEG, 6(1) 14, 7(1) 23Liga village cave, NIP, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 196, 231, 232

legends … cont.Landsberg, Jill … cont.


lighting, 7(5) 154–159carbide, 1(3) 69, 6(3) 106New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 37–38New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 130

Lihir Island caves, NIP, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 204, 2(4) 246, 4(1) 31–33

Liit village, NIP, 4(3) 95–99 passimLimbin Sink, NIP, 3(1) 8Limbin village, NIP, 2(3) 214, 3(1) 6, 8, 11,

4(3) 94–101 passimlimestone

Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2Carstenz, Irian Jaya, 1(2) 45–46Chimbu Limestone, 1(4) 94, 95coralline, 2(3) 204Cromwell Range, MOR, 6(1) 30Darai Limestone, SHP, 5(4) 116Hindenburg Wall, WES, 1(1) 7–8Kandrian area, WNB, 1(3) 86Lelet Plateau, NIP, 5(3) 71–77marine, 1(1) 7–8New Britain, 1(1) 13, 15occurrence in PNG, 1(2) front coverSouthern Highlands, 1(3) 54Star Mountains, WES, 6(3) 74–86Tibinini Limestone, ENG, 5(1) 20Waga River caves, SHP, 1(3) 62Yalum limestone, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 28

Linobamo Sink, CHI, 7(1) 16, 18Liou, Pius: Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 4(1) 16literature, caving, annotated, 4(2) 79–80

see also bibliographiesLockabor Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139Löffler, Ernst, geomorphologist

doline karst, 4(4) 151–152new contributors, 4(1) 39

Logogon village, NIP, 2(3) 196Lokabar Cave, NIP, 2(3) 201Lokon village cave, NIP, 2(3) 200Lolak village, MAN, 2(4) 253Loloba Cave, NIP, 2(1) 141, 2(3) 200Loloba village caves, NIP, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 222Lombida Cave, CHI, 1(3) 80, 86Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64, 7(2–4) 108

see also Angunga Cave, CHILondip caves, ENB, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 245, 3(4) 132longest caves

in PNG, 1(3) 70, 5(1) 4, 8, 7(2–4) 28, 34in Southern Hemisphere, 4(1) 1, 11in world, 1(3) 75

Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10–13, 2(3) 212, 3(2) 55, 3(3) 77Lopevi caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168Lorengau Basalt, MAN, 3(3) 68, 70, 71Lorengau, MAN, 1(1) 10–13Loronang Cave, NIP, 2(3) 214, 216Los Negros Island, MAN, 1(1) 10–13, 2(3) 212, 2(4) 253–254,

3(3) 70–71, 77, 79–80Lou Island, MAN, 4(1) 34–35Lovon Cave, NIP, 2(3) 216Lowasama village, NIP, 3(1) 10, 11Lowatkana Cave, NIP, 2(3) 214–215Lowatkana village, NIP, 2(3) 212, 214, 221Lowatkusmeri karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 117Lowatkusmeri Lemet Silot, NIP, 4(3) 99–100, 117Luburua plantation, NIP, 2(3) 196, 208

Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184–189Lulur village cave, NIP, 2(3) 202–203Luminas Cave, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 43–44, 1(4) 120, 2(2) 181,

2(4) 245, 3(4) 133see also Iuvare caves, ENB

Lupwaneta caves, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 38Luse Doline, ENB, 7(2–4) 87Lynch, Jim

Henganofi area, EHP, 3(2) 32–34new contributors, 3(2) 50

MMa Waru Doline, SHP, 7(2–4) 123, 128Mabik Cave, CHI, 4(2) 77

see also Mebikombogo Cave, CHIMackay, Roy: Javavere caves, CEN, 2(2) 181Madang Province

bat cave, 1(4) 136Be Cave, 3(1) 22Madang (township), 2(4) 246Nasuan Cave, 1(4) 132–133Nilnelan Cave, 1(4) 132–133Omuru area, 5(1) 30, 7(2–4) 101Rempi caves, 1(3) 66, 1(4) 132–133Suruain village, 1(4) 132Yagaum Cave, 5(1) 30

Madden, Colin: photography, 3(2) 58Maddern, Tony

Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2Chimbu area, 1(1) 9Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 95Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Porol Escarpment, CHI, 1(2) 45Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48–50The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 67

Maewo caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 166, 168Mageh No. 1 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 201–202, 225, 226Mageh No. 2 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 202, 223, 224magic

Bulu Cave, NIP, 4(3) 113Fogorobe Tém, WSP, 6(4) 118Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 127–128Muras Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220see also beliefs

Maig Mur Cave, CHI, 7(5) 160–161see also Mebile Cave, CHI

Maimbobo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101Maire, Richard

Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 111–113French Expedition 1978, 6(3) 100, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82Nembi Plateau, SHP, 7(2–4) 103new contributors, 7(1) 23, 7(2–4) 148

Makada Island, ENB, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 134Malabunga caves, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 45, 2(2) 181, 2(4) 245,

3(1) 13, 3(2) 55, 3(4) 133Malangalo village cave, WNB, 1(3) 86Malanggan figures, NIP, 4(2) 47–54malaria, 6(3) 92Malasait village, ENB, 3(1) 14, 21Malasang Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 109Malaysia: Borneo Expedition 1977/78, 5(2) 60Maleckar, Franc

new contributors, 7(2–4) 148Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89–95


Malekulu caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168Malonga, Francesca: Malabunga caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Mamarabin pothole, NIP, 2(3) 198, 206–207

see also Meabin Cave, NIPMammoth Cave, United States, 1(3) 75Mamo Kananda, SHP, 5(4) 106–109, 6(2) 71, 7(1) 7,

7(5) 162–163see also Hadia Yaneabogairi Cave, SHP

Mamo Plateau, SHP, 7(2–4) 139Manangong, Manase, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1975,

4(3) 98Mandok Cave, NIP, 2(3) 204Manetai area, BOU, 5(1) 29, 6(4) 130, 7(2–4) 38–62Mangai village caves, NIP, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 196Mannasat grassland, MOR, 7(2–4) 144–147Manus Province, 3(3) 66, 67–74, 77–95

Ahlu Cave, 3(3) 77Baluan Island, 4(1) 34–35Bayam River, 3(3) 73bibliographies, 3(3) 74, 91–92Bipi Island, 4(1) 34–35Bunai caves, 3(2) 55, 3(3) 71, 80caves of smaller islands, 4(1) 34–35Degedilis Cave, 3(3) 80Drangut caves, 3(3) 91Dremsel and Yirri Intrusives, 3(3) 67Droia area, 3(3) 96Kari area, 2(4) 246Kari Polje, 3(3) 70, 71, 4(2) 71Kari village, 3(3) 93karst, 3(3) 67–74, 85Kohin caves, 3(3) 80Kopunei Cave, 3(3) 84, 93Kumburun Cave, 3(3) 91Lake Yornam, 3(3) 71Lauis Limestone, 3(3) 69Lauis Sandstone, 3(3) 68, 70Lehlihia Cave, 3(3) 80, 90Leptahun Cave, 3(3) 91Lolak village, 2(4) 253Loniu Cave, 1(1) 10–13, 2(3) 212, 3(2) 55, 3(3) 77Lorengau, 1(1) 10–13Lorengau Basalt, 3(3) 68, 70, 71Los Negros Island, 1(1) 10–13, 2(3) 212, 2(4) 253–254,

3(3) 70–71, 77, 79–80Lou Island, 4(1) 34–35Marang Ngat Cave, 3(3) 80, 86Mata-ah Cave, 3(3) 91Matandru Cave, 3(3) 91Matdrahuur Cave, 3(3) 84Matndrumok Cave, 3(3) 84Mau Cave, 3(3) 77Metdrohorki Cave, 3(3) 84, 96Motonenis Cave, 3(3) 84Mukou Cave, 3(3) 84, 93Mundrau Limestone, 3(3) 67–68, 70, 71, 73Nambwatap Cave, 3(3) 80Napirou Cave, 3(3) 91Naringel Limestone, 3(3) 68–69, 70–71, 4(1) 34Nauna Island, 3(3) 73, 4(1) 34–35Ndran Akohau Cave, 3(3) 77, 81Ndrehinti-i Cave, 3(3) 84Ndrelei Cave, 3(3) 84Ndrias Cave, 3(3) 84

Ndrokapulal Cave, 3(3) 84Ndrompahna Cave, 3(3) 84Ndrompilu Cave, 3(3) 80, 89Ndrova Island, 3(3) 71, 4(1) 34–35Ngai-Loso caves, 3(3) 77, 79Nge-Pelimat Cave, 2(3) 212, 2(4) 246, 253–254, 3(2) 55,

3(3) 77, 4(1) 16Palang Cave, 3(3) 80Parakeipu Cave, 3(3) 80Pokohoh Arch, 3(3) 84Pokohol Cave, 3(3) front cover, 65Ponam Island, 4(1) 34–35Porsos Cave, 3(3) 91Poywih Cave, 3(3) 80, 83Puke-eng Cave, 3(3) 80Pukenkarahat Cave, 3(3) 91Pulmondrol Cave, 3(3) 84Pumpulyun Cave, 3(1) 14, 3(3) 84, 5(1) 9Pundroh Cave, 3(3) 91Quaternary Alluvium, 3(3) 69Quaternary Coral, 3(3) 69, 71Rahamusinen Cave, 3(3) 84Rambutyo Island, 3(3) 73, 4(1) 34–35Samsau caves, 3(3) 91So-osah Cave, 3(3) 91, 94Tewasiu Arch, 3(3) 84Tiniwai Cave, 3(3) 84Tinniwi Volcanics, 3(3) 67, 70Towan Cave, 3(2) 55, 3(3) 80, 82Wakil Cave, 3(3) 80Wapuu Cave, 3(3) 80, 88Was Was Meri Cave, 3(3) 95Wasuu Cave, 3(3) 80, 87, 93Worei River, 3(3) 73

map standards, 6(2) 61–62Mapos Caves, MOR, 7(2–4) 101maps

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 165Ambli Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 119Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 42Anenamo Cave, CHI, 7(1) 18Angunga Cave, CHI, 4(1) 24Anuntimpa Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 113Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 112, 115, 117, 119, 7(1) 3–4Avilu Cave, MOR, 7(1) 19Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 113Belik Cave, NIP, 2(3) 226Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 3, 5Bougainville Island, 7(2–4) 39Chuave area, CHI, 1(4) 111, 7(2–4) 67–68coral island uplift, 5(2) 48Cromwell Range, MOR, 6(1) 33–34Dabora caves, MBP, 2(1) 149Dalum Efflux Cave, NIP, 5(3) 81Danmin Cave, NIP, 5(3) 83Darua Muru Cave, CHI, 4(1) 21, 22E Mama Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 127Eastern Highlands, 3(2) 27Elimbari area, CHI, 1(4) 111Emama Ekanda, SHP, 7(2–4) 135Enga caves, 3(4) 125Erave Valley, SHP, 2(1) 143Fasaivil Cave, EHP, 7(5) 165

Manus Province … cont.


Frieda River area, WSP, 6(4) 117Gagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 47Gewane Kananda, SHP, 7(2–4) 131Gomea (Kiowa) system, CHI, 7(1) 17Hells Gates, EHP, 3(2) 30, 31, 4(1) 18Henganofi area, EHP, 3(2) 33Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 3(4) 113–114Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) 55Huri Ekanda, SHP, 7(2–4) 136Iaro River Cave, SHP, 3(1) 5Inakebu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 42Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 73Javavere caves, CEN, 1(3) 90–91Kabase Cave, NIP, 2(3) 227Kagua area, SHP, 2(1) 145Kaimomo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 113 [not Kiowa; see 2(4) 249]Kainantu area, EHP, 3(2) 37, 39Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 128Kanameroborunda Cave, NIP, 4(3) 109–111Kandrian area, WNB, 7(2–4) 97Karu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 224Kavakuna Cave, ENB, 7(2–4) 90–91Keu village area, CHI, 7(2–4) 67–68, 70–71, 73–77Kewane Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 124–125, 129–130Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 43Kitava Island, Trobriand Islands, MBP, 6(2) 42Kodawa Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 45Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4) 129Kukombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(1) 3, 1(4) front cover, 96Kuvwau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 45Labapivilis Cave, NIP, 5(3) 91Lamis Cave, NIP, 2(3) 197Lamlamsik Cave, NIP, 5(3) 86Leangnivu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 203Lehlihia Cave, MAN, 3(3) 90Lelet Plateau caves, NIP, 2(3) 215, 217, 219, 4(3) 116Lelet Plateau, NIP, 2(3) 213, 3(1) 7, 4(3) 91, 93, 103,

122–123, 5(3) 65–67Lemerigamas Cave, NIP, 5(3) 92, 95Levani Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 124, 127Lihir Island cave, NIP, 4(1) 32Linobamo Sink, CHI, 7(1) 18Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 11Lowatkusmeri Lemet Silot, NIP, 4(3) 119Mageh No. 1 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 226Mageh No. 2 Cave, NIP, 2(3) 224Maig Mur Cave, CHI, 7(5) 161Mamo cave system, SHP, 5(4) 106Manetai area, BOU, 7(2–4) 40Mannasat grassland, MOR, 7(2–4) 145, 147Manus, 3(3) 72, 4(1) 35Manus, central karst area, 3(3) 85Manus maps key, 3(3) 78Marang Ngat Cave, MAN, 3(3) 86Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 230Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 209Meabin Cave, NIP, 5(3) 80Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 26Mebile Cave, CHI, 1(2) 51, 7(5) 161Mendi caves, SHP, 1(3) 57Merakambilin Cave, NIP, 5(3) 82Mubi Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 117Muller Range, SHP, 5(4) 103

Mwagai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 46Ndran Akohau Cave, MAN, 3(3) 81Ndrompilu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 89Neguya Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 47Nenduma Cave, BOU, 3(4) 138aNew Britain, 1(1) 14New Caledonia, 4(4) 167New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 168New Ireland, 2(3) 195, 4(1) 28, 4(2) 49Ngai-Loso caves, MAN, 3(3) 79Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 2(4) 254Ninggalau Cave, NIP (also spelt Ningilau), 4(3) 110–111,

114Nolombila Cave, CHI, 7(1) 17Nombi Rockshelter, CHI, 1(4) 113Obaturum Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 47Obondoyonaminge Cave, CHI, 1(2) 49Ofafunga Cave, EHP, 6(1) 15Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 111Omkombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 98Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 29, 31, 33, 35Orabel Cave, SHP, 7(5) 168Pamp Cave, NIP, 2(3) 199Panamecho village, NIP, 4(2) 49Pemnekpus Cave, SHP, 7(5) 169Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 57–59Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 64Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 87Porgera area, ENG, 5(1) 21Porol Escarpment, CHI, 1(1) 3, 1(4) front coverPoywih Cave, MAN, 3(3) 83prominent limestone in PNG, 1(2) front coverprovinces of PNG, 6(4) 129Purio (Nimphidu) Cave, NIP, 2(3) 197Rafaifo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 115recording cave locations, 7(2–4) 88Rinimo Sink, CHI, 7(1) 18Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 44Selminum Tém, WES, 4(4) 157Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 49Sikau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 47Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 199Singga Valley, CHI, 1(4) 105Sisimi Cave, SHP, 6(4) 123Small River Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 53Star Mountains, WES, 2(4) 241, 6(3) 77–80Sunamokola Cave, NIP, 5(3) 87–88, 95Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 44–51, 56–57Teama Cave, BOU (also spelt Tioma), 5(1) 26The Doline, BOU, 7(2–4) 54The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 68topographic maps, inaccuracies in, 3(3) 73, 7(2–4) 98Towan Cave, MAN, 3(3) 82Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 45Tuweria Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 44Ugwapugwa streamway, SHP, 5(4) 119Ulur Plains, MOR, 7(2–4) 145, 147Uma Cave, WSP, 4(2) 64Wahgi Gorge, CHI, 1(4) 107Wapuu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 88Wasuu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 87water supply caves, New Ireland, 2(3) 232Yagaria Division (Lufa area), EHP, 2(2) 187Yonki Dome area, EHP, 3(2) 49, 7(2–4) 115

maps … cont. maps … cont.


maps, availability, 6(3) 94Marabunge-Tumaduit Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200, 207

see also Tumaduit Cave, NIPMarang Ngat Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80, 86Marata chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71, 74,

2(4) 248Mari, L Lluis: Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 88Marigl Shales, CHI, 1(4) 109marine limestone: Hindenburg Wall, WES, 1(1) 7–8Marpos village cave, MOR, 4(1) 16, 36–37Marthaler, Rene: Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89–95, 101Martin, Denis: Iuvare caves, ENB, 3(4) 132Martinez, Danielle

Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 111–113French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Martyn, Mike: new contributors, 3(3) 104masalai (spirits), 1(2) 32, 37, 1(3) 86, 2(3) 207, 5(3) 84Massim people, 2(2) 179Mata-ah Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Matali Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Matali River, ENB, 1(1) 16, 7(2–4) 87Matanakunei village, ENB, 1(1) 17Matanbek Cave, NIP, 2(3) 202Matandru Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 229–230Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 208–210, 5(1) 9, 14Matdrahuur Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Matndrumok Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Matupit volcano, ENB, 1(1) 17Mau Cave, MAN, 3(3) 77May River, WSP, 6(4) 114Mayne, Judy: Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248Mayne, Lynette: Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248McCabe, Ian: Old Cave, CEN, 4(4) 149McCann, Stuart: Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–

140, 5(4) 103, 108McCarthy, John: Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 103McEvedy, Diane: Wom River Cave, WSP, 6(3) 99McKenzie, Les: Londip caves, ENB, 2(4) 245McLean, Don

Henganofi area, EHP, 3(2) 32–34Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 82–83

McMahon, Pauline: New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 27–43

Meabin Cave, NIP, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 78, 80see also Mamarabin pothole, NIP

Meareu-Nindhia caves, New Caledonia, 4(4) 165–166Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 1(3) 70, 1(4) 99–100, 2(2) 178,

4(1) 17–18, 25–26, 4(2) 73, 77Mebile Cave, CHI, 1(2) 45, 50–52, 1(4) 102, 6(3) 86,

7(2–4) 107, 7(5) 160–161medical supplies

advice for visitors, 6(3) 93New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(2) 41New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 132, 135New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 97–98

Medina High School cave, NIP, 1(4) 120, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 196, 231, 232

Megachiroptera (fruit bats), 7(2–4) 63–66Megadermatidae (false vampire bats), 7(2–4) 66Meier, Betty

Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4) 128–131Mount Hagen area, WHP, 3(2) 55

Meier, HansBoromai Cave, BOU, 2(1) 147Bougainville caves, 1(1) 9, 6(1) 36, 6(4) 130, 7(2–4) 102,

7(5) 163Keriaka Plateau, BOU, 4(4) 150Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4) 120, 128–131Manetai area, BOU, 5(1) 29, 7(2–4) 38–62Mount Hagen area, WHP, 3(2) 55Nenduma Cave, BOU, 2(2) 181, 3(1) 13, 3(4) 137–139,

4(1) 15new contributors, 1(4) 131North Solomons Cave Exploration Group Newsletter,

7(1) 22speleo personalities, 4(2) 66Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150, 5(2) 60, 6(2) 71

Mendi caves, SHP, 3(4) 133Merakambilin Cave, NIP, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 82, 84Meruklu caves, NIP, 3(1) 10, 4(3) 97, 108, 115

see also Lemerukluk Cave, NIPMesangasang Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218Mesi village rock shelters, NIP, 2(3) 204Mesibere, Iyo

Gaulim caves, ENB, 1(2) 43–44new contributors, 1(2) 22

Mesulam, Lentuang, guideNew Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 99New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 69

Metdrohorki Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84, 96Metemana Cave, NIP, 3(4) 134Meteran village, NIP, 3(3) 97, 3(4) 134Metliki Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218Mi River, NIP, 2(2) 162Mianmin Insurgence Cave, WSP, 6(3) back coverMianmin Limestone, WSP, 6(4) 114, 120Mianmin, WSP: rock art site, 4(4) 150Miben Tém, WSP, 4(4) 160–161Microchiroptera (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 63–66Miegel, Daryl

Enga caves, 3(4) 123–126new contributors, 3(4) 108

Miip Tigiín, Victor Emanuel Ranges, WSP, 3(4) 116‘Mill Series’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 121, 127millipedes: Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(1) 14Milne Bay Province

Damawewe Cave, 7(2–4) 101Kiriwina Island caves, 5(2) 33–49Kitava Island caves, 6(2) 41–57Tapitapipi caves, 1(4) 134–135, 2(1) 148–150Trobriand Islands, 4(4) 145–146

Milston, Mick: Elimbari and Chuave areas, CHI, 1(4) 110Mim Koblo Cave, CHI, 6(3) 86mineral displays, Matupit volcano, 1(1) 17mines, disused, 2(1) 150–151Minim Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29Miniopterus medius (intermediate long-fingered bat),

1(4) 104, 108Miniopterus species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Mink River, ENG, 4(4) 149Minye Doline, ENB, 5(1) front cover, 6(4) 130–131, 7(1) 14,

7(2–4) 28, 80–81, 85, 88, 108Mioko Island, ENB, 1(1) 17Miro River, CHI, 1(3) 81Mirok, Councillor: Mongabip, WES, 3(4) 112, 115missionaries, 2(1) 138, 144


mist nets, 3(2) 34Mitchell, Annice: Baiyer River caves, WHP, 2(2) 190Mitchell, Les: Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(2) 62mites, 6(4) 127Mitnande clan, CHI, 2(2) 164Mokfuma Imal, WSP, 4(4) 161molluscs, 6(2) 48Molossidae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65–66Mongi River, MOR, 6(1) 30, 31Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78, 79Montgomery, Neil

Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 162Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Muller Range Expedition 1976, 3(1) 14, 3(3) 97, 4(2) 67,

4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 103, 105, 109–110, 124new contributors, 5(4) 128

Montserrat i Nebot, AlfredMaig Mur (Mebile) Cave, CHI, 7(5) 160–161new contributors, 6(3) 101Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(2) 70, 6(3) 86–88

Moranambul River, CHI, 1(4) 108Morena Cave, CHI, 1(3) 78, 1(4) 114Morobe Province

Afaruru Cave, 1(2) 23–25, 2(1) 139Arbaruru Cave (Afaruru Cave), 1(2) 23Avilu Cave, 7(1) 16, 19, 20Awarida Cave (Afaruru Cave), 1(2) 23Bangeta Plateau, 7(1) 14Buang Mountains, 2(1) 139, 2(4) front coverCromwell Range, 6(1) 27–34, back cover, 7(2–4) 144–147Gonma depression, 6(1) 27–28Gowop Limestone, 6(1) 30Huon Peninsula, 6(1) 27–34, 6(4) 131, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81Kabwum area, 2(2) 182Kabwum Limestone Member, 6(1) 30Kuper Range, 1(2) 23Kwama River, 6(1) 30, 31Kwama Valley, 6(1) back coverMannasat grassland, 7(2–4) 144–147Mapos Caves, 7(2–4) 101Marpos village cave, 4(1) 16, 36–37Mongi River, 6(1) 30, 31Mt Bangeta, 6(4) 131Mumeng cave, 1(2) 45Sagaiyo village, 1(2) 23, 2(1) 139Saruwaged Range, 4(4) 151–152, back cover, 6(4) 131,

7(2–4) 81Sengayo village area, 7(1) 16, 20Sialum area, 7(1) 20Snake River valley, 1(2) 23–25, 2(1) 139, 4(1) 16, 36–37Song River Calcarenite, 6(1) 30Tiba depression, 6(1) 28, back coverTipsit Limestone, 6(1) 31Ulur Plains, 7(2–4) 144–147Wandokai Limestone, 6(1) 30Wasu area, 2(2) 182Wetna village, 6(1) 27

Morris, JapethAlumgu Cutoff Cave, ENB, 2(2) 181Iuvare caves, ENB, 3(4) 132

Moses, LuluaiChuave area, CHI, 1(3) 80Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 82–83

mosquitoes, 6(3) 92, 93

Motonenis Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Mouelia species (carpet snake), 1(4) 133Mount Hagen area, WHP, 1(3) 66, 3(2) 55, 7(2–4) 103Mountain, Mary Jane

arrives Port Moresby, 1(4) 121fieldwork, 6(3) 101Nombi Rockshelter, CHI, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 15,

7(2–4) 102Mountain Rescue Squad, 6(2) 40Mouret, C: French exploration 1978, 7(1) 15–21Mroczkowski, Donna: Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 103,

7(5) 162Mromon Cave, NIP, 4(1) 28

see also Silom Cave, NIPMt Afuma, SHP, 6(4) 121Mt Aiyung, WSP, 1(1) 7Mt Arthur, New Zealand, 2(2) 182Mt Bangeta, MOR, 6(4) 131Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 66, 79, 83, 1(4) 102–103, 7(1) 15–16Mt Faiam, ENG, 5(1) 20Mt Kaijende, ENG, 4(1) 2–3, 5(1) 18–21, 7(2–4) 101, 103,

7(5) 162Mt Kemenagi, SHP, 6(4) 121Mt Kerewa, SHP, 6(4) 121Mt Lapwap, ENG, 5(1) 20Mt Legari, SHP, 7(1) 7Mt Marunu, EHP, 2(4) 252Mt Michael, EHP, 3(2) 26Mt Owen, New Zealand, 2(2) 182Mubi Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 116, 117Mubi River bridge, SHP, 1(3) 62, 5(1) 5Mubi River, SHP, 1(3) 62, 6(4) 122Mugsford, John: Iuvare caves, ENB, 4(1) 15Mukou Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84, 93Muli River, SHP, 1(3) 61Muliama village caves, NIP, 2(3) 202Muller Range, SHP

dolines, 1(4) 123, 124, 4(4) 151, 152, back coverfurther exploration warranted, 7(2–4) 107maps, 5(4) 103

Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(3) 66, 1(4) 121, 123–126Papua New Guinea Speleological Expedition NSRE 1973

(book review), 3(1) 15–17planning, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 45

Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 149, 5(4) 102–128planning, 3(1) 14, 3(3) 97, 4(1) 16, 4(2) 67–68preliminary report, 4(4) 139–140

Muller Range Expedition 1978, 6(2) 70–71, 6(4) 108Caves and Karst of the Muller Range (book review),

7(2–4) 141–143Lavani Valley exploration, 7(2–4) 121–137preliminary report, 7(1) 2–10preparation for, 6(1) 37scientific programme, 7(1) 7–9

Muller Range Expedition 1982, 7(2–4) 103, 139–140, 7(5) 162–163

Mumeng Cave, MOR, 1(2) 45Mundrau Limestone, MAN, 3(3) 67–68, 70, 71, 73Munihu Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58Muras Cave, NIP, 2(3) 216, 220–221murder trials (locals), 3(2) 40Murifinka Cave, EHP see Hells Gates, EHPMurugugl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 108Musa maclayi (banana), 1(2) 40Musabe village area, EHP, 3(2) 35


Muscio, Allen: Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 78–79Muscio, Jan: Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 78–79mushrooms, 1(3) 81Musumuras Cave, NIP, 2(3) 217–218Muto Cave, EHP, 2(2) 186Mwagai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36, 46Myotis species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65myths see legends

NNagail village, ENB, 3(3) 96Naggia River, SHP, 7(1) 12Nakanai Mountains, ENB, 1(1) 13, 15–16, 6(3) 100,

7(2–4) 29, 85, 102, 108–109Nali Gorge, SHP, 7(1) 6, 7(2–4) 139Nama’joga Cave, EHP, 3(4) 136Namatanai caves, NIP, 1(1) 9, 2(3) 222–228, 3(3) 97Nambaiyufa village, EHP, 2(2) 185, 3(1) 13Nambwatap Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80naming caves, 1(4) 94Nanzan University, Japan, expedition, 4(4) 146Napirou Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Napunta village cave, NIP, 2(3) 201Naragu clan, CHI, 1(2) 48Nare Doline, ENB, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) front cover, 80, 85, 88, 109Naregu clan, CHI, 2(2) 177Naringel Limestone, MAN, 3(3) 68–69, 70–71, 4(1) 34Narli River, SHP, 1(4) 126Nasuan Cave, MAD, 1(4) 132–133national cultural property, 2(4) 238–239national parks, 2(4) 234–235, 237, 3(1) 19–20

Lelet Plateau submission, 4(4) 150Nauna Island, MAN, 3(3) 73, 4(1) 34–35Ndran Akohau Cave, MAN, 3(3) 77, 81Ndrehinti-i Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Ndrelei Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Ndrias Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Ndrokapulal Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Ndrompahna Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Ndrompilu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80, 89Ndrova Island, MAN, 3(3) 71, 4(1) 34–35Neguya Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37–38, 47Nelson, John: Bougainville caves, 7(5) 163Nembi Plateau, SHP, 6(2) 72, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 166–170Nenduma Cave, BOU, 2(1) 147, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211, 3(1) 13,

3(4) 137–139, 7(5) 163see also Boromai Cave, BOU

Nenia sinkhole, SHP, 1(3) 65netting, 3(2) 34Nettlebed Cave, New Zealand, 7(2–4) 31never-again-country, 3(1) 9New Britain caves, 1(1) 13–18

see also East New Britain Province; West New Britain Province

New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 27–43New Caledonia caves, 3(3) 97, 4(4) 165–167, 169–170New Guinea Disposals (advertisement), 2(4) 247, 3(1) 3,

3(2) 56, 3(3) 98, 3(4) 129–131, 4(1) 40–42, 4(2) 82–84, 4(4) 153–154

New Hanover (Lavangai Island), NIP, 3(3) 97, 3(4) 134New Hebrides [Vanuatu] caves, 4(4) 166–170New Ireland Expedition 1975

acknowledgements, 4(3) 134conclusion, 4(3) 133

diary, 4(3) 94–101equipment and logistics, 4(3) 129–132geology, 4(3) 102geomorphology, 4(3) 102–105hydrology, 4(3) 105introduction, 4(3) 89–93overview, 3(3) 97, 4(3) 87planning, 2(4) 236–237, 246, 3(1) 14, 3(2) 55, 62, 3(4) 108,

133, 4(1) 15–16vegetation, 4(3) 106water supply caves, 4(3) 106

New Ireland Expedition 1976abstract, 5(3) 62camping, 5(3) 97conclusions, 5(3) 93diary, 5(3) 63–64, 68–71equipment, 5(3) 94food supplies, 5(3) 96–97geology, 5(3) 66guides and carriers, 5(3) 97insurance, 5(3) 99introduction, 5(3) 63Lelet Plateau word list, 5(3) 99–100medical supplies, 5(3) 97–98photography, 5(3) 96physiography of Lelet Plateau, 5(3) 71–77preliminary report, 4(4) 141–143, 150surveying, 5(3) 96

New Ireland Province, 2(3) 193–205Angolomon Cave, 2(3) 218Awatbumbum Cave, 2(3) 219–220, 4(3) 97, 107–108, 116Bakan village caves, 2(3) 201, 222Banamai Cave, 2(1) 141Batumoris Cave, 2(3) 217–218Baum Cave, 2(3) 196Belik Cave, 2(3) 200, 225, 226, 4(1) 27–28bibliographies, 2(3) 204–205, 4(1) 30, 4(3) 136Bo village pothole, 2(3) 201Bokakup I karst depressions, 4(3) 123, 127Bolof Cave, 2(3) 196, 229Bonamai Cave, 2(3) 200Bopire plantation, 2(3) 201Buang Kalubu caves, 2(3) 198, 207Buangkum Cave, 2(3) 220Buangmeriba Cave, 3(1) 11 see also Kameribuk Cave;

Kamiriba 1 CaveBulu Cave, 4(3) 113Bulu village caves, 2(3) 200Bumbulup Cave, 2(3) 215–216Bumbuve village, 2(3) 198Canimelavow Cave, 2(3) 219–220 see also Kanimetlavau

Cavecoastal caves, 2(3) 222Dalum Efflux Cave, 3(1) 6, 5(3) 79, 81, 7(2–4) 102, 109Dalum River, 3(3) 97, 4(2) 68, 4(3) 105 (photo), 128,

4(4) 141Dalum village, 3(1) 6Danasing area caves, 5(3) 90, 93Danis caves, 2(3) 216–217Danmin Cave, 4(1) 29, 4(4) 141–142, 5(3) 78, 83Etis Cave, 2(3) 218Fatmilak village cave, 2(3) 198Fissoa plantation, 2(3) 196geography, 2(3) 193–194

New Ireland Expedition 1975 … cont.


geology and geomorphology, 2(3) 194Hilalon plantation caves, 2(3) 202Huris village caves, 2(3) 202Kabase Cave, 2(3) 202, 225, 227–228, 4(1) 27, 7(2–4) 109Kabotlabangabang caves, 3(1) 10, 4(3) 97, 108Kalili plantation cave, 2(3) 204Kaluan village, 2(3) 214Kameribuk Cave, 4(1) 29, 4(3) 101, 127–128 see also

Buangmeriba CaveKamiriba 1 Cave, 4(1) 29 see also Buangmeriba CaveKamiriba 2 Cave, 4(1) 29Kanambu Cave, 3(1) 8, 4(3) 108Kanameroborunda Cave, 4(1) 29, 4(3) 96, 97, 104, 105,

108–112Kanimbigim Cave (also spelt Kanembigin), 3(1) 10,

4(3) 96, 108Kanimetlavau Cave, 4(3) 97–98, 107, 116 see also

Canimelavow CaveKantembu village, 2(3) 198, 206–207Kanulumu Cave, 2(3) 218Kapsel village, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 202Karu Cave, 1(3) 67, 2(3) 200, 223, 224 see also Ririe CaveKatasalong Cave, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 201Kaut Cave, 1(4) 136, 2(3) 202–203Kavieng area caves, 1(1) 9Kenapit plantation caves, 2(3) 200, 222Kistobu Cave, 2(2) 160–162, 2(3) 200, 4(1) 27Kolonoboi village, 2(3) 200, 207Komebe Cave, 2(1) 141, 2(3) 200Konobin village caves, 2(3) 198Konogusgus village caves, 2(3) 198, 231, 3(1) 11Kororeda Cave, 3(4) 139Labaiyu caves, 2(3) 215–216Lababat area caves, 5(3) 84–85Labapivilis Cave, 4(4) 142, 143, 5(3) 89, 91Labungkalabus karst depression, 4(3) 126Lakare Cave, 4(3) 113Lamangwat Cave, 4(3) 108 see also Kanambu CaveLambelubung Cave, 4(3) 96–97, 113, 115 (photo), 116Lamis Cave, 2(3) 196, 197Lamlad Cave, 2(3) 220, 4(3) 106Lamlamsik Cave, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 78, 86 see also Pamp CaveLamout Massang, 2(3) 198, 206–207Lamussong village cave, 2(3) 198Laram Cave, 3(1) 8Laranbut karst depressions, 4(3) 117–123Laranbut village, 4(3) 97–99 passimLasiliba school, 2(3) 203Latbebe village, 3(1) 10Latkiang Cave, 3(1) 8Lawariskul Cave, 2(3) 216Lawarivanggasu Cave, 2(3) 218–219Leangnivu Cave, 2(3) 203legends, 2(3) 206–207Lelet Plateau, 2(3) 194, 202, 212–221, 3(1) 6–12, 14,

3(3) 97, 4(2) 68 see also New Ireland Expedition 1975; New Ireland Expedition 1976

Lelet Plateau word list, 5(3) 99–100Lematura caves, 4(3) 113Lembebe Cave, 2(3) 215–216Lemerigamas Cave, 4(4) 142, 143, 5(3) 85, 89, 92, 95,

7(2–4) 102, 109Lemeris resurgence, 5(3) 79Lemerukluk Cave, 2(3) 221 see also Meruklu caves

Lemetrakabit Cave, 3(1) 8Lemetura Cave, 3(4) 139, 4(1) 28Lenbinbin Cave, 4(3) 96, 112 (photo), 113, 116Lenevit karst depressions, 4(3) 124Lenkamin village, 2(3) 212, 214, 221, 231, 3(1) 11,

4(3) 94, 97–98Lenkaso karst depressions, 4(3) 123, 124–126Lenkindugudu karst depression, 4(3) 127Liga village cave, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 196, 231, 232Lihir Island caves, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 204, 2(4) 246, 4(1) 31–33Liit village, 4(3) 95–99 passimLimbin Sink, 3(1) 8Limbin village, 2(3) 214, 3(1) 6, 8, 11, 4(3) 94–101 passimLockabor Cave, 3(4) 139Logogon village, 2(3) 196Lokabar Cave, 2(3) 201Lokon village cave, 2(3) 200Loloba Cave, 2(1) 141, 2(3) 200Loloba village caves, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 222Loronang Cave, 2(3) 214, 216Lovon Cave, 2(3) 216Lowasama village, 3(1) 10, 11Lowatkana Cave, 2(3) 214–215Lowatkana village, 2(3) 212, 214, 221Lowatkusmeri karst depressions, 4(3) 117Lowatkusmeri Lemet Silot, 4(3) 99–100, 117Luburua plantation, 2(3) 196, 208Lulur village cave, 2(3) 202–203Mageh No. 1 Cave, 2(3) 201–202, 225, 226Mageh No. 2 Cave, 2(3) 202, 223, 224Malanggan figures, 4(2) 47–54Mamarabin pothole, 2(3) 198, 206–207 see also Meabin

CaveMandok Cave, 2(3) 204Mangai village caves, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 196Marabunge-Tumaduit Cave, 2(3) 200, 207 see also

Tumaduit CaveMatanbek Cave, 2(3) 202Matapara Cave, 2(3) 196, 229–230Matarai Cave, 2(3) 196, 208–210, 5(1) 9, 14Meabin Cave, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 78, 80 see also Mamarabin

potholeMedina High School cave, 1(4) 120, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 196,

231, 232Merakambilin Cave, 4(4) 141, 5(3) 82, 84Meruklu caves, 3(1) 10, 4(3) 97, 108, 115 see also

Lemerukluk CaveMesangasang Cave, 2(3) 218Mesi village rock shelters, 2(3) 204Metemana Cave, 3(4) 134Meteran village, 3(3) 97, 3(4) 134Metliki Cave, 2(3) 218Mi River, 2(2) 162Minim Cave, 4(1) 29Mromon Cave, 4(1) 28 see also Silom CaveMuliama village caves, 2(3) 202Muras Cave, 2(3) 216, 220–221Musumuras Cave, 2(3) 217–218Namatanai caves, 1(1) 9, 2(3) 222–228, 3(3) 97Napunta village cave, 2(3) 201New Hanover (Lavangai Island), 3(3) 97, 3(4) 134Ninggalau Cave (also spelt Ningilau), 4(1) 29–30, 4(3) 96,

97, 99, 105, 113–115Nokon village caves, 2(3) 202

New Ireland Province … cont. New Ireland Province … cont.


Nonopai village cave, 2(3) 196Pamp Cave, 2(3) 198, 199, 223 see also Lamlamsik CavePanamafei village pothole, 2(3) 203, 207Panamana village, 2(3) 196Panamecho carvings, 4(2) 47–54Panemeke village cave, 2(3) 204Pesolik Cave, 4(3) 112Pire village, 2(3) 201Poronbus village, 2(3) 202Punam Limestone, 2(3) 194Purio (Nimphidu) Cave, 2(3) 196, 197Putbiliko (high country, Lelet Plateau), 3(1) 8–9, 11Putbo Cave, 2(3) 219–220Putladung Cave, 4(3) 106, 112Ramat plantation caves, 2(3) 201, 222Ramat village caves, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 201, 222Rasese village caves, 2(3) 201, 222Ririe Cave, 4(1) 28 see also Karu CaveSae River, 2(3) 201Samo village caves, 2(3) 202Schleinitz Range, 2(3) 194, 202Selanit caves, 2(3) 216Sepölö Cave, 4(3) 97, 112Sila Cave, 3(4) 134Silom 2 village cave, 2(3) 212Silom Cave, 2(3) 198–200, 231, 3(3) 97 see also Mromon

CaveSohun 2 village, 2(3) 202Sunamokola Cave, 4(4) 142–143, 5(3) 85, 87–88, 95Sunon area caves, 5(3) 85, 87–90Surker Limestone, 2(3) 194Tabar Island, 2(3) 207Tumaduit Cave, 4(1) 27 see also Marabunge-Tumaduit

CaveTumbumpo area, 3(1) 11Umarah Cave, 2(2) front cover, 159, 160–162, 2(3) 200,

225, 4(1) 27, 30Valval Cave, 3(4) 134water supply caves, 2(3) 231–232

Ngai-Loso caves, MAN, 3(3) 77, 79Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 2(3) 212, 2(4) 246, 253–254,

3(2) 55, 3(3) 77, 4(1) 16Nibino River, WSP, 6(3) back cover, 6(4) 114Nicholls, Rosemary


Nicol, Geoffgone finish, 7(2–4) 104Omaru area, MAD, 7(2–4) 101

Niglgagle passage, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72, 2(4) 248

Nilkama River, CHI, 1(4) 102Nilnelan Cave, MAD, 1(4) 132–133Nimimb River, ENG, 3(4) 124Ninggalau Cave, NIP (also spelt Ningilau), 4(1) 29–30,

4(3) 96, 97, 99, 105, 113–115Niugini Speleological Research Expedition 1973 see Muller

Range Expedition 1973Nogar Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104

see also Welakumare Cave, CHINogare village, CHI, 1(4) 103Nokon village caves, NIP, 2(3) 202Nola Cave, CHI, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249Nola village area, CHI, 4(1) 18–19

Nolangomo Stream, CHI, 6(2) 64Nolombila Cave, CHI, 6(2) 63–64, 7(1) 16, 17Nomad River, SHP, 5(4) 107Nomani, Councillor

Angunga Cave, CHI, 4(1) 19Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(2) 63–64

Nombi Rockshelter, CHI (also spelt Noumbi, Nombe), 1(4) 112, 113, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 249, 4(1) 15, 7(2–4) 102

Nongamel Cave, CHI, 1(4) 97Nonopai village cave, NIP, 2(3) 196Noone, Michael

gone finish, 3(1) 14Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 120, 135, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211new contributors, 1(4) 131Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146–147

Noreikora village area, EHP, 2(2) 185, 3(2) 36, 38North Solomons Cave Exploration Group Newsletter, 7(1) 22North Solomons Province see Bougainville ProvinceNothofagus species (southern beech), 6(3) 74Nullarbor Cave, Australia, 1(4) 131Num, David: Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 146Numbaira people, EHP, 3(2) 42Nutuve Catholic Mission, ENB, 1(1) 16, 1(2) 28, 6(4) 130Nyctimystes species (frog), 3(2) 44

OObaturum Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37, 47Obi Cave, EHP, 2(2) 186, 188obituaries: Derek Clark, 1(2) 44Obondoyonaminge Cave, CHI, 1(2) 48, 49, 1(4) 97, 104,

2(2) 177, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 248Obungeram Cave, ENB, 1(1) 16, 3(1) 14, 21, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 140Obura area, EHP, 3(2) 38, 40, 6(4) 131–132, 7(2–4) 100–101Obura land bridge, EHP, 3(2) 40–41, 42, 5(1) 5, 6(1) 35ochre paintings, 2(2) 164

see also rock artO’Donovan, John: British Speleological Expedition 1975,

4(1) 6, 9–10Ofafunga Cave, EHP, 2(4) 251, 6(1) front cover, 4–9, 10–11,

16–26, 7(2–4) 100Ogi Oga Kombogo Cave, CHI, 4(2) 73Ogle-Ogla Cave, CHI, 4(2) 78Oglon Kombuglodra Cave, CHI, 6(3) 86Oglon Vamedira Cave, CHI, 6(3) 86Ogondia clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Ok Agim area, WES, 3(4) 109–110, 117, 120, 4(1) 12Ok Anaram, WES, 3(4) 116Ok Arem, WES, 6(4) 113Ok Askenbu, WES, 6(4) 113–114Ok Iram, WES, 3(4) 121Ok Mani, WES, 6(4) 113Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(3) 100, 6(4) front cover, 109–112,

113Ok Mlia, WSP, 6(4) 118Ok Nong, WES, 3(4) 116, 121, 4(1) 7–8, 11Ok Sibul, Irian Jaya, 5(1) 9Ok Tedi copper project, WES, 6(4) 109–112Ok Tedi, WES, 1(1) 7, 6(4) 113Ok Tigiín, WES, 3(4) 110Okafungu caves, SHP, 7(1) 6Okaigivigavi rock shelf, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 54Okapa, EHP, 2(2) 182, 185, 3(2) 26Okaparu, SHP, 5(4) 105Okawasuya rock shelf, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 54

New Ireland Province … cont.


Okemimal Tém, WES, 4(1) 14Oksapmin area, WSP, 7(2–4) 103Old Cave, CEN, 2(1) 158, 2(2) 181, 3(2) 54, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 132,

4(2) 67, 4(4) 149see also Javavere caves, CEN

Olden, Alan1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17arrives Rabaul, 4(1) 16Gaulim caves, ENB, 4(4) 149Keravat Agricultural Station caves, ENB, 4(1) 15Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67

Ollier, CliffDamawewe Cave, MBP, 7(2–4) 101Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145–146Trobriand Islands caves, MBP, 5(2) 33–49, 6(2) 41–57

Olsobip area, WES, 6(4) 113–114Olukwaleku Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51Omai Cave, SHP, 1(3) 56, 5(1) 4, 7(1) 11–12, 7(2–4) 107,

118, 120Omaura area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Ome Cave, SHP, 7(5) 166Omkombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 97, 104Omuntianele Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Omuru area, MAD, 5(1) 30, 7(2–4) 101Onanaro River, CHI, 1(3) 81Onaningka village area, EHP, 3(2) 43O’napa cave system, EHP, 3(4) 135Ongbonigl River, CHI, 1(4) 106Optimistitscheskaya Cave, Ukraine, 1(3) 75Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 27–43, 2(1) front cover, 137, 5(1) 9,

7(2–4) 85, 109cave of year award, 1(4) 122

Ora uvala bridge, ENB, 5(1) 5Orabel Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 167, 168Oravanana Cave, EHP, 6(4) 131–132, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 81,

100, 108see also Yunamare Cave, EHP

Oreat-Satadat Cave, ENB, 1(1) 16Oreill, Bob: Kogonkombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104Origiveka Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 34–35Oriri River, CHI, 1(3) 80, 81, 82Oriro Cave, CHI, 1(3) 84–85Oriro River, CHI, 1(3) 84Orme, Ted: Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36overseas visitors to PNG, advice for, 6(3) 89–98, 6(4) 124–129Owen Stanley Range, CEN, 2(1) 138Owillfore Tem, WSP, 7(2–4) 106owls, 1(4) 133Oyarip Cave, SHP, 1(3) 56

PPage, Ralph

new contributors, 5(3) 101New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(4) 141–143, 5(3) 62

Pain, Colin: Damawewe Cave, MBP, 7(2–4) 101paintings see rock artPalait, Thomas, guide, NIP, 4(3) 95, 96Palang Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80Palaumatana Cave, ENB, 4(2) 55Palo, Camillus, 4(2) 55, 62Pamp Cave, NIP, 2(3) 198, 199, 223

see also Lamlamsik Cave, NIPPanamafei village pothole, NIP, 2(3) 203, 207Panamana village, NIP, 2(3) 196

Panamecho carvings, NIP, 4(2) 47–54Pandanus species (screw pine), 6(3) 74Pandi River, ENB, 1(1) 15Panemeke village cave, NIP, 2(3) 204Papua New Guinea Speleological Expedition NSRE 1973,

3(1) 15Papua New Guinea’s Prehistory: An Introduction (book

review), 7(5) 170–171Parakeipu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80Pari village area, CHI, 6(3) 87Parka squeeze, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72Parker, Fred

Berema Cave, CHI, 6(2) 65–66Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2Javavere caves, CEN, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211, 3(2) 54Kabwum area, MOR, 2(2) 182Kainantu area, EHP, 3(2) 35–44Kobikobiri Cave, CHI, 1(4) 109–110Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184–189mentioned, 1(4) 121new contributors, 1(4) 131Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48Singga Valley caves, CHI, 1(4) 103–106speleo personalities, 3(2) 64Star Mountains, WES, 2(2) 180Wahgi Gorge, CHI, 1(4) 106–108

Parker, Vivian: Javavere caves, CEN, 3(2) 54Parlin, Boris: Waga River caves, SHP, 3(3) 97Paru Paru School Cave, BOU, 6(3) 99Parzybut, Roger

Berema Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 78Chuave area, CHI, 6(1) 37, 6(2) 70, 6(3) 100, 7(2–4) 67–79new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Paspari, Michael: Iuvare caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Pato Cave, CHI, 4(1) 19Paulo, Lilikas, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 99Pauraka Cave 1, BOU, 6(3) 99–100, 7(5) 163Pavey, Andrew: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Pavey, Bev: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Pawari Cave, ENG, 3(4) 123–124Pawih, Bernard

arrives Port Moresby, 4(1) 16Manus Island cave legends, 3(3) 93new contributors, 3(3) 104

Pease, Davidarrives Kainantu, EHP, 7(2–4) 104Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64mentioned, 7(1) 23new contributors, 7(2–4) 148Ofafunga Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Omaru area, MAD, 7(2–4) 101Tuweiwu Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Ulur Plains, MOR, 7(2–4) 144–147

Pemnekpus Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 167, 169, 170Pentecost caves, New Hebrides [Vanuatu], 4(4) 166perched lakes, 1(3) 66permits for collecting, 6(3) 90Pernette, Jean Francois

French Expedition 1980, 7(2–4) 87–88Nembi Plateau, SHP, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 166–170new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Perou, Sid, cameraman: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 2(4) 245, 4(1) 7, 8, 10–11


Perry, ChrisLihir Island caves, NIP, 2(4) 246Londip caves, ENB, 2(4) 245

Pesolik Cave, NIP, 4(3) 112photography: New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 96pigs

legends, 2(4) 251, 6(1) 9New Ireland, 2(3) 207

Pila Cave, CHI, 7(1) 16Pingerip Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58pinnacle karst, 4(1) 2–3Pire village, NIP, 2(3) 201Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 56–63Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 63–65, 67Pit-prop passage, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 72pitches, longest in PNG, 5(1) 4, 10–11, 6(4) 130, 7(2–4) 28,

35, 80Pius, Paul

Manus Island cave legends, 3(3) 94new contributors, 3(3) 104

Ples Pit-pit chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71Plumley, Noel

Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 81British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 8, 11British Speleological Expedition 1978, 6(4) 113, 131Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 6(1) 37Hindenburg Wall, WES, 6(2) 71Obura area, EHP, 6(4) 131–132

Poga River, WHP, 2(2) 190Pogaio people, SHP, 1(4) 124Poggia, F: French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82Poinjela Cave, SHP, 7(5) 167Pokohoh Arch, MAN, 3(3) 84Pokohol Cave, MAN, 3(3) front cover, 65Pokolou, Anna

Manus Island cave legends, 3(3) 95new contributors, 3(3) 104

Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 66, 86–88poljes, 6(3) 76, 80–81polychaete worms, 3(4) 109, 4(1) 14polygonal karst, 3(2) 57, 4(3) 100 (photo), 102, 104 (photo),

105Pomio area caves, ENB, 1(1) 16

see also French Expedition 1978Ponam Island, MAN, 4(1) 34–35Pondo, ENB, 1(1) 16Pons, Salvador: Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 88Poozanoff, Alex


Porgera area, ENG, 5(1) 18–21Porol Escarpment, CHI, 1(2) 45, 1(4) 95–96, 2(3) 211,

2(4) 248, 6(2) 65–66Poroma village, SHP, 1(2) 45, 1(3) 63Poronbus village, NIP, 2(3) 202Pororo caves, SHP, 1(3) 56Porsos Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 144–148porters see guides and carriersPoruberi village, SHP, 2(1) 142possums, 1(4) 102potholing in disused mines, 2(1) 150–151

potteryAggtelek caves, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, 3(1) 23Cape Rodney – Kupiano area, CEN, 2(1) 138–139Kitava Island, Trobriand Islands, MBP, 6(2) 47–56 passim

Pound, AlisonAibura Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100arrives Kainantu, EHP, 7(2–4) 104bats, 6(3) 101expedition advice, 6(3) 89–98, 6(4) 124–129Javavere caves, CEN, 4(2) 67Kupiano area, CEN, 7(2–4) 100new contributors, 6(2) 66Old Cave, CEN, 4(4) 149swiftlets, 7(2–4) 120, 138

Pound, Malcolmarrives Kainantu, EHP, 7(2–4) 104arrives Port Moresby, 3(1) 14Art Gallery Cave, CEN, 7(2–4) 100Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Berema Cave, CHI, 6(2) 70, 7(2–4) 78Cromwell Range, MOR, 6(1) 27–34Fasaivil Cave, EHP, 7(5) 164–165Geological Survey of PNG, 5(2) 59Javavere caves, CEN, 3(2) 54, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 132, 4(2) 67Kamasi village area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Kupiano area, CEN, 7(2–4) 100Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64Malabunga caves, ENB, 3(2) 55Manatai area, BOU, 5(1) 29New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 88Ofafunga Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109–112Old Cave, CEN, 4(4) 149Omaru area, MAD, 7(2–4) 101Omaura area, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 147speleo personalities, 4(4) 174Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150

Poywih Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80, 83Pratt, Thane K: bat identification, 7(2–4) 63–66prehistory

Aggtelek caves, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, 3(1) 23of PNG, 2(4) 235–236

Priestley, Ian: Aibura Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 100Prior, Chris

Lihir Island caves, NIP, 2(4) 246pumice caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Singoinga Cave, ENB, 2(2) 181

prison caves, 2(3) 196pseudokarst

basalt caves, 4(2) 65pumice caves, ENB, 1(1) 17, 2(4) 245, 3(1) 13, 4(2) 67,

5(1) 29volcanic caves, 4(2) 65volcanolithic arenite, 4(1) 31–33

Pteropodidae (fruit bats), 7(2–4) 64Pteropus species (flying fox), 7(2–4) 64publishing expedition reports, 6(3) 97Pugsley, Chris

1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17–19British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 7, 8, 10Chuave area, CHI, 4(1) 15new contributors, 4(1) 39

Puke-eng Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80


Pukenkarahat Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Pulmondrol Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Pulupare village, SHP, 2(1) 142, 144, 3(1) 4pumice caves, ENB, 1(1) 17, 2(4) 245, 3(1) 13, 4(2) 67,

5(1) 29Pumpulyun Cave, MAN, 3(1) 14, 3(3) 84, 5(1) 9Puna Cave, BOU, 5(1) 29Punam Limestone, NIP, 2(3) 194Pundroh Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91Punua Efflux Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 58–62, 7(5) 163Punua Inflow Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 55, 58, 84Punua River Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36Pupitau village, SHP, 2(1) 142Purio (Nimphidu) Cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 197Putbiliko (high country, Lelet Plateau, NIP), 3(1) 8–9, 11Putbo Cave, NIP, 2(3) 219–220Putladung Cave, NIP, 4(3) 106, 112Pybus, Andy

gone finish, 1(4) 121Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

Pybus, Judygone finish, 1(4) 121Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

pyramid-and-doline karst, 3(2) 57, 6(3) 82, 84, 85pythons

advice for visitors, 6(3) 93Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 65Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 132, 133

Qquarantine, 6(3) 90–91Quaternary Alluvium, MAN, 3(3) 69Quaternary Coral, MAN, 3(3) 69, 71Queen’s Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99, 2(4) 234

RRabagi village cave, ENB, 2(4) 245radios, 6(3) 91Rafaifo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 114Rahamusinen Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Raiakama Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124rain

Hindenburg Wall, WES, 1(1) 8Lelet Plateau, NIP, 4(3) 105New Britain, 1(1) 13, 1(2) 25New Ireland, 2(3) 194Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 40seasonality, 6(3) 96Star Mountains, WES, 2(4) 240

rainmaking, 4(3) 127–128, 4(4) 141Rakhoit Peak Cave, Pakistan, 1(4) 127Ramaivutaini Cave, EHP, 6(2) 72Ramarau Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149Ramat plantation caves, NIP, 2(3) 201, 222Ramat village caves, NIP, 2(1) 139, 2(3) 201, 222Rambutyo Island, MAN, 3(3) 73, 4(1) 34–35Rana grisea (frog), 3(2) 44Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149, 5(1) 9Rasese village caves, NIP, 2(3) 201, 222rats

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163indigenous, 1(4) 102

Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 132Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 133

Raulei Range, ENB, 1(1) 16, 1(3) 66, 3(3) 74–75Rawlings, Chris: Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 66, 86–88Read, Kevin

Baiyer River caves, WHP, 2(2) 190Chuave area, CHI, 1(3) 79–86Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 78–79Henganofi caves, EHP, 3(2) 29Minye Doline, ENB, 7(2–4) 85Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 82–83Nakanai Mountains, ENB, 1(1) 15new contributors, 1(3) 55Port Moresby Speleological Society, 4(4) 145, 146Tuke village area, ENB, 1(2) 26, 28

recordsBougainville Island, 7(2–4) 41chambers, largest in PNG, 5(1) 4, 12, 7(2–4) 28, 36chambers, largest in world, 7(2–4) 31, 7(5) 163depth and length, New Ireland, 2(3) 228, 3(3) 97depth, PNG, 5(1) 3–4, 6–7, 7(2–4) 28, 32–33, 7(5) 162depth, Southern Hemisphere, 1(1) 2–6, 1(4) 127, 2(2) 162,

7(2–4) 31depth, world, 2(2) 183–184, 3(3) 104, 5(2) 50, 6(2) 57–61dolines, largest in PNG, 5(1) 4, 5, 13highest caves, PNG, 3(4) 110, 5(1) 4–5, 12, 6(3) 87,

7(2–4) 29, 37highest caves, Southern Hemisphere, 1(4) 126hottest cave water, 5(1) 9karst, largest features in PNG, 7(2–4) 28, 36lava caves, 5(1) 22length, Northern Hemisphere, 1(3) 75length, PNG, 5(1) 4, 8, 6(3) 87, 7(2–4) 28, 7(5) 162length, Southern Hemisphere, 3(4) 107, 109, 4(1) 1, 11,

6(4) 108, 7(1) 9, 7(5) 162length, world, 6(2) 57–61measuring differences, 7(2–4) 29–30natural bridges, largest in PNG, 5(1) 5pitches, longest in PNG, 5(1) 4, 10–11, 6(4) 130,

7(2–4) 28, 35, 80PNG caves, 5(1) 3–17, 7(2–4) 28–37underground rivers, PNG, 5(1) 9, 7(2–4) 29, 37in world, 5(2) 56

refuges see shelter provisionRehtla, Harry

Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36

relationships with local people, 1(3) 82, 85, 6(3) 94, 6(4) 124, 126

Rembarr Range, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(3) 67, 1(4) 120, 3(2) 55, 4(4) 149

Rempi caves, MAD, 1(3) 66, 1(4) 132–133research, seeking permission for, 6(3) 90, 6(4) 124–125resurgences

Atea resurgence, SHP, 5(4) 124, 127 (photo), 7(2–4) 84 (photo)

Kaakil resurgence, WES, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113, 131Lemeris resurgence, NIP, 5(3) 79

Retretenoro Cave, CHI, 1(4) 112Rhinolophidae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65Richardson, Martin: Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 101

rats … cont.


Richmond Area Speleological Society, United States, 3(3) 101Rigin, Konegi: Iuvare caves, ENB, 3(4) 132Rinimo Sink, CHI, 7(1) 16, 18Ririe Cave, NIP, 4(1) 28

see also Karu Cave, NIPriver techniques, 1(2) 38–39rivers, underground, 5(1) 9road construction

Manus Province, 3(3) 76Southern Highlands Province, 7(2–4) 118, 120

roads, 6(3) 91–92Robb, Malcolm: Hindenburg Wall, WES, 1(1) 7–8Robertson, Peter: Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration

Group, 4(4) 146Robinson, Dick: Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 78–79Robinson, Peter

Bougainville caves, 1(1) 9new contributors, 3(4) 108

Robinson, Phil: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126rock art

Aibura Cave, EHP, 2(1) 147, 3(2) 45–46Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163–177, 5(1) 9art exhibition, 6(4) 132At Tém Luu Tém, WES, 3(4) 119–120bibliographies, 3(4) 122, 4(4) 163–164, 6(1) 13–14Buang Mountains, MOR, 2(1) 139, 140, 2(4) front coverBuangmeriba Cave, NIP, 3(1) 11Chuave area, CHI, 2(2) 178Dui village area, WSP, 6(3) 99Frieda River area, WSP, 4(4) 150Himarata land bridge, 3(2) 41Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(4) 155–164Ikenar Cave, EHP, 3(2) 42Inakebu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 45Isiabinunda sinkhole, EHP, 2(4) 251, 6(1) 10Kafiavana rock shelter, EHP, 3(3) 96Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 101, 127–128Kekeronunga cliff face, EHP, 2(4) 250–251, 6(1) 9Kirove Cave, CHI, 1(3) 80Kokombogo II Cave, CHI, 2(2) 177Lake Kutubu, SHP, 2(1) 146Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(2) 64Matali Cave, EHP, 7(2–4) 101Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 18Mount Hagen area, WHP, 3(2) 55Namatanai caves, NIP, 1(1) 9Nambaiyufa village, EHP, 3(1) 13Obura land bridge, EHP, 3(2) 41Ofafunga Cave, EHP, 2(4) 251, 6(1) front cover, 4–9,

10–11, 16–26Piri caves, WSP, 4(2) 56–63Pirua Cave, SHP, 1(3) 65Ramarau Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149recording of, 4(2) 72–75Selminum Tém, WES, 3(3) 96, 4(1) 6, 4(4) front coverSigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 2(2) 177Sogeri Plateau, CEN, 2(3) 211Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(4) 245, 6(1) 3–15Taforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 36Tefola Cave, EHP, 2(4) 250, 6(1) 9Tifalmin Valley, WSP, 4(4) 155–164Tu’eita Cave, EHP, 6(1) 35Umarah Cave, NIP, 2(2) front cover, 160–161Umkombogo system, CHI, 2(2) 177–178

Walip caves, SHP, 7(5) 167West Sepik Province, 6(4) 115–119Yonggamugl area, CHI, 4(2) 77, 78

rock shelters see shelter provisionRogers, Doug: Irukunguai Cave, CHI, 4(2) 67Rogers, Mary

Kovava Cave, BOU, 1(4), 128–131mentioned 1(4) 121

Rogerson, Mark: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126

Roko Sink, CHI, 1(4) 112ropes, 1(2) 38Ross Bluff, WES, 6(3) 82Ross, John: Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Rothery, Dave: Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140,

5(4) 103, 109–110, 126Rotokas area, BOU, 1(4) 128–131Rousettus species (fruit bat), 1(4) 134, 7(2–4) 64Rufi, Christian: Swiss Expedition 1979, 7(2–4) 89Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67Ruun Tém, WES, 3(4) 122Ruxton, Peter: Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140,

5(4) 103, 105, 107, 108, 124Ryan, Janet

Iaro River Cave, SHP, 3(1) 4, 14Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120

Ryan, NeilErave Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 103, 116–119Iaro River Cave, SHP, 3(1) 4, 14Kaugua River Cave, EHP, 6(1) 36Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 120Mount Hagen area, WHP, 1(3) 66, 7(2–4) 103Mt Kaijende, ENG, 7(2–4) 101, 103, 7(5) 162new contributors, 2(1) 146Omai Cave, SHP, 7(1) 11–12, 7(2–4) 118, 120Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Southern Highlands caves, 2(1) 142–146

SSae River, NIP, 2(3) 201safety, 3(4) 106–107, 7(2–4) 148

see also accidentsSagaiyo village, MOR, 1(2) 23, 2(1) 139Saikela rock shelf, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 54Salt, Frank

arrives Bulolo, MOR, 4(1) 16Marpos village cave, MOR, 4(1) 16, 36–37new contributors, 4(1) 39

Samo village caves, NIP, 2(3) 202Samsau caves, MAN, 3(3) 91Sanake Creek, SHP, 6(4) 121Sandaun Province see West Sepik ProvinceSanders, Bill

arrives Port Moresby, 4(1) 16Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 95Mebile Cave, CHI, 1(2) 50–52Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 45new contributors, 1(2) 22Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48–50The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 65, 67–69

rock art … cont.


Saruwaged Range, MORdolines, 4(4) 151, 152, back coverFrench Expedition 1978, 6(4) 131, 7(2–4) 81

Sauanda Cave, ENG, 3(4) 123Saunders, Rod

Iuvare caves, ENB, 1(4) 120Raulei Range, ENB, 1(3) 66

Savournin, G: French Expedition 1978, 7(1) 14, 7(2–4) 80–82Schafferius, Jean

Iuvare caves, ENB, 1(4) 120Malabunga caves, ENB, 1(2) 45water supply caves, NIP, 1(4) 120, 2(3) 231see also Bourke, Jean (nee Schafferius)

Schleinitz Range, NIP, 2(3) 194, 202Scorpio Mountain, WSP, 2(4) 240screw pine (Pandanus species), 6(3) 74sea caves, ENB, 1(1) 17seasonality of PNG, 6(3) 96Second Source, EHP, 3(2) 29Seddon, Nicholas: Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135Seddon, Zandra: Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135Selai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 33–34, 44Selanit caves, NIP, 2(3) 216Selminum Tém, WES, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 109, 4(1) front cover, 4, 6,

7, 11, 14, 4(2) 45–46, 4(4) front cover, 155–159, 5(1) 4, 7(2–4) 103

Semosa, Francis: Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36Sengayo village area, MOR, 7(1) 16, 20Sepölö Cave, NIP, 4(3) 97, 112shaft depths, estimating, 7(2–4) 37Shannon, Henry

Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(5) 162new contributors, 4(3) 136New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 88

Shaw, Peter: Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(4) 123–126Sheldon, Jack: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 5shelter provision, 2(2) 179

Aibura Cave, EHP, 3(2) 38, 46Cape Rodney – Kupiano area, CEN, 2(1) 138Enga caves, 3(4) 124Fore area, EHP, 2(2) 189Frieda River area, WSP, 6(4) 115–119Inikia De Bom, WSP, 6(4) 115–116Kaimomo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 110Kobikobiri Cave, CHI, 1(4) 109Kokombogo caves, CHI, 1(4) 99Lemore Cave, WNB, 4(2) 55Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 208–210Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99, 4(1) 18Mesi village rock shelters, NIP, 2(3) 204Metemana Cave, NIP, 3(4) 134Mromon Cave, NIP, 4(1) 28Musabe village area, EHP, 3(2) 35New Ireland caves, 2(3) 196, 198, 206–207Onaningka village area, EHP, 3(2) 43Rempi caves, MAD, 1(4) 133Sumbura Cave, SHP, 2(1) 144Taforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 36Tefola Cave, EHP, 2(4) 250Telefomin area, WSP, 3(4) 120, 121, 4(4) 159–161Toglua Cave, CHI, 1(4) 108Umkombogo system, CHI, 2(2) 178Walewabnea caves, SHP, 7(5) 167

during World War II, 1(1) 10, 17, 3(1) 8, 22, 3(3) 93, 4(1) 28, 4(4) 149, 5(3) 84

Yonggamugl area, CHI, 4(2) 77–78Shepherd, Mike

new contributors, 2(4) 244Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244, 6(3) 74–86

Sialum area, MOR, 7(1) 20Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48–50,

1(4) 99, 2(2) 177, 2(4) 248Sikau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37, 47Sikuri Pass, CHI, 1(1) 2, 1(4) 95Sila Cave, NIP, 3(4) 134Silim Cave, ENG, 3(4) 126Silom 2 village cave, NIP, 2(3) 212Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 198–200, 231, 3(3) 97

see also Mromon Cave, NIPSimbu Province see Chimbu ProvinceSimbugu clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Simbum village, ENB, 1(1) 17Simla de Milpo, Peru, 2(2) 162Simonds, Jim W

Leviathan Cave, Kenya, 5(1) 22–25new contributors, 5(1) 21

Sinclair, Paul: Barananomba Cave, EHP, 7(5) 162Singga-Kombogo Cave, CHI, 4(2) 78Singga River, CHI, 1(2) 48, 1(3) 69, 1(4) 97Singga Valley caves, CHI, 1(4) 103–106Singganigl River, CHI, 1(4) 95Singganigl Valley, CHI: rock art and burial caves,

2(2) 163–180Singoinga Cave, ENB, 3(1) front coversinkholes see dolinesSinofi village area, EHP see Sonofi village area, EHPSio Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72, 74Sirapui, Lawrence: Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150Sireboa spirit, 3(2) 42Sirigi village, SHP, 2(1) 142Sisimi Cave, SHP, 6(4) 122–123Skel Waap Imal, WSP, 4(4) 159skink (Sphenomorphus darlingtoni), 1(4) 108Skunge chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71, 74slaters: Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 4(1) 14Small River Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 52, 53Smith, David: Keravat Agricultural Station caves, 4(1) 15snails: Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 48Snake River valley, MOR, 1(2) 23–25, 2(1) 139, 4(1) 16,

36–37snake spirits, 3(4) 134snakes

advice for visitors, 6(3) 93banded coral snake, 5(3) 79Mouelia species (carpet snake), 1(4) 133pythons, 1(1) 10, 1(3) 65, 1(4) 132, 133, 6(3) 93tree snakes, 1(4) 132, 133

So-osah Cave, MAN, 3(3) 91, 94Soba Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58Sogeri Plateau, CEN, 2(3) 211Sogolomik area, WES, 6(4) 113Sohano Limestone, BOU, 7(2–4) 38Sohun 2 village, NIP, 2(3) 202Sol Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58Solomon Islands, 4(2) 68, 4(4) 150, 171–173Song River Calcarenite, MOR, 6(1) 30

shelter provision … cont.


Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(2) 185, 2(4) 245, 250–251, 3(1) 16, 3(2) 35–36, 6(1) 3–15, 7(2–4) 100

Soro River cave, SHP, 2(1) 146Soro River, SHP, 6(4) 122Sosoentenu village, EHP, 3(2) 44Sounier, Jean-Paul: Nembi Plateau, SHP, 7(2–4) 103,

7(5) 166–170South Ban River, WES, 6(3) 75southern beech (Nothofagus species), 6(3) 74Southern Highlands Expedition 1973 see Muller Range

Expedition 1973Southern Highlands Province, 1(3) 54–65

Alakopa Cave, 7(5) 170Ambli Cave, 7(2–4) 118, 119Atea Kanada see Atea Kanada, SHPAtea resurgence, 5(4) 124, 127 (photo), 7(2–4) 84 (photo)Atea River see Atea River, SHPBeaver Falls, 1(3) 61Bebere caves, 6(4) 122Black Hole, 7(2–4) 139Black Hole Country, 7(2–4) 137Boro village, 2(1) 142Burnett River, 1(4) 126Darai Limestone, 5(4) 116, 6(4) 121E Mama Ekanda, 7(2–4) 127, 134, 135E Mama Eleanda, 7(2–4) 84, 126E Mama Valley, 7(2–4) 126, 127Ebabini village caves, 2(1) 146Emia Valley, 1(3) 62, 3(2) 57–58, 59Emja Cave, 7(5) 166Erave River, 1(3) 59Erave Valley, 1(3) 62, 2(1) 142, 143, 2(2) 182, 7(2–4) 103,

116–119Fasu village, 2(1) 146Geroro village, 5(4) 124Gewane Kananda, 7(2–4) 128, 131Hadia Nduhongiri, 7(1) 8–9Hadia Yaneabogairi Cave, 7(1) 9, 7(2–4) 107, 139 see also

Mamo KanandaHana-I-Uli sink, 7(2–4) 134Hiap Cave, 1(3) 58Hol Cave, 7(5) 170Horatio, 5(4) 105Huri Ekanda, 7(2–4) 134, 136Iaro River Cave, 2(1) 142, 144, 3(1) 4–5, 14, 7(2–4) 103Iswanda Cave, 7(5) 170Ita village cave, 2(1) 144Japanese expedition 1971, 3(1) 15Kagua area, 2(1) 142, 144–146, 7(2–4) 103Kaimare Stream, 6(4) 121Kanada Atea see Atea Kanada, SHPKanada Heiowa Heia, 1(4) 125, 127, 2(2) 162, 3(1) 12, 16Kanada Kana Cave, 1(4) 125Kandap Cave, 1(3) 58Katiloma Cave, 2(1) 144Kerene en Eto, 7(2–4) 132, 133, 134Kewane Valley, 7(2–4) 123, 129–130Kikori River, 1(3) 60, 6(4) 121Laboko village cave, 2(1) 146Lake Kutubu, 2(1) 146, 6(4) 121–123Laria Cave, 1(3) 56Lavani Valley, 6(2) 71, 7(1) 7, 7(2–4) 121–137Ma Waru Doline, 7(2–4) 123, 128Mamo cave system, 5(4) 106–109, 6(2) 71, 7(1) 7

Mamo Kananda, 7(5) 162–163 see also Hadia Yaneabogairi Cave

Mendi caves, 1(3) 56–59, 3(4) 133Mt Afuma, 6(4) 121Mt Kemenagi, 6(4) 121Mt Kerewa, 6(4) 121Mt Legari, 7(1) 7Mubi Cave, 7(2–4) 116, 117Mubi River, 1(3) 62, 6(4) 122Mubi River bridge, 1(3) 62, 5(1) 5Muli River, 1(3) 61Munihu Cave, 1(3) 58Naggia River, 7(1) 12Nali Gorge, 7(1) 6, 7(2–4) 139Narli River, 1(4) 126Nembi Plateau, 6(2) 72, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 166–170Nenia sinkhole, 1(3) 65Nomad River, 5(4) 107Okafungu caves, 7(1) 6Okaparu, 5(4) 105Omai Cave, 1(3) 56, 5(1) 4, 7(1) 11–12, 7(2–4) 107,

118, 120Ome Cave, 7(5) 166Orabel Cave, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 167, 168Oyarip Cave, 1(3) 56Pemnekpus Cave, 7(2–4) 103, 7(5) 167, 169, 170Pingerip Cave, 1(3) 58Pirua Cave, 1(3) 63–65, 67Poinjela Cave, 7(5) 167Poroma village, 1(2) 45, 1(3) 63Pororo caves, 1(3) 56Poruberi village, 2(1) 142Pulupare village, 2(1) 142, 144, 3(1) 4Pupitau village, 2(1) 142Sanake Creek, 6(4) 121Sirigi village, 2(1) 142Sisimi Cave, 6(4) 122–123Soba Cave, 1(3) 58Sol Cave, 1(3) 58Soro River, 6(4) 122Soro River cave, 2(1) 146Strickland–Purari foothills, 1(3) 54Strickland River, 1(4) 123, 126Sugu River, 2(1) 144Sumbura Cave, 2(1) 144Sunrise Cave, 1(4) 125Tabiri caves, 1(3) 56Taguanda village cave, 2(1) 144Tari Cave, 1(3) 58Tobio Cave, 3(1) 4–5, 5(1) 5, 9, 7(2–4) 107Tubagi Stream, 6(4) 121Tugebu Stream, 6(4) 121Tutam Cave, 1(3) 56Ugwapugwa streamway, 5(4) 110, 111, 114, 116, 118, 125,

7(1) 5Uli Eta Riya, 7(2–4) 107Uli Mindu Cave, 7(1) 7, 7(2–4) 107Uliguria Cave, 1(4) 124, 125, 127, 2(2) 162, 3(1) 16Ulimulmulum Cave, 1(4) 125Uliui Cave, 1(4) 125Utina River, 7(1) 6Utna sink, 7(1) 6Waga River caves, 1(3) 59–62, 67, 3(3) 97

Southern Highlands Province … cont.


Waiya Eganda Cave, 7(1) 12Walewabnea caves, 7(5) 166–167Walip caves, 7(5) 167Waraga village, 2(1) 142Wopasili village, 2(1) 142Yaga Kananda, 7(2–4) 132, 133Yagamega Kananda, 7(2–4) 134, 137Yogona Ekanda, 7(2–4) 137Yu Balalo Cave, 7(2–4) 139see also Muller Range expeditions

Spanish Expedition 1978, 5(1) 30, 5(2) 59, 6(2) 70, 6(3) 86–88, 6(4) 108, 7(5) 160–161

Specht, JimKandrian area, WNB, 7(2–4) 96–99new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Speleological Abstracts, 6(1) 38speleology in PNG – a history, 4(4) 144–148speleology services, 5(2) 32speleothems see columns; decorations; flowstones; fossils;

helictites; stalactites; stalagmitesSpence Cave, Virginia, United States, 3(3) 99Spence, Neville: Kagua area, SHP, 2(1) 144Sphenomorphus darlingtoni (skink), 1(4) 108spiders

Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Yousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 47

spiritsevil spirits, 2(2) 164, 3(4) 121Fogorobe Tém, WSP, 6(4) 118Gerigl Ambu spirit, 2(2) 168, 170, 172, 174–177, 4(2) 73Kurakagl spirit, 1(4) 109–110masalai, 1(2) 32, 37, 1(3) 86, 2(3) 207, 5(3) 84Sireboa spirit, 3(2) 42snake spirits, 3(4) 134tambarans, 2(3) 214, 220, 3(1) 10Tuki spirit, 1(2) 37Yogondo spirit, 2(2) 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 177see also beliefs; legends; magic

springs: Waga River area, SHP, 1(3) 61Sprod, Tim

1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17–19Angunga Cave, CHI, 4(1) 23Chuave area, CHI, 4(1) 15gone finish, 5(1) 29Iuvare caves, ENB, 2(4) 245Keravat Agricultural Station caves, ENB, 4(1) 15Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(2) 62Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 25new contributors, 3(4) 108New Ireland Expedition 1975, 3(2) 55, 4(1) 16New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(2) 68, 4(4) 141–143,

5(3) 62Obungeram Cave, ENB, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 140Rarururunga Cave, ENB, 4(4) 149Rembarr Range, ENB, 3(2) 55, 4(4) 149Rururunga Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67Singoinga Cave, ENB, 2(2) 181Tavurvur volcano, ENB, 4(4) 149Turanguna cave, ENB, 4(2) 65

squatting in the bush, hazards of, 3(4) 115St Georges Channel, ENB, 2(3) 211

stalactitesAfaruru Cave, MOR, 1(2) 23Anaviato Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Belik Cave, NIP, 2(3) 225Buangkum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220Busikaraga Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51coastal caves, 2(3) 222Danis caves, NIP, 2(3) 216Danmin Cave, NIP, 5(3) 78Inakebu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 45Inomangi Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72, 78Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71Kabase Cave, NIP, 2(3) 228Karu Cave, NIP, 2(3) 223Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136Kibuari Cave, EHP, 3(2) 41Kousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 49Lakabopolu-Bomatu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 45Lemerigamas Cave, NIP, 5(3) 89Lenbinbin Cave, NIP, 4(3) 112 (photo)Liga village cave, NIP, 2(3) 231Lihir Island cave, NIP, 4(1) 31, 33Lockabor Cave, NIP, 3(4) 139Loloba Cave, NIP, 2(1) 141Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10, 12, 13Luminas Cave, ENB, 1(2) 44Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 25‘Mill Series’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 121Mwagai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 30Pamp Cave, NIP, 2(3) 198Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200Small River Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 52Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41, 43Ugwapugwa streamway, SHP, 5(4) 114Umarah Cave, NIP, 2(2) 160Yaramanda Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124Yavakuta Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51

stalagmitesBibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 4Busikaraga Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51Danis caves, NIP, 2(3) 216Hells Gates, EHP, 3(2) 28Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71Kanameroborunda Cave, NIP, 4(3) 112Kaut Cave, NIP, 1(4) 136Lakabopolu-Bomatu Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 45Laranbut VII karst depression, NIP, 4(3) 121Liga village cave, NIP, 2(3) 231Loloba Cave, NIP, 2(1) 141Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 10, 12, 13Luminas Cave, ENB, 1(2) 44Matapara Cave, NIP, 2(3) 229Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100, 4(1) 25Metliki Cave, NIP, 2(3) 218‘Mill Series’, Atea Kanada, SHP, 5(4) 121Mubi Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 116Mwagai Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 36Neguya Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37–38Nge-Pelimat Cave, MAN, 2(4) 253Obaturum Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 37Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 30

Southern Highlands Province … cont.


Police Barracks Cave, WNB, 1(3) 88Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 200Small River Cave, BOU, 7(2–4) 52Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 7(2–4) 41, 43The Doline, BOU, 7(2–4) 55Ugwapugwa streamway, SHP, 5(4) 114Waiya Eganda Cave, SHP, 7(1) 12Yaramanda Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124

stamp collecting, 3(3) 103Star Mountains, WES, 1(1) 8, 2(2) 180, 6(3) front cover

British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 110, 4(1) 7, 11dolines, 2(4) 240, 242, 4(4) 152, 6(3) 74, 75, 84karst morphology, 6(3) 74–86

Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244, 3(1) 15, 4(4) 145

Stearns, Tony: Berema Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 102Stephen, Heinz: Bougainville caves, 7(5) 163Stephenson, Russ: pumice caves, ENB, 5(1) 29Stott, Bill: Chimbu area, 1(1) 9straws: Loniu Cave, MAN, 1(1) 12Streeter, Bill

Bougainville caves, 5(2) 60Buka Island caves, BOU, 7(5) 163Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36

Strickland–Purari foothills, SHP, 1(3) 54Strickland River, SHP, 1(4) 123, 126Studies in Speleology, 2(4) 244subscribers to Niugini Caver, 6(3) 102–106

distribution by country, 3(3) 104, 4(2) 68international, 3(1) 24in PNG, 1(3) 89, 92, 2(4) 256, 4(2) 81

Sugu River, SHP, 2(1) 144sulphur, 1(3) 66Sumbura Cave, SHP, 2(1) 144Sunamokola Cave, NIP, 4(4) 142–143, 5(3) 85, 87–88, 95Sunon area caves, NIP, 5(3) 85, 87–90Sunrise Cave, SHP, 1(4) 125Surinumu Dam, CEN, 2(2) 181, 2(3) 211Surker Limestone, NIP, 2(3) 194Suruain village, MAD, 1(4) 132surveys

Cave Survey and Map Standards, 6(2) 61–62grading systems, 1(3) 76–77New Ireland Expedition 1976, 5(3) 96Ora Cave, ENB, 1(2) 40recording cave locations, 7(2–4) 88summary of PNG major caves, 1981, 7(2–4) 106–111

swallowsBuangkum Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220Obura land bridge, EHP, 3(2) 41

swiftlets, 7(2–4) 120, 138Aibura Cave, EHP, 3(2) 38Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 163Awatbumbum Cave, NIP, 4(3) 108Bokakup I karst depressions, NIP, 4(3) 127Danmin Cave, NIP, 4(1) 29Haiza’namito Cavern, EHP, 3(4) 135Inomangi Cave, CHI, 7(2–4) 72Kameribuk Cave, NIP, 4(3) 127–128Kobikobiri Cave, CHI, 1(4) 109Lamangwat Cave, NIP, 4(3) 108Lamari River caves, EHP, 3(2) 41, 42Laranbut I karst depression, NIP, 4(3) 118

Laranbut IV karst depression, NIP, 4(3) 120Lenbinbin Cave, NIP, 4(3) 113Obi Cave, EHP, 2(2) 186, 188Putladung Cave, NIP, 4(3) 112Rafaifo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 114Taforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 36Tumaduit Cave, NIP, 4(1) 27Walewabnea caves, SHP, 7(5) 167

Swiss Cave, EHP, 3(2) 48–50Swiss Speleological Expedition 1979, 5(2) 59, 7(2–4) 89–95,

101Switzerland: Hölloch, 5(2) 50–55Symons, Paul: Star Mountains Expedition 1965, 2(4) 240–244Synnongoinga Cave, ENB, 1(1) 17

TTabar Island, NIP, 2(3) 207Tabiri caves, SHP, 1(3) 56Tadarida species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 66tadpoles, 2(4) 252 see also frogsTaforahabi Cave, EHP, 3(2) 35–36Taguanda village cave, SHP, 2(1) 144Takika Hill, New Zealand, 2(2) 182Talinge, James

Lemore Cave, WNB, 4(2) 55new contributors, 4(2) 62

tambara (flying foxes) see flying foxestambarans (spirits), 2(3) 214, 220, 3(1) 10Tan De Bom quarry, WSP, 6(4) 118Tao Mountain, CHI, 7(2–4) 72Taphozous species (insectivorous bat), 7(2–4) 65Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 134–135, 2(1) 148–150Tari Cave, SHP, 1(3) 58Tarn chamber, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 71, 72,

2(4) 248taro gardens, 3(4) 119Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150, 5(2) 60, 6(1) 36, 6(2) 71,

6(3) 100, 6(4) 130, 7(1) 22, 7(2–4) 38, 41, 43–52, 55, 56–57, 59, 62, 83, 7(5) 163

Tau, Asigau: Taroku Nantaut, BOU, 4(4) 150Taulil village, ENB, 1(1) 17Tavurvur volcano, ENB, 4(4) 149, 5(1) 9Taylor, Bob: Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78Taylor, Kath

Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 79Monono area, CHI, 1(3) 77–78

Taylor, Val: Javavere caves, CEN, 1(4) 135Teama Cave, BOU (also spelt Tioma), 5(1) 4, 25, 26, 6(1) 36,

7(2–4) 109tectonic movements: Manus, 3(3) 69–70Tefola Cave, EHP, 2(4) 250, 6(1) 9Tekaina, Thomas, guide: New Ireland Expedition 1976,

5(3) 64Telefomin people, WSP, 6(4) 119–120Telefomin Valley, WSP, 1(1) 7–8temperatures, 6(3) 96Terauwi village, WSP, 4(2) 56Terbil Têm, WES, 4(1) 10Tew, Helen: Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(2) 72Tewasiu Arch, MAN, 3(3) 84The Doline, BOU, 7(2–4) 52, 54–55The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 65, 67–69, 1(4) 97, 3(1) 12, 4(1) 18

see also Darua Muru Cave, CHI

stalagmites … cont. swiftlets … cont.


The Maze, EHP, 3(2) 32The Passage of a Thousand Wounds, Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave,

CHI, 1(3) 72, 2(4) 248, 4(2) front cover, 7(1) 22The Science of Speleology (book review), 7(1) 21The Sting, WES, 5(1) 4The Tomb, EHP, 3(2) 29

see also Haga’rintega Cave, EHPThe Wedge, CHI, 1(3) 80, 81The Well, EHP, 1(3) 79Thomas, Colin: Mendi, SHP, 7(2–4) 104Tiba depression, MOR, 6(1) 28, back coverTibinini Limestone, ENG, 5(1) 20Tifal language translations, 3(4) 118Tifalmin Valley, WSP, 1(1) 7–8, 3(4) 119–120, 4(4) 155–164Tin Tin Banga, EHP, 2(4) 245, 252Tina Bu Tém, WES, 3(4) 116, 4(1) 8, 5(1) 4Tiniwai Cave, MAN, 3(3) 84Tinniwi Volcanics, MAN, 3(3) 67, 70Tipsit Limestone, MOR, 6(1) 31Tobio Cave, SHP, 3(1) 4–5, 5(1) 5, 9, 7(2–4) 107Toglua Cave, CHI, 1(4) 108Tokamit, Loko, guide: Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 208Tokobare Cave, CHI, 1(4) 102Tomas, Albert: Spanish Expedition 1978, 6(3) 88Tomoko, Betty, guide: Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 208Tomoko, Matagal, guide: Matarai Cave, NIP, 2(3) 208tools, 4(2) 47–48, 61–62Topia River, CHI, 1(3) 80, 81, 85topographic maps

inaccuracies in, 3(3) 73, 7(2–4) 98recording cave locations, 7(2–4) 88

Torio River, ENB, 3(1) 21Towan Cave, MAN, 3(2) 55, 3(3) 80, 82tower karst, 1(3) 62, 3(2) 57–60track cutting, 1(4) 123trade voyages, 6(2) 56travel to and within PNG, 6(3) 91–92travertine, 6(3) 74–75tree snakes, 1(4) 132, 133Triure, Banai, 1(3) 60, 63–65Trobriand Islanders: beliefs, 2(2) 179Trobriand Islands, MBP, 4(4) 145–146

Kiriwina Island caves, 5(2) 33–49Kitava Island caves, 6(2) 41–57

troglobitesFrench exploration 1978, 7(1) 15, 16, 20–21New Ireland caves, 4(1) 30Star Mountains, WES, 3(4) 110

Tubagi Stream, SHP, 6(4) 121Tubwalova rock, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 53Tu’eita Cave, EHP, 6(1) 35

see also Obura land bridge, EHPTugebu Stream, SHP, 6(4) 121Tuielo village, WNB, 1(3) 86Tuke village area, ENB, 1(1) 15, 1(2) 25–26, 28, 6(4) 130–131Tuki spirit, 1(2) 37Tumaduit Cave, NIP, 4(1) 27

see also Marabunge-Tumaduit Cave, NIPTumbumpo area, NIP, 3(1) 11Tumwalau Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 35–36, 45Turanguna cave, ENB, 4(2) 65Tutam Cave, SHP, 1(3) 56Tuweiwu Cave, EHP, 6(1) 36, 6(4) 131, 7(2–4) 101, 108Tuweria Cave, Kiriwina Island, MBP, 5(2) 35, 44Tytoalba species (barn owl), 1(4) 133

UUbanagu clan, CHI, 1(2) 48Ugwapugwa streamway, SHP, 5(4) 110, 111, 114, 116, 118,

125, 7(1) 5Uila Cave, CHI, 1(4) 101Ukani clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Uli Eta Riya, SHP, 7(2–4) 107Uli Mindu Cave, SHP, 7(1) 7, 7(2–4) 107Uliguria Cave, SHP, 1(4) 124, 125, 127, 2(2) 162, 3(1) 16Ulimulmulum Cave, SHP, 1(4) 125Uliui Cave, SHP, 1(4) 125Ulur Plains, MOR, 7(2–4) 144–147Uma Cave, WSP, 4(2) 64, 65Umarah Cave, NIP, 2(2) front cover, 159, 160–162, 2(3) 200,

225, 4(1) 27, 30Umkombogo system, CHI, 2(2) 177–178Underdown, Michael

new contributors, 2(1) 146potholing in disused mines, 2(1) 150–151

underground rivers, 5(1) 9, 7(2–4) 29, 37Ungakoboro Cave, CHI, 1(4) 100–101Unger, Bruce

death of, 7(2–4) 137Levani Valley, SHP, 7(2–4) 121–137new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Unggai Division caves, EHP, 3(2) 26University of Queensland Speleological Society New Britain

Expedition 1972–73, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 27–43Upper Ramu Gorge caves, EHP, 3(2) 43–44Uram Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104, 2(4) 248Uramakani clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Uri, guide: Muller Range Expedition 1976, 5(4) 105, 122Urumovi Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36Urungotainde Cave, CHI, 1(4) 97Usage River, WSP, 6(4) 114Utina River, SHP, 7(1) 6Utna sink, SHP, 7(1) 6Uun Tém Tigiín, WES, 3(4) 116uvalas, 1(2) 28

VValval Cave, NIP, 3(4) 134Van Amstel, John

Chimbu area, 1(1) 9Mendi caves, SHP, 1(3) 56–58mentioned, 1(3) 67new contributors, 1(3) 55Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146

Van Deusen, Hobartmentioned, 4(4) 148Tapitapipi caves, MBP, 1(4) 134

vandalism see graffitiVande Linde, Keith: Mt Elimbari, CHI, 1(3) 82–83Vanuatu [New Hebrides] caves, 4(4) 166–170Venezuela, 2(2) 182Vermeulen, Mieke: Bibima Cave, CHI, 3(4) 132Vespertilionidae (insectivorous bats), 7(2–4) 65Victor Emanuel Ranges (Miip Tigiín), WSP, 3(4) 116Vincent, Robert (Bob)

Javavere caves, CEN, 1(1) 9, 1(3) 65, 89–91new contributors, 1(3) 55Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146


Vincent, VivienneJavavere caves, CEN, 1(1) 9, 1(3) 65, 89–91new contributors, 1(3) 55Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146

Virginia caves, United States, 3(3) 99–101visas to PNG, 6(3) 89–90visitors to PNG, advice for, 6(3) 89–98, 6(4) 124–129volcanic caves, 1(1) 17, 4(2) 65volcanic islands, 4(1) 34, 35volcanolithic arenite, 4(1) 31–33Vomicil, Jerry

Hells Gates, EHP, 1(3) 79Kirove Cave, CHI, 1(3) 80

Vunadavai village, ENB, 1(3) 67Vunarakan Cave, ENB, 4(2) 67Vuvu sinkholes, ENB, 7(2–4) 87

WWabag area, ENG, 3(4) 125Waga River caves, SHP, 1(3) 59–62, 67, 3(3) 97Wahgi Gorge, CHI, 1(4) 103, 106–108Wainwright, Mike: Yonki Dome area, EHP, 3(2) 48–50Waiya Eganda Cave, SHP, 7(1) 12Wakil Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80Walewabnea caves, SHP, 7(5) 166–167Walip caves, SHP, 7(5) 167Wam Tigiín (also spelt Wam Tekan), WES, 3(4) 109–110,

4(1) 8, 12Wandokai Limestone, MOR, 6(1) 30Wapaiya village caves, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 53Wapuu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80, 88Waraga village, SHP, 2(1) 142Warangoi River, ENB, 2(3) 211Was Was Meri Cave, MAN, 3(3) 95Wasila Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 45, 47Wasu area, MOR, 2(2) 182Wasuu Cave, MAN, 3(3) 80, 87, 93water supply caves

Lamlad Cave, NIP, 2(3) 220Liga village cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 231, 232Medina High School cave, NIP, 2(3) 196, 231, 232New Ireland, 2(3) 206, 231–232, 4(3) 106Silom Cave, NIP, 2(3) 198–200

Watson, VanBibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2–6Elimbari and Chuave areas, CHI, 1(4) 110Gagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 46–47gone finish, 1(4) 121, 3(1) 14Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 7(1) 22Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 95Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 45, 1(3) 66,

1(4) 123–126new contributors, 1(1) 8Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Rafaifo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 114Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48–50The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 65, 67–69

Wauga clan, CHI, 2(2) 163Webb, John

mentioned, 4(1) 31New Britain Expedition 1972–73, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 27–43new contributors, 4(3) 136New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) front cover, 88, 89Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(2) 72

Weir, Johnnew contributors, 4(4) 152Solomon Islands, 4(2) 68, 4(4) 150

Welakumare Cave, CHI, 1(4) 106, 6(3) 88see also Nogar Cave, CHI

Wela’mamaru Cave, CHI, 1(4) 103Welamuro Cave, CHI, 1(4) 106, 108Wellington, Jim, 1(3) 63, 67Wells, Dr Rod, palaeontologist

British Speleological Expedition 1975, 3(4) 109, 4(1) 6, 4(2) 45–46

letters to the editor, 4(4) 170new contributors, 4(2) 62

Welya Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124weraro see flying foxesWessex Cave, EHP, 3(2) 48–50West New Britain Province

Alimbit River, 1(1) 18, 1(3) 86Angelek village cave, 1(3) 86Kandrian area, 1(3) 86–88, 7(2–4) 96–99Lemore Cave, 4(2) 55Malangalo village cave, 1(3) 86Police Barracks Cave, 1(3) 66, 86–88Tuielo village, 1(3) 86Whiteman Ranges, 1(1) 13, 18, 1(3) 86

West Sepik ProvinceAbara Creek, 4(2) 56Al Valley, 2(4) 240Alice River, 1(1) 7Bal Kurinon, 3(4) 120Ban River, 2(4) 242, 6(3) 83Bem Tém, 4(1) 14Busilmin village, 2(4) 240Capella Mountain, 2(4) 240, 242, 6(3) 82, 83Dabandu Imal, 4(4) 160–161Din Valley, 2(4) 240Dui village area, 6(3) 99Fogorobe Tém, 6(4) 118Frieda River area, 4(1) 16, 4(4) 150, 6(4) 115–119Inikia De Bom: rock art, 6(4) 115–118Karimuk Imal, 3(4) 120Kenengkeneng Tém, 4(4) 160Letema Creek, 6(4) 114May River, 6(4) 114Mianmin Insurgence Cave, 6(3) back coverMianmin Limestone, 6(4) 114, 120Mianmin: rock art site, 4(4) 150Miben Tém, 4(4) 160–161Miip Tigiín (Victor Emanuel Ranges), 3(4) 116Mokfuma Imal, 4(4) 161Mt Aiyung, 1(1) 7Nibino River, 6(3) back cover, 6(4) 114Ok Mlia, 6(4) 118Oksapmin area, 7(2–4) 103Owillfore Tem, 7(2–4) 106Piri caves, 4(2) 56–63Scorpio Mountain, 2(4) 240Skel Waap Imal, 4(4) 159Tan De Bom quarry, 6(4) 118Telefomin Valley, 1(1) 7–8Terauwi village, 4(2) 56Tifalmin Valley, 1(1) 7–8, 3(4) 119–120, 4(4) 155–164Uma Cave, 4(2) 64, 65Usage River, 6(4) 114


Victor Emanuel Ranges (Miip Tigiín), 3(4) 116Wogamush Limestone, 6(4) 114, 120Wok Dubim Tém, 4(4) 159Wom River Cave, 6(3) 99Wop Valley, 2(4) 240

Western Highlands ProvinceAbwessa Cave, 2(2) 190Baiyer River caves, 2(2) 190‘Hole’ Cave, 2(2) 190Mount Hagen area, 1(3) 66, 3(2) 55, 7(2–4) 103Poga River, 2(2) 190

Western ProvinceAgim Imal, 4(4) 160Agim Tém, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 109–110, 117, 121, 4(1) 7Aiyung De Bem, 3(4) 110Amdi Range, 6(4) 131Arem Tém, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113, 131Askembu Tém, 6(3) 100, 7(2–4) 106At Tém Luu Tém, 3(4) 119–120, 4(4) 160Benkwin Bluff, 6(3) front coverBenstead Bluff, 4(1) 11, 6(3) 75Beroro Pass, 2(4) 240, 6(3) 83Bolivip area, 1(1) 7–8, 6(4) 114, 131Borem Imal, 3(4) 116, 121Borem Tigiín, 3(4) 116Bufulmin Valley, 3(4) 119–120Darai Limestone, 6(3) front cover, 74, 75, 83, 6(4) 110–112Dokfuma Plateau, 2(4) 240, 242, 6(3) front cover, 75–76,

80–82, 84dolines, 4(4) 151Elam River, 1(1) 8Emuk Range, 6(4) 114, 131Era Tém, 6(4) 113–114Fault Controlled Valley, 3(4) 110, 116, 4(1) 8, 12Finim Tel area, 3(3) 96, 3(4) 109, 112–115, 4(1) 11Finim Tém, 3(4) 115, 4(1) 4, 7(2–4) 103Fly River, 1(1) 7Fugulil De Bem, 4(1) 11–12Gebemi Tém, 6(4) 114, 131Girthoil Tém, 3(4) 115, 4(1) 5Harom River, 6(3) 74Ilam River, 6(3) 83Imigabip area, 6(4) 114, 131Kaakil resurgence, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113, 131Kaban Range, 6(4) 114, 131Kauwol River, 6(3) 74Kauwolabip village, 2(4) 240Krom River, 2(4) 240, 242, 6(3) 75, 83Krom Valley, 6(3) 81Kuruku Neng Imal, 3(4) 121La Buum Tém, 3(4) 112–115, 4(1) 5Lake Vivien, 2(4) 240Lake Vivien – Krom Basin, 6(3) 75, 81–82, 83, 84Langlang Imal, 4(4) 161Langlang Tém, 4(1) 10, 7(2–4) 106Ok Agim area, 3(4) 109–110, 117, 120, 4(1) 12Ok Anaram, 3(4) 116Ok Arem, 6(4) 113Ok Askenbu, 6(4) 113–114Ok Iram, 3(4) 121Ok Mani, 6(4) 113Ok Menga gorge, 6(3) 100, 6(4) front cover, 109–112, 113Ok Nong, 3(4) 116, 121, 4(1) 7–8, 11

Ok Tedi, 1(1) 7, 6(4) 113Ok Tedi copper project, 6(4) 109–112Ok Tigiín, 3(4) 110Okemimal Tém, 4(1) 14Olsobip area, 6(4) 113–114Ross Bluff, 6(3) 82Ruun Tém, 3(4) 122Sogolomik area, 6(4) 113South Ban River, 6(3) 75Terbil Têm, 4(1) 10The Sting, 5(1) 4Tina Bu Tém, 3(4) 116, 4(1) 8, 5(1) 4Uun Tém Tigiín, 3(4) 116Wam Tigiín (also spelt Wam Tekan), 3(4) 109–110,

4(1) 8, 12Wok Kaakil Uneibo Tém, 3(4) 109, 4(1) 6, 11Wol Tém, 6(4) 113see also

British Speleological Expedition 1975 British Speleological Expedition 1978 Hindenburg Ranges, WES Hindenburg Wall, WES Selminum Tém, WES Star Mountains, WES

Wetna village, MOR, 6(1) 27whistle signals, 1(2) 39White, Peter

Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184mentioned, 4(4) 148Omkombogo Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104Yonggamugl area, CHI, 4(2) 76, 77

White, Tony1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17–19Angunga Cave, CHI, 4(1) 23–24British Speleological Expedition 1978, 6(3) 100, 6(4) 113–

114, 131Chuave area, CHI, 4(1) 15Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 25new contributors, 4(1) 39, 6(4) 122

Whiteman Ranges, WNB, 1(1) 13, 18, 1(3) 86Whiting, Susan: Lufa area, EHP, 2(2) 184–189Wilambimki village, ENB, 1(1) 16, 3(4) 141–143Wildberger, Res: Hölloch, Switzerland, 5(2) 51Wilde, Anthony: gone finish, 6(3) 101Wilde, Bev

art exhibition, 6(4) 132Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2Chuave area, CHI, 2(4) 249–250gone finish, 6(3) 101, 7(1) 23Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(4) 248Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(4) 245, 250–251

Wilde, Kevan1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17–19Aibura Cave, EHP, 2(1) 147, 3(2) 45–47Angunga Cave, CHI, 4(1) 23–24ASF 10th biennial conference (1974), 3(2) 63Be Cave, MAD, 3(1) 22Bibima Cave, CHI, 1(1) 2–6, 3(2) 54, 61British Speleological Expedition 1975 planning, 2(1) 147,

2(3) 211, 3(1) 13, 3(2) 54British Speleological Expedition 1975 reconnaissance, 3(3)

96, 3(4) 111–118, 119British Speleological Expedition 1975 reports, 3(4) 109–

110, 4(1) 5–13

Western Province … cont.West Sepik Province … cont.


burial caves, 2(2) 163–180Chuave area, CHI, 2(4) 249–250, 4(1) 15Cromwell Range, MOR, 6(1) 27–34Elimbari and Chuave areas, CHI, 1(4) 110–115Frieda River area, WSP, 4(1) 16, 4(4) 150Gagogangama Cave, CHI, 1(2) 46Geological Survey of PNG, 5(2) 59gone finish, 6(3) 101, 7(1) 23Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252–253, 3(2) 28–30, 54Hindenburg Ranges, WES, 3(4) 111–118, 4(4) 155–164Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 1(3) 70–74, 4(2) 67, 7(1) 22Kundiawa area, CHI, 1(4) 95–103, 120Lelet Plateau, NIP, 3(1) 6–12, 14, 4(3) 89Lombila cave system, CHI, 6(1) 35, 6(2) 63–64near Madang township, 2(4) 246mentioned, 1(4) 121Muller Range Expedition 1973, 1(1) 9, 1(2) 45, 1(3) 66,

1(4) 123–126Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 103,

105, 110Muller Range Expedition 1978, 6(1) 37, 6(2) 70–71new contributors, 1(1) 8Obondoyonaminge Cave, CHI, 1(2) 48Ok Menga gorge, WES, 6(4) 109Okapa, EHP, 2(2) 182Papua New Guinea Cave Exploration Group, 4(4) 146Porgera area, ENG, 5(1) 18–21Porol Escarpment, CHI, 2(3) 211, 2(4) 248rock art, 2(2) 163–180, 4(2) 72–75, 6(4) 115–119Selminum Tém, WES, 4(4) front coverSigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 1(2) 48–50Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(4) 245, 250–251, 6(1) 3–15speleo personalities, 2(4) 255The Hole, CHI, 1(3) 65, 67–69Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(3) 99

Williams, Basil: Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(2) 72Williams, Paul

book review by, 7(2–4) 141–143mentioned, 4(4) 148Muller Range Expedition 1978, 7(1) 7new contributors, 7(2–4) 148

Willis, Dick: British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 5Wilson, Graham

Hells Gates, EHP, 2(4) 252Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(4) 245, 250–251

Wilson, HelenChuave area, CHI, 2(4) 249–250Irapui (Irukunguai) Cave, CHI, 3(2) 54Sonofi village area, EHP, 2(4) 250–251

Wilson, Lindsaynew contributors, 4(2) 62Panamecho carvings, NIP, 4(2) 47–54

Wilson, Paulnew contributors, 4(3) 136New Ireland Expedition 1975, 4(3) 88

Wilson, Richard: Muller Range Expedition 1976, 4(4) 139–140, 5(4) 103, 107, 109–110, 126

Wilson, Stewartnew contributors, 5(3) 101New Ireland Expedition 1976, 4(4) 141–143, 5(3) 62

Wilumbinki village, ENB, 1(1) 16Winchcombe, Keith, 3(4) 111Wogamush Limestone, WSP, 6(4) 114, 120Wok Dubim Tém, WSP, 4(4) 159

Wok Kaakil Uneibo Tém, WES, 3(4) 109, 4(1) 6, 11Wol Tém, WES, 6(4) 113Wom River Cave, WSP, 6(3) 99Wood, Ian

arrives Bougainville, 5(1) 29–30maps drawn by, 7(2–4) 38Teama Cave, BOU, 6(1) 36

Wop Valley, WSP, 2(4) 240Wopasili village, SHP, 2(1) 142word list, Lelet Plateau, NIP, 5(3) 99–100Worei River, MAN, 3(3) 73World War II

Allied occupation, 5(2) 35cave burials, 6(2) 51caves as shelter during, 1(1) 10, 17, 3(1) 8, 22, 3(3) 93,

4(1) 28, 4(4) 149, 5(3) 84see also Japanese occupation, World War II

Worthington, Steve: British Speleological Expedition 1978, 6(4) 113, 131

Wotjkowski, Paul: Marpos village cave, MOR, 4(1) 16, 36–37Wyeth, John

arrives Port Moresby, 7(2–4) 105Javavere caves, CEN, 7(2–4) 100

YYaga Kananda, SHP, 7(2–4) 132, 133Yagamega Kananda, SHP, 7(2–4) 134, 137Yagaria Division (Lufa area), EHP, 2(2) 187, 3(2) 26Yagaum Cave, MAD, 5(1) 30Yalis Cave, ENG, 3(4) 126Yalum Limestone, ENB, 1(1) 17, 1(2) 28Yalum village, ENB, 1(1) 16–17Yaramanda Cave, ENG, 3(4) 124, 126Yarrangobilly, Australia, 2(2) 182Yauna village, EHP, 3(2) 44Yavakuta Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 51Yeandle, Dave: British Speleological Expedition 1975,

4(1) 4, 5Yogomul village area, CHI, 6(3) 87Yogona Ekanda, SHP, 7(2–4) 137Yogondo spirit

Ak Kagamugl Cave, CHI, 2(2) 168, 170, 172, 174, 176Sigewage Cave, CHI (also spelt Sigewagi), 2(2) 177

Yohotegave village, EHP, 2(4) 252Yoigaranil Cave, CHI, 1(4) 102Yombon, Abraham: Nenduma Cave, BOU, 3(1) 13Yonaminge Cave, CHI, 1(4) 99, 2(2) 163Yonge, Chas

1975–76 highlands meet, 4(1) 17–19Angunga Cave, CHI, 4(1) 23British Speleological Expedition 1975, 4(1) 7, 8, 10Chuave area, CHI, 4(1) 15Mebikombogo Cave, CHI, 4(1) 25–26new contributors, 4(1) 39

Yonggamugl area, CHI, 4(2) 76–78Yonggamugl clan, CHI, 1(2) 48, 2(2) 163, 177, 2(4) 248Yonki Dome area, EHP, 3(2) 44, 48–50, 6(4) 132, 7(2–4) 101Yonomigl Cave, CHI, 1(4) 104

see also Obondoyonaminge Cave, CHIYousuma Cave, Kitava Island, MBP, 6(2) 44Yu Balalo Cave, SHP, 7(2–4) 139Yunamare Cave, EHP, 6(2) 72, 6(3) 99, 6(4) 132, 7(2–4) 100

see also Oravanana Cave, EHPYunee Cave, CHI, 1(3) 84

Wilde, Kevan … cont.

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