Index

1,3-Butadiene, 1682,4,5-T, 2052,4-0, 2052,4-0, biodegradation, 204

Abiotic factors, 144Abiotic transformations 3--6, 9, 198Abrasion, 81Absorbed dose unit (Gray, Gy) 63Absorptivity, 60, see also Molar

extinction coefficientAcceptable daily intake (ADI), 223Acenaphthylene , rate of biodegradation,

206Acetaldehyde, 20 I, 203Acetyl eOA, 201Acid deposition, 99, 101,117,11 9, 178Acid mine drainage (AMD), 116, 119,

189Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), 118,

119,1 21Acid rain, 99, 178Acid soluble fraction, 189Acid-base characteristics of species , 17,

22Acid-base reactions, 116Acidic oxide, 22Acidogenesis, 281, 282Acrylonitrile, 168Activated carbon, 254, 264, see also

Activated carbonActivated charcoa l, 254, see also

Activated carbonActivated complex, 54Activated complex, transition state, 54Activated sludge system, 277, 278Activation energy (Ea), 54Activation , 4, 5, 9Activity coefficient ('y ), 12Acylamide herbicides degrad ation , 207Adipic acid, biodegradation, 202

Adipic acid, Draths-Frost synthesis, 30 IAdipic acid, traditional synthesis, 300Administered dose, 209Adsorption breakthrough, 265Adsorption processes, 264Adsorption, 97, 106, 108, 116, 122, 123,

125, 128, 129, 130Advanced oxidation processes (AOP),

249Aerobic attached-growth processes, 277,

278Aerobic processes, 101, 105, 107, 108,

III , 112, 114,277Aerobic suspended-growth processes,

277Aerobic treatments, see Aerobic

processesAerosols, 174Aerosols, seawater, 99, 101, 117, 132Aerotolerant anaerobic organisms,

141Aflatoxin b I , biotransformation, 2 18Africa, 101, 102, 104Agriculture, 188Air emissions, 169Air pollution, 99, 104Air stripping, 268Air, 69-74Airborne compounds, 97Air-to-fuel ratio, 175, 176Albedo , 74Aldrin , 20 1Alicyclic hydrocarbons, biotic

transformation, 20 IAliphatic compounds, biotic

transformation, 199-200Alkalinity, 98, 99, 102, 103, 106, 114,

115,117-122,127,132-134Alumino silicates, 92Aluminum aqueous system, 32- 37Aluminum hydroxide, 124

Aluminum ions, 102, IOJ, 116, 122, 124,125

Aluminum sulfate, 168Aluminum, 102, 103, 124, 125, 130Amazon river, 103Amensalism, 147Americum-24 I , 186Amino acids, 101, 118, 122, 129Ammonia vapors, 265Ammonia/nitrate aqueous system, 41Ammonification, 153Ammonium ion, 99,100, 101, IOJ, 105,

117,127Ammonium nitrate , 168Ammonium sulfate, 168Ammonium sulfide, 99Amphibole, 80Ampholytes, I4Amphoteric oxide, 22Anaerobic digestion, 289Anaerobi c filter, 282, 283Anaerobic process, 105, 108, 111-11 4Anaerobic treatment s, 276, 281-283Analysis, environmental sample, 6-8Aniline, 168, 173Anion exchange capacity (AAC) , 130Anoxic sediments, 157Anoxic, 99, 105, 131Anthra cene , biodegradat ion , 202, 206Anthranilic acid, biodegradation , 202Antifouling agents, tributyltin oxide, 298Aquated electrons, 250Aquatic fauna , 101Aquatic flora, 101, 112, 117, 131Aquifer, 96, 105, 106, 109Aquifers, biorestoration, 292Aquifers, physical containment, 292Aquifers, treatment, 292Archaea, 138Aromatic degradat ion, meta pathway,

20 1, 203

325

326

Aromatic degradation, ortho pathway,202,203

Aromatic hydrocarbons, biotictransformation, 201-204

Arrhenius' equation, 54, 58Arsenic (III), 237Arsenic (V), 237Arsenic crisis, 265Arsenic, 266Artesian well, 106Artie circle, 5Assessment, dose-response, 22 IAssessment , exposure, 221, 226Assessment, human health risk, 220Associative and dissociative

mechanisms, 50Athalassohaline, 108, 109Atmosphere, 3, 6, 4, 69-74, 76Atmosphere, 96, 97, 99, 100, 106, 107,

110, 115, 116, 132Atmospheric composition, transport , 97,

99,101 ,102,107,110,113,116,117Atmospheric deposition , 103Atom economy, 305Atomic number, 62Autotrophs 141, 142, 154Auxiliary chemicals, minimization,

308

Bacteria, 139Bacteria, facultative anaerobic, 252Baltic sea, 107Band gap energy, 25 IBarbier-Grignard reaction, 304Barium sulfate, 260Basic oxide, 22Basification, 117Becquerel (Bq), 63Beer's law, 60Benz(a)anthracene, biodegradation rate,

206Benzaldehyde, biodegradation, 202Benzene, 168Benzene, biodegradat ion, 202, 203Benzo(a)pyrene , 6Benzoic acid, biodegradation, 202Benzoic acid, biotransformation, 217Benzyl alcohol, biodegradation, 202Bicarbonate ion, 99, 102-104, 106, 109,

120Bimolecular, 54Binding capacity, 122Bioaccumulati on factor (BAC), 232Bioaccumulation, 5, 216Bioactivation, 2 16Bioassay data, animal, 221Bioaugrnentation, 291Bioavailability, 7, 10Biocatalyst, 9

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),182, 277

Biochemical processes, I 10, I 16Biocides, 189Bioconcentration potential factor, 216Bioconcentration, see Bioaccumul ationBioconversion factor (BCF), 232Biodegradable plastics, starch-based, 3 19Biodegradable polyesters, 319Biodegradable polymers, synthesis, 3 I8Biodegradable synthetic polymers, 206Biodegradation, 5, 10, 101, 102, 198Biofilm reactors, 278Biofilm, 277Biofiltration, 294Biofouling control, 247Biogenic contributions, 103, 131Biogeochemical cycle, 3-6, 96-98, 148Biogeochemical cycles, interrelations,

160--161Bioindicators, 232Biological activity, 101-103, 108, 122Biological nutrient removal, 283Biological nutrient removal,

double-sludge system, 286Biological nutrient removal,

single-sludge system, 285Biological phosphorus removal, 285Biological treatment, 277Biomagnification, 232Biomarkers, 233Biomass, 105Biomes, 99, 143Biopolymers, 102Bioreactors, above-ground, 293Bioremediation, 290Bioremediation, in situ, 291Biosolvents, 316Biosphere, 3, 4, 98, 107, 143Biota, 4Biotic factors, 144Biotic process, 3-6, 10Biotic transformation reaction s, 199-204Biotic transformation reactions,

anaerobic, 204Biotransformation reactions, phase I, 215Biotransformation reactions, phase II ,

216, 217Biotransformations, 303Bioventing, 291Biphenyls, 205Biphenyls, toxicity, 208Black Amazon river, 103Borate system, 118Borohydrides, 254Brackish water, 105, 108Breakpoint chlorination, 242Brines, 97, 108, I10Bromide ion, 102, 108, 110, 127

Index

Brown water lakes, 104, 107Brownian movements, 125BTEX, 175Buffer intensity, 19, 20Buffering capacity, 19,20,11 7- 119,

121, 132,133,1 34Buffering index, 19, 20, 118Buffers, 17

Calcareous rocks, 102, 103, 106Calcite, 12,80,100, 103, 117, 131,

see also Calcium carbonateCalcium carbonate, 99, 100, 106, 117,

118,121,122, 131, 1 33 , see a~o

CalciteCalcium ion, 99-102 , 106-110, 117,

118,122,130,1 31, 133Caldera lake, 104Cameroon, 104, 115Cancer slope factor, 225Capture area, 104Carbohydrates, 101Carbon cycle, 149-152, 151Carbon dioxide,99, 101, 104-106,

111-119,1 28, 132,1 33,173, 179, 262Carbon dioxide, supercritical, 313, 314Carbon dioxide, supercritical, enzyma tic

reaction, 315Carbon dioxide, supercritical,

hydrogenation reaction, 314Carbon disulfide, 99, 266Carbon efficiency, 307Carbon monoxide, 173, 179Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen

demand (CBOD), 182Carbonate ion, 99, 108, 114, 115,

118-1 22, 127Carbonate system, 104, 118Carbonic acid, 114, 115, 118Carbonyl sulfide, 99Carcinogen, possible human, 224Carcinogen , probable human, 224Carcinogen, risk, 227Carcinogenic potential (slope factor) , 6, 7Carcinogenic, 6, 7Carcinogenicity, 220Carnivores, 145Carp, 181Catalysis 57, 58Catalyst, 9Catechol, 20 1, 202Cation exchange capacity (CEq , 130Cell , eukaryotic, 138Cell , prokary otic, 138Cellulose, 102, 124Cellulosic fibers, 168Cement, Portland , 265Cementation , 254Central America, 104

Index

Cerium-141, 186Chalcophiles, 79, 80Chelate effect, 48Chelates and chelating agents , 48Chemical coagulation, 255Chemical oxygen demand (COD) , 7,181Chemical species distribution diagram,

14Chemisorption, 128Chemoautotrophs, 141, 142, 156Chemoheterotrophs, 141, 142Chemolithotrophs, 141, 142, 149, 154,

156-160Chemorganotrophs, 141, 142Chemotrophs , 140Chloramines, 239-241Chloride ion, 99-104, 106, 108, 109,

131,133,134Chlorine dioxide, 244, 245Chlorine, 168,239,262Chlorine, available, 241, 242Chlorine, demand, 242Chlorine, residual, 241, 242Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) , 5, 175Chloroform, biodegradation, 201Chlorophyll, 105Cholera, 183Chromate, 172, see also Chromium VIChromium (III), 237Chromium (VI), 237, see also ChromateChromium-51,186Chrysene, rate biodegradation, 20t'Clade, 138Cladistics , 138Clay incorporation, 265Clay, 92, 93, 102, 105, 124-126,

128-131Clean Air Act, 173, 175Clean Water Act, 183Climatic regimes, 97, 101, 102C02 concentration, 176, see also Carbon

dioxideCoagulation , 255Coal burning, 176Cobalt-57 , 186Cobalt-60, 186Coliform bacteria, 183Collision frequency, 51Collision theory, 51Colloid specific surface, 125Colloid, 97, 105, 124-126, 128-132Colloidal sols, 124Combined treatments, 268Combustion processes, 175Combustion, incomplete, 173Cometabolism, 199Commensalism , 146Community, 144Competition, 146

Competitive exclusion principle, 147Completely-mixed aerated system, 279Complex flotation, 259Complex, formation, 14, 122, 129, see

also ComplexationComplex, inner sphere, 129Complex, ligand like, 129Complex, metal, 122, 127-129, 132, 133Complex, outer sphere, 129Complexation processes, 258Complexation, 106, 116, 122, 123, 128Complexes 43, 50, 58, see also

Coordination compoundsComplexes, inert, 50Complexes, labile, 50Complexes, metal, ligand, hydroxo, 102,

107, 122, 123, 127-129, 131-133Complexes, quasi labile, 50Complexes, slowly labile, 50Composting , 289, 292Condensation, 99Conditional constant, 12Conductivity, 98, 103, 108, 110, 133, 186Confining layer, 105Conjugate acid-base pairs, 117, 118, 129Consecutive reaction, 56Conservative elements , 107Consumers, primary, 145Consumers , secondary, 145Consumers, tertiary, 145Contact stabilization, 279Coordination compounds , 43, see also

ComplexesCoordination number, 46Coprecipitation, 106, 116, 122, 123, 128Corona discharge, 245Critical point, 248Crust, 78-82Crust, continental , 78Crust, oceanic, 78Crustal spreading, 109Crystal growth, 90Crystallization rate, 90Cultural eutrophication, 183Cumene, 168Cumulative damage, 211Curie (Ci), 63Cyanide, 9, 171,239Cyanobacterial toxins, 266Cyclic salts, 132Cyclohexane , biodegradation, 202Cyclosilicates, 80Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase

system, 201

Daughter nuclide, 62DDE, 6, 205DDT, 5, 6, 205, 207Dead sea, 108, 109

327

Decay constant, 62Decay kinetics, 62Decomposers, 145Degree of dissociation (flvl) , 58Dendrimers, 258Denitrification, 154, 284Deposition upon cooling , 81Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, 83Detection levels, 7Detection of radiations, 64Detection of radiations, Geiger counter,

64Detection of radiations, photographic

films, 64Detection of radiations, scintillation

counter, 64Detection of radiations, semiconductors,

64Detection of radiations ,

thermoluminescence, 64Detergents, 185Detoxification, 216Dibenzofurans, 205Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), 188Dichloroethylene (DCE) , 6, 7Diels-Alder reaction, 315Diesel combustion, 176Differentiation, 78, 80Dihydrodiols, 201Dimethyl carbonate, as alkylating agent,

299Dimethyl carbonate, green synthesis,

300Dimethyl sulfide, 99Dioxin , 175, 176,206,248,266Dioxygen, 69-73Dipole-dipole interaction, 172Dipoles, 96Disinfection, 238, 263, 276, 288Disinfection, byproducts (DBP), 244Dismutation, 177Disproportionation, 26, 177Dissolution of solids, 82-90Dissolution rate, 89Dissolved organic matter (DaM or

SaM), 101, 105, 122, 127Dissolved oxygen, 101, 108, 111-114,

119,132-134,180Distribution coefficient, 130, 172,265,

275Dithionite, 253Dobson units, 72Dolomite, 80, 103, 106, 118Domestic wastewater, 276Dosage, 212Dose equivalent, quality factor, 63Dose equivalent , rem, 63Dose-response curve, 209, 210Double layer, charge, 125, 126

328

Drainage basin, 98,101,103Drainage, 97, 98,101 ,107-109, 116,

119,126Draw solution, 268Dry deposition, 97, I 10Dry-weight distribution ratio, 257Dusts, 172Dystrophic lakes, 104

Earth, 96,97,99-102, 105, 107, 108,I I I, 1I5 , 116

Earth, core, 78, 79Earth, mass of, 78Earth, sunace, 79, 82,96Ebeko volcano, 190Ecosystem , 144Ecosystem, sustainabiIity, 147Ecotone, 143Ecotoxi cology, 228-235Ecotoxicology, at different

organizational levels, 229Ecotoxicology, bioassays, 230Ecotoxicology, bioavailability, 233Ecotoxicol ogy, determination, 231Ecotoxicolog y, methods , 230Ecotoxicology, most sensitive species,

229Ecotoxicology, toxic endpoints, 230Ecotoxicology, toxicity tests, 23 IEDTA, see EthylenediaminetetraacetateEffective dose, 214Electro Fenton, 260Electrochemical processes, 9, 260Electrochemical processes, direct

oxidation, 261Electrochemical processes, direct

reduction , 26 IElectrochemical processes,

electrocatalytical reduction, 262Electrochemical processes, gas

treatment, 261Electrochemical processes, indirect

oxidation , 26 IElectrochemical processes, soil

treatment, 262Electrokinetic processing, see

Electrok inetic remediation, 262Electrokinetic remediation, 262Electromi gration, 262Electromoti ve series, 24Electron acceptor, I 19Electron beams, 266Electron density, 96Electron donating reactions (reduction

reactions), 10IElectron exchange, 5 IElectron exchange, 51Electron volt (eV), 61Electronegativity, 96

Electroneutrality, 129Electron-hole recombination , 25 IElectrons, solvated, 255Electroosmosis, 262Electrophoresis, 262Electropotential ion transport, see

Electrokinetic remediationElectroreclamation, see Electrokine tic

remediationElectroremediation, see Electrokinetic

remediationElectrorestoration, see Electrokinetic

remediationElementary reaction, 53Endogenous respiration, 277Energy use, minimization, 316Entamoeba histolytica, 183Entropic effect, 49Environmental chemistry, 3, 7, 8, 10Environmental factor, 308Environmental load, 5Environmental toxicology, see

EcotoxicologyEnzymes as green catalysts, 302Eolian erosion, 10IEpidemiology, human data, 22 IEpilimnion, 104Equilibrium constant (K), I I , 44Erosion, 79, 81, 85, 97, 99,101 ,102, 110Escherichia coli, 183Essential nutrients, 148Estuaries, 108, 126, 130, 13IEthiopia, 103Ethylbenzene, 168Ethylene dichloride , 168Ethylene oxide, 168Ethylene, 168Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA),

43,89,90,188Eukarya, 138Europe, 102, 104Europium-155, 186Eutrophic lakes, 182Eutrophication, 104, 105, 127, 182, 185Evaporation, 81, 96-99,103,104,

107-109, 1I2 , 131,268Evaporites, 13IEvapotranspiration, 98Exchange reaction equilibria , 14Exhaust gases, 175Explosive, 6Explosives, nitro, 256Exposure, acute, 21 IExposure, chronic, 2 I IExposure, standards and guidelines, 228Exposure, subacute, 21 IExposure, subchronic, 21 IExtended aeration system, 279Extent of binding (EOB), 258

Index

Extraction, sample, 7- 9Eye redness, 177

Facultative anaerobic organisms, 14 1Faraday's constant, 25Feldspar, 80, 84, 86, 87Fenton reaction, 128, 252Ferrate , 247Ferric ions, precipitation, 89Fetotoxicity, 220Filtration methods, 267Filtration methods, depth filtration, 267Filtration methods, micro, 267Filtration method s, nano, 267Filtration methods, surface filtration, 267Filtration methods, ultra, 267Filtration spectrum, 267Fixation (solidificat ion), 8Flatworms, 183Flocculation, 255, 260Floes, 255Fluidized bed reactor, 283Fluoride ion, 102, 107, 115Fluorous biphasic catalysis, 312Fluorous compound s, 313Fluorous solvents, 312, 313Fluorous, hydroform ylation reaction, 3I3Fluorous, trans-esterification reaction,

313Food chain , 4,145- 146Food web, 146Formaldehyde, 99, 170, 180Formation constants, 44, 49Free energy, 44Freezing process, 96Frequency factor (Z), 54Freshwater, 97, 100, 103, 104, 109, 119,

133Frost diagrams, 27-29, 45Fulvic acids , 93,101 ,102,122,124,129Fumaroles, 104Fumes, 172Furans , 175, 176,248

GalIium-68, 186Garnet, 80Gas exchange, 97Gasoline oxygenates , 266Gasoline , combustion, 175Genotoxicity, 5, 2 I8Geochemical, 3, 97, 107, 124Geological , environment , 96, 97Geometrical isomerism (cis/trans), 47Geometry of complexes 46, 47Getter material s, 265Giardia intestinales, 183Gibbsite, 86, 87Glaciers, 96, 98, 100, 107Global equilibrium, 14

Index

Glucu ronic acid, 201 , 2 17Glutath ione , 20 1, 2 17Gne iss, 84Goethite, 12, 123,1 30Gray, see Absorbed dose unitGreat Salt lake, 108,109Green chemistry, 8, 9, 297Greenhouse effect, 74,176Greenhouse gas, 173Grign ard reaction , 304Groundwater injection, 267Groundwater pollution , 187Groundwater, biological treatment, 290Groundwater, saline, 108-110Groundwater, upflow, 101, 102, 109Groundwater, upper, deep , 96 , 97,

100-103, 105, 106, 108-110, 114, 116Gypsum, 102, 103

Haber and Weiss mechanism, 252Habi tat, 144Habitat, atmosphere, 143Habit at, land, 143Habitat, water, 143Habitat, water, photic zone, 143, 145Half-cell , 24Half-life (t l/2), 62Half-reaction, 24Halite, 103, 131Halogenated aliphatics, biot ic

transformation, 200-201Halogenated hydrocarbons, 175Halons, 176Hard and Soft Acid s-bases (HSAB), 48,

79Hazard identification, 22 1Hazard of concern , primary, 222Hazard , index, 226Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP), 173,

175Hazardous substances, 208Heat, 186Heavy metals, biotic transformation , 204Henry 's constant (KH), 13,99, III , 112,

114,1 32,1 34Hepatitis A virus , 183Hep atoxicant, 6Heptachlor, biotransformation, 2 18Herbi vores, 145Hete rogeneou s photolysis, 25 1Heterotrophs, 140, 142High rate activated sludge, 279Homogeneous and heterogeneous

processes, 61Homogeneous photolysis, 249Horocallo river, 103HSAB theory, see Hard and Soft

Acids-basesHSC chemistry program, 36

Hum ic acids, 93, 101, 102, 116, 117,122,1 28

Humic substa nces, 92, 93, 101,104 , 106 ,124,1 25,127,129,130

Hum in, 93, 101Hydrated aluminum oxide, 188Hydrated electrons, 38Hydrated polyvalent metal s, 116, 117Hydrazine, 253Hydrocalumite, 265Hydrocarbons, 170Hydrochloric acid, 168Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), 176Hydrodechlorination, catalytic, 264Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), 176Hydrogen bond s, 96, 172Hydrogen cycle, 148Hydrogen perox ide, 246 , 254Hydrogen peroxide , decompo sition ,

26-28,249Hydro gen sulfide, see Hydrogen sulphideHydrogen sulphide, 99,104,105, III ,

113,117,132, 262Hydrogenogens, 161Hydrogenotroph s, 161Hydrological cycle, 96 , 98, 116Hydrolysis, 116, II7, 134, 281, 282Hydrolysis, alkaline, 256Hydrophilic, 125Hydrophobic, 125, 129, 130Hydrosphere, 3, 4, 6, 101, 132Hydrosulfite, see DithioniteHydrothermal processes, 81Hydrothermal, 97, 104, 107, 108, 115Hydroxyl radical, 174, 177, 249Hydro xylam ine, 253Hydro xylation reaction, 201Hypereutrophic, 105Hyperh aline , 108Hypersaline, see HyperhalineHypochlorous acid , 239Hypolimnion, 104, 105Hypo sulfite , see Dithionite

Ibupro fen, conventional synthesis, 305Ibuprofen, green synthe sis, 306Ice melting proce ss, 10IIcebergs, 96Imidazole , 9In situ gas reduction (lSGR), 253Incineration, 247Indicator substance, 180Indonesia, 104Indoo r polluti on, 179Industrial ecology, 296Industrial sewage, 276Inner and outer coordination sphere, 47Inner sphere mechan ism, 5 IInorganic chemicals, industrial, 168

329

Inosilicates, 80Intake dose, 213Integrat ed rate, 54Integrated rate, first order, 54Integrated rate , higher order, 55Integ rated rate , seco nd order, 55Integrated rate , zeroth order, 54Interactions among species, positive,

146-147Inte rface adsorption , 172Internal combustio n engines, 175Iodide, radioacti ve, 265Iod ine-13l ,186Ion exchange , 97,100 , 107, 116, 128,

129,256Ionic liquids, biotransform ations, 312Ionic liqu ids, Friedel-Crafts alkylation,

3 11Ionic liqu ids, Heck reaction , 31 1Ionic liquids, hydrogeneration reactions,

3 11Ionic liquids, physical propert ies, 3 11Ioni c liquids, structures, 309Ion ic strength, 98, 100 , 101, 105, 107,

123,125,1 26,1 29, 132Iron co mpounds, 83, 91, 92, 104, 105,

121,122,1 24, 125, 128,130,1 3 1,133,134

Iron cycle, 159-160Iron ions, 102-1 04 , 106, 110, 116,

122- 125, 134Iron Mountain, 190Iron walls, 254Isomorphous substitution, 125Isoprene, 175Isotope nucl ides, 62

Japan, 104Jordan river, 109

Kaolinite, 92Karst lake s, 102, 103Kawah Ijen , 190Kepone, 201Kerogen, 93 , 101Kilauea IkiKinetics, 51-59Kineti cs-metal complex dissociation, 58

Lake Bonneville, 109Lake Erie , 104Lake Monoun, 104Lake Nyos, 104, 115Lake Superior, 104Lake, alp ine , 103Lake , caldera, 104Lake , eutrophi c, 105Lake, freshwater, 98, 100 , 103, 104, 109,

119

330

Lake, glacial, 103Lake, karst, 103, 104Lake, maars, 104Lake, saline, 100, 104, 108-110, 131Lake, soda, 104, 108Lake , stratification, 104Lake, volcanic, 104Landfill sites, 190Latimer diagrams, 26-29Law of unexpected consequences, 4LDso values of chemi cal substances, 211Le Chatelier principle, 129, 132Leachate, 97, 104Leachates, landfill, 187Lewis acid/base, 47Life-cycle assessment, 296Ligand adsorption, 122Ligand exchange chromatography, 51Ligand exchange, 116, 127Ligand exchange/substitution,

associative (A), 50Ligand exchange/substitution,

dissociat ive (D), 50Ligand exchange/substitution,

interchange (I), 50Ligand field stabilization energy (LFSE),

50Ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT),

127Ligand, 43, 116, 122-124, 127-129Lightnin g, 167, 179Lignin, 102, 124Lime stabilization, 289Limestone, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 117Linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS),

199,206Lipases, as catalysts for polymerizations,

303Liquefied gases (LG), 264Liquid-liquid extraction, 264Lithophiles, 79, 80Litho sphere , 3, 78, 87Living organisms, classification, 137Living organisms, nutritional

classification , 140Lowest observed effect level (LOAEL ),

220Lowest observed level (LOEL), 231Lux and Flood, reaction definit ion, 22

Maars,l04Magmatic concentration, 81Magnesium aqueous system, 3 1-33Magnesium ion, compounds, 99-102,

106-109,1 22,1 25, 130-132Magnet ic particles, 266Magnetic treatment , 266Magnet ically-assisted chemical

separation, 267

Magnetite, 80, 266Manganese aqueous system, 28, 29, 39Mantle, 78Marble deterioration, 179Marine oil spills, 293-294Marshes, 100, 102, 108, 109Mass efficiency, 306Mass intensity, 307Mass number, 62Matrix sample, soil, 7, 8Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), 222Mechanical concentrat ion, 81Median lethal concentration (LCso), 210Median lethal dose (LDso), 210, 222Mediator, 60Mercury, biotic methylation , 204Mesocosms, 230Mesosphere, 69Mesotrophic lakes, 182Mesotrophic, 105Metabolic pathways , 151Metabolic process , 5, 6, 9Metabolic products , 97Metabolic rates, products and proce sses,

97, 106, 112, 113Metal immobilization, 255, 256Metal ions, 122-124, 129, 132Metals mining, 185Metals, high oxidation states, 260Metamorphism, 81Meteorites, 78Methane production, 176Methane, 104, 105, Ill , 113Methanogenesis, 281, 282Methanogens, 149, 160, 161Methyl orange endpoint, 119, 121, 122Methylbutenol , 175Methylotrophs, 141, 142Mexico City, 100Mica, 80, 86, 87Microaerophilic, 141Microcosms, 230Microwave energy, 265Microwave radiation, 317Microwave radiation, Diels-Alder

reaction , 317Microwave radiation, Friedel-Crafts

reaction, 317Mine tailings, 190Mineral nutrients , 152Mineralization, 5, 199Minerals, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 109, 116,

117,121,122,124-1 26,130Minimal risk level, 223Mining, 104, 106, 119, 189Mississippi river, 103Mixing ratio, 71, 72Molar extinction coefficient (EA), 60Molecularity of a reaction, 54

Index

Monerans, 139Monitoring processes, optim ization, 319Monodirectional reaction, 53Monophyletic, 138Monoterpenes, 175Montmorillonite, 93, 189Montreal Protocol, 178Morphometric characterist ics, 103Multiplicity (M), 60Mutagen , 6, 218Mutagenesis, 218Mutuali sm, 146Mycorrh izae, 158

N:P ratio , 103NAAQS, 175Naphthalene, biodegradation, 205, 208Natural excretes, 97Natural oxide , dissolution, 84, 89Nephrotoxicant, 6Nernst equation, 28Nesosilicates , 80Net interaction potential, 132Neurotoxicant, 6Neutrali zation , 119, 256Niche, 144Niger river, 103Nitrate ion, 100, 101, 103, 126, 127Nitrate reduction, 154, 161Nitric acid trihydrate, 178Nitric acid, 168Nitric oxide, 174, 179, 262Nitrification , 117, 152, 154,284Nitrify ing bacteria, autotrophic, 285Nitrite ion, 103,1 27Nitro group reduction, 316Nitrogen cycle , 103, 105, 127, 134,

152-155Nitrogen dioxide, 174, 179, 262Nitrogen fixation, 152Nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD),

182Nitrous oxide , 174, 262No observable adverse effect level

(NOAEL), 222Non-carcinogenic effects, 222Non-cellulosic fibers, 168Non-conservative elements, 107Non-linear alkyl benzene sulfonates

(abs), 206Non-observed effect level (NOEL), 231Non-point sources, 169Nonylphen ol polyethoxylate , 205, 207North America, 102Nucleation, 90Null cycle, 176Number of cycles/turn overs, 58Nutrient cycles, 148Nutrients, 101-105, 108, 112, 172, 182

Index

Obligate aerobic organisms, 141Obligate anaerobic organisms, 14 1, 157Ocean , 96, 98, 99,114,117,121,130,

131,134Octanol/water partition coefficient, 173Oil spills , 184Oligotrophic lakes, 182Oligotrophic, 105Olivine, 80Opposing reaction, 56Optical density or absorbance (A), 61Ore formation, 80-83Organic chemicals, industrial , 168Organic solvents, 170Osm osis, forward, 268Osmosi s, reverse , 267 , 268Ostwald's phase rule, 90Outer sphere mechanism, 51Outer-sphere mechanism, 188Outflow, 103, 109Oversaturated solution, 88, 89Oxic/anoxic medium, 45Oxidation 4,6-8, 10,99, 101, 108, 113,

116,117,119,121-124,127, 128,131-134

Oxidation ditch , 279Oxidation state diagrams, 27Oxidation, abiotic, 81, 83Oxidation , and precipitation, 238Oxidation, biotic , 81, 83Oxide relat ive acidity value , 22, 23Oxidizable fraction , 189Oxygen cycle, 150Oxygen depletion, 105Oxygen, dissolved, lOS, 108, 111-114,

116,119,122-125,132-134Oxygen-demanding materials, 180Ozone hole , 75, 177Ozone layer ,SOzone,70-77,174,245Ozone , decomposition, 249Ozone , photolysis, 249

Parallel reaction , 57Parasitism, 147Partial pressure, 110, 111, 114Particulate matter, 10 I, 102, 108, 118,

126,129,180Particul ate organic matter (POM), 101,

126,277Particulates, 174Partition coeffic ient, 172, 173Parts per million, 71Passive smoking, 180Pasteurization, 289Pathogenic organisms, 183pE, 38-41 , 116Peat bogs, 102Perchlorate, 172

Perchloroethylene (PCE), 6-8Perfusion, 214Permanganate, 246Permissible exposure levels (PELS), 224Perovskite, 78, 79Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 74Peroxyalkylnitrates (PAN), 174,177Peroxybenzylnitrate (PBN) , 174,177Persistent organic pollutants (POP), 205Perylene, rate of biodegradation, 206Pesticides, 4, 5, 7, 9, 170, 189pH, definition, 16Phenanthrene, biodegradation, 202, 206Phenol, biodegradation, 202Phenol, biotransformation, 217Phenolphthalein endpoint, 119-122Phenols, 170Philippines, 104Phosphate ions , 101-103, IDS, 118, 123,

131Phosphates, 172Phosphates, predominance diagram, 189Phosphoric acid, 168Phosphorus cycle , 157-160Phosphorus removal, aerobic/oxic

process (a/o), 286 , 287Phosphorus removal, modified

Bardenpho proce ss, 286-288Phosphorus removal , VCT process, 286,

287Phosphorus, 103, lOS, 107, 116, 127Phosphorus-32, 186Photo Fenton reaction, 128, see also

Fenton reactionPhotoassisted processes, 249Photoautotrophs, 141, 142Photocatalysis, 9, 252Photocatalysis,

electrochemically-assisted, 251Photochemical methods, 266Photochemical oxidants, 174Photochemical processes, 59Photochemical reactions, 126Photochemical smog, 177Photochemistry, acylation reactions, 318Photochemistry, reactions, 317Photoelectrocatalysis, 251Phorotysis.a-o, 10,60,71,74, 126-128Photoprocesses, 60Photoprocesses, collision deactivation,

60Photoprocesses, fluorescence, 60Photoprocesses, internal conversion, 60Photoprocesses, intersystem crossing, 60Photoprocesses, sensitization, 60Photoreactions, 60Photoredox reaction, 128Photosynthesis, 105,110-112, 114, 117,

ISO, 160

331

Phototrophs, 140, 142, 157Phyllosilicates, 80Phylogenetic trees, 138Phytoplankton, 105Piezometric surface, 106pK. 114, 115, 118, 129Planetesimals, 70Playas, 110Poas crater, 190Point of zero charge (pzc), 130, 132Point sources , 169Poison, 208Polar stratospheric clouds (PSC), 178Polar vortex, 178Pollutant fate, 7, 9Pollutant, conventional, 169Pollutant, mobility, 169Pollutant, non-conventional, 169Pollutant, partition, 169Pollutant, sources, 167Pollutant, transport, 169Pollutants, biodegradable, 198Pollutants, recalcitrant, 198, 204Pollution prevention, 296Pollution, 4, 5, 7-9Poly (methyl methacrylate), conventional

synthesis, 307Poly (methyl methacrylate) , green

synthesis, 307Polyaluminum chloride, 255Polycarbonate, conv entional synthesis,

299Polycarbonate, green synthesis, 299Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), 205Polychlorinated organics, 170, 175Polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD), 170Polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), 170Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH) , 170, 174Polyhumic lakes, 104Polymeric ligand exchange (PLE), 258Polyphosphate, 185, 186,188Ponds, 96, 100, 105Population, 144Potassium ion, 99 , 100, 102, 106-110,

130,131Pourbaix diagrams, 30-37, 45Precipitation, 97-101,103-106,108,

109,116,123,124,128,131Precipitation, chemical, 82, 85, 87-91,

255Precipitation, diagram, 88, 91Precipitation, equilibria, 88Precipitation, pathway, 89Predation, 147Predicted environmental concentration

(PEC),235Predicted non-effect environmental

concentration (PNEC), 235

332

Predominance-zone diagram, solubility,91

Predominant species, 15, 18Preferential anatomic site, 214Preliminary treatment, 276Prevention of waste production, 297Primary clarifiers, 276Primary productivity, 104Primary sludge, 277, 288Primary standard, 175Primary treatment, 276Priority substance, 180Propylene, 168Protecting groups , avoidance, 304Protective colloid effect , 125Proteins, 101, 102, 124, 125Protistans, 139Protocatechuate, 201, 202Protolysis, 116Proton acceptors and donors, 116Pure dioxygen aeration, 279pX,14Pyrite, 116, 131Pyroxene, 80Pyruvate, 20 I , 203

Quantitative structure-activityrelationship (QSAR), 232

Quantum yield ('P), 60Quartz, 78-80, 84

Rad, see Radiation absorbed doseRadiation absorbed dose (Rad), 63Radiation energy, 61Radiations, ionizing, 61Radiations, non-ionizing, 61Radiations, lX,~, -y, 61Radioactive decontamination, 259Radioactivity, 61Radiochemistry, 61Radionuclides, 172, 175, 185Radionuclides, biotic transformation,

204Radium-226, 186Radon, 167, 179Rain , rainfall, 96, 97, 99-102, 105, 107,

109,115,117,121,132,133Rainwater, 99-102, 115, 116Rate constant, 53Rate law, 53Raw sewage, 276Raw sludge, see Primary sludgeRaw wastewater, 276RDX , 6Reaction selectivity, 307Reaction mechanism, 53Reaction order, 53Reaction rates, 51Recharge, 105, 106, 109, 114

Recommended exposure levels (REL) ,224

Recycle, 8, 9Red sea, 107Redox potential , 238Redox, 101, 108, 112, 114, 116, 119,

121,123,128,133,134Reducible fraction, 189Reduction reactions, reductive

conditions, 101, 105, 108, 119, 121,123,128,131 ,132,134

Reduction, abiotic , 81, 83Reduct ion, biotic , 81, 83Reference dose (RID), 6, 7, 223Remediation, 8, 10Renewable feedstocks , 300Renewal of water, turnover 96, 98,

102-104, 107Reservoir, 101, 105, 107, 132Reservoirs of elements, 148Residence time, 72, 73Residual concentration, 81Respiration, 106, 112, 117, 150Reuse, 8Rhine river, 103Risk assessment , carcinogenic, 224Risk assessment, ecological, 234Risk assessment , non-carcinogenic, 223Risk assessment, process, 221Risk characterization, 221, 226Risk management, 227Risk quotient, 235Risk, 6-10, 220River water, 98, 101-103, 108, 130River, Rhine, 85Rocks, acidic , 79Rocks, basic, 79Rocks, extrusive , 79Rocks, felsic, 79Rocks , igneous , 79, 80, 82Rocks, intrusive, 79Rocks, mafic, 79Rocks, metamorphic, 79, 80Rocks, sedimentary, 79, 80Rocks, silicic, 79Rotating biological contractors (RBC) ,

278,280,281 ,283Roundworms, 183Rubber, 168Runoff, 97, 100-104, 107, 110, 117

Safety factors, 223Salicylic acid , biodegradation, 202Salinity, saline, 97, 98, 100, 104-110,

113,114,130,131Salinization, 189Salmonella sp., 183Salmonell a typhi , 183Saltwater intrusion, 106, 109

Index

Saltwater, 97, 109, 136Sand, 102, 105Sandstone bed aquifers , 106Saturated solution, 89, 90Saturated zone, layer, 105, 115, 132Saturation percentage, 105Saturation, 104-106, 109, 110, 113-115Scavengers of OH radicals, 250Sea salt aerosols, 101Sea , 96, 99, 100, 107-109, 132Seawater, 99, 106-110, 114, 116, 118,

123,125-127,130,131-134Secchi disk depth, 105Secondary pollutants, 176Secondary sludge, 288Secondary standard, 175Secondary treatment, 276, 277Sedimentation, 81Sediments, 79, 82, 87,92,96,97,99,

101,103,105,107,108,110, III ,113-118,121 ,124,126,128-131

Seepage, 103, 109Selective toxicity tests (SER), 231Selectivity coefficient, 130, 131Semi-permeable membrane, 267Senescent lakes, 183Septic tanks , 281Sequential extraction, 124Sesquiterpenes, 175Settleable solids, 184Sewage sludge, 190Sewage, 276Shigella, 183Siderophiles, 78-80Siderophores, 159Sievert (SY) , 64Silica, 78, 87, 92, 99, 100, 102, 103, 110,

126,131Silicates, 78, 80, 82, 100, 103, 104, 118,

124, 125Silicates, high-density, 78Silicic acid, 86, 87, 100, 102, 103Silt , 102, 105Singlet (S) , 60Sludge age, 284Sludge treatment, 276, 288-290Smog formation, 176Snow, 96, 99-101,103Soda lakes , 104, 108Sodium chlorate, 168Sodium derivatives, 99-103, 106-109,

116,130,131Sodium hydroxide, 168Sodium sulfate, 168Sodium:calcium ratio, 99Sodium-24,186Soil pollutants, 259Soil vitrification, 255, 265Soil washing, 259

Index

Soil, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100-103, 105, 106,109, 110, 115-118, 122, 124, 130,133,290-292

Soil, biological treatment, 290-292Soil, characteristics, 92, 93Soil, composition, 93Soil, horizons, 93Soil, taxonomy, 93Solar constant , 74Solid electrolyte cells, 262Solid phases , stable, 90Solids, metastable , 90Solids, precipitation of, 87-89, see also

PrecipitationSolubility product (Ksp ), 12Solubility, affected by ligands, 89, 90,

259Solubility, calculation, 86-92Solubility, diagram, 91, 92Solubility, equilibria, 86-92Solubilization, 89, 90, 97,105,106,119,

259Solvation, 132Solventless reactions, 315Solventless reactions, amide formation ,

315Solventless reactions, use of zeolites,

315Solvents, ionic, 9Sorbate, 129Sorosilicates, 80Sorption, 93, 123, 128, 129South America, 101, 102Spatial processes, 3Speciation, 10, 106-108, 123, 124Spring water, 96, 100, 104Stability constant, 50Stability field diagram, 86Stalactites, 131Stalagmites, 131Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) , 24Standard reduction potential (EO), 24, 25Standard reduction potential,

biochemical , 149Steady state approximation, 57Steam stripping, 268Step aeration, 279Steric forces , 132Sterilization, 238Stratification, 104, 115Stratopause, 69Stream water, 96, 101-103, 109, 124,

126, 132, 133Structure-activity relationship (SAR) ,

222Styrene, 168Submarine hydrothermal vents, 157Submerged filters, 278Succinic acid, 203

Sulfate, 99, 100, 102, 109, 117,125,129,131,132,134

Sulfide, 99, 102, 104, 117, 118, 124, 126,131,253

Sulfite, 253Sulfur cycle, 155-157Sulfur dioxide, 174,253,262Sulfur trioxide, 174Sulfuric acid, 119, 122, 168Supercritical fluid, 9, 313Supercritical C02, 264Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) ,

248Supersoaker materials, 265Surface adsorption, 172Surface tension, 96Surface water pollution, 187Surface water, 96-98, 100, 101, 105,

107,109,110,114,116,121 ,131 ,132Surfactants, 170, 185Suspended solids, 183Sustainability, 296Swamp, 100, 113Symbios is, 147Synergism, 146Syntrophism , 149, 157Systematics , 137

Tailing dumps, 190Target dose, see Effective doseTarget organs, 214Taxon, 138Taxonomy, linnean, 137Technetium-99, 186Tectosilicates , 80Teratogenicity, 220Tertiary sludge, 289Tertiary treatment , 276, 287-288Texas (USA), 106Thalassohaline, 108Thallium-201,186Thermal inversion, 69Thermocline, 104Thermoplastic resins, 168Thermosetting resins, 168Thermosphere, 70Thiosulfate , 253Threshold dose level, 210Threshold limit values (TLVS), 224Tissue affinity, 214Titanium dioxide, 168Tobacco smoke, 180Toluene, biodegradation, 202Total dissolved solids (TDS), 103,

105-110, 133, 183Total fixed solids (TFS), 183Total solids (TS), 183Total spin (S), 60Total suspended solids (TSS), 183

333

Total volatile solids (TVS), 184Toxic effects, benzene, 220Toxic effects, chloroform, 220Toxic effects, heptachlor, 220Toxic effects, Hg, 220Toxic effects, Pb, 220Toxic effects, vinyl chloride, 220Toxic substance, 6-10Toxicant, 207Toxicant, population response, 209Toxicity assessment, ecological, 234Toxicity factor, 208-220Toxicity factor, age, 212, 215Toxicity factor, dose-response

relationship, 209, 222Toxicity factor, dose-time relationship or

exposure, 211Toxicity factor, route of exposure, 212,

214Toxicity factor, sex, 212Toxicity factor, species differentiation,

212,210Toxicity factor, structure and reactivity,

208Toxicity factor, susceptibility of

organisms, 209Toxicity, additivity, 218Toxicity, antagonism, 218Toxicity, chromium, 208Toxicity, dermal, 219Toxicity, endpoint, 216Toxicity, hepato- , 219Toxicity, hydrogen cyanide , 209Toxicity, immuno-, 219Toxicity, interactions among chemical

substances, 218Toxicity, nephro- , 219Toxicity, neuro-, 219Toxicity, nicotine , 209Toxicity, ocular, 219Toxicity, organ specific effects, 219Toxicity, potentiation, 218Toxicity, receptors, 214Toxicity, reproductive, 219Toxicity, respiratory, 219Toxicity, synergism , 218Toxicity, systemic, 218Toxicity, thalidomide, 208Toxicity, threshold, 211Toxicodynamics,214Toxicokinetics, absorption, 213Toxicokinetics, biotransformation, 213,

214Toxicokinetics, distribution, 213Toxicokinetics, excretion, 213Toxicokinetics, storage, 214Toxicology , 207Toxin, 208Trichloroethylene (TCE), 6-8, 188

334

Trichloroethylene, biodegradation, 201Trickling filters, 278, 280Trihalomethanes (THM), 5, 170Triplet (T), 60Trophic levels, 145Tropical rainforest, 100, 101Tropical zones , 105Troposphere, 69, 70, 73, 75Trout , 181Turbidity maxima, 126Turbidity standard, 184Turbidity, 105, 126, 184Turnover time, 96, 98, 102, 104Tyndall effect, 125Typhoid fever, 183

Ultrasound, 266Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 5Unimolecular, 54United Kingdom , 100Unsaturated zones, 96Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

(UASB),283Urea, 168

Vadose, 96Van derWaal's forces, 125, 126, 128, 172Vanillin, biodegradation, 202Vapor pressure, 6, 7, 110, IIIVenting, see BioventingVents, 104, 114

Printed in the United States of America.

Vermiculite, 189Vibrio cholerae, 183Vinyl acetate, 168Vinyl chloride, 6, 7Volatile compounds, biological

treatment, 294-295Volatile organic compounds (VOC),

174, 175Volcanic eruptions, 167, 179Volcanic fallout, 97, 101,104, Ill ,

114Volcanic vents, 104, 114Volt-equivalent, 27

Washout, 99, 101, 103, 132Waste minimization by catalytic

reactions, 302Waste segregation, 8Wastewater reuse, 290Water cycle, 149Water pollutants, 181Water softening, 255, 267Water, brackish, 105, 108Water, coastal, 99, 109Water, composition, 96, 97, 101, 102,

104,109Water, cycle, 97, 99Water, distribution, 97Water, hardness, 98, 99, 103, 106, 133,

134Water, interstitial, 96

Index

Water, runoff, 97,100-104,107,110,117

Water, saline, 105, 108, 109Water, springs, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104Water, table, 100, 105, 109Water, turnover, 96, 98Water, vapor, 100Water-borne diseases , 183Waterlogged soils, 121Watershed ,96, 104, 133Weathering, 81-92, 97, 100-105, 109,

110,116,117,121 ,124Weathering , biological, 92Weathering , chemical , 81-87Weathering, physical, 81, 82Wet oxidation (WO), 248Wetlands, 102, 108, 109Wind activity, erosion , 99, 104, 107Wollastonite, 80Wurstite, 78

Xenobiotics, 4-6, 199, 204Xenophores, 205

Ytterbium-169,186Yucatan (Mexico) , 106

Zeolites, 265Zero discharge s, 9Zero-valent metals (ZVM), 254, 265Zeta potent ial, 125, 126