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Index

Locators in bold refer to figures/tables

AAN. see American Academy ofNeurology

AAOD (anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification) 447–453

ABC (aneurysmal bone cyst) 162abdominal binders, dural puncture

headache 437abdominal painchildren 386–387pancreatitis 253–255, 253–258pregnancy 283

aberrant drug use screening. see drugscreens

aberrant medication-taking behavior,definition 400–401

abuse, definition 400–401accidental overdose. see overdoseaccidents. see motor vehicle

collisionsacetaldehyde 64–65acetaminophenbrachial plexopathy 33cancer pain 295–344drug screens 414–415lumbar spinal stenosis 169migraine headache 301pancreatitis treatment 256postpartum pain 293pregnancy pain 285, 285–286tension headaches 313–314, 314thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 494

acetyl-L-carnitine 67active range of motion testing

(AROM), ankle pain 236activities of daily living (ADL) 69acupunctureankle pain 77, 237chronic pelvic pain 268HIV neuropathy 77low back pain 392–393migraine headache 304phantom limb pain 40–41postpartum pain 292–293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 285spinal cord injury pain 19

temporomandibular joint disorder337

tension headaches 313thoracic spine pain 129

acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 359acute pain management, patient-

controlled analgesia 476–480,482–488, 484, 485

acute pancreatitis 253, 253.see also pancreatitis

ADA (Americans with DisabilitiesAct) 388

Adams classification system,discography 147

addictionaberrant drug use 408definitions 400–401, 408neurobiological processesunderlying 401–402

see also substance abuseadductor canal block, total knee

arthroplasty 493adherence monitoring, aberrant drug

use 412adhesiolysis 169–170, 177adhesive capsulitis 24–25, 368adiposis dolorosa. see Dercum’s

diseaseadjuvant analgesicscancer pain 344, 344epidural catheters 488hematological cancer 363–364pancreatic cancer pain 355

adjuvant therapy, pancreatitis 256advanced glycation end products

(AGEs) 58aerobic exercise. see exerciseagomelatine 462AGS (American Geriatric Society)

10–11AKA. see artery of Adamkiewiczalcoholand insomnia 461–463pancreatitis 253spasticity 233urine drug testing 414, 506–507

alcohol-induced neuropathy (AIN) 70

clinical features 65differential diagnosis 65epidemiology/demographics 64ethics 69–70examination/work-up 66–67pathophysiology 64–65treatment options andcomplications 69

allodynia, poststroke pain 22alpha-2 adrenergicsbrachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome48

spasticity 233thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 494see also clonidine; tizanidine

alpha-2 delta ligandsanxiety/depression 12older patients, treatment options9–11

phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 2–4, 2–15,7–8, 7–8, 12–13

side effects 7–8, 7–8substance abuse 12see also gabapentin; pregabalin

alpha-lipoic acid 57–58, 67alternative medicine 390.

see also complementary andalternative medicine

American Academy of Neurology(AAN) 2–4, 2–15

American Association of NeurologicSurgeons 147

American College of Rheumatology214

American Geriatric Society (AGS)10–11

American Medical Association (AMA)453

American Sign Language (ASL)388–389

American Society of AddictionMedicine (ASAM) 453

508

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American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) 491–492

American Society for InterventionalPain Physicians (ASIPP) 412

American Society of RegionalAnesthesia 484

Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA) 388

amitriptylinealcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269brachial plexopathy 33headache 218–302, 303, 313–314,314

hematological cancer 363HIV neuropathy 76insomnia 462phantom limb pain 40, 41postherpetic neuralgia 4, 7–8, 11, 13postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25, 26pregnancy pain 285side effects 3–7thoracic outlet syndrome 107

AML (acute myeloid leukemia) 359amlodipine 302, 303amphetamines, drug testing 410–416,

505–507amputation 38. see also phantom limb

painanatomical detailsankle 235–236Baastrup’s disease 159–160, 160bowel 468brachial plexus 30cluster headaches 308–309dural puncture 436epidural space 484, 485facet joints 117–118, 117–138,138–139

intervertebral discs 144–145knee 243lateral epicondylosis 240–241lumbar spinal stenosis 165–166male pelvis 266pelvic viscera/rectum 275sacroiliac joint 197sacrum 202–203sphenopalatine ganglion 329–330spinal cord 424–425, 429, 430temporomandibular joint 333–335,335–337

thoracic region 123anesthesia-assisted opiate

detoxification (AAOD) 447–453aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) 162ankle pain 235–239, 238ankle sprain, differential diagnosis 235ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 124–125,

125–126, 161–162, 214, 336

antalgic gait analysis 245anterior radicular medullary arteries

(ARMAs) 424–425anterior scalene muscle (ASM) block

106anterior spinal artery (ASA) 424–425antero-talofibular ligament (ATFL)

235–236antibiotics, chronic pelvic pain

268–269anticholinergic drug side effects 7–8,

58–59, 68, 269anticholinergic poisoning 440anticonvulsantsalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68brachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 58HIV neuropathy 75–76migraine headache 302, 303phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107see also carbamazepine; gabapentin;

lamotrigine; pregabalin;topiramate; zonisamide

antidepressantsalcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269brachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344chronic pain syndrome 373diabetic neuropathy 58–59hematological cancer 363HIV neuropathy 76insomnia 462methadone prescription 502phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293–294pregnancy pain 286temporomandibular joint disorders338

thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492see also SNRIs; SSRIs; tricyclic

antidepressantsantiepileptics. see anticonvulsantsanti-inflammatories.

see corticosteroids; nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory agents

antioxidants, pancreatitis treatment256

antiretroviral therapy 73, 76anxiety/depressionbrachial plexopathy 33cervicogenic headache 85chronic pain syndrome 373–376

chronic pelvic pain 268diabetic neuropathy 60and insomnia 459methadone prescription 502myofascial pain syndrome 226–227phantom limb pain 39, 41–42postherpetic neuralgia 9–10, 12poststroke pain 26–27spinal cord injury pain 20substance abuse 399–400temporomandibular joint disorders335

tension headaches 313aquatherapy 284ARIC (large Atherosclerosis Risk in

Communities) study 299ARM (arteria radicularis magna).

see artery of AdamkiewiczARMAs (anterior radicular medullary

arteries) 424–425AROM (active range of motion)

testing, ankle pain 236aromatase inhibitors 263–264artery of Adamkiewicz (AKA)

424–425, 429–431, 432arthritis. see rheumatoid arthritisarthrocentesis, temporomandibular

joint disorders 338ARV (antiretroviral therapy) 73, 76AS. see ankylosing spondylitisASA (anterior spinal artery)

424–425ASA (American Society of

Anesthesiologists) 491–492ASAM (American Society of

Addiction Medicine) 453ASIPP (American Society for

Interventional Pain Physicians)412

ASL (American Sign Language)388–389

aspirin 301, 313–314, 314, 319, 396assessment instruments, opioid use for

chronic pain 404–405Association for the Study of Pain

(IASP) 47ATFL (antero-talofibular ligament)

235–236atropine 327attorneys, workers’ compensation

system 224aura migraine headache 297–299,

302autogenic training (AT) 393autoimmune disorders 215.

see also fibromyalgiaautonomic arousalfibromyalgia 216postoperative analgesia 482–483

Index

509






autonomic dysreflexia, spinal cordinjury pain 18–19

autonomic function testingdiabetic neuropathy 53HIV neuropathy 75

autonomic neuropathy 55autonomy, respect for 403axial back pain 138, 138axial neck pain 116

Baastrup’s disease 159–163, 160,161–162

back pain. see low back painbaclofenbrachial plexopathy 36intrathecal drug delivery 178–179phantom limb pain 40spasticity 233–234spinal cord injury pain 18thoracic outlet syndrome 107trigeminal neuralgia 319

bacterial prostatitis 267balloon kyphoplasty. see kyphoplastybalneotherapy 395barbiturates, urine drug testing

505–507BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic

factor) 216Beers Criteria for Potentially

Inappropriate Medications inOlder Adults 11

behavioral therapylow back pain 395migraine headache 304postlaminectomy pain syndrome179

beneficence, principle of 402–403benfotiamine 69benzodiazepinesdrug testing 410–416, 505–507fibromyalgia 218insomnia 462postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 286spasticity 233see also diazepam

Bertolotti’s syndrome 155–157beta blockersand insomnia 461migraine headache 302, 303see also propranolol

biaculoplasty 150bicycle test 168, 172Bieri Faces scale 383, 383biofeedbackchronic pain syndrome 376–377migraine headache 304phantom limb pain 40–41postpartum pain 293

spinal cord injury pain 19tension headaches 313

biofield therapies 394–395biological effects, ionizing radiation

419, 419–422biomarkers, knee osteoarthritis

246–247biphosphonates 363bipolar RFA (bRFA) 199, 210–211.

see also radiofrequency ablationbirth, postpartum pain 291–292bisacodyl 470bisphosphonates 48bladder dysfunction 152, 267blood sugar control, diabetic

neuropathy 57bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

361–362bone metastasesadjuvant analgesics 344biophosphonates 363hematological cancer 360non-small cell lung cancer 207–212,209, 211

pancreatic cancer 341postpartum pain 290

bone mineral density (BMD) 183–184bone scans. see nuclear bone scansbone scintigraphy 203botulinum toxincervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 91–92

chronic rectal pain 280migraine headache 304phantom limb pain 40–41postmastectomy lymphedema 371poststroke pain 25spasticity 233spinal cord injury pain 18temporomandibular joint disorders338

trigeminal neuralgia 319bowelanatomy 468opioid receptors 468, 468

BP. see brachial plexopathyBPNS (Brief Peripheral Neuropathy

Screen) 74bracesbrachial plexopathy 33knee osteoarthritis 247lateral epicondylosis 241lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 169postpartum pain 292pregnancy pain 285thoracic spine pain 128

brachial plexopathy (BP) 30–37, 31,36, 104, 109

brachial plexus 102–103bradycardia 325–326brain fog 216brain regions implicatedaddiction 401–402poststroke pain 24

brain tumors, differential diagnosis309

breakthrough paincancer pain 346opioids, safe use 405patient-controlled analgesia478–479

total knee arthroplasty 493breast cancer, metastatic 207, 367–371breastfeeding 293–295Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen

(BPNS) 74bronchodilators 461Broström-Gould repair 239bruxism 335Budapest Consensus, complex

regional pain syndrome 47bupivacaineepidural catheters 487intrathecal drug delivery 178–179postpartum pain 293

buprenorphine 442–446, 451–452burst compression fractures 182,

182–183butalbital-containing medications 301,

301buttock pain 168

CAD (coronary artery disease) 300.see also cardiovascular function

caffeinedural puncture 436–437, 486and insomnia 461migraine headache 298, 301pregnancy 285tension headaches 314

calcitonin 41, 48, 169calcium channel blockersand insomnia 461migraine headache 302, 303total knee arthroplasty 494see also amlodipine; verapamil

calcium pyrophosphate dihydratedisease (CPPD) 160, 244–246

CAM. see complementary andalternative medicine

Canadian Pain Society (CPS) 2–3,2–15

cancer pain 341–342, 349, 352–355analgesic routes other than oral 346analgesics 343–346, 344, 345breakthrough pain 346differential diagnosis 336

Index

510






epidemiology/demographics 342glossopharyngeal neuralgia 326male pelvic pain 267nerve blocks 341–348, 347–349non-drug therapies 347risk factors for development342–343

side effects of opioids 346–347, 347WHO analgesic ladder 343see also metastases

cannabinoidsalcohol-induced neuropathy 69–70enzyme immunoassay 410–416hematological cancer 364HIV neuropathy 76–77motor vehicle collision victim412–414, 414

spinal cord injury pain 19urine drug testing 414, 505–507

capsaicin, topicalalcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269diabetic neuropathy 59HIV neuropathy 76postherpetic neuralgia 2, 2–15, 4–5,7–8

carbamazepinealcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68brachial plexopathy 36diabetic neuropathy 58phantom limb pain 40poststroke pain 26pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107trigeminal neuralgia 319

cardiovascular functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448, 450

differential diagnosis 336methadone prescription 499–500postherpetic neuralgia 9–10, 12–13postoperative analgesia 482–483

carpel tunnel syndrome 31–32CART. see Communication Access

Realtime TranslationCastellvi classification, Bertolotti’s

syndrome 156catastrophizing, myofascial pain

syndrome 226–227catheter migration 486–487.

see also epidural catheterscauda equine syndrome 152caudal epidural injections,

postlaminectomy pain 176CBT. see cognitive behavioral therapyCDT. see complex decongestive

therapycelecoxibhematological cancer 363phantom limb pain 40

thoracic outlet syndrome 107celiac plexus blockcancer pain 348–349pancreatic cancer pain 353–354pancreatitis treatment 257

cement augmentation, sacralinsufficiency fracture 204–205.see also vertebral augmentation

central poststroke pain (CPSP) 22–27,23–29

central sensitization, poststroke pain24, 27

cerebral blood flow, fibromyalgia 216cerebral palsy pain 383–384cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.

see dural puncturecerebrovascular disease 96cervical disc damage 116cervical facet joints 182anatomy 117, 117–118and axial neck injuries 89–119,116–119

treatment outcomes 121treatments 119–121

cervical joint subluxation 82cervical radiculopathy 31–32, 32–34,

104, 109–114, 110, 240cervical spinal cord stimulation 50cervical stenosis/myelopathy 95–96clinical features 96definition 96–99diagnostic criteria 97–475differential diagnosis 96, 214epidemiology/demographics 96–99examination/work-up 97–99imaging studies 97–99natural history 97–99ossification of posterior longitudinalligament 99

pathophysiology 98and rheumatoid arthritis 99risk factors for development97–99

surgery 98–99treatments, non-surgical 98–99

cervical traction, cervicalradiculopathy 112

cervicogenic headacheclinical assessment 83–85clinical features 82convergence trigeminocervicalnucleus convergence theory 85,86

diagnostic criteria 85–87, 89differential diagnosis 81–82pain generators/referral patterns 87subsets/types 86–89, 88symptoms 85–86treatments 89–93, 90, 91, 92

cesarean delivery, postpartum pain291

chemodenervation, spinal cord injurypain 18–19

chemotherapy-induced pain/peripheral neuropathy

hematological cancer 361–362pancreatic cancer pain 353peripheral neuropathy 342

chicken pox 1children, pain in. see pediatric painchiropractic manipulationcervical radiculopathy 113cervicogenic headache 84low back pain 394thoracic spine pain 129

chlorpromazine, serotonin syndrome441

chronic ankle sprain, differentialdiagnosis 235

chronic low back. see low back painchronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

359chronic pain syndrome 373–376hearing impaired patient 388–389and insomnia 459–464methadone prescription 498–502

chronic pancreatitis 253, 253.see also pancreatitis

chronic pelvic pain (CPP) 261, 266classification systems 267differential diagnosis 267endometrial fibrosis 261–265epidemiology/demographics 267examination/work-up 267–268NIH chronic prostatitis symptomindex 272

postpartum pain 273–291treatments 268–273

chronic prostatitis symptom index(NIH-CPSI) 272

chronic rectal pain 275–280, 278, 279circadian rhythm disorders 460, 463circumferential upper-extremity

measurements, postmastectomylymphedema 368–369

classification systemsBertolotti’s syndrome 156cervicogenic headache 85discography 147interstitial cystitis 267lumbar disc herniation 131–132,132

lumbar spinal stenosis 166, 166–173sacral insufficiency fracture202–203

clicking sounds, temporomandibularjoint disorders 337

clonazepam 233

Index

511






clonidinealcohol-induced neuropathy 68–269anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 453

brachial plexopathy 36diabetic neuropathy 59epidural catheters 488intrathecal drug delivery 178–179phantom limb pain 40spasticity 233thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 494

cluster headaches 307–310, 312,329–330

CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)359

cocaine, drug testing 410–416,505–507

coccygodynia 275–276, 290Cochrane reviewsacupuncture 393anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 452

biofield therapies 394–395cognitive therapy 395manipulation 394neuroreflexotherapy 396postherpetic neuralgia 4prolotherapy 395–396yoga 394

codeinedetection times, urine drug testing414

postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 505–507

coenzyme Q10, migraine headache304

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)chronic pain syndrome 373–374fibromyalgia 218–219insomnia 463temporomandibular joint disorders337–338

tension headaches 313cognitive impairmentfibromyalgia 216poststroke pain 25

cognitive therapyinsomnia 463–464low back pain 395

cohort analysiscluster headaches 310interspinous spacers 171neuraxial analgesia 290–291

cold treatmentlateral epicondylosis 241lumbar disc herniation 134phantom limb pain 40–41

poststroke pain 25post-thoracotomy pain 44

collimation, radiation exposure418–420, 419

Communication Access RealtimeTranslation (CART) 389

compensation, injury 224–225complementary and alternative

medicine (CAM)definitions/user statistics 390–391diabetic neuropathy 61education 397fibromyalgia 218–219HIV neuropathy 77low back pain 391–396thoracic spine pain 129types 392–396. see also specificCAMs by name

complex decongestive therapy (CDT),postmastectomy lymphedema369–370

complex regional pain syndrome(CRPS) 46–51, 49, 50

children, pain in 384–386diagnostic criteria 47, 47differential diagnosis 31–32, 32–34,46, 104

compression/decompression, nerveand alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73

and axial neck injuries 116–117brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 110–111,113–114

cervical stenosis/myelopathy 99epidural lipomatosis 153failed surgery for. see post-laminectomy pain syndrome

glossopharyngeal neuralgia 325–326and HIV neuropathy 73lumbar spinal stenosis 165, 170–177pancreatic cancer pain 353trigeminal neuralgia 320–321vertebral 124–125

compression fractures, lumbar spinalstenosis 168. see also lumbarcompression fractures

compression pump therapy, post-mastectomy lymphedema 370

compression test, sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 197

compressive meningioma 230computed tomography (CT) scanningBaastrup’s disease 161Bertolotti’s syndrome 156bone metastases 208, 209, 210cervical radiculopathy 112lumbar compression fracture 185lumbar disc herniation 133

pancreatitis 254–255sacral insufficiency fracture 203sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 198trigeminal neuralgia 317

concentration meditation 393conditioned insomnia 460constipation, opioid-induced 467–472,

467–472continuous epidural catheters, acute

pain management 482–488, 484,485

continuous peripheral catheterspostoperative analgesia 491–495,492, 493, 495

total knee arthroplasty 493continuous peripheral nerve blocks

(CPNB), total knee arthroplasty494–495

contractures, spinal cord injury pain17–18

contraindications/indicationsanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448

epidural catheters 482, 488neuraxial analgesia 355patient-controlled analgesia477–478

spinal manipulation 231contrast discography 147convergence trigeminocervical nucleus

convergence theory, cervicogenicheadache 85, 86

cooled radiofrequency ablation(cRFA) 199

coronary artery disease (CAD) 300.see also cardiovascular function

cortical spreading depression (CSD)297–298

corticosteroidsankle pain 237brachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344cervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 90

chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48facet joints, cervical 119lateral epicondylosis 241phantom limb pain 40, 40–41postpartum pain 293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 287–288thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 494treatment complications 202see also dexamethasone; methyl

prednisonecortisol release, fibromyalgia 216cortisone, pregnancy pain 285

Index

512






costochondritis (Tietze’s syndrome)124–125, 126, 129

differential diagnosis 207thoracic spine pain 124–125, 126

costovertebral joint pain 124–125, 129counseling, migraine headache 299COX-2 inhibitorspancreatitis treatment 256postpartum pain 293

CPNB. see continuous peripheralnerve blocks

CPP. see chronic pelvic painCPPD. see calcium pyrophosphate

dihydrate diseaseCPS (Canadian Pain Society) 2–3,

2–15CPSP. see central poststroke paincranial nerve palsies 438craniocervical junction 84cRFA (cooled radiofrequency

ablation) 199CRIES infant pain assessment

instrument 380–381, 381cross-disciplinary. see interdisciplinary

managementCRPS. see complex regional pain

syndromeCSD (cortical spreading depression)

297–298CT. see computed tomography

scanningcyclobenzaprenebrachial plexopathy 36phantom limb pain 40serotonin syndrome 439–441thoracic outlet syndrome 107

cyproheptadine, serotonin syndrome441

cystitis, interstitial. see chronic pelvicpain

cytochrome P-450 system 363–364buprenorphine 443–444methadone 500, 502urine drug screening 410

cytokines, HIV neuropathy 75

Danish study, cluster headaches 310dantrolenespinal cord injury pain 18spasticity 233

Daubert legal principle 83DAWN (Drug Abuse Warning

Network) 442DCS (double crush syndrome) 105DEA (Drug Enforcement

Administration) 413–444deaf patients 388–389decompression, see compression/

decompression

deep brain stimulation (DBS) 60,322–323

deep vein thrombus (DVT) 483definitionsaddiction/withdrawal 447complementary and alternativemedicine 390

ethics 402multi-modal analgesic protocol491–492

opioids, substance abuse 400–401patient-controlled analgesia 476radiation exposure 417–418serotonin syndrome 439substance abuse 408vasovagal response during painprocedures 473–474

degenerative disc disease, postpartumpain 290. see also lumbarspondylosis

degenerative joint disease (DJD) 182,243. see also knee osteoarthritis

degenerative spondylolisthesis,pregnancy pain 282

Déjerine-Roussy syndrome 22.see also central poststroke pain

delivery, postpartum pain 291–292demographics. see epidemiology/

demographicsdemyelination, glossopharyngeal

neuralgia 326denervationcomplex regional pain syndrome50

lumbar spondylosis 149Denis classification, sacral

insufficiency fracture 202–203dental pain 318dental problems, and

emporomandibular jointdisorders 336–337, 337

Department of Health and HumanServices (DHHS), drug testingguidelines 411

dependence, drug, definition 447depression. see anxiety/depressionDercum’s disease (adiposis dolorosa),

thoracic spine pain 124–125Derry review, postherpetic neuralgia 4desipraminemigraine headache 218–302phantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107

detection times, drug screens 413,414

detoxificationanesthesia assisted opiate 447–453definitions 447

Devil’s claw, for low back pain 396

DEXA (dual energy x-rayabsorptiometry), sacralinsufficiency fracture 203–204

dexamethasonebrachial plexopathy 36phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 287thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 494

dexmedetomidine, total kneearthroplasty 494

dextran, dural puncture headache437

dextrose prolotherapy, kneeosteoarthritis 247–249

DHE. see dihydroergotamineDHHS. see Department of Health and

Human Servicesdiabetesamyotropy 55pancreatitis 254postherpetic neuralgia treatmentguidelines 12

diabetic neuropathy 62, 64and alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73

classification of peripheral nerveinjuries 56

clinical manifestations 54–55diagnostic criteria 54, 54differential diagnosis 52–53electromyography 55–56epidemiology/demographics 52examination/work-up 53–54N-acetylcysteine 69pathophysiology 56pharmacological treatments 57–60quality of life 62treatment algorithm 57treatment complications 61treatments 56–61

Diagnosis, Intractability, Risk, EfficacyScore (DIRE), aberrant drug use408–409

diagnostic criteriacervicogenic headache 85–87, 89cluster headaches 307–308coccygodynia 276complex regional pain syndrome 47,47

diabetic neuropathy 54, 54fibromyalgia 214–216, 215–219glossopharyngeal neuralgia326–327

lumbar spinal stenosis 167migraine headache 298–299opioid dependence 443proctalgia fugax 276radiation proctitis 276–277

Index

513






diagnostic criteria (cont.)serotonin syndrome 300somatoform disorder 217temporomandibular joint disorders333, 334–339, 336

tension headaches 312diarrhea, anesthesia-assisted opiate

detoxification 449diary keepinginsomnia 460, 463migraine headache 298, 302tension headaches 312–313

diazepampregnancy pain 285spasticity 233spinal cord injury pain 18

diet. see nutritional supportdiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

(DISH) 124–125, 126,126, 161

dihydroergotaminecluster headaches 309migraine headache 300–301, 301treatment complications 310

DIRE. see Diagnosis, Intractability,Risk, Efficacy Score

disabilitycervicogenic headache 83–84workers’ compensation system224–225

disc disease, and temporomandibularjoint disorders 334–339, 335–336

disc herniation, lumbar. see lumbardisc herniation

discectomy, temporomandibular jointdisorders 338

discogenic pain 144–150, 146,148–320, 195–197

discographyBertolotti’s syndrome 157lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spondylosis 146–148, 148postlaminectomy pain syndrome175

DISH. see diffuse idiopathic skeletalhyperostosis

distal symmetric polyneuropathy(DSP) 72–73. see also HIVneuropathy

distraction test, sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 197

diversion, definitions 400–401DJD. see degenerative joint diseasedocusate, opioid-induced constipation

470dopamine systems 216, 401–402dorsal ramus syndrome (Maigne’s

syndrome) 124–125, 127–128double crush syndrome (DCS) 105

doxepin 462DREZ (dorsal root entry zone) lesions

33Drug Abuse Warning Network

(DAWN) 442drug-drug interactions, methadone

prescription 500Drug Enforcement Administration

(DEA) 413–444drug screenschronic low back pain case 504–507fibromyalgia case 414–415motor vehicle collision victim412–414, 414

opioids, safe use for chronic pain405

postlaminectomy pain syndrome408–412, 410–416

see also substance abuseDryden, John 402dry-needling, ankle pain 237DSP. see distal symmetric

polyneuropathydual energy x-ray absorptiometry.

see DEXAduloxetinebrachial plexopathy 33migraine headache 303phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 286spinal cord injury pain 19

duloxetine hydrochloride 59DuPen catheter 354dura mater, anatomy 436dural puncture headache 175,

435–438, 486dural tension test, lumbar disc

herniation 133DVT (deep vein thrombus) 483

Eagle syndrome 326, 326–327ear infection, differential diagnosis

336eating disorders 202ECRB. see extensor carpi radialis

brevisEdelsberg meta-analysis, postherpetic

neuralgia 4education, patientcomplementary and alternativemedicine 397

complex regional pain syndrome 48opioids, safe use for chronic pain404

postmastectomy lymphedema369–370

temporomandibular joint disorders337

efavirenz, drug-drug interactions 500

EFNS. see European Federation ofNeurological Societies

elavil, serotonin syndrome 439–441elbow, lateral epicondylosis 240–242,

242electrodiagnostic testing, cervical

radiculopathy 112electromyography (EMG)alcohol-induced neuropathy 66brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 112diabetic neuropathy 55–56HIV neuropathy 74lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 172thoracic outlet syndrome 106

emesis, anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 449

endogenous opioids, fibromyalgia 216endometrial fibrosis 261–265endorphins, acupuncture 392endoscopic treatment, pancreatitis

257–258enemas, opioid-induced constipation

470–471enkephalins, acupuncture 392enzyme immunoassay (EIA), drug

screening 409–410, 410–416, 504epidemiology/demographicsaberrant drug use 408–409alcohol-induced neuropathy 64ankle pain 235Baastrup’s disease 159brachial plexopathy 30–31cancer pain 342cervical radiculopathy 109cervical stenosis/myelopathy 96–99cluster headaches 307complex regional pain syndrome 46diabetic neuropathy 52dural puncture 435endometrial fibrosis 261fibromyalgia 216hearing impaired patient 388HIV neuropathy 72insomnia 459interstitial cystitis 267knee osteoarthritis 243lateral epicondylosis 240low back pain 390migraine headache 297opioid dependence 399, 442opioid-induced constipation467–468

pancreatitis 253phantom limb pain 38postmastectomy lymphedema 367poststroke pain 22–23, 23–29, 27Scheuermann’s kyphosis 127

Index

514






spinal cord injury pain 16temporomandibular joint disorders336

tension headaches 312thoracic outlet syndrome 102total knee arthroplasty 491trigeminal neuralgia 316, 318vasovagal response during painprocedures 474–475

epidural anesthesiaacute pain management 482–488,484, 485

cancer pain 346postlaminectomy pain 176postpartum pain 290–291thoracic spine pain 128–304total knee arthroplasty 492see also epidural steroid injections

epidural blood patches, dural punctureheadache 437

epidural hematoma 152, 429–432, 430,484

epidural lesions, thoracic spine pain124–125

epidural lipomatosis 152–153epidural neuraxial analgesia,

pancreatic cancer pain 354–355epidural space, anatomy 484, 485epidural steroid injectionscervical radiculopathy 113post-thoracotomy pain 44, 176treatment complications 423–427,429–433, 430, 432, 435–438, 484

Epworth Sleepiness Scale 460–461ER (extended-release) opioids 345ergotamine 300–301estrogen-dependent inflammatory

processes 261ethicsalcohol-induced neuropathy 69–70anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 453

methadone prescription 501opioids, substance abuse 402–403paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 427

ethyl alcohol. see alcoholEuropean Federation of Neurological

Societies (EFNS) 2–3, 2–15, 6evidence-based medicinecomplementary and alternativemedicine 397

postherpetic neuralgia 4–7see also Cochrane reviews; outcome

measuresexercisebrain-derived neurotrophic factor216

fibromyalgia 218–219

and insomnia 462, 464knee osteoarthritis 247migraine headache 304myofascial pain syndrome 226opioid-induced constipation 470postmastectomy lymphedema367–368

pregnancy pain 284see also physical therapy

exposure to radiation. see radiationexposure

extended-release (ER) opioids 345extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)

240–241

FABER test (Flexion, ABduction,External Rotation, andExtension) 198

Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R) 383facet jointspostpartum pain 290pregnancy pain 282thoracic spine pain 124–125,127–129

see also cervical facet joints; lumbarfacet joints

facet synovitis 160failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS)

174–179, 175, 225–228faith healing 394–395FAP (functional abdominal pain)

386–387fat malabsorption, pancreatitis 254FCE. see functional capacity

evaluation (FCE)FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) 161fear-avoidance model of pain (FAM)

226femoral nerve blocks 492–493, 493fentanylanesthesia-assisted detoxification447–453

cancer pain 346epidural catheters 487intrathecal drug delivery 178–179patient-controlled analgesia 478phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 414thoracic outlet syndrome 107

fetal pain 379–380, 381fiber, dietary 103–470fibromyalgia 214–219diagnostic criteria 214–216,215–219

drug screens, abnormal 414–415fibrosis, and postlaminectomy pain

syndrome 175, 175

fight-or-flight response 216FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity,

Cry, Consolability scale) 381,382, 383

flexion injuries 116fluid intakedural puncture 486opioid-induced constipation422–469

fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 161fluoroscopyepidural catheters 484lumbar facet mediated pain139–140

pregnancy pain 287radiation exposure 417–422,418–420

focal tendinopathy 240–242folate deficiency (vitamin B9) 65, 73foot pain 384–386frequency-modulated electro-magnet

neural stimulation therapy(FREMS) 61

Fryette’s laws of spinal motion 231,231

functional abdominal pain (FAP)386–387

functional capacity evaluation (FCE),cervicogenic headache 83disability benefits 224–225

functional magnetic resonanceimaging (fMRI), diabeticneuropathy 54

functional restoration programs(FRPs), myofascial painsyndrome 227

GA (gouty arthopathy) 244–246GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

233, 401–402gabapentinalcohol-induced neuropathy67–68

brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 344diabetic neuropathy 58fibromyalgia 218lumbar spinal stenosis 169migraine headache 303pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40, 41postherpetic neuralgia. see belowpostpartum pain 294poststroke pain 25, 26pregnancy pain 285spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492, 494

Index

515






gabapentin, for postherpetic neuralgia2, 4, 9–10, 11–12

dosing/onset of analgesia 8, 9new clinical data 5–6older patients, treatment options9–11

side effects of treatment 7–8treatment guidelines 2–3

Gaenslen test, sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 197

gait analysis 245Galveston Orientation and Amnesia

Test (GOAT) 85gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

233, 401–402ganglion impar block, chronic rectal

pain 277–320, 278garlic 77gas chromatography/mass-

spectroscopy (GC/MS) 410gastrointestinal functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 450

constipation 467–472, 467–472differential diagnosis 262–263postoperative analgesia 483see also bowel

gastroretentive gabapentin 7–8, 8gelatin, dural puncture headache

437genderalcohol-induced neuropathy 64migraine headache 297opioid dependence 442–443tension headaches 312

gene therapy, diabetic neuropathy 61generalized, symmetrical

polyneuropathy 55genetic factorscancer pain 342–343knee osteoarthritis 244pancreatitis 253postpartum pain 291–292

genetic testing, methadoneprescription 500

genitofemoral nerve 266, 270–271glossopharyngeal neuralgia 325–328,

326–327glucocorticoids, total knee

arthroplasty 492, 494.see also corticosteroids

glutamate, fibromyalgia 218GOAT (Galveston Orientation and

Amnesia Test) 85gonadotropin inhibitors, endometrial

fibrosis 263–264gonadotropin releasing hormone

(GnRH) analogs 263–264gouty arthopathy (GA) 244–246

graded motor imagery (GMI),phantom limb pain 40–41

grapefruit juice 500greater trochanteric bursitis 168growth hormone release, fibromyalgia

216guidelinesaberrant drug use 411–412drug testing 411epidural catheters 484opioid prescription for chroniccancer pain 412

postherpetic neuralgia 2–6, 2–15radiation exposurerecommendations 418, 421

gut instinct, physician 506–507

headachecluster 307–310dural puncture 175, 435–438, 486poststroke pain 23, 23–25tension 312–314, 314see also cervicogenic headache;

medication-overuse headache;migraine headache

hearing impaired patient 388–389heart function. see cardiovascular

functionheat treatmentlumbar disc herniation 134phantom limb pain 40–41poststroke pain 25post-thoracotomy pain 44

hematological cancer 358–360, 365case descriptions 316–359, 358interventional management 364pain mechanisms 358–361, 360–361pharmacological treatments 362–364treatment interventions 361–362

hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) 23–25hemorrhoids, differential diagnosis 275hepatic functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448

buprenorphine 444methadone prescription 499–500postherpetic neuralgia 9, 9–10,11–12

herbal remediesHIV neuropathy 77low back pain 396

heroin, urine drug testing 414, 505–507heterotopic ossification 19high-intensity zones (HIZ), discogenic

pain 146hip pain, in pregnancy 283hippocampus, fibromyalgia 216history-takingconstipation 468–469

insomnia 460interstitial cystitis 267postmastectomy lymphedema 368sphenopalatine neuralgia 331urine drug testing 506–507

HIV neuropathy 78chronic pain syndrome 499clinical presentation 73–74differential diagnosis 72–73epidemiology/demographics 72examination/work-up 74–75methadone prescription 500–501pathophysiology 75treatment 75–78

hormonal treatment, endometrialfibrosis 263–264

HSP (hemiplegic shoulder pain)23–25

Hunter criteria, serotonin syndrome300, 440

HVLA (high velocity, low amplitude)spinal manipulation 230

hyaluronic acid injections, ankle pain237

hydrocodonedrug screens, abnormal 414–415phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107

hydrocortisone, pregnancy pain 287hydromorphonecancer pain 345epidural catheters 487intrathecal drug delivery 178–179patient-controlled analgesia 478postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 414, 505–507

hydrophilic/hydrophobic zones,epidural catheters 487

hyperalgesia, poststroke pain 22hypermobility, craniocervical junction

84hypertension, and chronic pain

syndrome 373–376hypnosis, chronic pain syndrome 377hypochondriacs 458hypothyroidism, differential diagnosis

214hysteria and hypochondriasis scale,

MMPI 147

IASP. see International Association forthe Study of Pain

iatrogenic chondrotoxic effects, kneeosteoarthritis 244

ibuprofenphantom limb pain 40

Index

516






pregnancy pain 285tension headaches 314thoracic outlet syndrome 107

ice treatment. see cold treatmentICHD (International Classification of

Headache Disorders) 87, 312IDD. see intrathecal drug deliveryIDET (intradiscal electrothermal

therapy) 150IDP (inpatient detoxification

program) 451iliohypogastric nerve 266, 270ilioinguinal nerve 266, 270imaging studiesankle pain 236–237Baastrup’s disease 160, 161, 161Bertolotti’s syndrome 156brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 112cervical stenosis/myelopathy 97–99diabetic neuropathy 54HIV neuropathy 75knee osteoarthritis 245–246opioid-induced constipation422–469

postpartum pain 292pregnancy pain 284–289sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 198thoracic outlet syndrome 106see also computed tomography

scanning; magnetic resonanceimaging; radiography

IMDs (intrathecal medication devices)60. see also intrathecal drugdelivery

IME. see independent medicalassessment

imipraminemigraine headache 303postpartum pain 293–294

immobilization, sacral insufficiencyfracture 204

immune functionand alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73

and HIV neuropathy 73impairment, definition 83–84incidence. see epidemiology/

demographicsindependent medical assessment

(IME)cervicogenic headache 83–84disability benefits 224

indications for treatment.see contraindications/indications

infant pain 380–381, 380–382, 383.see also pediatric pain

infectionand alcohol-induced neuropathy 65

epidural catheters 484glossopharyngeal neuralgia 326and HIV neuropathy 73and lumbar spondylosis 146postpartum pain 290

inferior hypogastric plexus nerveblock, rectal pain 279–280

inflammatory processesankylosing spondylitis 125–126axial neck pain 116cervical radiculopathy 110–111endometrial fibrosis 261–262HIV neuropathy 75knee osteoarthritis 243pancreatitis 254sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 196temporomandibular jointdisorders 336

thoracic spine pain 128–304information for patients.

see education, patientinformed consent, anesthesia-assisted

opiate detoxification 448injection therapy 198–199ankle pain 237–238Baastrup’s disease 162–163Bertolotti’s syndrome 157chronic pelvic pain 270knee osteoarthritis 247, 250low back pain 395–396lumbar facet mediated pain140–141

lumbar spinal stenosis 169phantom limb pain 40–41postlaminectomy pain syndrome175–176

post-thoracotomy pain 44temporomandibular joint disorders338

thoracic outlet syndrome 106–107thoracic spine pain 128–304see also epidural steroid injections

innervationchronic rectal pain 275–276male pelvis 266sphenopalatine ganglion 330

inpatient detoxification program(IDP) 451

inpatient psychological interventions377

insomnia, and chronic pain459–464

Insomnia Severity Index 460–461inspections, radiation equipment 417integrative medicine, low back pain

396. see also interdisciplinarymanagement

intercostal neuralgia 43, 124–125interdisciplinary management

chronic pain syndrome 373chronic pelvic pain 273myofascial pain syndrome 227pancreatic cancer pain 352–353postlaminectomy pain syndrome 179total knee arthroplasty 491–494,492, 495

interleukin-8, cancer pain 342–343intermittent claudication, lumbar

spinal stenosis 168intermittent external pneumatic

compression, postmastectomylymphedema 370

International Association for theStudy of Pain (IASP) 22, 47

International Classification ofHeadache Disorders (ICHD) 87,312

International Headache Society 23cervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 85–87, 89

cluster headaches 307migraines 298–299

interspinous bursitis 159–163, 160,161, 161–162, 162

interspinous spacers, lumbar spinalstenosis 170–171

interstitial cystitis. see chronic pelvicpain

interventional pain physicians, cancerpain 352–353

intervertebral discs, lumbar spinalstenosis 168. see also discogenicpain

intra-articular corticosteroids, kneeosteoarthritis 244

intracranial hypotension, differentialdiagnosis 435

intradiscal electrothermal therapy(IDET) 150

intradiscal surgery, axial neck pain 121intramuscular drug delivery, fetal

pain 380intrathecal drug delivery (IDD)analgesic routes other than oral 346chronic pelvic pain 273pancreatic cancer pain 355postlaminectomy pain syndrome178–179

spasticity 233–234intrathecal medication devices

(IMDs) 60intravascular drug delivery, fetal pain

380ionizing radiation, biological effects

419, 419–422Irving study, postherpetic neuralgia 5

jaw exercises 337

Index

517






Kambin triangle 426, 426ketamineepidural catheters 488hematological cancer 364patient-controlled analgesia 480phantom limb pain 40, 41total knee arthroplasty 494–495urine drug testing 414

Khaliq review, postherpetic neuralgia 4kidney function. see renal functionkissing spine, 159–163, 160, 161, 162knee osteoarthritis (KOA) 243–244common causes 244differential diagnosis 244–245examination/work-up 245–247non-surgical treatment options247–249, 249

postoperative analgesia 491–495,492, 493

surgery 249–250knee pain, in pregnancy 283kyphoplastybone metastases 210–212, 211hematological cancer 364lumbar compression fracture188–191

sacral 204–205, 205–206kyphosis, lumbar compression

fracture 184

lactulose, opioid-induced constipation470

laminectomy, lumbar spinal stenosis171–177. see also post-laminectomy pain syndrome

lamotriginebrachial plexopathy 36migraine headache 303phantom limb pain 40poststroke pain 25, 26thoracic outlet syndrome 107

language impairment, poststroke pain25

large Atherosclerosis Risk inCommunities (ARIC) study 299

Lasegue/Laséque/Lazarevic signBertolotti’s syndrome 156lumbar disc herniation 133

laser therapy, postmastectomylymphedema 370

last observation carried forward(LOCF) imputation method,postherpetic neuralgia 6

lateral epicondylosis (LE) 240–242, 242lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

(LFCN) 291lateral shear test, cervicogenic

headache 84laxatives 470

LDH. see lumbar disc herniationleaded barriers, radiation exposure

prevention 420Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic

Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale(LANSS) 54

leg cramps, pregnancy 283legal implicationsmotor vehicle collisions 82–83myofascial pain syndrome223–224

paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 427

postlaminectomy pain syndrome174, 175

urine drug testing 506–507leukemia. see hematological cancerLFCN (lateral femoral cutaneous

nerve) 291lidocainealcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 59lumbar spinal stenosis 169–170postherpetic neuralgia 2–3, 2–4,2–15, 6–8, 9–10

postpartum pain 293pregnancy pain 285, 286

limaprost, lumbar spinal stenosis 169liquid chromatography/mass-

spectroscopy (LC/MS-MS) 410,504

literature reviews see meta-analyses,research studies, systematicreviews

lithium, postpartum pain 294liver function. see hepatic functionlocal anestheticsbrachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344complex regional pain syndrome 49diabetic neuropathy 59epidural catheters 487–488phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492,492–493, 493

see also mexiletineLOCF. see last observation carried

forwardlong QT syndrome 499–500low back pain 390complementary and alternativemedicine 391–396

differential diagnosis 423drug testing 504–507

paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 423–427

postpartum pain 290–295pregnancy pain 282–284, 288sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis195–200, 196

LSD, urine drug testing 507LSS, see lumbar spinal stenosislumbar compression fracture 182,

182–191, 183–184, 184–185,186–187, 187–191

lumbar disc herniation (LDH)131–136, 132–133, 155

differential diagnosis 131, 137–138pregnancy pain 282thoracic spine pain 124–125

lumbar facet mediated pain 109,131, 137–143, 138–139,139–140, 140–141, 141–142,155

lumbar spinal stenosis 167–168and lumbar spondylosis, discogenicpain 144

postlaminectomy pain syndrome176–177

sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 195–197lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) 164,

166–173, 171–172anatomy 165–166classification systems 166, 166–173diagnostic criteria 167differential diagnosis 131, 137–138,167–168

natural history 165treatments 168–177

lumbar spondylosis, discogenic pain144–150, 146, 148–320

lumbar surgery/postlaminectomy painsyndrome 174–179, 175

lumbar sympathetic nerve block 49lumbar transforaminal epidural

steroid injections 423–427lumbosacral fusion 196lumbosacral radiculitis, differential

diagnosis 195–197lumbosacral region, magnetic

resonance imaging 358lumbosacral transitional vertebra,

Bertolotti’s syndrome 155–157lung cancer, bone metastases 207–212,

209, 211lymphangiosarcoma 370lymphedema, postmastectomy 367–371lymphoma. see hematological cancerlymphoscintigraphy, postmastectomy

lymphedema 369

magnesium sulfate, opioid-inducedconstipation 470

Index

518






magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)axial neck pain 117–118Baastrup’s disease 160, 161, 161Bertolotti’s syndrome 156bone metastases 208cervical radiculopathy 112cluster headaches 309epidural hematoma 430epidural lipomatosis 152–153knee osteoarthritis 246, 249lumbar compression fracture 185,186

lumbar disc herniation 132–133,133

lumbar facet mediated pain 139lumbar spinal stenosis 167, 172lumbar spondylosis, discogenic pain145–146, 146

lumbosacral region 358pancreatitis 254–255paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 424

sacral insufficiency fracture 203trigeminal neuralgia 317

Maigne’s syndrome 124–125, 127–128malabsorption, pancreatitis 254malignancy. see cancer pain,

metastasesmalignant hyperthermia, differential

diagnosis 440malingering, legal aspects 83manipulation. see chiropractic

manipulation, osteopathicmanipulation therapy

Manual Tender Point Survey,American College ofRheumatology 214–215

marijuana. see cannabinoidsmassageHIV neuropathy 77low back pain 393phantom limb pain 40–41poststroke pain 25post-thoracotomy pain 44spinal cord injury pain 19

mastectomy, lymphedema 367–371maxillary sinusitis, differential

diagnosis 336maximum medical improvement

(MMI)cervicogenic headache 83–84disability benefits 224

maximum permissible doses (MPD),ionizing radiation 419, 419

Meckel’s ganglion 329–330mediastinis 207medication-overuse headache

299–301, 442–446cluster 308–311

migraine 298–300, 302, 305tension 314

meditation, low back pain 393Medtronic Corporation 179melatonin, and insomnia 463melatonin receptor agonists 462meloxicamphantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107

memory loss, cervicogenic headache85

meningitis 312, 429–430mental health counseling.

see psychological interventionsmental health disordersMunchausen syndrome 456–458opioid dependence 442–443

meperidenepatient-controlled analgesia478

postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 505–507

meralgia paresthetica, postpartumpain 291

mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).see stem cell transplantation

meta-analysesceliac plexus block 354cognitive behavioral therapy 374migraine headache 299postherpetic neuralgia 4see also systematic reviews

metabolic factorsand alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73

and HIV neuropathy 73metabolic pathways, opioids 411metabolic syndrome, knee

osteoarthritis 244metastaseslung cancer 483rectal 275skeletal. see bone metastasessee also cancer pain

methadonecancer pain 346chronic pain syndrome 498–502complex regional pain syndrome 48postherpetic neuralgia 11–12phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107urine drug testing 414, 505–507

methocarbamolphantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107

methyl prednisonebrachial plexopathy 36

phantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107

methylcobalamin, alcohol-inducedneuropathy 68–69

methylene blue 149methylnaltrexone 471mexiletineHIV neuropathy 76phantom limb pain 41pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107

microvascular decompressionglossopharyngeal neuralgia 327trigeminal neuralgia 320–321see also compression/decompression

MIDAS (Migraine DisabilityAssessment) 298

migraine headache 297–298,304–305

acupuncture 304diagnostic criteria 298–299diary keeping 298, 302differential diagnoses 308, 312, 329,336, 435

examination/work-up 298–299long-term risks counseling 299occipital nerve stimulation 304pharmacological treatments299–314, 300–301

prevention strategies 300–314, 303milnacipam, migraine headache 303mindfulness meditation, low back

pain 393minimally invasive lumbar

decompression (MILD) 170mirror therapy, phantom limb pain

40–41misuse, definition 400–401MMI. see maximum medical

improvementModified Ashworth Scale, spasticity

assessment 232, 233monitoring, safe use of opioids

405mononeuropathy multiplex (MM)

72–74Monro-Kellie hypothesis 486Moore review, postherpetic

neuralgia 4morphinecancer pain 345infant pain 382intrathecal drug delivery 178–179patient-controlled analgesia 478phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107urine drug testing 414, 505–507

Index

519






mortality ratesanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 450, 453

benzodiazepines 462methadone prescription 498–500oxycodone, chronic low back paincase 504

spinal cord injury pain 16thoracotomy 482total knee arthroplasty 492

motor cortex stimulation, poststrokepain 25

motor vehicle collisions 81brachial plexopathy 30drug screens, abnormal 412–414,414

fibromyalgia 214legal aspects 82–83myofascial pain syndrome 223sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis195–200, 196

whiplash 81–82MPD. see maximum permissible dosesMRI. see magnetic resonance imagingmultimodal analgesic protocols, total

knee arthroplasty 491–494, 492,495

multiple myeloma, case descriptions358, 358

multiple sclerosis 96, 152, 325, 326,327, 488

Munchausen syndrome 456–458Munchausen syndrome by proxy 458mu-receptors 443muscle relaxantscancer pain 344phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107.see also baclofen; cyclobenzaprene;

methocarbamol; relaxationtraining

muscle sprain/strain 144, 290musculoskeletal paindifferential diagnosis 262–263postpartum pain 290poststroke pain 23, 27spinal cord injury pain 16, 17–21

musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS),knee 246

music therapy 347myelogenous leukemia (AML), case

description 358myelography, lumbar disc herniation

133–134myocardial infarction.

see cardiovascular functionmyofascial pain syndrome 82,

223–227

and axial neck injuries 116, 118differential diagnosis 81–82, 116,137–138, 195–197, 207, 214,217, 368

and lumbar facet mediated pain137–138, 140, 155

postpartum pain 290and temporomandibular jointdisorders 120–335, 334–339

and thoracic spine pain 124–125, 129myofascial release techniques,

lymphedema 370myo-inositol 69–70myosotis, differential diagnosis 214, 217

N-acetylcysteine 69–70NA (nucleus accumbens) 401–402nalmefine, opioid-induced

constipation 471naloxone, opioid-induced constipation

471naltrexone 450naproxenphantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 285tension headaches 314thoracic outlet syndrome 107

narcotic, definition 400–401National Center for Complementary

and Alternative Medicine(NCCAM) 390

National Certification Commission forAcupuncture and OrientalMedicine (NCCAOM) 392

National Institute for Health andClinical Excellence (NICE) 452

National Institutes of Health. see NIHNational Survey in Drug Use and

Health (NSDUH) 442NBHD (non-benzodiazepine hypnotic

drugs) 462neck distraction test 111neck painaxial 89–121opioids, substance abuse 399vasovagal response during painprocedures 473–475

needle placement, epidural steroidinjections 430–431, 432

nerve biopsy, HIV neuropathy 74nerve blocksaxial neck pain 89–119, 119–121Bertolotti’s syndrome 157cancer pain 341–348, 347–349,353–354

cervical radiculopathy 113chronic pelvic pain 270–271chronic rectal pain 277–347, 278cluster headaches 309–310

lumbar facet mediated pain141, 143

lumbar sympathetic block 49migraine headache 304pancreatitis treatment 257postlaminectomy pain syndrome175–176

sphenopalatine neuralgia 331thoracic outlet syndrome 106thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492–495,493

trigeminal neuralgia 319nerve compression. see compressionnerve conduction studies (NCS)alcohol-induced neuropathy(AIN) 66

cervical radiculopathy 112HIV neuropathy 74lumbar disc herniation 134thoracic outlet syndrome 106

nerve growth factor (rhNGF), HIVneuropathy 76

nerve injury, epidural catheters484–486

nerve root avulsion, 31–35nerve stimulation.

see neurostimulationnervus intermedius neuralgia (NIN)

327NeuPSIG. see Special Interest Group

on Neuropathic Painneural imaging studies, thoracic outlet

syndrome 106neuralgiaglossopharyngeal 325–328, 326–327sphenopalatine 329–332see also postherpetic neuralgia;

trigeminal neuralgianeuraxial analgesiapancreatic cancer pain 354–355postpartum pain 290–291total knee arthroplasty 492treatment complications 355see also epidural anesthesia

neuraxial bleeding, epidural catheters484

neurodiagnostic imaging guidelines,pregnancy pain 284–289

neurogenic claudication 167, 171neuroleptic malignant syndrome 440neuromas, post-thoracotomy pain

43–45neuromodulationchronic pelvic pain 271–273chronic rectal pain 277, 280complex regional pain syndrome 50phantom limb pain 41trigeminal neuralgia 322–323

Index

520






neuropathic pain 16–17bone metastases 360cancer pain 341differential diagnosis 368endometrial fibrosis 262–263hematological cancer 361–362methadone prescription 501painful diabetic peripheralneuropathy 52

phantom limb pain 38–39spinal cord injury pain 16–20, 17–21thoracic spine pain 123, 127–128see also alcohol-induced

neuropathy; complex regionalpain syndrome; diabeticneuropathy; HIV neuropathy;peripheral neuropathy

Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire(NPQ) 54

Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) 54Neuropathic Pain Special Interest

Group 76Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory

(NPSI) 54neuroplasty therapy (adhesiolysis)

169–170, 177neuroreflexotherapy (NRT), low back

pain 396neurostimulationcluster headaches 309trigeminal neuralgia 322–323see also transcutaneous electrical

nerve stimulationneurotransmitter systems 218,

500–501. see also dopamine;gamma aminobutyric acid;norepinephrine; serotonin

neurovascular model, migraineheadache 297–298

nevirapine, drug-drug interactions500

NICE (National Institute for Healthand Clinical Excellence) 452

nicotine, and insomnia 461NIH (National Institutes of Health)

chronic prostatitis symptomindex (NIH-CPSI) 272

NIN (nervus intermedius neuralgia)327

nitric oxide (NO) 75N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)

antagonistscancer pain 344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48hematological cancer 364methadone 500–501phantom limb pain 40poststroke pain 24

total knee arthroplasty 492,494–495

see also ketamineNNRTI. see nucleoside reverse-

transcriptase inhibitornociceptive painbone metastases 360cancer pain 341endometrial fibrosis 262pancreatitis 254spinal cord injury pain 17–21thoracic spine pain 123

non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drugs(NBHD) 462

non-maleficence principle, substanceabuse 402–403

non-small cell lung cancer,bone metastases 207–212, 209,211

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)

brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 295–344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome48

endometrial fibrosis 264lumbar spinal stenosis 169pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293poststroke pain 25pregnancy pain 284, 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128–304total knee arthroplasty 492,494

trigeminal neuralgia 319see also celecoxib; ibuprofen;

meloxicam; naproxennorepinephrine 218. see also SNRI

antidepressantsNorth American Neuromodulation

Society 178–179North American Spine Society

Diagnostic and TherapeuticCommittee 147

nortriptylinealcohol-induced neuropathy68–269

brachial plexopathy 33hematological cancer 363migraine headache 218–302, 303pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25tension headaches 313–314thoracic outlet syndrome 107

NPQ (Neuropathic PainQuestionnaire) 54

NPS (Neuropathic Pain Scale) 54NPSI (Neuropathic Pain Symptom

Inventory) 54NRT (neuroreflexotherapy), low back

pain 396NSAIDs. see non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory drugsNSDUH (National Survey in Drug

Use and Health) 442nuclear bone scanslumbar compression fracture 185,186–187

sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 198nucleoside reverse-transcriptase

inhibitor (NNRTI) medications500

nucleus accumbens (NA) 401–402Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) 5nutritional supportalcohol-induced neuropathy 65, 67,70

diabetic neuropathy 57HIV neuropathy 73, 77knee osteoarthritis 247opioid-induced constipation469–470

urine drug screening 411

obesityknee osteoarthritis 244postmastectomy lymphedema367–368, 370

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)and insomnia 460total knee arthroplasty 495

occipital nerve 304, 304, 309–310occipital neuralgiacervicogenic headache 86–89, 88differential diagnosis 81–82, 312treatments 89–93, 90, 91

occipital-atlanto-axial joint complex81–82, 86–89, 88

occupational risk factors, myofascialpain syndrome 226–227

Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration. see OSHA

occupational therapyalcohol-induced neuropathy 69thoracic outlet syndrome 106

OCD (osteo-chondral defects), anklepain 236–237

OIH (opioid-induced hyperalgesia) 219older patients, postherpetic neuralgia

9–10, 9–11O-Log (Orientation Log) 85OMT. see osteopathic manipulation

therapy

Index

521






onabotulinum. see botulinum toxinopiates, definitions 400–401Opioid Assessment tool for

Patients with Pain (SOAPP-R)404–405

opioid-induced constipation 467–472,467–472, 468

opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH)219

opioid receptor agonists 61opioid receptor antagonists 450, 471opioid receptors 468, 468Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) 404–405,

408–409opioidsalcohol-induced neuropathy 68bone metastases 208brachial plexopathy 33cancer pain 343–346, 345, 355chronic pelvic pain 269–270complex regional pain syndrome 48definitions 400–401dependence 442–453.see also substance abuse

diabetic neuropathy 59drug screens 410–416, 414–415epidural catheters 487–488fibromyalgia 216, 218–219functional restoration programs 227hematological cancer 363HIV neuropathy 76infant pain 382and insomnia 461intrathecal drug delivery 178–179knee osteoarthritis 247lumbar spinal stenosis 169metabolic pathways 411migraine headache 301myofascial pain syndrome 225, 227pancreatitis treatment 256patient-controlled analgesia 478phantom limb pain 40, 41postherpetic neuralgia 2–3, 2–4,2–15, 7–13, 9–10

postpartum pain 294poststroke pain 25pregnancy pain 287rotation 471side effects 3–7, 346–347, 347thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492,493–494

treatment agreement 404urine drug testing 505–507see also fentanyl; hydrocodone;

hydromorphone; methadone;morphine; oxycodone;tapentadol; tramadol

opiophobia 406

oral contraceptives, endometrialfibrosis 263–264

oral hydration, dural punctureheadache 436

organic brain syndrome, aberrantdrug use 408, 413

Orientation Log (O-Log) 85ORT (Opioid Risk Tool) 404–405,

408–409orthotics. see bracesOSA. see obstructive sleep apneaOSHA (Occupational Safety and

Health Administration), radiationexposure, standards 417–418

Osler, William 402osmotic laxatives 470ossification of posterior longitudinal

ligament (OPLL) 99osteoarthritis, temporomandibular

joint disorders 334–339.see also knee osteoarthritis

osteochondral defects (OCD), anklepain 236–237

osteopathic manipulation therapy(OMT) 230–232, 231, 285

osteoporosislumbar compression fracture 182,183–184, 183–184, 191

pregnancy pain 283and sacral insufficiency fracture204

osteitis pubis, pregnancy pain 283Oucher pain scale 383, 383outcome measuresanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 451–452

complementary and alternativemedicine 391, 397

opioid dependence 445see also Cochrane reviews;

systematic reviewsoutpatient psychological interventions

377overdose, accidentalmethadone prescription 499statistics 409, 413

oxidative stress, alcohol use 64–65,67, 69

oxycodoneanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–453

cancer pain 345phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 6–7pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107urine drug testing 414, 505–507

oxygen treatment, cluster headaches309

Paget’s disease 202Pain Medication Questionnaire

(PMQ) 408–409painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy

(PDPN) 52. see also diabeticneuropathy

palliative care, bone metastases 208palpation, knee osteoarthritis 245pancreas cancer pain. see cancer painpancreatitis 253–255, 253–258PAP. see postamputation painparacetamol. see acetaminophenparalysis following epidural steroid

injections 423–427, 429–433,430, 432

paresthesia, epidural catheters 484–486paroxetine, pregnancy pain 285passive range of motion testing

(PROM), ankle pain 236patellofemoral disorder, pregnancy

pain 283patents, anesthesia-assisted opiate

detoxification 453patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

476–480patient-controlled epidural

analgesia (PCEA) 482–488, 484,485

patient expectations, postlaminectomypain syndrome 175

patient global impression of change(PGIC) 5

patient information. see educationpatient-surgeon communication.

see therapeutic relationshipPatrick test (FABER test) 198PDMP. see Prescription Drug

Monitoring ProgramsPDPN. see painful diabetic peripheral

neuropathypediatric pain, 379–387, 381, 382,

383, 384pelvic belts 285, 292. see also bracespelvic floor muscle dysfunction,

chronic pelvic pain 268pelvic girdle pain (PGP)postpartum pain 291pregnancy pain 282–283see also chronic pelvic pain

pentosan polysulfate 269percutaneous disc surgery, lumbar disc

herniation 133–135, 134–136percutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation (PENS) 61percutaneous radiofrequency

neurotomy. see radiofrequencyablation

percutaneous radiofrequency thermo-coagulation 319–320

Index

522






percutaneous radiofrequencytrigeminal rhizotomy (PTR) 319

percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP)188–191

perineal pain, postpartum 291peripheral catheters. see continuous

peripheral cathetersperipheral nerve blockschronic pelvic pain 270migraine headache 304total knee arthroplasty 492–495,493

peripheral nerve stimulationcervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 92–93

chronic rectal pain 279peripheral neuropathychemotherapy-induced 342, 353lumbar spinal stenosis 168

PET. see positron emissiontomography

PGIC (patient global impression ofchange) 5

PGP. see pelvic girdle painphantom limb pain 16, 38–42,

39–42pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamicsbuprenorphine 443–444methadone 500–501

pharmacological treatmentsalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–69brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 343–346, 344, 345cervical radiculopathy 112chronic pelvic pain 268–270chronic rectal pain 277cluster headaches 309complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 57–60endometrial fibrosis 264epidural catheters 487–488fibromyalgia 217–218glossopharyngeal neuralgia 327hematological cancer 362–364HIV neuropathy 75–76insomnia 462knee osteoarthritis 247lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 169migraine headache 300–301, 303,304–305

myofascial pain syndrome 225pancreatitis 256phantom limb pain 39, 40postherpetic neuralgia 1–2postlaminectomy pain syndrome177–178

postpartum pain 293–295poststroke pain 25, 26

post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 284, 285spasticity 233–234sphenopalatine neuralgia 331spinal cord injury pain 19temporomandibular joint disorders338

tension headaches 313–314, 314thoracic outlet syndrome 106, 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 493–494trigeminal neuralgia 319see also alpha-2 adrenergics; alpha-2

delta ligands; antidepressants;anticonvulsants; beta blockers;calcium channel blockers;corticosteroids; localanesthetics; muscle relaxants;N-methyl-D-aspartateantagonists; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents; opioids

pharming, definitions 400–401phencyclidine, urine drug testing

410–416, 505–507phenol, spasticity 233phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine,

complex regional painsyndrome 48

phenytoinalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68poststroke pain 26pregnancy pain 285

PHN. see postherpetic neuralgiaphysical dependencedefinitions 400–401neurobiological processesunderlying addiction 401

physical therapyalcohol-induced neuropathy 69ankle pain 237cervical radiculopathy 113cervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 89

complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 60knee osteoarthritis 247lateral epicondylosis 241lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 169lumbar spondylosis 148–149myofascial pain syndrome 226postlaminectomy pain syndrome 179postmastectomy lymphedema367–368, 370

postpartum pain 292pregnancy pain 284sacral insufficiency fracture 204Scheuermann’s kyphosis 127thoracic outlet syndrome 106thoracic spine pain 128

see also exercisephysician, gut instinct 506–507phytotherapy, chronic pelvic pain 269pilonidal cyst, differential diagnosis

275PIN (posterior interosseous nerve)

240–241PIPP (Premature Infant Pain Profile)

381, 381piriformis syndrome 195–197, 290Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

460–461placebo effects, complementary and

alternative medicine 397platelet rich plasma (PRP)ankle pain 238knee osteoarthritis 247–249ankle pain 238lateral epicondylosis 241

pleuritis 43–44, 207PLPS. see postlaminectomy pain

syndromePMQ (Pain Medication

Questionnaire) 408–409pneumocephalus, differential

diagnosis 435pocket fills, intrathecal drug delivery

179Polyanalgesic Consensus Guidelines,

North AmericanNeuromodulation Society178–179

polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)bone metastases 210–211percutaneous vertebroplasty188–189

polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR),differential diagnosis 214,216–342

polyol pathway, diabetic neuropathy 58polysomnography 460population-based study, cluster

headaches 310positron emission tomography (PET),

diabetic neuropathy 54postamputation pain (PAP) 38.

see also phantom limb painpostdural puncture headache 175,

435–438, 486postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) 1–2, 13current guidelines limitations 4–5,9–10, 9–12

differential diagnosis 329dosing/onset of analgesia 8, 9, 10–13guidelines for treatment 2–3, 2–4,2–15

new clinical data 5–7side effects of treatment 7–8systematic reviews/meta-analyses 4

Index

523






postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) (cont.)treatment selection 7–13, 9

postlaminectomy pain syndrome(PLPS) 174–179, 176–178

drug screens, abnormal 410–416,411

factors associated with 175postmastectomy lymphedema

367–371postpartum pain 290–295poststroke pain. see central poststroke

painpost-thoracotomy pain 43–45post-tonsillectomy pain 325–328,

326–327posterior interosseous nerve (PIN)

240–241posterior rami syndrome 124–125,

127–128posterior talo-fibular ligament (PTFL)

235–236PI (protease inhibitors) 500PP (progressive polyradiculopathy)

72–74prednisolone, pregnancy pain 285prednisonepostpartum pain 293pregnancy pain 285, 287

pregabalinalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 344combination therapeuticapproaches 6–7

diabetic neuropathy 58fibromyalgia 218migraine headache 303pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 4, 7–8, 9,8–12

postpartum pain 294poststroke pain 26side effects 7–8spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492, 494

pregnancyanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448

epidural hematoma 430and sacral insufficiency fracture 202

pregnancy pain 282–288low back pain 195neurodiagnostic imaging guidelines284–289

pharmacological treatments 285see also postpartum pain

Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)381, 381

Prescription Drug MonitoringPrograms (PDMP), aberrantdrug use 412

pressure algometers 43prevalence. see epidemiology/

demographicsprevention strategieslateral epicondylosis 241migraine headache 300–314, 303

PRICEMM (protect, ice, compression,elevation, medication,modalities), lateral epicondylosis241

primary insomnia 459principle of beneficence 402–403principle of Daubert 83principle of justice 403principle of non-maleficence 402–403proinflammatory cytokines, HIV

neuropathy 75proctalgia fugax 275–276progestational agents, endometrial

fibrosis 263–264progressive muscle relaxation (PMR).

see relaxation trainingprogressive polyradiculopathy (PP)

72–74prolotherapyankle pain 237–238, 238elbow pain 242lateral epicondylosis 241low back pain 395–396

PROM (passive range of motion)testing, ankle pain 236

prophylactic medication, migraineheadache 300–314, 303

propranololmigraine headache 303pregnancy pain 285

Proprionibacterium acnes 146, 148prosapepide, HIV neuropathy 77prostatitis 267, 272prosthesesphantom limb pain 40–41temporomandibular joint disorders338

protease inhibitors (PI) 500protein kinase C inhibitors, diabetic

neuropathy 58proximal radioulnar joint 240PRP. see platelet rich plasmapseudoaddiction 400–401, 408, 413pseudogout. see calcium

pyrophosphate dihydratedisease

PSTIM (pulse stimulation treatment)393

psychiatric complications, anesthesiaassisted opiate detoxification 450

psychological interventionsalcohol-induced neuropathy 69chronic pain syndrome 373–377complex regional pain syndrome48

diabetic neuropathy 60hematological cancer 364HIV neuropathy 77knee osteoarthritis 247myofascial pain syndrome226–227

temporomandibular joint disorders337–338

see also cognitive behavioraltherapy; cognitive therapy;mental health disorders

psychometric tools, insomnia460–461. see also screening tools

psychosocial factors, postpartum pain291–292

psychostimulants, cancer pain 344psychotropic drugs, postpartum pain

294pterygopalatine ganglion 329–330PTFL (posterior talo-fibular ligament)

235–236PTR (percutaneous radiofrequency

trigeminal rhizotomy) 319pubic symphysis separation,

pregnancy pain 283pudendal nerve, male pelvis 266pudendal nerve blockchronic pelvic pain 271chronic rectal pain 279, 347

pudendal neuralgia, differentialdiagnosis 275

pulse stimulation treatment (PSTIM)393

pulsed mode fluoroscopy, radiationexposure 419–420

pulsed radiofrequency ablation 113,200. see also radiofrequencyablation

pulvinar nucleus, thalamus 24

qualified medical evaluator (QME),disability benefits 224

quality of life (QOL) 62phantom limb pain 41–42postmastectomy lymphedema367–368

poststroke pain 26–27thoracic outlet syndrome 108

quantitative sensory testing (QST)alcohol-induced neuropathy 66diabetic neuropathy 53HIV neuropathy 53

Index

524






Quantitative Sudomotor Axon ReflexTest (QSART) 75

Quebec Task Force (QTF) 116

radiation exposure, interventionalpain physician, 417–422, 418,419

radiation-induced fibrosis 368radiation-induced painhematological cancer 361–362pancreatic cancer 353

radiation proctitis 275–277radiation treatment, cancer pain 342radicular painlumbar facet mediated pain 138, 138paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 429–433

radiculopathyepidural catheters 484–486paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 423–427

secondary to lumbar disc herniation132, 134

radiofrequency ablationankle pain 237Bertolotti’s syndrome 157bone metastases 208–212cervical radiculopathy 113cervicogenic headache 89–90, 91facet joints, cervical 119–120,119–121

glossopharyngeal neuralgia 328lumbar facet mediated pain140–143, 142

pancreatic cancer pain 354pancreatitis treatment 257sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 199–200thoracic spine pain 128

radiographyankle pain 236–237axial neck pain 118Baastrup’s disease 161brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 112cervical stenosis 95, 97–99diffuse idiopathic skeletalhyperostosis 126

lumbar compression fracture 185lumbar facet mediated pain 139

radiohumeral joint 240radionucleotide bone scan. see nuclear

bone scanramelteon 462range of motion (ROM) testing 236,

245RDC. see research diagnostic criteriarectal innervation, chronic rectal pain

275–276rectal pain, chronic 275–280, 278, 279

red flagsdrug screens, abnormal 415migraine headache 298–299substance abuse 402

referred paindifferential diagnosis 275sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 196,196–197

see also visceral painregenerative injection therapy (RIT)knee osteoarthritis 247–249low back pain 395–396

Regenexx-SCP, ankle pain 238regional anesthesia, postoperative

491–495, 492, 493, 495rehabilitationbrachial plexopathy 33complex regional pain syndrome48

epidural hematoma 433spinal cord injury pain 18see also physical therapy

relaxation trainingchronic pain syndrome 374–375insomnia 464low back pain 394postpartum pain 293tension headaches 313see also muscle relaxants

relaxation-induced anxiety 375remifentanil 478renal functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448

buprenorphine 444postherpetic neuralgia 9, 9–10, 11–12

research diagnostic criteria,temporomandibular jointdisorders (RDC/TMD) 333,334–339, 336

research studies, spinal manipulation232. see also meta-analyses;systematic reviews

residual-limb pain (RLP) 38–39.see also phantom limb pain

resisted middle finger test 241resisted wrist extension test 241respect for patient autonomy 403respiratory depressionepidural catheters 486opioids 443

respiratory system, postoperativeanalgesia 483

restless leg syndrome 216retrospective studies, regional

anesthesia 492rheumatoid arthritis,differential diagnoses 99, 202, 240,244–246, 336

sacroiliac joint pain 196rhizotomy, glossopharyngeal neuralgia

327riboflavin (vitamin B2), migraine

headache 304risk assessment, opioid use for chronic

pain 403–404risk factors for developmentaberrant drug use 408–409, 413ankle pain 235cancer pain 342–343cervical stenosis/myelopathy97–99

cluster headaches 308dural puncture headache 437–438lumbar spondylosis, discogenic pain145

myofascial pain syndrome226–227

opioid dependence 442–443postmastectomy lymphedema367–368

postpartum pain 291–292sacral insufficiency fracture 202, 240vasovagal response during painprocedures 474

RIT. see regenerative injection therapyRLP. see residual-limb painROM (range of motion) testing 236,

245ropivacaine 487

sacral insufficiency fracture 202–205differential diagnosis 202, 275postpartum pain 290risk factors for development 240

sacral kyphoplasty 204–205, 205–206sacroiliac joint pain 195–200, 196differential diagnosis 144, 155,195–197, 202

postpartum 290sacroplasty 204–205St John’s wort 77saline injections, dural puncture

headache 437salivary gland disorders 336SAMHSA/CSAT. see Substance Abuse

and Mental Health ServicesAdministration

Scheuermann’s kyphosis 126–127,127–352

sciatic nerve blocks, total kneearthroplasty 492

scoliosisepidural catheters 488postpartum pain 290

Screener for Opioid Assessment forPatients with Pain-Revised(SOAPP-R) 408–409

Index

525






screening toolsaberrant drug use 408–409insomnia 460–461opioids, safe use for chronic pain404–405

SCS. see spinal cord stimulationSCT. see stem cell transplantationsecondary insomnia 460Seddon classification, diabetic

neuropathy 56, 56selective serotonergic reuptake

inhibitors. see SSRIs; selectiveserotonin and norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors, SNRIs

selective sodium channel blockers,diabetic neuropathy 61

self-medication, aberrant drug use 408self-report scales, children 383Semmes Weinstein monofilament

examination (SWME) 54sennosides, opioid-induced

constipation 470sensitization, poststroke pain 24, 27sepsis, anesthesia-assisted opiate

detoxification 449septic arthritis, differential diagnosis

244seronegative spondyloarthropathies

196serotonin syndrome 7, 439–441, 440,

440postherpetic neuralgia 12treatment complications 310triptans 300 see also SNRIs; SSRIs

Sharp-Purser test, cervicogenicheadache 84

shingles 1. see also postherpeticneuralgia

short-lasting unilateral neuralgiformheadache attacks withconjunctival injection and tearing(SUNCT) 330

shoulder abduction relief test 111shoulder pain 109and axial neck injuries 116–117poststroke pain 23, 23–26spinal cord injury pain 18

side effects, medicationopioids 346–347, 347patient-controlled analgesia 479tricyclic antidepressants 3–7see also treatment complications

sign language, hearing impairedpatients 388–389

sinusitis, differential diagnosis 312Sjogren’s syndrome, differential

diagnosis 214skeletal-related events (SRE) 207–208.

see also bone metastases

skin biopsyalcohol-induced neuropathy 66diabetic neuropathy 53HIV neuropathy 74

sleep apnea. see obstructive sleepapnea

sleep diaries 460, 463.see also insomnia

sleep disorders, fibromyalgia 216sleep restriction 463SLN (superior laryngeal neuralgia)

327slow-wave sleep, fibromyalgia 216Sluder neuralgia 307–329small fiber HIV neuropathy 74–75SMT. see spinal manipulative therapySNRIs (selective serotonin and

norepinephrine reuptakeinhibitors) 218

alcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269chronic pain syndrome 373diabetic neuropathy 59hematological cancer 363insomnia 462migraine headache 302–310, 303phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 286spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic outlet syndrome 107see also duloxetine; milnacipam;

venlafaxinesodium channels, poststroke pain 24somatic dysfunction, spinal

manipulation 230–231somatization/somatoform disorderdifferential diagnosis 214, 217Munchausen syndrome 456–458myofascial pain syndrome226–227

postlaminectomy pain syndrome174, 175

sorbitoldiabetic neuropathy 58opioid-induced constipation 470

spasticity 232, 232–234poststroke pain 23, 23–24spinal cord injury pain 17–18

Special Interest Group on NeuropathicPain, International Associationfor the Study of Pain (NeuPSIG)2–3, 2–3, 2–15, 6

sphenopalatine ganglion 307–329sphenopalatine neuralgia 329–332spinal cord injury pain 16–20, 17–21.

see also thoracic spine pain;vertebral fractures

spinal cord stimulation (SCS) 50, 60,225

complex regional pain 50, 50pancreatic cancer pain 354pancreatitis treatment 257postlaminectomy pain 177thoracic spine pain 129

spinal degeneration 152, 161spinal fusion 196spinal manipulative therapy (SMT)

,230–232, 231, 394spinal stenosis 144, 152and chronic pain 459–464constipation 467–472, 467–472lumbar. see lumbar spinalstenosis

postlaminectomy pain, 174–179postpartum pain 290

spino-thalamo-cortical pathway 24spinous processes, Baastrup’s disease

160–162, 161, 162spiritual healing 394–395spondylarthopathies, differential

diagnosis 245spondylosis 165spontaneous intracranial hypotension

435sprained ankle, differential diagnosis

235Spurling’s maneuver 111SRE. see skeletal-related eventsSSRIs (selective serotonergic reuptake

inhibitors)chronic pain syndrome 373fibromyalgia 218migraine headache 299–300,302–310, 303

postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25pregnancy pain 286

St John’s wort 77standards, OSHA radiation exposure

417–418Staphylococcus aureus 484state inspections, radiation exposure

417stationary bicycle test 168, 172stellate ganglion block 49stem cell transplantation (SCT)hematological cancer 362knee osteoarthritis 248–249, 249

stereotactic radiosurgery, trigeminalneuralgia 322

Sternbach’s criteria, serotoninsyndrome 440

steroids. see corticosteroids, epiduralsteroid injections

stimulants, opioid-inducedconstipation 470

stimulus control, insomnia 463strains, ankle pain 235

Index

526






stress, psychologicalaberrant drug use 413and insomnia 460–461phantom limb pain 39tension headaches 313see also trauma

stress fractures 155, 202–205strokes, and migraine headache

299. see also central poststrokepain

stump pain (residual-limb pain)38–39. see also phantom limbpain

subdural hematoma, differentialdiagnosis 435

substance abuse 399, 406definitions 400–401, 408differential diagnosis 399–400epidemiology/demographics 399ethics 402–403methadone prescription 499neurobiological processesunderlying addiction 401–402

opioid dependence 442–443and postherpetic neuralgiatreatment 9–10, 12

safe use of opioids for chronic pain403–406

see also addiction; drug screensSubstance Abuse and Mental Health

Services Administration/Centerfor Substance Abuse Treatment(SAMHSA/CSAT) 444

substance dependence, definition 408substance misuse, definition 408subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint 235–236sufentanilepidural catheters 487patient-controlled analgesia 478

suicidal ideation/suicideanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448

chronic pain syndrome 373cluster headaches 308and insomnia 459medication-overuse headache 442phantom limb pain 41–42sphenopalatine neuralgia 329spinal cord injury pain 16, 20trigeminal neuralgia 318

sumatriptan 486SUNCT (short-lasting unilateral

neuralgiform headache attackswith conjunctival injection andtearing) 330

Sunderland’s classification, diabeticneuropathy 56, 56

super-concentrated platelets, anklepain 238

superior hypogastric plexus 264, 266,271

superior laryngeal neuralgia (SLN) 327superior radioulnar joint 240suppositories, opioid-induced

constipation 470–471supraorbital nerve stimulation,

migraine headache 304sural nerve biopsy, alcohol-induced

neuropathy 66–67surgeryankle pain 239axial neck pain 121Baastrup’s disease 163Bertolotti’s syndrome 157cervical radiculopathy 113–114cervical stenosis/myelopathy 98–99diabetic neuropathy 60endometrial fibrosis 264–265epidural hematoma 427–433knee osteoarthritis 249–250lumbar disc herniation 133–135,134–136

lumbar spinal stenosis 171–177pancreatitis treatment 257–258phantom limb pain 41postmastectomy lymphedema370

sacral insufficiency fracture204–205

scoliosis surgery 488temporomandibular joint disorders338

thoracic outlet syndrome 107–108see also compression/

decompression;postlaminectomy painsyndrome

swallowing, glossopharyngealneuralgia 325

SWME (Semmes Weinsteinmonofilament examination) 54

sympathetic nerve blocks. see nerveblocks

sympathetic nervous systemfibromyalgia 216postoperative analgesia 482–483

symphysiolysis, pregnancy pain 283syringomyelia 17, 96systematic reviewsacupuncture 393anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 451–452

chronic rectal pain 277herbalism 396massage 393patient-controlled analgesia 477postherpetic neuralgia 4postoperative analgesia 482–483

see also Cochrane reviews;meta-analyses

systemic lupus erythematosis,differential diagnosis 214

systemic vasculitis, differentialdiagnosis 214

TAA (total ankle arthoplasty) 239TAC (trigeminal autonomic

cephalalgia) 308, 330Tai Chi, low back pain 394talocalcaneal joint 235–236talocrural joint 235–236tanezumab, diabetic neuropathy 61tapentadoldiabetic neuropathy 61phantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107

TCAs. see tricyclic antidepressantsTEDS. see treatment episode data setstelescoping, amputated limbs 39temporomandibular joint disorders

(TMD) 333–338, 334–339,335–337, 337

tender point survey, fibromyalgia 215tennis elbow 240–242TENS. see transcutaneous electrical

nerve stimulationtension, nervous/muscular 374–375.

see also relaxation training; stresstension type headaches (TTH)

312–314, 314, 336, 435teriparitide 204terminology. see definitionstheophylline, dural puncture 486therapeutic relationshipcancer pain 343postlaminectomy pain syndrome175

psychoanalysis 375–376thermal radiofrequency ablation.

see radiofrequency ablationthiamine. see vitamin B1thigh thrust test 197thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)

102–108, 103, 107clinical features 104–105differential diagnosis 31–32, 32–34,104–105, 109

examination/work-up 105thoracic outlet spaces 103–104

thoracic radiculopathy 43–44thoracic spine pain 123, 123–129,

124–125, 126, 127–352thoracolumbar junction syndrome

127–128thoracotomy, postoperative pain

43–45, 482thrombosis, postoperative analgesia 483

Index

527






tibia fracture 38. see also phantomlimb pain

tibial H-reflex, alcohol-inducedneuropathy 66

tibiofibular joint 235–236Tietze syndrome. see costochondritistizanidinebrachial plexopathy 36hematological cancer 364phantom limb pain 40spasticity 233spinal cord injury pain 18thoracic outlet syndrome 107

TKA (total knee arthroplasty)491–495, 492, 493

TLS (tumor lysis syndrome) 362TMD. see temporomandibular joint

disorderstolerancedefinitions 400–401neurobiological processesunderlying addiction 401

tonsillectomy pain 325–328, 326–327topical agentsalcohol-induced neuropathy68, 269

cancer pain 344chronic rectal pain 277diabetic neuropathy 59HIV neuropathy 76see also capsaicin; lidocaine

topiramatemigraine headache 302, 303poststroke pain 26

torsades de pointes 58–59, 499–500TOS. see thoracic outlet syndrometotal ankle arthoplasty (TAA) 239total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

491–495, 492, 493total neuropathy score (TNS), HIV

neuropathy 74traction/neck distraction test 111traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

392tramadolalcohol-induced neuropathy 68diabetic neuropathy 59dosing/onset of analgesia 9phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 2–4, 2–15,3–7, 7–12

pregnancy pain 287serotonin syndrome 439–441side effects 3–7, 7–8thoracic outlet syndrome 107

transcutaneous electrical nervestimulation (TENS)

brachial plexopathy 33chronic pelvic pain 268

diabetic neuropathy 61lumbar facet mediated pain 140phantom limb pain 40–41postherpetic neuralgia 6–7postpartum pain 293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 285spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic spine pain 128

transdermal analgesic routes 345–346transient receptor potential channels-

vanilloid receptors (TRP V1) 61transnasal drug delivery,

sphenopalatine neuralgia 331transplacental drug delivery, fetal pain

380trapped nerves, postpartum pain 291.

see also compression/decompression

traumaglossopharyngeal neuralgia 326spinal cord injury pain 16and temporomandibular jointdisorders 335

see also motor vehicle collisions;stress

treatment algorithmsdiabetic neuropathy 57endometrial fibrosis 264–265pancreatitis 255

treatment complicationsanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 449–450

axial neck pain 121bone metastases 212breast cancer, metastatic 370cluster headaches 310complementary and alternativemedicine 397

corticosteroids 202discography 147–148dural puncture headache 438epidural catheters 484–487epidural steroid injections 424interspinous spacers 171lumbar compression fracture186

lumbar facet mediated pain 143methadone prescription 501neuraxial analgesia 355paralysis following epiduralinjections 423–427, 429–433,430, 432

and patient-controlled analgesia479–480

postlaminectomy pain syndrome179

sacral insufficiency fracture 205sphenopalatine neuralgia 331

vasovagal response during painprocedures 473–475

vertebral augmentation procedures188

see also side effectstreatment episode data sets (TEDS),

opioid dependence 442tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)alcohol-induced neuropathy68, 269

brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 344chronic pain syndrome 373chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 58–59fibromyalgia 218glossopharyngeal neuralgia 327hematological cancer 363migraine headache 218–302,303

pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 2–3, 2–4,2–15, 7–11, 9

postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25, 26pregnancy pain 286side effects 3–7spinal cord injury pain 19temporomandibular joint disorders338

tension headaches 313–314thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128see also amitriptyline; desipramine;

imipramine; nortriptylinetrigeminal autonomic cephalalgia

(TAC) 308, 330trigeminal neuralgia 316–323,

317, 320differential diagnosis 312, 327,336

trigemino-vascular systemcluster headaches 308–309migraine headache 297–298

trigger point injections 270, 371trigger points 43myofascial pain syndrome 82tension headaches 313

triptanscluster headaches 309migraine headache 299–300,300–301

treatment complications 310TTH. see tension type headachestumor lysis syndrome (TLS) 362T-wave response, alcohol-induced

neuropathy 66

Index

528






ulnohumeral (trochlear) joint 240ultrasound 175epidural catheters 484pancreatitis 254–255pregnancy pain 287–288

United Statespostherpetic neuralgia, incidence 1shingles, incidence 1spinal cord injury pain, prevalence 16

United States Drug EnforcementAdministration 413

United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 421

universal precautions, opioid use 404urethral strictures, differential

diagnosis 267urethritis, differential diagnosis 267urinary tract infections, differential

diagnosis 267urine drug screening (UDS) 405,

504–507. see also drug screensUtah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS)

75

valproate, alcohol-induced neuropathy67–68

valproic acid, pregnancy pain 285Valsalva maneuver 111varicella-zoster virus (VZV) 1.

see also postherpetic neuralgiavascular compression,

glossopharyngeal neuralgia 326vascular imaging studies, thoracic

outlet syndrome 106vasovagal response 473–475venlafaxinemigraine headache 303poststroke pain 25tension headaches 314

ventral posterior nucleus 24ventral tegmental area (VTA) 401–402ventrocaudalis portae nucleus 24verapamil 302cluster headaches 309

migraine headache 303verbiest syndrome 164–165.

see also lumbar spinal stenosisvertebral compression 124–125.

see also compression/decompression; lumbarcompression fracture

vertebral augmentation (VBA)procedures 186–191, 204–205

vertebral fracturesdifferential diagnosis 202postpartum pain 290

vertebroplasty, hematological cancer364

visceral paindifferential diagnosis 207endometrial fibrosis 261–265lumbar facet mediated pain137–138

lumbar spinal stenosis 168pancreatitis 253–255, 253–258pelvic 275spinal cord injury pain 16–17,17–21

thoracic region 123viscosupplementation, ankle pain 237visual aura, migraine headache

297–299, 302vitamin B1alcohol-induced neuropathy 64–66,70

HIV neuropathy 73vitamin B2, migraine headache 304vitamin B9 65, 73vitamin B12alcohol-induced neuropathy 65HIV neuropathy 73

vitamin Ealcohol-induced neuropathy67, 70

migraine headache 304vitamin pills, pregnancy 285VP (percutaneous vertebroplasty)

188–191

VTA (ventral tegmental area) 401–402VZV. see varicella-zoster virus

Webster study, postherpeticneuralgia 5

whiplash 81–82, 116.see also cervicogenic headache

white matter hyperintensities (WMH),migraine headache 299

willow bark, low back pain 396withdrawal syndromeanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 450

opioid dependence 443, 447Wong-Baker Pain Rating Scale

383workers, compensation (WC) system

224–225myofascial pain syndrome 223

World Health Organization (WHO)analgesic ladder

cancer pain 343pancreatitis treatment 256

x-ray findings. see radiographyX-STOP Interspinous Process

Decompression (IPD) System170

X-STOP PEEK (polyetherketone) 170

yoga, low back pain 394

zaleplon 462ziconotide, intrathecal drug delivery

178–179zolpidem 462fibromyalgia 218insomnia 462

zonisamidemigraine headache 303poststroke pain 26

zopiclone 462zygapophysial joint. see lumbar facet

mediated pain

Index

529






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