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Index Abbondius, bishop of Como, 172 Acholla, Tunisia, 30 actores, 168 Adriatic Sea, 170 Aelia Eudocia, empress, 105, 107, 111, 112, 114 Aelia Eudoxia, empress, 118, 119 Aelius Aristides, 42 Aemilia et Liguria, 276 Aetius, Arian, 193 agap¯ e, 241 agathos-daimon, 28, 210 Agde, council of (506), 281 Agnes, saint, 69 agricola in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 160 Agripinilla, 41 ın Zirara, 166, 275 Aion, 28 Alberca, La, 142, 143, 279 Albina, ascetic of Rome, 78, 80, 98, 99, 101, 245 Alexander of Alexandria, 212 Alexandria, 28, 185 Alps, 170 altar Christian, 54, 95, 106, 117, 131, 134, 142, 150, 165, 180, 189, 206, 268 pagan, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 42, 46, 90, 125 Ambrose of Milan, 4, 182 accused of Manicheeism, 102 and Arians, 192193, 198 and relic exchange, 85, 93 in Rome, 78, 8082, 100 influence on neighboring bishoprics, 170172 on female asceticism, 6, 203, 204, 214 Ambrosiaster, 101 amicitia, 129, 154, 160, 184 Ampelius, prefect of Rome, 192 Anastasius, emperor, 113 Anaunia, 172, 174 ancestors, cult of, 32, 131 andronitis, 210 Anicia Iuliana, 100, 112, 114 Anicii, 23 Annesi, estate of Macrina, 206, 208. See also Forty Martyrs of Forty Martyrs; mausolea; Macrina domestic church at, 206, 209 annona, 128, 180. See also taxation Antioch, 117, 119, 120, 207, 288, 325 Antonia Saturnina, North African landowner, 166 Antoninus of Fussala, 157, 167168, 169 apartments, 75, 88, 104, 113 Apocryphal Acts, 56, 57 Apollinarians, 198 Apollinaris of Laodicea, Arian, 193 343 www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88593-5 - Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late Antiquity Kim Bowes Index More information

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Abbondius, bishop of Como, 172Acholla, Tunisia, 30actores, 168Adriatic Sea, 170Aelia Eudocia, empress, 105, 107, 111,

112, 114Aelia Eudoxia, empress, 118, 119Aelius Aristides, 42Aemilia et Liguria, 276Aetius, Arian, 193agape, 241agathos-daimon, 28, 210Agde, council of (506), 281Agnes, saint, 69agricola

in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 160Agripinilla, 41Aın Zirara, 166, 275Aion, 28Alberca, La, 142, 143, 279Albina, ascetic of Rome, 78, 80, 98, 99,

101, 245Alexander of Alexandria, 212Alexandria, 28, 185Alps, 170altar

Christian, 54, 95, 106, 117, 131, 134,142, 150, 165, 180, 189, 206, 268

pagan, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35,42, 46, 90, 125

Ambrose of Milan, 4, 182accused of Manicheeism, 102and Arians, 192–193, 198and relic exchange, 85, 93in Rome, 78, 80–82, 100influence on neighboring bishoprics,

170–172on female asceticism, 6, 203, 204, 214

Ambrosiaster, 101amicitia, 129, 154, 160, 184Ampelius, prefect of Rome, 192Anastasius, emperor, 113Anaunia, 172, 174ancestors, cult of, 32, 131andronitis, 210Anicia Iuliana, 100, 112, 114Anicii, 23Annesi, estate of Macrina, 206, 208. See

also Forty Martyrs of FortyMartyrs; mausolea; Macrina

domestic church at, 206, 209annona, 128, 180. See also taxationAntioch, 117, 119, 120, 207, 288, 325Antonia Saturnina, North African

landowner, 166Antoninus of Fussala, 157, 167–168, 169apartments, 75, 88, 104, 113Apocryphal Acts, 56, 57Apollinarians, 198Apollinaris of Laodicea, Arian, 193

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Apostlesimages of, 137private worship compared to, 200relics of, 84, 85, 93

Apostolic Tradition, 53Apotactites, 194apse, 137, 140, 142, 152, 165

in churches, 85, 86, 87, 135, 140, 149,150, 152, 154

in urban houses, 74, 75, 85in villas, 128, 149, 164, 174, 176, 179

Apuleius, 43, 46, 48, 59, 202, 239, 300,317

Aquileia, 70, 172Aquitaine, 279

asceticism, 155–156, 185–186bishops, 182cities, 181economy, 180elites, 179, 180home of anonymous ascetic women,

186home of Paulinus of Nola, 155home of Sulpicius Severus, 155, 185location of Primuliacum, 181mosaics, 128, 179, 180Priscillianist controversy, 161urban Christian history, 181–182villa churches, 179, 180–181villas, 125, 179–180

Arcadius, 107, 113arcae, 77arcarius, on rural estates, 164archaeology

as evidence, 15, 129–130, 147, 153,231, 236

Arellano, 42Arians. See also Trinitarian controversy

and Ambrose, 192, 193and Macedonius, 116and Marathonius and Eustathius,

122and private worship, 192–193, 194,

195, 198, 200, 202and Ursinus, 193Ossius of Cordoba versus, 182women as type of, 212

Aristotle, 210Arles, council of (314), 278Arval brotherhood, 22

asceticism, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 75archaeological evidence for, 153encouraging of private worship,

190–191, 202–203heresy and, 212–214in villas, 125, 152–157, 158, 183,

185–186, 187male construction of female ideologies,

211–212Manichaeism and, 198peripatetic, 121–122private churches and

Constantinople, 120–123Rome, 96–99

private rituals and, 76, 193–194, 203,204–205

role in Priscillianist controversy, 183social qualities of, 98–99, 113, 114,

121–122, 154–157tensions around, 185–186, 194, 214

Asclepius, 42Asella, ascetic of Rome, 258Asterius, comes Hispaniarum, 184astrology

prohibitions against, 197Asturias, mithraea in, 239Athens, 22atrium, 12, 28, 30Attis, 18, 38, 43, 239Audurus, estate near Hippo, 152augur, 22augury

prohibitions against, 47, 196, 197Augustine, 4, 6, 92, 182

and Antoninus of Fussala, 157,167

in Rome, 100letters of, 184on Manicheans, 192on villa churches, 146, 151relationship with elites, 126, 167, 168,

169, 171Augustus, emperor

and household cult, 32ideology of women, 241marriage laws, 230religious legislation, 47, 197, 238

aula. reception roomsAurelianus, consul (400), 105, 106, 112,

114, 115, 118, 122

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Ausonius, rhetor, 36, 125, 127, 129, 154,158, 160, 179, 183, 185, 187

Auxentius, Arian bishop, 200Avila

episcopate of, 182, 183Avitus of Braga, 84Azrou Zaouıa, 274

Bacchus. See also Dionysiuscult of

prohibition of, 240prohibitions against, 45, 196, 197

Baetica, 128, 180, 181, 185, 280Bagradas valley, 164Bal, 38Balearic Islands, 184baptism, 49, 52, 64, 150, 176, 178, 223,

225, 279baptismal font

in urban churches, 86in villa churches, 149, 150, 176, 178,

279baptistery

in parish churches, 172in tituli, 86in urban churches, 176in villa churches, 95, 125, 141, 142,

146, 150, 156, 158, 159, 165, 173,180, 181, 185, 279

Barbaria, clarissima, 217, 218, 222, 223,224

Barcelona, 154possible cathedral church, 182

Basil of Caesarea, 4, 84, 117, 214asceticism and, 123brother of Macrina, 208, 209, 210on female asceticism, 214relationship with Eustathuis of Sebaste,

121relic exchange and, 111

Bassula, mother-in-law of SulpiciusSeverus, 156

Bath, 178baths, 38, 75, 78, 105, 110

in churches, 150in vici, 162in villas, 5, 119, 128, 131, 133, 135,

149, 170, 179, 181ritual in Judaism, 53

Belisarius, 255

Bellerophon, 178Bergamo, 170, 277Biberist-Spitalhof, 237Bierbach, 37birthday rituals, 28–30bishops

asceticism and, 28–30, 185–186,194

authority of, 2, 3, 4, 6–7, 49, 182,183–184, 218, 219

banned from private masses, 193basilica building in Rome, 72changing role in fifth century, 223confined to urban roles, 126, 161, 172,

174, 178, 182, 183female asceticism and, 212–214in Britain, 175–176in pre-Nicene Rome, 63–64pre-Nicene developments, 50–52, 58private churches and, 80–83, 101–102,

103, 116–120, 218, 221after fifth century, 226

property and, 64–65relationship with elites, 79–83, 106,

116–120, 123–162, 167–169,170–172, 173–174, 178–179,182–220

relationship with monks, 122–123role in imperial edicts, 191role in ritual, 55role in rural Christianity, 126–127role in tituli, 68, 69, 71villa churches and, 127, 130, 151, 158,

161–162, 166, 167–169blessing, 50, 55, 205Bona Dea

cult of, 238Bordeaux, 128

annona and, 180estates of Paulinus of Nola near, 154,

180Saint Seurin, 182villas near, 180

Bou Melika, 275Bradford-on-Avon, 176, 177, 178bread

as eulogia, 160blessed at meals, 205eucharistic, 55, 220

Brescia, 170, 171, 277

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Britain, 128bishops, 175–176, 178–179Christian imagery in villas, 178economy, 174–175elites, 178mosaics, 128, 174, 178urban Christian history, 175–176villa churches, 131–133, 175, 176–178villa temples, 34, 35villas, 174–175

bureaucracy, imperial, 219in Constantinople, 104in countryside, 128

Byzacena, 164nundinae, 274settlement patterns, 273Byzantium. See also Constantinople:

foundation

Caelestis, 165Caesarea

houses, 163survey, 164

Caesarius, consul (397), 2, 112, 260, 264Calagurris, 281Calendar of 354, 44Callistus, bishop of Rome, 52, 64, 72

catacomb of, 49Campania

Paulinus of Nola’s lands in, 271Cantabria, coast of, 180Canterbury, 176Cappadocia, 117

missionaries from in northern Italy,172

Caracalla, 45Caristia, 33Carranque, 143–146, 180, 181, 279Carthage, 128

houses of, 163Carthage, council of (345–348), 168Carthage, council of (411), 168castellum, 157, 200

North Africa, 162Castellum Lucullanum, 217, 218, 224Castricia, 119castrum, 167catacombs, 64, 93catechumens

in domestic context, 205

cathedra, 149Cauca, 180Celer, vir spectabilis, 167, 168, 169Celerina, martyr, 113Censorinus, 29Centallo, 150, 151, 172, 173, 277ceramics

Britain, 174, 175Hispania and Aquitaine, 180

Ceres, 210Chafagi Aamer, 165, 166, 274, 275Chalcedon, 115, 119

Apostoleion of Rufinus, 112, 142, 146,156

episcopate of, 105monastery of Rufinus, 114

Chalcedon, council of, 16, 115, 123, 223,263

chancel screens, 117, 131, 134, 141,149

chapeldefinition of, 15

charity. See also donationsChedworth, 176chi-rho

image of, 132, 133, 145, 176, 178Christianization, 9, 11, 62

and Roman past, 222of countryside, 127, 162of elites, 218–220

Chrysaphius, eunuch, 123churches. See private churches, villa

churches, and individual site andcity names

churches, publicmoral valuation of, 191, 200, 201,

206–207, 208private churches imitate, 224

Ciceroaffair of his house, 26statue of Minerva, 27tomb of Tullia, 36

Cirta, 165clarissimi, 70, 180Clarus, acolyte of Martin of Tours, 156,

181, 221Claudius, emperor, 32Clement of Alexandria, 56Clement, bishop of Rome, 56Clementina, gloriosa, 224

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clergydefinition of, 7, 84domestic, 75, 80–82, 98, 115, 118, 119,

120, 223estate, 125, 146, 157–158, 167–169in Rome, 66, 70

Cocosa, La, 137–138, 139, 142, 180,279

coemeterium, 64coins

Britain and Gaul, 175Hoxne treasure, 278in rural sites, 174in Santo Stefano Rotundo excavations,

256Colchester, 176, 278collegia, 30, 32, 38, 64coloni

in North African estates, 163, 164–165Paulinus of Nola as colonus, 155relationship with dominus, 159, 171role in Priscillianist controversy, 183role in villa churches, 166, 167–168,

181, 187Columella, 210conductores, 163, 164, 168confessio, 88, 89consecratio, 26

definition of, 24–25consecration

of private church, 223Consentius, correspondant of Augustine,

184Constantine

and relic collecting, 85and relics, 253conversion of, 9, 61, 65donations to church of Rome, 63, 65,

68, 72, 86economic reforms, 127foundation of Constantinople, 103heresy legislation, 194, 196Holy Apostles, 110imperial priesthoods of, 22religious legislation, 47, 197role in Constantinopolitan church

building, 106–107, 108Sessorian palace, 62

Constantinople, 1, 2, 16Anastasia church, 107, 117

Aurelianes, 105Baths of Constantius, 112, 114charitable foundations, 114Christian origins, 105–106Column of Constantine, 110edicts issued from, 194, 198episcopate, 106Forum of Constantine, 117foundation, 103–104Great Palace, 104, 105

churches in, 110–111, 225Helenianae, 117Holy Apostles, 106, 107, 112, 146,

263Karya, 113location of cathedral church, 107martyrium of Celerina, 113martyrium of Philip, 113monastery of Elias, 114monastery of Isaac, 114, 115, 122monastery of Thalassius, 114palaces, 105, 112, 114, 119Philadelphion, 114private churches, 62, 103, 107–123, 217private monasteries, 62, 103, 112Promotou, 105Psamathea, 114public basilica building in, 103,

106–107, 108sarcophagus from, 137Sigma, 112St. Andrew martyrium, 261St. Akakios, 106, 107, 113St. Anthimius martyrium, 261St. Euphemia en tois Olybriou, 107, 114St. Irene, 106, 107, 110St. John the Baptist at the Hebdomon,

107St. Lawrence, 107, 112St. Mokios, 107St. Polyeuktos, 107, 112, 114St. Sophia, 107, 110, 113, 117St. Stephen, churches of, 112, 114,

115, 122suburbs, 105, 115, 121, 122Theotokos Hodegetria, 107Theotokos in Blachernae, 107Theotokos in Chalkoprateia, 107Topkapı Sarayı, 107Trinitarian controversy, 193, 195, 200

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Constantinople (cont.)walls, Constantinian, 261walls, Theodosian, 105

Constantius II, 106, 107, 112relic translations of, 84, 106

conversionat Felix’ shrine at Nola, 155of elites, 218–220of rural populations, 126, 159, 169,

171, 172, 174, 187Cornelii, 75Cornelius, bishop of Rome, 52, 64corpora, 30, 38, 64councils, church, 183, 190, 191

regulation of private churches,190–196, 224

courts, secular, 183courtyard, 140

in villas, 128, 135, 141, 143, 162Crispinus, Donatist landowner-bishop,

275crypt, 94, 95, 134, 137, 180cubiculum, 12, 97, 98, 206, 243, 332Cucufate, Sao, 268Cumae, 23Cuzabetenses, North African plebs, 166Cyprian of Carthage, 49, 51, 53, 54, 58,

77, 221Cyriaca, religiosa femina, 246Cyzicus, 116

Dalmatiamartyr shrines, 142villa churches, 141, 142villa mausolea, 137

Damasus, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81,97, 101, 102, 192, 193

opposition to, 246Daniel, prophet, 201, 202Danube River, 42, 217. See also frontiers:

Danubedating, mortar, 269deaconess, 113, 116, 142deacons, 71

subdeacons, 224Decius, emperor, 45, 200decuriones, 180dedicatio

definition of, 25defensores, on rural estates, 164

Delphidius of Bordeaux, rhetor, 183Delphinius of Bordeaux, bishop, 182Demetrias, 94–96, 100, 256, 258Demophilus, Arian bishop, 200dependents, 3, 6, 7, 105. See also

patronageand estate clergy, 158and villa churches, 127, 158, 181in North Africa, 161

Desana, 172, 173, 277Dewlish, 278diaconia, 71dining rooms, 5, 10, 12, 49

in villas, 5, 128, 130, 134, 149, 174,178, 180

Diocletianadministrative reforms of, 127, 170,

174, 180Dionysius, 41. See also Bacchusdivination, 47dome, 128, 143, 145, 146, 149domina

as monastic patron, 218role in Priscillianist controversy, 183role in villa churches, 157, 167

dominusas monastic patron, 218in Christian rhetoric, 155relationship with dependents, 163,

164–165role at meals, 50role in Priscillianist controversy, 183role in selecting estate clergy, 157role in villa churches, 157role in villa rituals, 35, 42

domusand familia, 191, 199, 200, 214, 215,

219, 285and priesthoods, 23definition of, 5, 28, 213terminology in Constantinople, 105

domus ecclesiae, 89, 229, 241. See alsohouse-churches: pre-Nicene

donationsof Paulinus of Nola, 155of Sulpicius Severus, 156tituli, 66–69, 70, 71to ascetics, 121, 122to church of Constantinople, 118–119to urban churches, 185, 186

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Donatistsat Fussala, 167clergy, 157, 166edicts against, 192on rural estates, 166, 167, 168, 169

Duero River, 180, 183Dura Europos, 49, 51

house church, 250mithraeum, 38

Durobrivae, 176

Easter, 63, 185, 246Ebro River, 180economy

changes to in fifth century, 222–223rural, 127–128, 138, 161

Egyptasceticism, 101, 121deities from, 21household shrines, 28

Eigenkirchen, 291ekphrases, 129Eleusis, 116Eleutheropolis, 201elites

competition among, 121, 122, 154,156, 160, 180, 181

Constantinopolitansocial qualities, 104

economic circumstances, 222relationship with bishops, 79–83, 106,

116–120, 122–162, 167–169,170–172, 173–174, 178–179,182–220

after fifth century, 224relationship with dependents, 166role in relic exchange, 84–85, 94role in Roman Christianity, 70, 75–76,

78role in rural Christianity, 126–127

Emmelia, mother of Macrina, 206,209

emperor, cult of, 26, 44, 165in the home, 32

emperorsin Rome, 72role in church building, 106–107role in private churches, 63, 87,

110–111, 114role in unofficial cult, 44

Encratites, 194endowment. donationsEphesius, Luciferian bishop, 192Ephesus, 104Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, 101Epiphany, 185, 186Equitus, titular name, 65, 66estate churches. villa churchesestates, See villas

imperial, 162, 163, 164eucharist, 75. See also rituals

and asceticism, 212and lamplighting, 205blessing during, 55definition of, 13equipment for, 79eucharistic-type rituals, 55–56, 205,

242in tituli, 71reserved, 2, 19, 54–55, 57, 76–78, 82,

103, 117, 189, 192, 205, 221,225

containers for, 77rituals of, 49, 50, 52, 76, 135, 142, 192,

201and definition of sacred space, 220and heresy, 195discouraged in houses, 223

Euchrotia, wife of Delphidius ofBordeaux, 183

euergetismChristian, 248civic, 120imperial, 114Roman sacrifical, 23rural, 36, 187

Eugippius, follower of Severinus ofNoricum, 217, 223, 224

Eugraphia, lady of Constantinople,119

Eunomians, 194, 198Eunomius, Arian, 193Euphemia of Chalcedon, saint

relics of, 85Eusebia, aristocrat of Constantinople, 2,

3, 111, 112, 115, 116, 142, 218Eusebius of Caesarea, 110Eusebius of Emesa, 204Eusebius of Nicomedia, 106, 122Eusebius of Vercelli, 173

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Eustathius of Sebaste, 122canons againt, 194female ascetics and, 212, 213in Constantinople, 121–122, 195influence of, 214private worship and, 193–194, 195

Eustochium, ascetic of Rome, 99, 206eutaxia, 267Eutyches, monk of Constantinople, 113,

114, 123Exeter, 176exorcism, 152, 166Exuperius, ascetic of Rome, 80

familiadefinition of, 5, 7, 191, 199, 228, 235rituals of, 28, 30–32role in household cult, 235

families, 3, 63, 219and civic priesthoods, 23–24asceticism and, 121, 155, 156, 208–209,

211definition of, 10, 191funerary cult, 32heresy and, 199–200, 213–214, 215ideologies of, 191in pre-Nicene Christianity, 20late antique developments, 5–6nuclear, 5role in private churches, 218role in private worship, 19, 219–220role in Roman estate religion, 159role in unofficial cults, 41–42role in villa churches, 125, 133, 135,

142, 150, 152, 158–159, 169, 173,178, 180–181, 187

farms, fortified, 162, 163, 164, 165,166

fasting, 101, 121, 186, 189, 204Felicissimus of Carthage, 52Felix, saint of Nola, 218

possible relics of, 92, 94shrine of, 154–155, 158

fenestella, 95, 146Feralia, 33fermentum, 66, 71festivals

Christian, 62, 185, 223Jewish, 53Roman, 30, 33, 165, 182, 206, 222

Festus, 20first fruits

donation of, 34Flacilla, empress, 105flamen, 22Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, 123Florentius, consul (429), 114, 123foreignness

and accusations of magic, 46and asceticism, 101, 121and relics, 93and unofficial cults, 43

Formiae, 42Fortuna, 210Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 116, 218

Basil of Caesarea on, 289church at Annesi, 206, 209, 212,

287Gregory of Nyssa on, 211in Constantinople, 1, 2relics of, 84, 93, 142, 206, 209

Forum Romanum, 25Frampton, 178, 278friendship

between bishops, 171, 184, 219role in asceticism, 155, 156, 157, 181role in private churches, 160, 184, 187,

218role in Roman religion, 3role in unofficial cults, 41–42rural elites, 129, 154versus episcopal authority, 191

frontiers, 170Danube, 217Rhineland, 42, 126, 175

Fronto, monk, 184functionalism

in social theory, 230fundus

in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 155North Africa, 162

fundus Aufidianus, 162fundus Iubaltianensis, 164fundus of Antonia Saturnina, 166Fussala, castellum, 152, 167, 168

Gainas, 118Gallaecia, 180, 280Gangra, council of, 121, 122, 194, 212,

214, 266

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Gaudentius of Brescia, 171, 173and relic exchange, 85

Gaul. See also Aquitaine, 22asceticism in, 152, 185bishops of, 126, 182church councils, 223ius sacrum in, 26nundinae in, 36properties of Paulinus of Nola in, 155relationship with Britain, 175unofficial cults in villas, 42villa churches, 141, 149–150villa mausolea, 36, 137, 142villa temples, 28, 34, 35

Gaul, southwesterndefined, 279

Gelasius, bishop of Rome, 223Geneva, 276

villa churches near, 173genius, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32

augusti, 32Genovius, servus sanctorum, 84Gervasius and Protasius, saints, 67, 68, 93,

94martyr shrine, 169relics of, 85, 151

Gesta martyrum, 66, 101, 247Gnostics, 56, 57

and private worship, 194, 196Gnosticsm, 244God-Fearers, 38, 193, 238Gorgonia, sister of Gregory Nazianzen,

189–190, 205, 209, 211Goths, 118, 119Gracchi, 75graves

in or around churches, 135, 150, 152,159, 173

intramural, 89Roman religious law, 33

Gregory Nazianzen, 211in Constantinople, 107, 117–118, 195,

266on Gorgonia, 189–190, 205, 206, 209on his family, 289

Gregory of Elvira, 192, 201Gregory of Nyssa

and relic exchange, 84construction of female asceticism,

211–212, 214

family of, 211on Macrina, 204, 205, 206, 208–212

Gregory of Tours, 126, 225Gregory the Great, 224gynaeconitis, 210

hagiography, 190, 208, 281Harpocrates, 28Hegel, Gorg Wilhelm Friedrich, 221Helena, empress, 84

and Sessorian palace, 85Henchir el Baroud, 274Henchir Ouled Ahmeda. RouisHerculaneum, 28, 30heresy, 11, 17. See also orthodoxy

families and, 199–200heresiological tropes, 190, 199–200,

202, 212, 213, 214private churches and, 224private worship and, 190, 191–196, 202women and, 212–214

Hesperius, landowner near Hippo, 152,166, 168, 169

Hilary of Arles, 126Hilary of Poitiers, 200Hilary, bishop of Rome, 96Himerius, bishop of Tarragona, 251Hinton St. Mary, 178, 278Hippo, 93

estates near, 168villa churches around, 151

Hippolytus, 52, 63, 64, 70, 76, 297, 298,305, 337, 341

Hispaniaasceticism, 152, 185–186church councils, 223cities, 181economy, 180elites, 180estate clergy in, 157heresy, 192Luciferians, 201mosaics, 128, 143, 179, 180nundinae in, 36Paulinus of Nola and, 154, 155Priscillianist controversy, 161urban Christian history, 181–182villa churches, 133–135, 137–138, 142,

143–146, 179, 180–181sixth century, 279

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Hispania (cont.)villa mausolea, 36, 137villa temples, 34, 35villas, 179–180

historiographyprivate worship, 8–9rural Christianity, 126–127

Holcome, 278Holy Land

relics from, 14, 84, 156, 166honestiores, 173Honorius, emperor, 113Horus, 28house-churches

in Rome, 62, 65, 73–75, 88, 89pre-Nicene, 9, 49–50, 58, 66

houses, 58accusations of magic and, 46, 47as alternative worship spaces, 190,

194–195asceticism and, 97–98, 218Constantinopolitan oikoi

definition of, 104–105doctrinal debate and, 99–101functional specialization in, 76, 78late antique trends, 5, 75–76moral valuation of, 54, 58, 97–98, 120,

190, 198–199, 214–222, 226and women, 203–204, 207, 210,

211–212, 213private space in, 12sites of heretical accusation, 191–196,

197–200sites of orthodoxy, 200–202tituli and, 74transformation of, 223

Hoxne Treasure, 178Huesca, 184Hydatius of Merida, 183Hydroparastatae, 194hygeia, 83Hypatius, monk of Constantinople, 115,

262, 266

Icklingham, 176Iconium, 189icons

domestic shrines for, 255Ignatius of Antioch, 51Ilicus, presbyter of Rome, 69

incense, 14, 29, 111, 125Innocent I, bishop of Rome, 71insula. See apartmentsIsaac of Constantinople, 112, 114, 115,

117, 119, 122Iseo, Church of Saint Andrew, 172Isis, 43, 46

cult of, 43, 44, 238priesthoods, 39, 42prohibitions against, 196prohibitions of, 45, 240

Isola Comacinachurch of Santa Eufemia, 172

Italia Annonaria, 170Italy

bishops, 176, 280nundinae in, 36properties of Paulinus of Nola in, 155villa mausolea, 137villa temples, 34villa-based asceticism in, 154–155

Italy, northernbishopsChristian history, 173–174defined, 276economy, 170elites of, 173–174mosaics, 170, 173urban Christian history, 170–172villa churches, 147–149, 150, 171,

172–173villas, 170, 173

Ithacius of Faro, bishop, 183Iubaltienses, North African plebs, 165ius publicum, 196ius sacrum, 26

Jerome, 92, 100on ascetic practice in Rome, 97–99,

100, 101, 203on Origenism, 100on ritual, 76, 78, 82on women’s asceticism, 204, 206relationship with Lucinius and

Teodora, Spanish ascetics, 152Jerusalem, 87, 94, 185

Church of Holy Sepulcher, 87relics from, 152

Jerusalem, Heavenly, 225John and Paul, martyrs, 88, 254

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John Chrysostom, 92and private churches, 116church building, 107exile of, 193in Antioch, 119–120, 207in Constantinople, 117, 118–120, 122,

207, 260on estate churches, 157

John Rufus, 76John the Baptist, 154

relics of, 85Joventius and Maximinus, martyrs, 254Jovinian, 100, 102, 317Jovinianism, 99Judaism. See rituals, JewishJulius, bishop of Rome, 72Jumilla, 37juno, 28, 30Jupiter, 26, 27

Dolichenus, 38, 39, 42Justin Martyr, 63Justinian, 115

legislation on private churches, 223,225

Kasserine survey, 164kitchens, 30Kyme, 23

Lago d’Orta, church of San Giulio, 172Lalonquette, 268Lambaesis, 42Lampius of Barcelona, 185lamps, 79, 81

in Christian rituals, 54, 78, 98, 205, 212in Jewish rituals, 53

Laodicea, council of, 193, 252lararium, 234, 255Lares, 27, 28, 30, 210. See also lararium;

shrines, householdconsecration to, 26Lares compitales, 32Lares familiaris, 30, 32

lawChristian, 221

on heresy, 190, 191–192, 193, 194,197–200

Romanon private ritual, 47, 190, 196–197public/private distinctions, 19

laypersons, 7, 84. See also elitesrelationship with bishops, 182, 184relationship with Gregory Nazianzen,

117Lea, ascetic of Rome, 98lead tanks, from Britain, 176, 178Lent, 185Leo I, bishop of Rome, 95, 96Leopardus, presbyter of Rome, 69, 93Lepcis Magna, 163letters

and villa Christianity, 155, 156, 160Libellus precum, 192, 201Liber Pontificalis, 65, 66, 231, 247, 248Liber, god, 43Liberius, bishop of Rome, 72, 258Licinia Eudoxia, empress, 107, 114Lignon, Testament of, 37Lincoln, 278liturgical furnishings, 110, 117, 135, 157,

158, 181liturgy. See rituals or eucharistLivianus, deacon of Rome, 69Llandough, 278Lodi Vecchio, 277Lombardy, 276

villa churches in, 173London, 178, 278Loupian, 148, 149–150, 158, 159, 181,

221, 279lucernarium, 78, 212, 243, 287Lucifer of Cagliari, 192, 201Luciferians, 193

and private worship, 192, 201–202in Hispania, 192

Lucilla, femina nobilis, 84Lucina, matrona, 247Lucinius, Spanish ascetic, 185Lufton, 278Lullingstone, 131–133, 135, 158, 159,

176, 178Lusitania, 128, 182, 280lustratio, 33, 35

Macarius, ascetic priest of Rome, 78, 102,192

Macedonians, 194, 198Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople,

106, 107, 116–117, 122, 195, 263,264

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Macedonius, tribunus et notarius, 123Mackwiller, 42Macrina, ascetic, 204, 208–212

asceticism as family-based, 208–209,214

church building efforts, 206domestic miracles of, 209–210ritual activities, 205, 206

magia, 44–48, 197, 317magic, 13

accusations of, 46–48, 58–197and women, 213Priscillian of Avila, 182, 183

and private worship, 46–48, 195, 197,215

magical papyri, 45, 46magistri, on rural estates, 164Magna Mater, 18

cult of, 23, 26, 42, 44, 238hierarchies in, 39, 42priesthoods, 43

sanctuaries of, 38, 42Majsan, 142maleficium, 196, 197, 213Mandelieu, 42Manicheans, 102

and private worship, 192, 194, 196, 198mansiones, 170Marathonius, ascetic of Constantinople,

116, 121–122Marcella, ascetic of Rome, 80, 97, 98, 99,

100, 101, 113, 152, 195, 206, 245Marcellina, sister of Ambrose, 78, 98Marcellus, bishop of Rome, 72, 247Marialba, 152, 181, 279Mark, bishop of Rome, 72marriage, 5, 12

and asceticism, 194homes of married persons, 194

Marsa, 119Martin of Tours

and Sulpicius Severus, 156, 181image at Primuliacum, 156relationship with elites, 126

Martres-Tolosane, 181martyria, 72, 93, 98, 146

and sacred space, 220dangers of, 206, 207definition of, 143, 146

in villas, 121, 142, 146, 151–152,154–155, 158, 166, 169, 181, 186,217, 218, 223

private, in Constantinople, 111–113,123

Marusinac, 142, 143mass. See eucharist: rituals ofMaternus Cynegius, praetorian prefect,

145–146, 180Mauretania Caesariensis

economy, 162military sites, 273settlement patterns, 273

Mauretania Tingitanamilitary sites, 162settlement patterns, 273

mausolea, 33, 182and villas, 36–37, 141, 158, 173,

180–181, 187, 218, 256, 274Christian, 135–146

at Annesi, 212imperial, 63, 106, 110

Maxentius, emperor, 249Maximus of Turin, 171, 173, 174Maximus, bishop of Salona, 269Maximus, presbyter of Rome, 69Mayen, 34meals, 58

and eucharist, 55–56, 76and prayer, 76blessing during, 55–56, 205Christian, 20, 50, 58eucharist at, 242funerary, 142Jewish, 53John Chrysostom’s refusal of elite

banquets, 120Mechira, 165, 166, 274, 275Meharza, 275Melania the Elder, 84, 92, 100, 156

visit to Nola, 155Melania the Younger

in North Africa, 100, 157, 166in Rome, 61, 62, 76, 78, 97, 98, 101,

206, 207portrayal of her family, 289wealth renunciation of, 248

Meletius, 117mikva’ot, 53

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Milan, 170as imperial capital, 170heresy, 192–193, 195, 200

Milreu, 35Minerva, 27, 314Minucius Felix, 46, 197miracles

healing, 152Mithras, 43

cult of, 38, 39, 42, 43heirarchies in, 43hierarchies in, 39symbolism, 43

mithraea, 21, 25, 38, 40, 42monarchical episcopate, 242monasteries, 62, 98, 103, 112. See also

asceticismafter Council of Chalcedon, 223archaeological characteristics of, 272Augustine’s in Hippo, 167definition of, 156private, 113–114, 116, 117, 118,

120–123, 218Severinus of Noricum’s on Danube,

217monks. See also asceticism; and

monasteriesand bishops in Constantinople, 34, 106,

115, 116, 118in private churches, 80, 112, 115, 116,

118, 119, 120–123, 223of Severinus of Noricum, 217role in rural Christianity, 126

monoepiscopate, 50, 58, 64Monophysite controversy, 225Montanists, 192, 195, 282Monte da Cegonha, 268mosaics

floor, 5, 128, 133, 140, 143, 149, 170,173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180

Christian imagery on, 133, 135,180

Christian symbols on, 178in churches, 182, 275North Africa, 163

sepulchral, 184vault, 128, 137

Mucrionenses, North African plebs, 166Muline, 138–141, 142, 159

Mundelsheim, 42mystery cults. See unoffiicial cults

Naples, 217bishop of, 223, 224

Narbonensis I, 182, 279narthex, 137, 142, 152Naucratis, brother of Macrina, 210Nazarius, saint, 93

relics of, 85negotium, 203neighborhoods

and Mithraic cult, 238in Constantinople, 104, 105, 109in Rome, 70, 71, 102shrines of, 238

Neoplatonism, 99, 100, 101, 160Neptune, 178Nero, 200Nestorius, neoplatonist, 101Newel, 34, 37Nicea, council of, 190, 195, 278Nicomedia, 116night

and accusations of magic, 46Nile, 43Nola, 92, 153, 154, 185North Africa, 22

bishops, 176, 187bishops and villa churches, 161economy, 128, 162, 170estate clergy, 157household shrines, 28nundinae in, 36reserved eucharist in, 55settlement types, 162–164, 167Stephen relics, 94, 95villa churches, 127, 146, 150, 163,

187villa mausolea, 137villas, 161

Notre-Dame La Daurade, 182Novatian, 18–20, 52, 57, 64, 76, 221Novatianists, 112, 246Novempopulania, 179, 182, 279, 280Numidia, 162, 165

estate churches in, 166fortified farms, 162, 163military sites, 273

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nundinae, 36, 155, 164, 166, 274nympheum, xi, 92, 176

oikoiin Christian rhetoric, 245in Constantinople

definition of, 104oil, olive, 138

North African, 162presses, 162, 164

Olybrius, 114Olympias, 113, 117, 121, 260

property near St. Sophia, 105Olympius, dedicatee of Life of Macrina,

208orants, 132oratorium

definition of, 15Orfitus, Lucius Cornelius, 18, 19, 42orientation, of ritual structures, 85, 134,

137–138, 141, 158Origen, 53, 54, 57, 100Origenist controversy, 99, 195Orosius, 84orthodoxy. See also heresy

definitions of, 11Ossius of Cordoba, 182Ostia, 23, 28, 30, 33, 75, 92otium, 126, 127, 185Ovid, 32ownership, 14, 63, 64, 66

archaeological evidence for, 15, 130,165

Pacianus of Barcelona, 182pagani, 126pagi, 170, 172palace. See Rome and Constantinoplepalace chapels, 85–87, 110–111, 225palatia, 105Palazzo Pignano, 147–149, 150, 158, 172,

173, 277Palladius, 118, 119Pammachius, 91, 97, 100, 168, 195,

258Pammachius, titular name, 65Paphlagonia, 121Parentalia, 33parish

churches, 16, 150, 182

in Gaul, 225in Hispania, 225in northern Italy, 172, 173, 225villa churches compete with, 224

origins of, 126, 130, 150Hispania, 182northern Italy, 172

system, 115, 126, 187topography, 126

Passover, 53pastophoria, 150, 165paterfamilias, 28, 32, 51Patria of Constantinople, 108, 114patrocinium, 118patronage. See also dependents, 2, 19, 20,

27, 58and ascetics, 80, 99, 102, 115, 122,

123and birthday rituals, 28–30and bishops, 219and civic priesthoods, 23–24and domestic clergy, 80, 102, 118, 120,

123and elites, 184, 219and estate clergy, 158household rituals, 29, 32role in pre-Nicene communities,

49–50, 51, 58role in private churches, 218role in unofficial cults, 42role in villas, 129, 158–159, 160, 184,

187Paul of Samosata, 52Paul, bishop of Constantinople, 106, 107,

116Paul, bishop of Naples, 224Paul, Saint

relics of, 84Paula, ascetic of Rome, 97, 98, 99, 100,

101Paula, daughter of Laeta, 205Pauline epistles, 6, 56, 101Paulinus of Nola, 100, 125, 217

and cult of Saint Felix, 92, 160,218

and relic exchange, 84, 85, 92, 93,156

image of at Primuliacum, 156, 181in Hispania, 185letters of, 160, 203

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poetry of, 180projects at Nola, 154–155, 160

Paulinus, Sextus Anicius, 96peasants

at Felix’ shrine at Nola, 155Pelagians, 99, 100, 195, 281Pelagius, 99, 100, 102, 258, 259, 291Penates, 27, 28, 30, 210, 235Pergamon, 42, 104periodization, 9–10, 63peristyle, 28, 30, 104, 133, 180Perpetua, martyr, 56persecutions, of Christians, 45, 196Peter the Iberian, 111Peter, bishop of Alexandria, 101Peter, brother of Macrina, 208, 209Peter, saint

relics of, 84Philip, Apostle, 113Philip, presbyter of Rome, 69Phosphorus, North African landowner,

165Piedmont, 135, 276

villa churches in, 173Pinianus, husband of Melania the

Younger, 166, 248Pius I, bishop of Rome, 72Placidia, empress, 105, 114Pliny the Younger, 26, 32, 125, 129, 160Plotinus, 99, 101, 206Pluto, 164, 165Pneumatomachi, 194poetry

and villas, 129, 154, 180, 181architectural epigrams, 156repudiation of, 154

pollution, 57, 58, 59pomerium, 38, 44, 238Pompeii, 26, 28, 30

Casa del Menandro, 29Pontian, bishop of Rome, 64pontifex, 22, 24, 26Pontii, 180Pontius Leontius

villa of, 130Pontus, 206Porphyry, 101Praetextatus, 43prayer, 47

Christian

in communal rituals, 50private, 20, 53–54, 55, 76, 125, 133,

135, 158; in ascetic practice, 97,156, 204–205, 206; in asceticritual, 156

murmured, 47presbyters. See also clergy, 117

as domini, 184banned from private masses, 193Paulinus of Nola as, 154pre-Nicene, 50, 52role in ritual, 55, 101role in tituli, 66, 68–69, 71

priesthoodscivic, 22–24, 41, 44

Christians as, 22imperial cult, 165of Magna Mater and Isis, 238unofficial cults, 38–44

Primuliacum, estate of Sulpicius Severus,153, 155–156, 157, 181, 185, 279

Priscillianand Trinitarian controversy, 285

Priscillian of Avilaactivities in Hispania, 182–183, 185,

189, 192and villas, 147, 161in Rome, 100

Priscillianistsallegations of magic, 222and families, 199and private worship, 192, 282and women, 212edicts against, 192later allegations of in Hispania, 184

privatedefinitions of, 2, 12–14, 49, 56–58, 63,

74, 160private churches, 2, 11, 217–218. See also

villa churchesand heresy, 215, 225benefits of, 119definition of, 14–15, 109–110,

114–115, 181, 230episcopal control in fifth century,

223–224funding of, 115–116, 118–119urban, 17, 62, 63, 65–71, 74, 75, 78–84,

99, 101, 102, 103, 107–123, 125in the sixth century, 224

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private churches (cont.)women’s role in, 205–206

Proba, Anicia Faltonia, 92, 98Probus, Petronius, 23, 92Processus and Martinianus, martyrs, 102Proclus, bishop of Constantinople, 227Proconsularis

estates in, 162, 164nundinae, 274settlement patterns, 162

procuratores, 146, 163, 168proeseuche, 53Promotus, magister equitum, 105, 114,

119Prudentius, 78, 180, 231, 251pseudo-Athanasius, 204, 207, 244pseudo-Basil, 203, 204public

definitions of, 2, 49, 58Pudentia, titular name, 65Pueblanueva, 137, 138, 142, 158, 180,

279Puglia, 128Pulcheria, empress, 1, 2, 105, 107, 112,

227, 261, 263, 303purity

and Judaism, 245pyxis, 77

quindecimvir, 22, 38, 44, 239

reception rooms, 12beneath tituli, 74in urban houses, 5, 75, 78, 105in villas, 5, 128, 131, 133, 134, 149,

158, 170, 174, 176, 178, 180, 181,269

relics, 75cult of, 186in parish churches, 172intramural, 93–94private, 2, 14, 84–96, 106–112, 134,

135, 142, 146, 151–152, 156, 218,221, 225

res sacra, 25, 26, 27, 33resistance

theories of, 230retreats, 186

on villas, 183Richborough, 176

Rimini, council of, 176, 192rituals. See also eucharist and sacrifice

and asceticism, 97–98, 111, 121Christian private, 20, 53–56, 59, 62, 75,

76–78, 82–84, 92, 99, 122, 125,146, 157, 189–190

and asceticism, 122, 204–205and heresy, 191–196, 197–202and women, 209ideologies of, 56–190, 191, 195–196,

197, 200–202, 207–208, 211, 214in villa churches, 132–133, 135

Christian public, 75, 76, 101, 121pre-Nicene, 49–50

fertility, 183funerary, 32–33, 142healing, 209–210in tituli, 71Jewish, 53, 54, 78, 205magical, 45private

defintion of, 14Roman civic, 16, 19, 43, 44, 59

definitions of, 20–21, 44Roman private, 16, 58, 131, 218, 222

accusations of magic, 46–48, 59, 197and women, 210definitions of, 19, 21, 44rural, 33–34, 35, 61, 171, 183

Rockenhausen, 42Rome, 16, 22, 119

Ad duas lauros, 36, 37asceticism in, 121, 152, 192Aventine Hill, 42, 61, 98, 100basilica building in, 62, 67, 71–73basilica Iulia iuxta Forum divi Traiani,

249, 250basilica Lucinae, 249basilica of Iulius, 249basilica of Liberius, 72, 250basilica of Mark, 249Baths of Diocletian, 252Caelian Hill, 38, 61, 78, 88, 100Campo Verano, 61capella near Lateran, 83–84, 85church factions, 291Colosseum, 38development of monoepiscopate in, 51diversity of Christian groups in, 63–65,

69

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domus Pinciana, 255episcopal palace, 84Esquiline Hill, 27, 72food supply, 170heresy, 192, 195horti Domitiae Lucillae, 82, 83, 85house of the Valerii, 78–79, 81, 98household shrines in, 28intramural relics, 93–94Lateran, 72, 83, 84, 96Luciferians, 201Manicheans, 192Pincian Hill, 92, 98, 100pre-Nicene Christian practice in,

63–65private churches, 62, 78–84, 99, 101,

102, 123Quattro Coronati, 74reserved eucharist in, 55Saint Peter’s, 96San Callisto, 249San Clemente, 40, 74, 250San Crisogono, 250San Lorenzo fuori le Mure, 61, 96, 98,

207, 246San Lorenzo in Damaso, 250San Pietro in Vincoli, 250San Sebastiano, 249San Sisto Vecchio, 250San Vitale, 250Santa Anastasia, 250Santa Balbina, 74Santa Cecelia, 250Santa Costanza, 149Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 85–87Santa Maria Maggiore, 72Santa Pressede, 250Santa Prisca

oratory near, 252Santa Pudentiana, 250Santa Sabina, 68Santa Susanna, 74, 249Santo Stefano in via Latina, 94–96Santo Stefano Rotondo, 96Sessorian palace, 85, 86, 87, 90, 110Ss. Apostoli, 249Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, 75, 88–92, 131,

221, 245basilica of, 250

St. Felix on the Pincian, 92, 98

suburbium, 36, 256Trastevere, 80, 249Velabrum, 69Via Appia, 18, 42, 52, 64Via Aurelia, 102Via Latina, 94, 95Via Tiburtina, 61, 96villa mausolea, 36villas

unofficial cults in, 42Rome, council of (499), 248Rome, council of (501), 248Rome, council of (502), 69Romulus Augustulus, 217Rouis, 165, 168, 275Rufinus of Aquileia, 92, 100, 217Rufinus the Syrian, 258Rufinus, praetorian prefect, 84, 112, 114,

142, 146, 156. See also Chalcedon:Apostoleion of Rufinus

rural bishops, 167–169

Sabbath, 53Saccophori, 194sacerdotes provinciae, 22sacra privata, 13, 38, 48sacrarium, 125, 130, 131sacrifice. See also rituals

Christian, 54civic, 21, 22–23, 33, 46, 222, 231domestic, 30, 31, 33, 44magical, 21, 45rejected by Christians, 19, 22rural, 33, 61, 171

Sadaba, 37, 39saeculum, 120, 203Sagittius of Lerida, 184Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, 182, 185Saint-Julian-en-Genevois, 172Salona, 142salutatio, 30, 122, 129, 155sanctity

private worship and, 190sanctuary, of church, 134, 137, 149sarcophagus, 137, 140, 141Sardica, council of, 278Saturninus, 106, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119,

122Saucedo, El, 268, 279sculpture collections, 128, 129

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Segermes survey, 164senatorial class

expansion of, 5role in Christianity, 60unofficial cults and, 39

senatorsas provincial magistrates, 24

Seneca, stoic philosopher, 160Septimius Severus, 103Serapis, 38, 231, 239Serdica, council of, 252Severinus of Noricum, 126, 217, 218,

222, 224relics of, 224

Severus, presbyter of Huesca, 184shrines

household, 25, 26, 27–32, 33, 59, 90,131, 141, 159

Christian, 61, 89–91Sidonius Apollinaris, 126, 129, 130, 146,

152poetry of, 180

Silchester, 176silver, domestic, 78–79, 174, 176, 178Silvia, sister-in-law of Rufinus, 156Simplicius, bishop of Rome, 96Siniti, castellum, 168Siricius, bishop of Rome, 93, 102Sixtus III, bishop of Rome, 72Sizzano, 135, 136, 172, 173, 277slaves, See also familia 46

as managers, 155rituals of, 30.role in private churches, 224role in unofficial cults, 39

sleep, 111Sol, 43, 231, 239Soldier Saints of Leon, 152soothsaying

prohibitions against, 196, 197Souk el-Lhoti, 150, 153, 165, 166, 274Sozomen, 1, 2, 3, 107, 110, 111, 116space

gender, 47magic, 48private

definitions of, 12, 14, 25public

definitions of, 24–25sacred

Christian ideas of, 220–222use of by unofficial cults, 38, 44

Spain. HispaniaSt. Albans, 176statues

collections of, 235Stephen, bishop of Rome, 64Stephen, saint

chapel in imperial palace, 262martyr shrine, 169relics of, 84, 93, 94–96, 112, 152, 221,

262Sulpicius Severus, 126, 153, 181

and relic exchange, 84, 92letters of, 160on British bishops, 176projects at Primuliacum, 155–156, 157,

159, 160, 181, 185–186, 221relationship with local bishops, 186

superstitio, 44, 45, 46, 47, 196, 197Switzerland

villa churches, 141, 173Syagrii, 184Syagrius of Huesca, bishop, 184Sylvester, bishop of Rome, 64, 66, 72Symmachus, bishop of Rome, 119Synod of the Oak, 119synthronon, 140, 149, 150Syria

asceticism, 121, 122, 123, 203household deities, 32

Tabernacles, feast of, 53Tacitus, 32Tamujas, El, 279Tarraconensis, 184Tarragona, 128taurobolium, 18, 19, 26, 42, 44, 333taxation, 128, 157, 174, 175. See also

annonaand nundinae, 164

templesand nundinae, 165in villas, 34–36, 158, 159, 164, 165,

187private, 26

definition of, 25public

definition of, 25rural, 36

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templumdefinition of, 25, 130

Tertullian, 53, 54, 55, 57, 83, 102tetraconch, 137, 145Tetrarchs

palaces and tombs, 261temple dedicated to, 164

Thagaste, 157, 166Theodora, Spanish ascetic, 185Theodore Lector, 111Theodoric, 87Theodosian Code. See also law

edicts on heresy, 190, 191–192, 193,194, 197–200

on estate clergy, 157on villa churches, 146

Theodosian dynastyand heresy legislation, 198in Constantinople, 105, 107, 114quarry marks of, 146

Theodosius Iheresy legislation, 194in Constantinople, 104, 107, 113,

122Spanish estates, 180

Theodosius II, 107, 111, 123Therasia, wife of Paulinus of Nola, 154,

155Theveste, 168Thogonoetum, estate near Fussala, 157,

167Thyrsus, saint, 1, 2, 112, 227Tiberius, emperor

religious legislation, 47, 197Tibullus, 29Tiffeltassine, 274, 275Tigriniani, 92Tigrinus, presbyter, 95tituli, 62, 67, 92, 102, 115, 119, 217,

245administration of, 68–69Aemeliae, 249Apostolorum, 69baptisteries in, 86bishops’ role in, 71, 102Byzanti, 66, 88Chrysogoni, 248, 250Cyriaci, 249Damasi, 247, 248definition of, 65–68

Equiti, 66, 247, 249Eusebii, 249excavations beneath, 73–74Fasciole, 66Gaii, 249origins of, 69–70Pammachii, 88Pudentianae, 69sanctae Sabinae, 68Sylvestri, 66, 247, 249tensions within, 70–71Valilae, 68Vestinae, 67, 68, 93, 247, 248

titulus. See tituliTivoli, 257Toledo, council of (400), 157, 192, 213tombs. graves; mausoleaTorre de Palma, 279Toulouse, 182Trent, 171Trinitarian controversy, 32, 123. See also

Ariansand private worship, 195, 198, 200,

201–202Constantinople, 116, 117, 122Hispania, 192Rome, 192

Tripolitaniaeconomy, 162fortified farms, 162, 163military sites, 162settlement patterns, 162

Trois Ilots, 275trough buildings, 164, 165True Cross, 84, 86, 92, 93, 110, 111,

156Turbo, bishop of Eleutheropolis, 201Turin, 171, 277

Ugljan, 138Ulpian, 26umgangstempel, 34unofficial cults, 16, 28, 37–44

in villas, 239Urbica, relative of Ausonius, 183Ursicinus, presbyter, 69Ursinus, candidate for bishop of Rome,

72, 193usufruct

properties of Sulpicius Severus, 272

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Val, El, 268Valence, council of, 186Valentine, villa of, 35, 159Valentinian I

church building in Rome, 250Valerian, emperor, 45Valerii, 61Valerius Severus, 78, 79Valila, 68, 257Vandoeuvres, 141, 142, 159, 172, 173Venetia et Histria, 276Venusianeses, North African plebs, 166Venus, 28, 35, 90Vercelli, 277Verona, 171Verres

use of cult statues in house, 234Vesatenses, North African plebs, 164Vesta, goddess, 210vestibules, 128, 131

in churches, 150Vestina, 67, 68, 69, 93Via de la Plata, 180viaticum, 55vici

Britain, 176Italy, northern, 170North Africa, 162, 164, 167

Victor, bishop of Rome, 64Victor, consul (369), 114, 115, 117,

122Victoriana, estate near Hippo, 151Victricius of Rouen, 85vicus, 157

at Annesi, 206vicus Ariciagi, 170Vigilantius, presbyter, 185Vigilius of Brescia, bishop, 172Vigilius of Trent, bishop, 172vigils, 78, 97, 102, 192, 201, 206, 207vilica, 34vilicus, 34, 163, 239villa churches, 119, 125–126, 140, 156,

157, 187, 218advantages of, 157and asceticism, 154–157and parish churches, 150, 224, 225archaeological evidence for, 129–130,

147, 165

bishops role in, 127Britain, 176–178clergy of, 157–158North Africa, 165–166, 167–169northern Italy, 172–173role in rural Christianity, 127social qualities of, 17, 127, 158–160,

165–166, 173, 176–179, 180–181,183–187

various types, 129–152Villa Fortunatus, 133–135, 158, 180, 184,

279villa temples, 239villa urbana, 128Villaro di Ticineto, 172, 277villas

as formative of ascetic practice,156–157

as formative of Christian practice,158–160, 161, 178–179, 180–181,183–187

as sites of elite identity, 5, 128–129,157, 160, 161, 163–164, 170, 174,178, 180, 181, 184

definition of, 231late antique trends, 5, 128–129northern Italy, 170temples, 34–36, 42topography of religious buildings, 35,

36, 135, 141, 147, 150, 158,159

transformation of, 147, 150, 223unofficial cults in, 42

Vincent, martyr, 269Virgil, 125, 222Virgin Mary

as ascetic model, 186, 204virgins

and the home, 203–204at Annesi, 209bodies of, 211, 286cured by private relics, 152

Vitalis, Saint, 93Volusianus Lampadius, 255von Harnack, Adolf, 229votives, 252

Christian, 79, 142private, 26Roman, 18, 25, 26, 34, 35, 45

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Water Newton treasure, 176, 178White, L. M., 229Wigginton, 176wine

blessed at meals, 55eucharistic, 205

women, 57accusations of magic, 47asceticism and, 186, 191, 203–212, 214euergetism and, 47, 210–211, 212heresy and, 99, 183, 199in career of John Chrysostom, 265in domestic space, 12married, 186private churches and, 205–206, 210,

212

private worship and, 17, 204–205, 207,215

public activities as source of power,289

public churches and, 206–207role in Christian ritual, 189role in unofficial cults, 39

York, 278

Zaragoza, council of, 185, 189, 190, 192,213, 281

Zeno of Verona, 83Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome, 49Zeus, 28Zubedi, estate near Hippo, 166

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