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Index
Abbondius, bishop of Como, 172Acholla, Tunisia, 30actores, 168Adriatic Sea, 170Aelia Eudocia, empress, 105, 107, 111,
112, 114Aelia Eudoxia, empress, 118, 119Aelius Aristides, 42Aemilia et Liguria, 276Aetius, Arian, 193agape, 241agathos-daimon, 28, 210Agde, council of (506), 281Agnes, saint, 69agricola
in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 160Agripinilla, 41Aın Zirara, 166, 275Aion, 28Alberca, La, 142, 143, 279Albina, ascetic of Rome, 78, 80, 98, 99,
101, 245Alexander of Alexandria, 212Alexandria, 28, 185Alps, 170altar
Christian, 54, 95, 106, 117, 131, 134,142, 150, 165, 180, 189, 206, 268
pagan, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35,42, 46, 90, 125
Ambrose of Milan, 4, 182accused of Manicheeism, 102and Arians, 192–193, 198and relic exchange, 85, 93in Rome, 78, 80–82, 100influence on neighboring bishoprics,
170–172on female asceticism, 6, 203, 204, 214
Ambrosiaster, 101amicitia, 129, 154, 160, 184Ampelius, prefect of Rome, 192Anastasius, emperor, 113Anaunia, 172, 174ancestors, cult of, 32, 131andronitis, 210Anicia Iuliana, 100, 112, 114Anicii, 23Annesi, estate of Macrina, 206, 208. See
also Forty Martyrs of FortyMartyrs; mausolea; Macrina
domestic church at, 206, 209annona, 128, 180. See also taxationAntioch, 117, 119, 120, 207, 288, 325Antonia Saturnina, North African
landowner, 166Antoninus of Fussala, 157, 167–168, 169apartments, 75, 88, 104, 113Apocryphal Acts, 56, 57Apollinarians, 198Apollinaris of Laodicea, Arian, 193
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Apostlesimages of, 137private worship compared to, 200relics of, 84, 85, 93
Apostolic Tradition, 53Apotactites, 194apse, 137, 140, 142, 152, 165
in churches, 85, 86, 87, 135, 140, 149,150, 152, 154
in urban houses, 74, 75, 85in villas, 128, 149, 164, 174, 176, 179
Apuleius, 43, 46, 48, 59, 202, 239, 300,317
Aquileia, 70, 172Aquitaine, 279
asceticism, 155–156, 185–186bishops, 182cities, 181economy, 180elites, 179, 180home of anonymous ascetic women,
186home of Paulinus of Nola, 155home of Sulpicius Severus, 155, 185location of Primuliacum, 181mosaics, 128, 179, 180Priscillianist controversy, 161urban Christian history, 181–182villa churches, 179, 180–181villas, 125, 179–180
Arcadius, 107, 113arcae, 77arcarius, on rural estates, 164archaeology
as evidence, 15, 129–130, 147, 153,231, 236
Arellano, 42Arians. See also Trinitarian controversy
and Ambrose, 192, 193and Macedonius, 116and Marathonius and Eustathius,
122and private worship, 192–193, 194,
195, 198, 200, 202and Ursinus, 193Ossius of Cordoba versus, 182women as type of, 212
Aristotle, 210Arles, council of (314), 278Arval brotherhood, 22
asceticism, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 75archaeological evidence for, 153encouraging of private worship,
190–191, 202–203heresy and, 212–214in villas, 125, 152–157, 158, 183,
185–186, 187male construction of female ideologies,
211–212Manichaeism and, 198peripatetic, 121–122private churches and
Constantinople, 120–123Rome, 96–99
private rituals and, 76, 193–194, 203,204–205
role in Priscillianist controversy, 183social qualities of, 98–99, 113, 114,
121–122, 154–157tensions around, 185–186, 194, 214
Asclepius, 42Asella, ascetic of Rome, 258Asterius, comes Hispaniarum, 184astrology
prohibitions against, 197Asturias, mithraea in, 239Athens, 22atrium, 12, 28, 30Attis, 18, 38, 43, 239Audurus, estate near Hippo, 152augur, 22augury
prohibitions against, 47, 196, 197Augustine, 4, 6, 92, 182
and Antoninus of Fussala, 157,167
in Rome, 100letters of, 184on Manicheans, 192on villa churches, 146, 151relationship with elites, 126, 167, 168,
169, 171Augustus, emperor
and household cult, 32ideology of women, 241marriage laws, 230religious legislation, 47, 197, 238
aula. reception roomsAurelianus, consul (400), 105, 106, 112,
114, 115, 118, 122
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Ausonius, rhetor, 36, 125, 127, 129, 154,158, 160, 179, 183, 185, 187
Auxentius, Arian bishop, 200Avila
episcopate of, 182, 183Avitus of Braga, 84Azrou Zaouıa, 274
Bacchus. See also Dionysiuscult of
prohibition of, 240prohibitions against, 45, 196, 197
Baetica, 128, 180, 181, 185, 280Bagradas valley, 164Bal, 38Balearic Islands, 184baptism, 49, 52, 64, 150, 176, 178, 223,
225, 279baptismal font
in urban churches, 86in villa churches, 149, 150, 176, 178,
279baptistery
in parish churches, 172in tituli, 86in urban churches, 176in villa churches, 95, 125, 141, 142,
146, 150, 156, 158, 159, 165, 173,180, 181, 185, 279
Barbaria, clarissima, 217, 218, 222, 223,224
Barcelona, 154possible cathedral church, 182
Basil of Caesarea, 4, 84, 117, 214asceticism and, 123brother of Macrina, 208, 209, 210on female asceticism, 214relationship with Eustathuis of Sebaste,
121relic exchange and, 111
Bassula, mother-in-law of SulpiciusSeverus, 156
Bath, 178baths, 38, 75, 78, 105, 110
in churches, 150in vici, 162in villas, 5, 119, 128, 131, 133, 135,
149, 170, 179, 181ritual in Judaism, 53
Belisarius, 255
Bellerophon, 178Bergamo, 170, 277Biberist-Spitalhof, 237Bierbach, 37birthday rituals, 28–30bishops
asceticism and, 28–30, 185–186,194
authority of, 2, 3, 4, 6–7, 49, 182,183–184, 218, 219
banned from private masses, 193basilica building in Rome, 72changing role in fifth century, 223confined to urban roles, 126, 161, 172,
174, 178, 182, 183female asceticism and, 212–214in Britain, 175–176in pre-Nicene Rome, 63–64pre-Nicene developments, 50–52, 58private churches and, 80–83, 101–102,
103, 116–120, 218, 221after fifth century, 226
property and, 64–65relationship with elites, 79–83, 106,
116–120, 123–162, 167–169,170–172, 173–174, 178–179,182–220
relationship with monks, 122–123role in imperial edicts, 191role in ritual, 55role in rural Christianity, 126–127role in tituli, 68, 69, 71villa churches and, 127, 130, 151, 158,
161–162, 166, 167–169blessing, 50, 55, 205Bona Dea
cult of, 238Bordeaux, 128
annona and, 180estates of Paulinus of Nola near, 154,
180Saint Seurin, 182villas near, 180
Bou Melika, 275Bradford-on-Avon, 176, 177, 178bread
as eulogia, 160blessed at meals, 205eucharistic, 55, 220
Brescia, 170, 171, 277
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Britain, 128bishops, 175–176, 178–179Christian imagery in villas, 178economy, 174–175elites, 178mosaics, 128, 174, 178urban Christian history, 175–176villa churches, 131–133, 175, 176–178villa temples, 34, 35villas, 174–175
bureaucracy, imperial, 219in Constantinople, 104in countryside, 128
Byzacena, 164nundinae, 274settlement patterns, 273Byzantium. See also Constantinople:
foundation
Caelestis, 165Caesarea
houses, 163survey, 164
Caesarius, consul (397), 2, 112, 260, 264Calagurris, 281Calendar of 354, 44Callistus, bishop of Rome, 52, 64, 72
catacomb of, 49Campania
Paulinus of Nola’s lands in, 271Cantabria, coast of, 180Canterbury, 176Cappadocia, 117
missionaries from in northern Italy,172
Caracalla, 45Caristia, 33Carranque, 143–146, 180, 181, 279Carthage, 128
houses of, 163Carthage, council of (345–348), 168Carthage, council of (411), 168castellum, 157, 200
North Africa, 162Castellum Lucullanum, 217, 218, 224Castricia, 119castrum, 167catacombs, 64, 93catechumens
in domestic context, 205
cathedra, 149Cauca, 180Celer, vir spectabilis, 167, 168, 169Celerina, martyr, 113Censorinus, 29Centallo, 150, 151, 172, 173, 277ceramics
Britain, 174, 175Hispania and Aquitaine, 180
Ceres, 210Chafagi Aamer, 165, 166, 274, 275Chalcedon, 115, 119
Apostoleion of Rufinus, 112, 142, 146,156
episcopate of, 105monastery of Rufinus, 114
Chalcedon, council of, 16, 115, 123, 223,263
chancel screens, 117, 131, 134, 141,149
chapeldefinition of, 15
charity. See also donationsChedworth, 176chi-rho
image of, 132, 133, 145, 176, 178Christianization, 9, 11, 62
and Roman past, 222of countryside, 127, 162of elites, 218–220
Chrysaphius, eunuch, 123churches. See private churches, villa
churches, and individual site andcity names
churches, publicmoral valuation of, 191, 200, 201,
206–207, 208private churches imitate, 224
Ciceroaffair of his house, 26statue of Minerva, 27tomb of Tullia, 36
Cirta, 165clarissimi, 70, 180Clarus, acolyte of Martin of Tours, 156,
181, 221Claudius, emperor, 32Clement of Alexandria, 56Clement, bishop of Rome, 56Clementina, gloriosa, 224
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clergydefinition of, 7, 84domestic, 75, 80–82, 98, 115, 118, 119,
120, 223estate, 125, 146, 157–158, 167–169in Rome, 66, 70
Cocosa, La, 137–138, 139, 142, 180,279
coemeterium, 64coins
Britain and Gaul, 175Hoxne treasure, 278in rural sites, 174in Santo Stefano Rotundo excavations,
256Colchester, 176, 278collegia, 30, 32, 38, 64coloni
in North African estates, 163, 164–165Paulinus of Nola as colonus, 155relationship with dominus, 159, 171role in Priscillianist controversy, 183role in villa churches, 166, 167–168,
181, 187Columella, 210conductores, 163, 164, 168confessio, 88, 89consecratio, 26
definition of, 24–25consecration
of private church, 223Consentius, correspondant of Augustine,
184Constantine
and relic collecting, 85and relics, 253conversion of, 9, 61, 65donations to church of Rome, 63, 65,
68, 72, 86economic reforms, 127foundation of Constantinople, 103heresy legislation, 194, 196Holy Apostles, 110imperial priesthoods of, 22religious legislation, 47, 197role in Constantinopolitan church
building, 106–107, 108Sessorian palace, 62
Constantinople, 1, 2, 16Anastasia church, 107, 117
Aurelianes, 105Baths of Constantius, 112, 114charitable foundations, 114Christian origins, 105–106Column of Constantine, 110edicts issued from, 194, 198episcopate, 106Forum of Constantine, 117foundation, 103–104Great Palace, 104, 105
churches in, 110–111, 225Helenianae, 117Holy Apostles, 106, 107, 112, 146,
263Karya, 113location of cathedral church, 107martyrium of Celerina, 113martyrium of Philip, 113monastery of Elias, 114monastery of Isaac, 114, 115, 122monastery of Thalassius, 114palaces, 105, 112, 114, 119Philadelphion, 114private churches, 62, 103, 107–123, 217private monasteries, 62, 103, 112Promotou, 105Psamathea, 114public basilica building in, 103,
106–107, 108sarcophagus from, 137Sigma, 112St. Andrew martyrium, 261St. Akakios, 106, 107, 113St. Anthimius martyrium, 261St. Euphemia en tois Olybriou, 107, 114St. Irene, 106, 107, 110St. John the Baptist at the Hebdomon,
107St. Lawrence, 107, 112St. Mokios, 107St. Polyeuktos, 107, 112, 114St. Sophia, 107, 110, 113, 117St. Stephen, churches of, 112, 114,
115, 122suburbs, 105, 115, 121, 122Theotokos Hodegetria, 107Theotokos in Blachernae, 107Theotokos in Chalkoprateia, 107Topkapı Sarayı, 107Trinitarian controversy, 193, 195, 200
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Constantinople (cont.)walls, Constantinian, 261walls, Theodosian, 105
Constantius II, 106, 107, 112relic translations of, 84, 106
conversionat Felix’ shrine at Nola, 155of elites, 218–220of rural populations, 126, 159, 169,
171, 172, 174, 187Cornelii, 75Cornelius, bishop of Rome, 52, 64corpora, 30, 38, 64councils, church, 183, 190, 191
regulation of private churches,190–196, 224
courts, secular, 183courtyard, 140
in villas, 128, 135, 141, 143, 162Crispinus, Donatist landowner-bishop,
275crypt, 94, 95, 134, 137, 180cubiculum, 12, 97, 98, 206, 243, 332Cucufate, Sao, 268Cumae, 23Cuzabetenses, North African plebs, 166Cyprian of Carthage, 49, 51, 53, 54, 58,
77, 221Cyriaca, religiosa femina, 246Cyzicus, 116
Dalmatiamartyr shrines, 142villa churches, 141, 142villa mausolea, 137
Damasus, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81,97, 101, 102, 192, 193
opposition to, 246Daniel, prophet, 201, 202Danube River, 42, 217. See also frontiers:
Danubedating, mortar, 269deaconess, 113, 116, 142deacons, 71
subdeacons, 224Decius, emperor, 45, 200decuriones, 180dedicatio
definition of, 25defensores, on rural estates, 164
Delphidius of Bordeaux, rhetor, 183Delphinius of Bordeaux, bishop, 182Demetrias, 94–96, 100, 256, 258Demophilus, Arian bishop, 200dependents, 3, 6, 7, 105. See also
patronageand estate clergy, 158and villa churches, 127, 158, 181in North Africa, 161
Desana, 172, 173, 277Dewlish, 278diaconia, 71dining rooms, 5, 10, 12, 49
in villas, 5, 128, 130, 134, 149, 174,178, 180
Diocletianadministrative reforms of, 127, 170,
174, 180Dionysius, 41. See also Bacchusdivination, 47dome, 128, 143, 145, 146, 149domina
as monastic patron, 218role in Priscillianist controversy, 183role in villa churches, 157, 167
dominusas monastic patron, 218in Christian rhetoric, 155relationship with dependents, 163,
164–165role at meals, 50role in Priscillianist controversy, 183role in selecting estate clergy, 157role in villa churches, 157role in villa rituals, 35, 42
domusand familia, 191, 199, 200, 214, 215,
219, 285and priesthoods, 23definition of, 5, 28, 213terminology in Constantinople, 105
domus ecclesiae, 89, 229, 241. See alsohouse-churches: pre-Nicene
donationsof Paulinus of Nola, 155of Sulpicius Severus, 156tituli, 66–69, 70, 71to ascetics, 121, 122to church of Constantinople, 118–119to urban churches, 185, 186
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Donatistsat Fussala, 167clergy, 157, 166edicts against, 192on rural estates, 166, 167, 168, 169
Duero River, 180, 183Dura Europos, 49, 51
house church, 250mithraeum, 38
Durobrivae, 176
Easter, 63, 185, 246Ebro River, 180economy
changes to in fifth century, 222–223rural, 127–128, 138, 161
Egyptasceticism, 101, 121deities from, 21household shrines, 28
Eigenkirchen, 291ekphrases, 129Eleusis, 116Eleutheropolis, 201elites
competition among, 121, 122, 154,156, 160, 180, 181
Constantinopolitansocial qualities, 104
economic circumstances, 222relationship with bishops, 79–83, 106,
116–120, 122–162, 167–169,170–172, 173–174, 178–179,182–220
after fifth century, 224relationship with dependents, 166role in relic exchange, 84–85, 94role in Roman Christianity, 70, 75–76,
78role in rural Christianity, 126–127
Emmelia, mother of Macrina, 206,209
emperor, cult of, 26, 44, 165in the home, 32
emperorsin Rome, 72role in church building, 106–107role in private churches, 63, 87,
110–111, 114role in unofficial cult, 44
Encratites, 194endowment. donationsEphesius, Luciferian bishop, 192Ephesus, 104Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, 101Epiphany, 185, 186Equitus, titular name, 65, 66estate churches. villa churchesestates, See villas
imperial, 162, 163, 164eucharist, 75. See also rituals
and asceticism, 212and lamplighting, 205blessing during, 55definition of, 13equipment for, 79eucharistic-type rituals, 55–56, 205,
242in tituli, 71reserved, 2, 19, 54–55, 57, 76–78, 82,
103, 117, 189, 192, 205, 221,225
containers for, 77rituals of, 49, 50, 52, 76, 135, 142, 192,
201and definition of sacred space, 220and heresy, 195discouraged in houses, 223
Euchrotia, wife of Delphidius ofBordeaux, 183
euergetismChristian, 248civic, 120imperial, 114Roman sacrifical, 23rural, 36, 187
Eugippius, follower of Severinus ofNoricum, 217, 223, 224
Eugraphia, lady of Constantinople,119
Eunomians, 194, 198Eunomius, Arian, 193Euphemia of Chalcedon, saint
relics of, 85Eusebia, aristocrat of Constantinople, 2,
3, 111, 112, 115, 116, 142, 218Eusebius of Caesarea, 110Eusebius of Emesa, 204Eusebius of Nicomedia, 106, 122Eusebius of Vercelli, 173
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Eustathius of Sebaste, 122canons againt, 194female ascetics and, 212, 213in Constantinople, 121–122, 195influence of, 214private worship and, 193–194, 195
Eustochium, ascetic of Rome, 99, 206eutaxia, 267Eutyches, monk of Constantinople, 113,
114, 123Exeter, 176exorcism, 152, 166Exuperius, ascetic of Rome, 80
familiadefinition of, 5, 7, 191, 199, 228, 235rituals of, 28, 30–32role in household cult, 235
families, 3, 63, 219and civic priesthoods, 23–24asceticism and, 121, 155, 156, 208–209,
211definition of, 10, 191funerary cult, 32heresy and, 199–200, 213–214, 215ideologies of, 191in pre-Nicene Christianity, 20late antique developments, 5–6nuclear, 5role in private churches, 218role in private worship, 19, 219–220role in Roman estate religion, 159role in unofficial cults, 41–42role in villa churches, 125, 133, 135,
142, 150, 152, 158–159, 169, 173,178, 180–181, 187
farms, fortified, 162, 163, 164, 165,166
fasting, 101, 121, 186, 189, 204Felicissimus of Carthage, 52Felix, saint of Nola, 218
possible relics of, 92, 94shrine of, 154–155, 158
fenestella, 95, 146Feralia, 33fermentum, 66, 71festivals
Christian, 62, 185, 223Jewish, 53Roman, 30, 33, 165, 182, 206, 222
Festus, 20first fruits
donation of, 34Flacilla, empress, 105flamen, 22Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, 123Florentius, consul (429), 114, 123foreignness
and accusations of magic, 46and asceticism, 101, 121and relics, 93and unofficial cults, 43
Formiae, 42Fortuna, 210Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 116, 218
Basil of Caesarea on, 289church at Annesi, 206, 209, 212,
287Gregory of Nyssa on, 211in Constantinople, 1, 2relics of, 84, 93, 142, 206, 209
Forum Romanum, 25Frampton, 178, 278friendship
between bishops, 171, 184, 219role in asceticism, 155, 156, 157, 181role in private churches, 160, 184, 187,
218role in Roman religion, 3role in unofficial cults, 41–42rural elites, 129, 154versus episcopal authority, 191
frontiers, 170Danube, 217Rhineland, 42, 126, 175
Fronto, monk, 184functionalism
in social theory, 230fundus
in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 155North Africa, 162
fundus Aufidianus, 162fundus Iubaltianensis, 164fundus of Antonia Saturnina, 166Fussala, castellum, 152, 167, 168
Gainas, 118Gallaecia, 180, 280Gangra, council of, 121, 122, 194, 212,
214, 266
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Gaudentius of Brescia, 171, 173and relic exchange, 85
Gaul. See also Aquitaine, 22asceticism in, 152, 185bishops of, 126, 182church councils, 223ius sacrum in, 26nundinae in, 36properties of Paulinus of Nola in, 155relationship with Britain, 175unofficial cults in villas, 42villa churches, 141, 149–150villa mausolea, 36, 137, 142villa temples, 28, 34, 35
Gaul, southwesterndefined, 279
Gelasius, bishop of Rome, 223Geneva, 276
villa churches near, 173genius, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32
augusti, 32Genovius, servus sanctorum, 84Gervasius and Protasius, saints, 67, 68, 93,
94martyr shrine, 169relics of, 85, 151
Gesta martyrum, 66, 101, 247Gnostics, 56, 57
and private worship, 194, 196Gnosticsm, 244God-Fearers, 38, 193, 238Gorgonia, sister of Gregory Nazianzen,
189–190, 205, 209, 211Goths, 118, 119Gracchi, 75graves
in or around churches, 135, 150, 152,159, 173
intramural, 89Roman religious law, 33
Gregory Nazianzen, 211in Constantinople, 107, 117–118, 195,
266on Gorgonia, 189–190, 205, 206, 209on his family, 289
Gregory of Elvira, 192, 201Gregory of Nyssa
and relic exchange, 84construction of female asceticism,
211–212, 214
family of, 211on Macrina, 204, 205, 206, 208–212
Gregory of Tours, 126, 225Gregory the Great, 224gynaeconitis, 210
hagiography, 190, 208, 281Harpocrates, 28Hegel, Gorg Wilhelm Friedrich, 221Helena, empress, 84
and Sessorian palace, 85Henchir el Baroud, 274Henchir Ouled Ahmeda. RouisHerculaneum, 28, 30heresy, 11, 17. See also orthodoxy
families and, 199–200heresiological tropes, 190, 199–200,
202, 212, 213, 214private churches and, 224private worship and, 190, 191–196, 202women and, 212–214
Hesperius, landowner near Hippo, 152,166, 168, 169
Hilary of Arles, 126Hilary of Poitiers, 200Hilary, bishop of Rome, 96Himerius, bishop of Tarragona, 251Hinton St. Mary, 178, 278Hippo, 93
estates near, 168villa churches around, 151
Hippolytus, 52, 63, 64, 70, 76, 297, 298,305, 337, 341
Hispaniaasceticism, 152, 185–186church councils, 223cities, 181economy, 180elites, 180estate clergy in, 157heresy, 192Luciferians, 201mosaics, 128, 143, 179, 180nundinae in, 36Paulinus of Nola and, 154, 155Priscillianist controversy, 161urban Christian history, 181–182villa churches, 133–135, 137–138, 142,
143–146, 179, 180–181sixth century, 279
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Hispania (cont.)villa mausolea, 36, 137villa temples, 34, 35villas, 179–180
historiographyprivate worship, 8–9rural Christianity, 126–127
Holcome, 278Holy Land
relics from, 14, 84, 156, 166honestiores, 173Honorius, emperor, 113Horus, 28house-churches
in Rome, 62, 65, 73–75, 88, 89pre-Nicene, 9, 49–50, 58, 66
houses, 58accusations of magic and, 46, 47as alternative worship spaces, 190,
194–195asceticism and, 97–98, 218Constantinopolitan oikoi
definition of, 104–105doctrinal debate and, 99–101functional specialization in, 76, 78late antique trends, 5, 75–76moral valuation of, 54, 58, 97–98, 120,
190, 198–199, 214–222, 226and women, 203–204, 207, 210,
211–212, 213private space in, 12sites of heretical accusation, 191–196,
197–200sites of orthodoxy, 200–202tituli and, 74transformation of, 223
Hoxne Treasure, 178Huesca, 184Hydatius of Merida, 183Hydroparastatae, 194hygeia, 83Hypatius, monk of Constantinople, 115,
262, 266
Icklingham, 176Iconium, 189icons
domestic shrines for, 255Ignatius of Antioch, 51Ilicus, presbyter of Rome, 69
incense, 14, 29, 111, 125Innocent I, bishop of Rome, 71insula. See apartmentsIsaac of Constantinople, 112, 114, 115,
117, 119, 122Iseo, Church of Saint Andrew, 172Isis, 43, 46
cult of, 43, 44, 238priesthoods, 39, 42prohibitions against, 196prohibitions of, 45, 240
Isola Comacinachurch of Santa Eufemia, 172
Italia Annonaria, 170Italy
bishops, 176, 280nundinae in, 36properties of Paulinus of Nola in, 155villa mausolea, 137villa temples, 34villa-based asceticism in, 154–155
Italy, northernbishopsChristian history, 173–174defined, 276economy, 170elites of, 173–174mosaics, 170, 173urban Christian history, 170–172villa churches, 147–149, 150, 171,
172–173villas, 170, 173
Ithacius of Faro, bishop, 183Iubaltienses, North African plebs, 165ius publicum, 196ius sacrum, 26
Jerome, 92, 100on ascetic practice in Rome, 97–99,
100, 101, 203on Origenism, 100on ritual, 76, 78, 82on women’s asceticism, 204, 206relationship with Lucinius and
Teodora, Spanish ascetics, 152Jerusalem, 87, 94, 185
Church of Holy Sepulcher, 87relics from, 152
Jerusalem, Heavenly, 225John and Paul, martyrs, 88, 254
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John Chrysostom, 92and private churches, 116church building, 107exile of, 193in Antioch, 119–120, 207in Constantinople, 117, 118–120, 122,
207, 260on estate churches, 157
John Rufus, 76John the Baptist, 154
relics of, 85Joventius and Maximinus, martyrs, 254Jovinian, 100, 102, 317Jovinianism, 99Judaism. See rituals, JewishJulius, bishop of Rome, 72Jumilla, 37juno, 28, 30Jupiter, 26, 27
Dolichenus, 38, 39, 42Justin Martyr, 63Justinian, 115
legislation on private churches, 223,225
Kasserine survey, 164kitchens, 30Kyme, 23
Lago d’Orta, church of San Giulio, 172Lalonquette, 268Lambaesis, 42Lampius of Barcelona, 185lamps, 79, 81
in Christian rituals, 54, 78, 98, 205, 212in Jewish rituals, 53
Laodicea, council of, 193, 252lararium, 234, 255Lares, 27, 28, 30, 210. See also lararium;
shrines, householdconsecration to, 26Lares compitales, 32Lares familiaris, 30, 32
lawChristian, 221
on heresy, 190, 191–192, 193, 194,197–200
Romanon private ritual, 47, 190, 196–197public/private distinctions, 19
laypersons, 7, 84. See also elitesrelationship with bishops, 182, 184relationship with Gregory Nazianzen,
117Lea, ascetic of Rome, 98lead tanks, from Britain, 176, 178Lent, 185Leo I, bishop of Rome, 95, 96Leopardus, presbyter of Rome, 69, 93Lepcis Magna, 163letters
and villa Christianity, 155, 156, 160Libellus precum, 192, 201Liber Pontificalis, 65, 66, 231, 247, 248Liber, god, 43Liberius, bishop of Rome, 72, 258Licinia Eudoxia, empress, 107, 114Lignon, Testament of, 37Lincoln, 278liturgical furnishings, 110, 117, 135, 157,
158, 181liturgy. See rituals or eucharistLivianus, deacon of Rome, 69Llandough, 278Lodi Vecchio, 277Lombardy, 276
villa churches in, 173London, 178, 278Loupian, 148, 149–150, 158, 159, 181,
221, 279lucernarium, 78, 212, 243, 287Lucifer of Cagliari, 192, 201Luciferians, 193
and private worship, 192, 201–202in Hispania, 192
Lucilla, femina nobilis, 84Lucina, matrona, 247Lucinius, Spanish ascetic, 185Lufton, 278Lullingstone, 131–133, 135, 158, 159,
176, 178Lusitania, 128, 182, 280lustratio, 33, 35
Macarius, ascetic priest of Rome, 78, 102,192
Macedonians, 194, 198Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople,
106, 107, 116–117, 122, 195, 263,264
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Macedonius, tribunus et notarius, 123Mackwiller, 42Macrina, ascetic, 204, 208–212
asceticism as family-based, 208–209,214
church building efforts, 206domestic miracles of, 209–210ritual activities, 205, 206
magia, 44–48, 197, 317magic, 13
accusations of, 46–48, 58–197and women, 213Priscillian of Avila, 182, 183
and private worship, 46–48, 195, 197,215
magical papyri, 45, 46magistri, on rural estates, 164Magna Mater, 18
cult of, 23, 26, 42, 44, 238hierarchies in, 39, 42priesthoods, 43
sanctuaries of, 38, 42Majsan, 142maleficium, 196, 197, 213Mandelieu, 42Manicheans, 102
and private worship, 192, 194, 196, 198mansiones, 170Marathonius, ascetic of Constantinople,
116, 121–122Marcella, ascetic of Rome, 80, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 113, 152, 195, 206, 245Marcellina, sister of Ambrose, 78, 98Marcellus, bishop of Rome, 72, 247Marialba, 152, 181, 279Mark, bishop of Rome, 72marriage, 5, 12
and asceticism, 194homes of married persons, 194
Marsa, 119Martin of Tours
and Sulpicius Severus, 156, 181image at Primuliacum, 156relationship with elites, 126
Martres-Tolosane, 181martyria, 72, 93, 98, 146
and sacred space, 220dangers of, 206, 207definition of, 143, 146
in villas, 121, 142, 146, 151–152,154–155, 158, 166, 169, 181, 186,217, 218, 223
private, in Constantinople, 111–113,123
Marusinac, 142, 143mass. See eucharist: rituals ofMaternus Cynegius, praetorian prefect,
145–146, 180Mauretania Caesariensis
economy, 162military sites, 273settlement patterns, 273
Mauretania Tingitanamilitary sites, 162settlement patterns, 273
mausolea, 33, 182and villas, 36–37, 141, 158, 173,
180–181, 187, 218, 256, 274Christian, 135–146
at Annesi, 212imperial, 63, 106, 110
Maxentius, emperor, 249Maximus of Turin, 171, 173, 174Maximus, bishop of Salona, 269Maximus, presbyter of Rome, 69Mayen, 34meals, 58
and eucharist, 55–56, 76and prayer, 76blessing during, 55–56, 205Christian, 20, 50, 58eucharist at, 242funerary, 142Jewish, 53John Chrysostom’s refusal of elite
banquets, 120Mechira, 165, 166, 274, 275Meharza, 275Melania the Elder, 84, 92, 100, 156
visit to Nola, 155Melania the Younger
in North Africa, 100, 157, 166in Rome, 61, 62, 76, 78, 97, 98, 101,
206, 207portrayal of her family, 289wealth renunciation of, 248
Meletius, 117mikva’ot, 53
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Milan, 170as imperial capital, 170heresy, 192–193, 195, 200
Milreu, 35Minerva, 27, 314Minucius Felix, 46, 197miracles
healing, 152Mithras, 43
cult of, 38, 39, 42, 43heirarchies in, 43hierarchies in, 39symbolism, 43
mithraea, 21, 25, 38, 40, 42monarchical episcopate, 242monasteries, 62, 98, 103, 112. See also
asceticismafter Council of Chalcedon, 223archaeological characteristics of, 272Augustine’s in Hippo, 167definition of, 156private, 113–114, 116, 117, 118,
120–123, 218Severinus of Noricum’s on Danube,
217monks. See also asceticism; and
monasteriesand bishops in Constantinople, 34, 106,
115, 116, 118in private churches, 80, 112, 115, 116,
118, 119, 120–123, 223of Severinus of Noricum, 217role in rural Christianity, 126
monoepiscopate, 50, 58, 64Monophysite controversy, 225Montanists, 192, 195, 282Monte da Cegonha, 268mosaics
floor, 5, 128, 133, 140, 143, 149, 170,173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180
Christian imagery on, 133, 135,180
Christian symbols on, 178in churches, 182, 275North Africa, 163
sepulchral, 184vault, 128, 137
Mucrionenses, North African plebs, 166Muline, 138–141, 142, 159
Mundelsheim, 42mystery cults. See unoffiicial cults
Naples, 217bishop of, 223, 224
Narbonensis I, 182, 279narthex, 137, 142, 152Naucratis, brother of Macrina, 210Nazarius, saint, 93
relics of, 85negotium, 203neighborhoods
and Mithraic cult, 238in Constantinople, 104, 105, 109in Rome, 70, 71, 102shrines of, 238
Neoplatonism, 99, 100, 101, 160Neptune, 178Nero, 200Nestorius, neoplatonist, 101Newel, 34, 37Nicea, council of, 190, 195, 278Nicomedia, 116night
and accusations of magic, 46Nile, 43Nola, 92, 153, 154, 185North Africa, 22
bishops, 176, 187bishops and villa churches, 161economy, 128, 162, 170estate clergy, 157household shrines, 28nundinae in, 36reserved eucharist in, 55settlement types, 162–164, 167Stephen relics, 94, 95villa churches, 127, 146, 150, 163,
187villa mausolea, 137villas, 161
Notre-Dame La Daurade, 182Novatian, 18–20, 52, 57, 64, 76, 221Novatianists, 112, 246Novempopulania, 179, 182, 279, 280Numidia, 162, 165
estate churches in, 166fortified farms, 162, 163military sites, 273
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nundinae, 36, 155, 164, 166, 274nympheum, xi, 92, 176
oikoiin Christian rhetoric, 245in Constantinople
definition of, 104oil, olive, 138
North African, 162presses, 162, 164
Olybrius, 114Olympias, 113, 117, 121, 260
property near St. Sophia, 105Olympius, dedicatee of Life of Macrina,
208orants, 132oratorium
definition of, 15Orfitus, Lucius Cornelius, 18, 19, 42orientation, of ritual structures, 85, 134,
137–138, 141, 158Origen, 53, 54, 57, 100Origenist controversy, 99, 195Orosius, 84orthodoxy. See also heresy
definitions of, 11Ossius of Cordoba, 182Ostia, 23, 28, 30, 33, 75, 92otium, 126, 127, 185Ovid, 32ownership, 14, 63, 64, 66
archaeological evidence for, 15, 130,165
Pacianus of Barcelona, 182pagani, 126pagi, 170, 172palace. See Rome and Constantinoplepalace chapels, 85–87, 110–111, 225palatia, 105Palazzo Pignano, 147–149, 150, 158, 172,
173, 277Palladius, 118, 119Pammachius, 91, 97, 100, 168, 195,
258Pammachius, titular name, 65Paphlagonia, 121Parentalia, 33parish
churches, 16, 150, 182
in Gaul, 225in Hispania, 225in northern Italy, 172, 173, 225villa churches compete with, 224
origins of, 126, 130, 150Hispania, 182northern Italy, 172
system, 115, 126, 187topography, 126
Passover, 53pastophoria, 150, 165paterfamilias, 28, 32, 51Patria of Constantinople, 108, 114patrocinium, 118patronage. See also dependents, 2, 19, 20,
27, 58and ascetics, 80, 99, 102, 115, 122,
123and birthday rituals, 28–30and bishops, 219and civic priesthoods, 23–24and domestic clergy, 80, 102, 118, 120,
123and elites, 184, 219and estate clergy, 158household rituals, 29, 32role in pre-Nicene communities,
49–50, 51, 58role in private churches, 218role in unofficial cults, 42role in villas, 129, 158–159, 160, 184,
187Paul of Samosata, 52Paul, bishop of Constantinople, 106, 107,
116Paul, bishop of Naples, 224Paul, Saint
relics of, 84Paula, ascetic of Rome, 97, 98, 99, 100,
101Paula, daughter of Laeta, 205Pauline epistles, 6, 56, 101Paulinus of Nola, 100, 125, 217
and cult of Saint Felix, 92, 160,218
and relic exchange, 84, 85, 92, 93,156
image of at Primuliacum, 156, 181in Hispania, 185letters of, 160, 203
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poetry of, 180projects at Nola, 154–155, 160
Paulinus, Sextus Anicius, 96peasants
at Felix’ shrine at Nola, 155Pelagians, 99, 100, 195, 281Pelagius, 99, 100, 102, 258, 259, 291Penates, 27, 28, 30, 210, 235Pergamon, 42, 104periodization, 9–10, 63peristyle, 28, 30, 104, 133, 180Perpetua, martyr, 56persecutions, of Christians, 45, 196Peter the Iberian, 111Peter, bishop of Alexandria, 101Peter, brother of Macrina, 208, 209Peter, saint
relics of, 84Philip, Apostle, 113Philip, presbyter of Rome, 69Phosphorus, North African landowner,
165Piedmont, 135, 276
villa churches in, 173Pinianus, husband of Melania the
Younger, 166, 248Pius I, bishop of Rome, 72Placidia, empress, 105, 114Pliny the Younger, 26, 32, 125, 129, 160Plotinus, 99, 101, 206Pluto, 164, 165Pneumatomachi, 194poetry
and villas, 129, 154, 180, 181architectural epigrams, 156repudiation of, 154
pollution, 57, 58, 59pomerium, 38, 44, 238Pompeii, 26, 28, 30
Casa del Menandro, 29Pontian, bishop of Rome, 64pontifex, 22, 24, 26Pontii, 180Pontius Leontius
villa of, 130Pontus, 206Porphyry, 101Praetextatus, 43prayer, 47
Christian
in communal rituals, 50private, 20, 53–54, 55, 76, 125, 133,
135, 158; in ascetic practice, 97,156, 204–205, 206; in asceticritual, 156
murmured, 47presbyters. See also clergy, 117
as domini, 184banned from private masses, 193Paulinus of Nola as, 154pre-Nicene, 50, 52role in ritual, 55, 101role in tituli, 66, 68–69, 71
priesthoodscivic, 22–24, 41, 44
Christians as, 22imperial cult, 165of Magna Mater and Isis, 238unofficial cults, 38–44
Primuliacum, estate of Sulpicius Severus,153, 155–156, 157, 181, 185, 279
Priscillianand Trinitarian controversy, 285
Priscillian of Avilaactivities in Hispania, 182–183, 185,
189, 192and villas, 147, 161in Rome, 100
Priscillianistsallegations of magic, 222and families, 199and private worship, 192, 282and women, 212edicts against, 192later allegations of in Hispania, 184
privatedefinitions of, 2, 12–14, 49, 56–58, 63,
74, 160private churches, 2, 11, 217–218. See also
villa churchesand heresy, 215, 225benefits of, 119definition of, 14–15, 109–110,
114–115, 181, 230episcopal control in fifth century,
223–224funding of, 115–116, 118–119urban, 17, 62, 63, 65–71, 74, 75, 78–84,
99, 101, 102, 103, 107–123, 125in the sixth century, 224
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private churches (cont.)women’s role in, 205–206
Proba, Anicia Faltonia, 92, 98Probus, Petronius, 23, 92Processus and Martinianus, martyrs, 102Proclus, bishop of Constantinople, 227Proconsularis
estates in, 162, 164nundinae, 274settlement patterns, 162
procuratores, 146, 163, 168proeseuche, 53Promotus, magister equitum, 105, 114,
119Prudentius, 78, 180, 231, 251pseudo-Athanasius, 204, 207, 244pseudo-Basil, 203, 204public
definitions of, 2, 49, 58Pudentia, titular name, 65Pueblanueva, 137, 138, 142, 158, 180,
279Puglia, 128Pulcheria, empress, 1, 2, 105, 107, 112,
227, 261, 263, 303purity
and Judaism, 245pyxis, 77
quindecimvir, 22, 38, 44, 239
reception rooms, 12beneath tituli, 74in urban houses, 5, 75, 78, 105in villas, 5, 128, 131, 133, 134, 149,
158, 170, 174, 176, 178, 180, 181,269
relics, 75cult of, 186in parish churches, 172intramural, 93–94private, 2, 14, 84–96, 106–112, 134,
135, 142, 146, 151–152, 156, 218,221, 225
res sacra, 25, 26, 27, 33resistance
theories of, 230retreats, 186
on villas, 183Richborough, 176
Rimini, council of, 176, 192rituals. See also eucharist and sacrifice
and asceticism, 97–98, 111, 121Christian private, 20, 53–56, 59, 62, 75,
76–78, 82–84, 92, 99, 122, 125,146, 157, 189–190
and asceticism, 122, 204–205and heresy, 191–196, 197–202and women, 209ideologies of, 56–190, 191, 195–196,
197, 200–202, 207–208, 211, 214in villa churches, 132–133, 135
Christian public, 75, 76, 101, 121pre-Nicene, 49–50
fertility, 183funerary, 32–33, 142healing, 209–210in tituli, 71Jewish, 53, 54, 78, 205magical, 45private
defintion of, 14Roman civic, 16, 19, 43, 44, 59
definitions of, 20–21, 44Roman private, 16, 58, 131, 218, 222
accusations of magic, 46–48, 59, 197and women, 210definitions of, 19, 21, 44rural, 33–34, 35, 61, 171, 183
Rockenhausen, 42Rome, 16, 22, 119
Ad duas lauros, 36, 37asceticism in, 121, 152, 192Aventine Hill, 42, 61, 98, 100basilica building in, 62, 67, 71–73basilica Iulia iuxta Forum divi Traiani,
249, 250basilica Lucinae, 249basilica of Iulius, 249basilica of Liberius, 72, 250basilica of Mark, 249Baths of Diocletian, 252Caelian Hill, 38, 61, 78, 88, 100Campo Verano, 61capella near Lateran, 83–84, 85church factions, 291Colosseum, 38development of monoepiscopate in, 51diversity of Christian groups in, 63–65,
69
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domus Pinciana, 255episcopal palace, 84Esquiline Hill, 27, 72food supply, 170heresy, 192, 195horti Domitiae Lucillae, 82, 83, 85house of the Valerii, 78–79, 81, 98household shrines in, 28intramural relics, 93–94Lateran, 72, 83, 84, 96Luciferians, 201Manicheans, 192Pincian Hill, 92, 98, 100pre-Nicene Christian practice in,
63–65private churches, 62, 78–84, 99, 101,
102, 123Quattro Coronati, 74reserved eucharist in, 55Saint Peter’s, 96San Callisto, 249San Clemente, 40, 74, 250San Crisogono, 250San Lorenzo fuori le Mure, 61, 96, 98,
207, 246San Lorenzo in Damaso, 250San Pietro in Vincoli, 250San Sebastiano, 249San Sisto Vecchio, 250San Vitale, 250Santa Anastasia, 250Santa Balbina, 74Santa Cecelia, 250Santa Costanza, 149Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 85–87Santa Maria Maggiore, 72Santa Pressede, 250Santa Prisca
oratory near, 252Santa Pudentiana, 250Santa Sabina, 68Santa Susanna, 74, 249Santo Stefano in via Latina, 94–96Santo Stefano Rotondo, 96Sessorian palace, 85, 86, 87, 90, 110Ss. Apostoli, 249Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, 75, 88–92, 131,
221, 245basilica of, 250
St. Felix on the Pincian, 92, 98
suburbium, 36, 256Trastevere, 80, 249Velabrum, 69Via Appia, 18, 42, 52, 64Via Aurelia, 102Via Latina, 94, 95Via Tiburtina, 61, 96villa mausolea, 36villas
unofficial cults in, 42Rome, council of (499), 248Rome, council of (501), 248Rome, council of (502), 69Romulus Augustulus, 217Rouis, 165, 168, 275Rufinus of Aquileia, 92, 100, 217Rufinus the Syrian, 258Rufinus, praetorian prefect, 84, 112, 114,
142, 146, 156. See also Chalcedon:Apostoleion of Rufinus
rural bishops, 167–169
Sabbath, 53Saccophori, 194sacerdotes provinciae, 22sacra privata, 13, 38, 48sacrarium, 125, 130, 131sacrifice. See also rituals
Christian, 54civic, 21, 22–23, 33, 46, 222, 231domestic, 30, 31, 33, 44magical, 21, 45rejected by Christians, 19, 22rural, 33, 61, 171
Sadaba, 37, 39saeculum, 120, 203Sagittius of Lerida, 184Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, 182, 185Saint-Julian-en-Genevois, 172Salona, 142salutatio, 30, 122, 129, 155sanctity
private worship and, 190sanctuary, of church, 134, 137, 149sarcophagus, 137, 140, 141Sardica, council of, 278Saturninus, 106, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119,
122Saucedo, El, 268, 279sculpture collections, 128, 129
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Segermes survey, 164senatorial class
expansion of, 5role in Christianity, 60unofficial cults and, 39
senatorsas provincial magistrates, 24
Seneca, stoic philosopher, 160Septimius Severus, 103Serapis, 38, 231, 239Serdica, council of, 252Severinus of Noricum, 126, 217, 218,
222, 224relics of, 224
Severus, presbyter of Huesca, 184shrines
household, 25, 26, 27–32, 33, 59, 90,131, 141, 159
Christian, 61, 89–91Sidonius Apollinaris, 126, 129, 130, 146,
152poetry of, 180
Silchester, 176silver, domestic, 78–79, 174, 176, 178Silvia, sister-in-law of Rufinus, 156Simplicius, bishop of Rome, 96Siniti, castellum, 168Siricius, bishop of Rome, 93, 102Sixtus III, bishop of Rome, 72Sizzano, 135, 136, 172, 173, 277slaves, See also familia 46
as managers, 155rituals of, 30.role in private churches, 224role in unofficial cults, 39
sleep, 111Sol, 43, 231, 239Soldier Saints of Leon, 152soothsaying
prohibitions against, 196, 197Souk el-Lhoti, 150, 153, 165, 166, 274Sozomen, 1, 2, 3, 107, 110, 111, 116space
gender, 47magic, 48private
definitions of, 12, 14, 25public
definitions of, 24–25sacred
Christian ideas of, 220–222use of by unofficial cults, 38, 44
Spain. HispaniaSt. Albans, 176statues
collections of, 235Stephen, bishop of Rome, 64Stephen, saint
chapel in imperial palace, 262martyr shrine, 169relics of, 84, 93, 94–96, 112, 152, 221,
262Sulpicius Severus, 126, 153, 181
and relic exchange, 84, 92letters of, 160on British bishops, 176projects at Primuliacum, 155–156, 157,
159, 160, 181, 185–186, 221relationship with local bishops, 186
superstitio, 44, 45, 46, 47, 196, 197Switzerland
villa churches, 141, 173Syagrii, 184Syagrius of Huesca, bishop, 184Sylvester, bishop of Rome, 64, 66, 72Symmachus, bishop of Rome, 119Synod of the Oak, 119synthronon, 140, 149, 150Syria
asceticism, 121, 122, 123, 203household deities, 32
Tabernacles, feast of, 53Tacitus, 32Tamujas, El, 279Tarraconensis, 184Tarragona, 128taurobolium, 18, 19, 26, 42, 44, 333taxation, 128, 157, 174, 175. See also
annonaand nundinae, 164
templesand nundinae, 165in villas, 34–36, 158, 159, 164, 165,
187private, 26
definition of, 25public
definition of, 25rural, 36
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templumdefinition of, 25, 130
Tertullian, 53, 54, 55, 57, 83, 102tetraconch, 137, 145Tetrarchs
palaces and tombs, 261temple dedicated to, 164
Thagaste, 157, 166Theodora, Spanish ascetic, 185Theodore Lector, 111Theodoric, 87Theodosian Code. See also law
edicts on heresy, 190, 191–192, 193,194, 197–200
on estate clergy, 157on villa churches, 146
Theodosian dynastyand heresy legislation, 198in Constantinople, 105, 107, 114quarry marks of, 146
Theodosius Iheresy legislation, 194in Constantinople, 104, 107, 113,
122Spanish estates, 180
Theodosius II, 107, 111, 123Therasia, wife of Paulinus of Nola, 154,
155Theveste, 168Thogonoetum, estate near Fussala, 157,
167Thyrsus, saint, 1, 2, 112, 227Tiberius, emperor
religious legislation, 47, 197Tibullus, 29Tiffeltassine, 274, 275Tigriniani, 92Tigrinus, presbyter, 95tituli, 62, 67, 92, 102, 115, 119, 217,
245administration of, 68–69Aemeliae, 249Apostolorum, 69baptisteries in, 86bishops’ role in, 71, 102Byzanti, 66, 88Chrysogoni, 248, 250Cyriaci, 249Damasi, 247, 248definition of, 65–68
Equiti, 66, 247, 249Eusebii, 249excavations beneath, 73–74Fasciole, 66Gaii, 249origins of, 69–70Pammachii, 88Pudentianae, 69sanctae Sabinae, 68Sylvestri, 66, 247, 249tensions within, 70–71Valilae, 68Vestinae, 67, 68, 93, 247, 248
titulus. See tituliTivoli, 257Toledo, council of (400), 157, 192, 213tombs. graves; mausoleaTorre de Palma, 279Toulouse, 182Trent, 171Trinitarian controversy, 32, 123. See also
Ariansand private worship, 195, 198, 200,
201–202Constantinople, 116, 117, 122Hispania, 192Rome, 192
Tripolitaniaeconomy, 162fortified farms, 162, 163military sites, 162settlement patterns, 162
Trois Ilots, 275trough buildings, 164, 165True Cross, 84, 86, 92, 93, 110, 111,
156Turbo, bishop of Eleutheropolis, 201Turin, 171, 277
Ugljan, 138Ulpian, 26umgangstempel, 34unofficial cults, 16, 28, 37–44
in villas, 239Urbica, relative of Ausonius, 183Ursicinus, presbyter, 69Ursinus, candidate for bishop of Rome,
72, 193usufruct
properties of Sulpicius Severus, 272
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Val, El, 268Valence, council of, 186Valentine, villa of, 35, 159Valentinian I
church building in Rome, 250Valerian, emperor, 45Valerii, 61Valerius Severus, 78, 79Valila, 68, 257Vandoeuvres, 141, 142, 159, 172, 173Venetia et Histria, 276Venusianeses, North African plebs, 166Venus, 28, 35, 90Vercelli, 277Verona, 171Verres
use of cult statues in house, 234Vesatenses, North African plebs, 164Vesta, goddess, 210vestibules, 128, 131
in churches, 150Vestina, 67, 68, 69, 93Via de la Plata, 180viaticum, 55vici
Britain, 176Italy, northern, 170North Africa, 162, 164, 167
Victor, bishop of Rome, 64Victor, consul (369), 114, 115, 117,
122Victoriana, estate near Hippo, 151Victricius of Rouen, 85vicus, 157
at Annesi, 206vicus Ariciagi, 170Vigilantius, presbyter, 185Vigilius of Brescia, bishop, 172Vigilius of Trent, bishop, 172vigils, 78, 97, 102, 192, 201, 206, 207vilica, 34vilicus, 34, 163, 239villa churches, 119, 125–126, 140, 156,
157, 187, 218advantages of, 157and asceticism, 154–157and parish churches, 150, 224, 225archaeological evidence for, 129–130,
147, 165
bishops role in, 127Britain, 176–178clergy of, 157–158North Africa, 165–166, 167–169northern Italy, 172–173role in rural Christianity, 127social qualities of, 17, 127, 158–160,
165–166, 173, 176–179, 180–181,183–187
various types, 129–152Villa Fortunatus, 133–135, 158, 180, 184,
279villa temples, 239villa urbana, 128Villaro di Ticineto, 172, 277villas
as formative of ascetic practice,156–157
as formative of Christian practice,158–160, 161, 178–179, 180–181,183–187
as sites of elite identity, 5, 128–129,157, 160, 161, 163–164, 170, 174,178, 180, 181, 184
definition of, 231late antique trends, 5, 128–129northern Italy, 170temples, 34–36, 42topography of religious buildings, 35,
36, 135, 141, 147, 150, 158,159
transformation of, 147, 150, 223unofficial cults in, 42
Vincent, martyr, 269Virgil, 125, 222Virgin Mary
as ascetic model, 186, 204virgins
and the home, 203–204at Annesi, 209bodies of, 211, 286cured by private relics, 152
Vitalis, Saint, 93Volusianus Lampadius, 255von Harnack, Adolf, 229votives, 252
Christian, 79, 142private, 26Roman, 18, 25, 26, 34, 35, 45
362
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index
Water Newton treasure, 176, 178White, L. M., 229Wigginton, 176wine
blessed at meals, 55eucharistic, 205
women, 57accusations of magic, 47asceticism and, 186, 191, 203–212, 214euergetism and, 47, 210–211, 212heresy and, 99, 183, 199in career of John Chrysostom, 265in domestic space, 12married, 186private churches and, 205–206, 210,
212
private worship and, 17, 204–205, 207,215
public activities as source of power,289
public churches and, 206–207role in Christian ritual, 189role in unofficial cults, 39
York, 278
Zaragoza, council of, 185, 189, 190, 192,213, 281
Zeno of Verona, 83Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome, 49Zeus, 28Zubedi, estate near Hippo, 166
363
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-88593-5 - Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late AntiquityKim BowesIndexMore information