Index

AAB. See Atomic bremsstrahlung (AB)Absolute quantitation, Absorption

–color center, , –deep, –density, , , , –depth, –formation, , ,

–recovery, ––shower counters,

Abundance sensitivity, , , Accelerator

–as interactive system, –luminosity, –measurements, ,

Accelerator-based muon systems, –Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), –,

–applications

–archaeology, ––environmental, ––geology, –

Acceptance, , , Acceptance–rejection sampling method, –,

Accidental coincidences, –, AC coupled silicon sensor, Accuracy, , Acollinearity, , Activated scintillator, Activation, Active beam shaping, , Active contour, –Active mm-wave systems, –Adaptive filter, , Adaptive radiation therapy (ART), Adaptive vertex filter, Adaptive vertex reconstruction (AVR), ADC. See Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)AEC. See Automatic exposure control (AEC)AERA. See Auger engineering radio array (AERA)Aerogel, , , , , AGASA, –Aging effects, AIC. See Akaike information criterion (AIC)Air Cherenkov telescope, , , Air density, , , AIRES, AIROBICC,

Akaike information criterion (AIC), ALARA principle, , , , ALEPH Experiment, , ALICE, , , Alkali halide, –Alpha

–decay, , –particle,

Alternating gradient, Americium-, AMIGA. See Auger muons and infill for the ground

array (AMIGA)Amplifier

–bandwidth, , , –charge sensitive, ––gains, –input impedance, , , , , ,

AMS. See Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)AMS- (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer–), Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

–aliasing, –amplifier, –conversion time, , –differential non-linearity, ––flash, , –parameters, –pipelined, –successive approximation, , –Wilkinson, –

Analysis of detector system, –Analytic simulation, , , , , ,

, AND gate, , Anger camera, , Anger gamma camera, –Angiography, , Annealing schedule, , Annihilation, , –, , , , , ,

–muon, , –observables,

Anode photo-current, , Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA),

, ANTARES experiment. See Astronomy with a

Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmentalRESearch (ANTARES experiment)

Anti-aliasing, –filter,

Anticoincidence, , APD. See Avalanche photodiodes (APDs)

Index

Apparent energy, , , ARGO-YBJ, Array detectors, Arrays, , ART. See Adaptive radiation therapy (ART)Arterial input function, , –, –Arterial sampling, , Artificial diamond, –Artificial neural network, ASDEX Upgrade, , –Askaryan effect, , , Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss

environmental RESearch (ANTARESexperiment),

Astroparticle physics, , , , –detector, –

Astrophysical observations, ATIC, , ATLAS, –, –Atmospheric monitoring, , Atmospheric muon detectors, –Atomic bremsstrahlung (AB), , Attenuation, , , , –,

–coefficients, , , –, , –correction, –, –of X-rays, , , ,

Auger electrons, , Auger engineering radio array (AERA), Auger muons and infill for the ground array

(AMIGA), Automatic exposure control (AEC), , Avalanche photodiodes (APDs), , , ,

, , , Average ionization density, Azimuth angle,

BBaBar, , , , Backfill, Background, , , , –, , ,

, –combinatorial, –radiation, , –suppression,

Backprojection, –, , , Backscatter peak, , Backsplash, , Balloon altitudes, Balloon-borne experiment with a superconducting

spectrometer (BESS), , , , Bambynek, W., Band gap, –, , , , , , , ,

, , –, , , Bands, , , , , Barrel region, ,

Base materials, , Basis function method, Bayes factor, , –Bayesian

–ideal observer, , –intervals, ––statistics, , , , , ,

–objective, Bayes’ theorem, , , , , , , Beam-conditions monitor (BCM), , , , Beam

–delivery, –, , –hardening artifacts, , , , , –intensities, , –kaon, , –muon, –pion, –range, , , , , , , –spot, ,

Becquerel (Bq), , , , , Becquerel, H. A., BED. See Biological effective dose (BED)Beer–Lambert law, , Belle, ,

–detector, –experiment, –II experiment,

Bentonites, –BESS. See Balloon-borne experiment with a

superconducting spectrometer (BESS)Beta+ activation, Beta decay, , , , –Beta distribution, Bethe–Bloch formula, , BGO. See Bismuth germanate (BGO)Bilinear scaling method, Binding

–energy, , –potential, ,

Binning, Binomial data, , –Binomial distribution, , , Biological effective dose (BED), –Biological imaging, –Biomonitoring, BIPM. See International Bureau of Weights and

Measures (BIPM)Bipolar transistors, , , Bismuth germanate (BGO), , , , –,

, , , , , BLANCA, Blood flow, –BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD)BNCT. See Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)Bolometers, –, Bone architecture,

Index

Bone mineral density (BMD), , Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS), , –Border security, technology, –Boron-lined proportional counters, Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), Bragg

–peak, , , , , , , , –scattering,

Branching ratio, Breast cancer

–positron emission mammography (PEM), –single photon emission mammography(SPEM),

Bremsstrahlung, , , , , , , , , ,, , ,

BSS. See Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS)Bulk Micromegas, , , , , ,

CCadmium sulfide (CdS), Cadmium telluride (CdTe), , –, ,

–Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe), –, Calculated attenuation correction, CALET, Calibration, , , Calorimeters, –, , , –, ,

–energy flow, , –hadronic jets, –noble-liquid calorimeters, , –segmentation, –water Cerenkov calorimeters,

Calorimetric energy, Cancer

–hadron therapy, –leukemia, –thyroid gland, ,

Capacitive matching, , Cardiac gating, , CASA-MIA, Case of direct (DC) acceleration, , , CBF. See Cerebral blood flow (CBF)CBV. See Cerebral blood volume (CBV)CCD. See Charge-coupled device (CCD)CDF. See Cumulative distribution function (CDF)CdS. See Cadmium sulfide (CdS)CdTe. See Cadmium telluride (CdTe)CdZnTe. See Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe)Cell cultures for RBE determination, Cell proliferation, Center-of-gravity (COG) method, Centroid, , , , –, Cerebral blood flow (CBF), Cerebral blood volume (CBV), Chadwick, J.,

Channel–number, , , , –, , –width, , ,

Channeling, , –Channeltrons, Characteristic X-rays, , , , , , Charge

–carrier concentration, ––collection, , , –exchange, ––integration method, –measurement, ––sensitive amplifier, –, –transfer, ,

Charge-coupled device (CCD), , , , –cameras, ,

Charged-current interaction, Charged-particle detectors

–implanted junction, ––surface barrier, –

Chemical techniques, Cherenkov, –, –,

–angle, , , , , , –calorimeters, , –camera, –counter, –

–imaging, ––threshold, ,

–detectors, non-imaging atmospheric, –energy threshold, –lateral distribution, –light, –, , , ,

–cone, –neutrino telescope, –radiation, , , , , , , ,

–polarization, –radio. See Radio Cherenkov radiation

–radiator, , –ring radius, , –telescope

–air, , , –ice, –stereoscopic, , –water, ,

–threshold, , , –timing counter, –tracking calorimeter, –yield,

Cherenkov, P., Cherenkov telescope array (CTA), Chi-square, ,

–distribution, , , , –filtered, , –smoothed, , , –

Chromaticity, CIEMAT/NIST method,

Index

Circuits–detector equivalent, ––digital, , –equivalent,

Classification tasks, –Clay minerals, CLEO-III experiment, CLIC. See Compact linear collider (CLIC)Clinical dose prescription, Clinical target volume (CTV), Clocked integration, Cluster(ing), , , , , , ,

–of double-strand breaks, , Cluster counting method, CMOS, , CMS (detector), , , , , ,

–, CO capture and sequestration (CCS), CODALEMA, , Coded aperture, Coding error, Coefficient of variation, Coincidence

–circuit, ––counting, π β–γ, ––detection, –, , , , ,

Collider–beta function, –circular, ––computing system, –convolution, –hadron, , , –, , , , –LEP, , –linear, , , , –proton–antiproton, , –Tevatron,

Collimator, –, –, , , ,–, –

Collisional quenching, Color center. See Absorption color centerColsher filter, Compact linear collider (CLIC), , , Compartmental methods, –, Compartment model, –, , , Composite kernel, , Compound semiconductor detectors, –Compton

–absorption, , –continuum, , –edge, –effect, –, , , , –interaction, –, –scatter(ing), , , , , , ,–

–suppression, –Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO),

Computed tomography (CT), , , –, ,, , , , , , , –

Computed tomography dose index (CTDI), , Concentration, , , , , , –, ,

, Conduction bands, , , , Conductive glue, , Cone beam, , –, ,

–artifacts, –CT, –geometry, , , , ,

CONEX, , Confidence intervals, –Conform beam delivery, Conformity of the delivered dose, Contact, electric, , , , Continuous channel number, , , Continuum, , –, , Contrast agents, , , Conversion electrons, Convolution, , Convolution-forced detection, Coronal mass ejections (CME), Coronary angiography, Correlation coefficient, , , ,

, CORSIKA, , , , , Cosmic muons, , , , Cosmic Ray Electron Synchrotron Telescope

(CREST), Cosmic rays, –, , , , , ,

–future experiments, ––measurements, ––nuclei, –open problems, , –

COSMOS, Coster–Kronig probabilities, Coulomb scattering, Counter, , Counting statistics, , , Counting time, , , , , Covariance, , , , , ,

–matrix, –, , , CR , , CREAM, Critical angle, Critical energy, –, , , Cross section, –, ,

–cut, –differential, , –inclusive jet, ,

Cryogenic–calorimeters, ––detectors, –spectrometers,

Crystal calorimeters,

Index

CsI, , –photosensitive material, , , ,

CsI(Na), CsI(Tl), –, –, –, , , CT. See Computed tomography (CT)CTA. See Cherenkov telescope array (CTA)CTDI. See Computed Tomography Dose Index

(CTDI)CT projection, –, –, , , , CT-range calibration curves, CTV. See Clinical target volume (CTV)Cultural heritage

–science, , , , –studies, ,

Cumulative distribution function (CDF), , ,–

Cup-factor, Cupping artifact, Curie (Ci), Curie, I., Curie, M., , Curie, P., , Cyclotron, , CZT (cadmium zinc telluride), –,

DD detector, , –Daly detector, , , , Daly, N.R., , Dark currents, erratic, , , Dark noise, Data

–abstraction, , , , , –access, –analysis, –, –detector, , –flow, –offline, –online, –raw, –, –reduction, , , , –storage, –workflow,

Data acquisition (DAQ), DC. See Case of direct (DC) accelerationDead time, , , , , , Decay constant, Decay-level diagram, Decay time, dE/dx. See Specific energy loss dE/dxdE/dx-E technique, Deep color center, Defined solid angle (DSA) counting, Degrees of freedom, , , Delay,

Delayed coincidence window technique, Deleptonization, DELPHI experiment,

–particle identification, Delta

–electron, ––rays,

Densely ionizing radiation, , , Density

–of air, , , , –effect, , –resolution, –, –variations, ,

Depth of interaction (DOI), , , , , Depth of shower maximum, , , , , ,

, , , , , Detection limits, , , Detectors, , , –, ,

–alignment, –central tracking, –crystal, , –design, , –forward, –integration, ––micromegas, , –optimization, , ––performance, , ––resolution, , , , , , , –response, , , –, ,

–function, , , , –types

–direct, , –indirect,

Deterministic annealing filter (DAF), , , Diamond

–chemical vapor deposition, ––sensor, –

Difference between protons and heavy ions, Different therapy modalities, Diffusion, –, , , , Digital, , , –Digital circuits, , , Digital signal processing, –, , –Digitization (DIGI), , , , , , , Digitization noise, Dipole, , , Dirac delta function, DIRC detector, , Direct Fourier reconstruction, Direction resolution, Direct ion storage (DIS), –DIS. See Direct ion storage (DIS)Discrete channel number, , , Dispersion, , , Displacement energy, DLP. See Dose length product (DLP)

Index

DNA as main target, DOI. See Depth of interaction (DOI)Dopant, , , ,

–impurities, –Dose, , , –, , , –,

–, ––escalation, , –painting, ––rate dependent, –, , –reconstruction from PET data,

Dose-guided radiotherapy, –Dose length product (DLP), Dosimeter

–albedo, , , –film badge, , –finger-ring dosimeter, –neutron, , , –pen-type pocket, , –personal dosimetry, , ––track-etch dosimeter,

Drift chamber, , , , , Drift tube chambers (DT), , –, , Drift velocity, –, , DT. See Drift tube chambers (DT)D–T reactions, , , Dual-energy

–CT, , –technique,

Dual-layer scintillators, Dual-readout calorimetry, Dynamic

–CT, –imaging, , –range, , , –studies, , , , ,

Dynode, , , , –voltage, –

EEAS. See Extensive air showersEAS-TOP, , , EDS. See Energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS)Effective dose, EGRET, Electromagnetic calorimeters, –

–electromagnetic shower containment, Electromagnetic showers, Electronegative gas, Electron–hole pairs, , Electronic noise, cross coupling, Electronic portal imaging, Electronics

–baseline, , , –bubble chamber, , –front-end,

Electron micro-probe analysis (EMPA), Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Electron–photon cascades, –Electron, , , , , ,

–attachment, , –avalanche, , , , –capture, , , , –density, , –mobility, , –multipliers, –temperatures, , , , –volt,

Electron spin resonance (ESR), Electrostatic analyzer (ESA), Elementary particle physics, , Elongation rate theorem, Emission, , , , EMPA. See Electron micro-probe analysis (EMPA)Emulsions, ENC. See Equivalent noise charge (ENC)ENDOR. See Electron-nuclear double resonance

(ENDOR)Energy

–center of mass, –confinement time, –deposit, ––detector, , –electron, –flow, –loss, , , , –measurement, –missing transverse, –resolution, , , , , , , , , ,, –, –, , –, , ,, , , , –of jet,

Energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), ,,

Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), ,,

Energy-weighted centroid, EPID-based D in-vivo dosimetry, Epithermal neutrons, , –E/p method, EPOS, Epotecny E, Equivalent noise charge (ENC), , –EROC. See Estimation receiver operating

characteristic (EROC)Erratic dark currents, , , Error detector resolution, ESR. See Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)Estimation receiver operating characteristic

(EROC), , Estimation tasks, –, ,

Index

Estimator–bias, , –consistency, –efficiency, –mean, ––median, –, –variance, –,

Event–builder, –counting, ––display, , , –selection, –,

Event-based motion correction, , ,,

Event reconstruction, pattern recognition (PR),–

Everhart–Thornley (ET) setup, EWLT. See Photo-luminescence weighted

longitudinal transmittance (EWLT)Expectation maximization–maximum likelihood

algorithm (EM-ML), Expectation value, , , , Experience of neutron therapy, Experimental tumors in animals, Exponential distribution, , , , , ,

, Extensive air showers, , –, , Extraction fraction, ,

FFactor analysis, Fan-beam (geometry), –, ,

, Fano factor, , Faraday, –Faraday cup, , –, , FBP. See Filtered backprojection (FBP)Feldkamp, Feldkamp, Davis and Kress algorithm (FDK),

, Fermi function, Fermi-LAT, Feynman diagram, Fictitious interaction tracking, Field programmable gate or logic arrays (FPGAs),

, Film efficiency, Filter(ing), , , –, , Filtered backprojection (FBP), –, , ,

, , , –, , –, –Filter formulae, , Finite impulse response (FIR) filter, Fission chambers, , , Fission track, Fixed target accelerator, –

Fixed target experiments, , , –central region, –forward and backward regions, –magnet spectrometer, –sensitivity,

Flash ADC, , Flip-flop, , , Flow-through reaction chamber, Fluctuations

–induced charge, –of ionization losses, ––scintillator detector, , –signal, , –

Fluence (response), , , , , ,,

FLUKA, Fluorescence, ,

–light spectrum, –telescopes, –, ––yields, , ,

Flux–muon, , –neutrino, –photon,

Fly’s Eye, FODO, –, Forced detection, FORE. See Fourier rebinning algorithm (FORE)Forward projection, , Fourier analysis, Fourier rebinning algorithm (FORE), Fourier slice theorem, , , –, FPGA. See Field programmable gate or logic arrays

(FPGAs)Fractionated treatment, , Frank, I., Frank–Tamm equation, Free-electron lasers (FELs), , , , ,

–Free paths to travel, Full-energy peak, –, , , Full width at half maximum (FWHM), , , ,

, –, Functional and molecular imaging, Functions, , , , , , , , , –Fusion

–monitoring, , –plasmas, , –, , , –reactions, –, , , –reactors, , ,

FWHM. See Full width at half maximum (FWHM)

GGaisser–Hillas function, Galactic cosmic ray (GCR),

Index

Gamma–camera, , , ––counting, π, –decay, , , , –rays, –, , , , –, ,,

Gamma distribution, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), , Gamma-ray detector, G-APD (Geiger-mode APD), –Gas amplification, , Gas detectors, , , , ,

–secondary ionization, , –spatial resolution, ,

Gas electron multiplier (GEM), , –,,

Gaseous photomultipliers, , Gas fusion, Gated studies, –, , Gating, , Gaussian, , , , , , , ,

, –distribution, , , –, ––measurements, , ––standard deviation,

Gaussian sum filter (GSF), , GCR. See Galactic cosmic ray (GCR)GDMS. See Glow discharge mass spectroscopy

(GDMS)GEANT package, Geiger counters, Geiger–Müller counter,

–gas amplification, , –mean free path,

Genetic mutations, GENFIT toolkit, Geochronology, , Geomagnetic cutoff, Geometric primitives, , , Geoscientific applications, –Geo-synchrotron effect, Germanium detector, , –Gibbs distribution, Glow curve, Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS),

, Gluckstern formula, , Glucose metabolic rate, , Golden channel, , Graded-depth multilayer coatings, Graded-Z shield, Grain, , , , Grangeat’s formula, Grazing incidence, –GRB. See Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)Greisen parametrization, ,

Gross tumor volume (GTV), Group velocity, GTV. See Gross tumor volume (GTV)

HHadron blind detector (HBD), , Hadron calorimeters

–compensation, –energy deposit profile, –hadronic response function, , –hadronic shower development, , –hadronic signal linearity, –invisible energy, , –nuclear interaction length,

Hadron collider, soft QCD background, Hadronic energy resolution, –, Hadronic interactions, –, , , , ,

, Hadrons, , ,

–jet, –shower, , , , –, , ,, –containment,

Hahn, O., , Half-life, Haverah Park, , HAWC. See High Altitude Water Cherenkov

(HAWC)HEAT. See High Elevation Auger Telescopes

(HEAT)Heavier beams, Heavier particles, Heaviside function, Heavy ions, difference to protons, Heavy-ion therapy, Heitler–Matthews model, Helical CT, –Helix coordinate system

–cartesian coordinates, –cylindric coordinates, –helix radius, –helix track

–equations, –model,

–parameter convention, –perigee point, –spherical polar coordinates,

HERA, HERMES experiment, Hermeticity, , HERWIG, H.E.S.S. experiment. See High energy stereoscopic

system (H.E.S.S.) experimentHFS, HgCdTe,

Index

High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC), High Elevation Auger Telescopes (HEAT), High energy stereoscopic system (H.E.S.S.)

experiment, , , , –High-purity

–Ge (HPGe) detectors, –, , –Si detectors,

High-resolution imaging, –High-resolution mirror assembly (HRMA), High-sensitivity instrumentation, , Hillas parameters, , HiRes Fly’s Eye, Histogram(ming), , , , –

–equalization, , Holes, , , , Hotelling observer, –Hounsfield units (HU), , , , ,

, HPGe. See High-purity Ge (HPGe) detectorsHU. See Hounsfield units (HU)Huber prior, Humidity,

–chamber, Hybrid detectors, Hybrid photodetector (HPD), , –Hybrid pixel detector, bump bonding, Hydration, Hypothesis

–composite, –simple, –testing,

IIACT. See Imaging air (atmospheric) Cherenkov

telescopes (IACTs)Ice Cherenkov telescope, IceCube, IceTop, ID-TIMS. See Isotope dilution TIMS (ID-TIMS)ILC. See International linear collider (ILC)ILD detector, , , Illicit trafficking nuclear materials, , –Ill-posedness, Image

–blurring, , , –enhancement, –reconstruction, , –, , –registration, –, ––segmentation, , –

Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), –,–

Imaging air (atmospheric) Cherenkov telescopes(IACTs), , , –,

Imaging Cherenkov counter, –Immobilization,

IMP-, Impact parameter

–resolution, –transverse, ,

Importance sampling, IMPT. See Intensity modulated particle therapy

(IMPT)Impurity,

–concentrations, –influx,

IMRT. See Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)Induced charge, –, , , , Inductively coupled plasma, Infrared fluorescence, InGrid, , , Initial-state radiation (ISR), Inorganic mass spectrometry, , Inorganic scintillators, , , , , –In-room imaging, , , Instability, Intensity modulated particle therapy (IMPT), ,

, , Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), ,

, , Interaction length

–in air, , –nuclear,

–hadronic calorimeters, Interactions

–of DSB, –strong, ,

Inter-fractional changes, Inter-laboratory comparison, Internal conversion, –, Internal target volume (ITV), International Bureau of Weights and Measures

(BIPM), , , International linear collider (ILC), , International space station (ISS), Interstellar medium (ISM), –Intra-fractional changes, Intrinsic carrier concentration, , Intrinsic charge-carrier density, Invariant mass, Inverse dose profile, Inverse problem, , , Inversion, , , , –, Inverter, , , In-vivo verification, , , , –,

, Ion

–beam, –, , –counting, , , –, , –feedback, , –mobility, –radiography, –

Index

–therapy, , , , , –,,

–tomography, –Ionization, , , , , , ,

–chambers, , –, , –, –equivalent circuit, –induced charge,

–losses, –, ––primary, , , , –,,

–sources, , –stages, ,

Ionizing radiation, Irradiation protocols, Irreparable damage, ISEE-, ISM. See Interstellar medium (ISM)Isotope. See RadioisotopesIsotope dilution TIMS (ID-TIMS),

, –Isotope ratio mass spectrometry, –ISS. See International space station (ISS)ITER, –Iterative reconstruction, –

JJacobian matrix, , Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility

(JEM-EF), Japanese Exposure Module Extreme Universe Space

Observatory (JEM-EUSO), , Jeffrey’s rule, JET, –Jet

–algorithm, , , –analysis, , –baryon, –bin, , –efficiency, , –energy scale, –production, ––reconstruction, ,

Jitter,

KKalman filter, , , –KASCADE, , , , –, KASCADE-Grande, , K-edge subtraction technique, Kerma, Kinetic modeling, –Klein–Nishina distribution, Klein–Nishina equation, Klystron, ,

Kolmogorov axioms, Kullback–Leibler divergence, kV sources,

LLaBr (Ce), Lagrangian, Lagrangian multipliers, Landau distribution, , , Landau function, Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal (LPM) effect, Large electron–positron collider (LEP), , ,

, , , , Large Hadron Collider (LHC), , , , , ,

, , , –, Laser ablation (LA), , , , –Latch, , Lateral distribution function (LDF), Lateral scattering, –Lattice

–alternating gradient, –magnetic, , , –magnets, ––phase advance,

Law of total probability, LCG. See Linear congruential generator

(LCG)LDT fast simulation tool, Least-squares method, , , –LECO, LEM. See Local effect model (LEM)LEP. See Large electron–positron collider (LEP)Lepton collider, –

–beamstrahlung background, LET. See Linear energy transfer (LET)LHAASO, LHC. See Large Hadron Collider (LHC)LHCb, , , , ,

–experiment, Library least squares (LLS), , –Li-drifted silicon (Si(Li)), LiF. See Lithium fluoride (LiF)LiF:Mg,Cu,P, , Light

–attenuation length, , , –collectors, –response uniformity, , , –

Lighter particles, Likelihood, –Limits, –Linear

–attenuation coefficient, –, ,

–collider, –electro-optic coefficient,

Index

–estimator, –expansion,

Linear accelerator (LINAC), , Linear congruential generator (LCG), Linear energy transfer (LET), , , , ,

, –energy loss,

Linearity, , , Linearized method, Line integral model, –, , , Line of response (LOR), , , –Line radiation, –Liquid scintillation counting (LSC), , Lithium fluoride (LiF), , Local effect model (LEM), , , –Localization of tumor target volume, Local overkill effect, Local RBE values, , Logic, –Logic symbols, Long-object problem, LOPES, , , LOR. See Line of response (LOR)Lorentz factor, , Lorentz force, , , Low frequency, LPM effect. See Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal

(LPM) effectLSO, , –, , Luminosity, , , –,

–factories, LYSO, –, –

MMach cone, MACRO. See Monopole, Astrophysics, Cosmic Ray

Observatory (MACRO)MAF. See Multiple acquisition framing (MAF)MAGIC, , Magnet, –, , , , , Magnetic

–bremsstrahlung, –field, , , –, , , , ,

–lines, , –flux density, –pair production, –sector field (SF), –spectrometers, , , , –

Main quantum numbers, , –fine structure of the electron shells,

Manhattan project, MAP. See Maximum a posteriori reconstruction

algorithm (MAP)Marginal likelihood,

Markov field theory, Mass

–absorption coefficient, , –attenuation coefficient, , , , , ,,

–bias, , , , –fractionation, –resolution, , , –spectrometry, –,

Mathematical morphology, , Mathieu–Hill equation, Maximum a posteriori reconstruction algorithm

(MAP), Maximum detectable momentum, ,

, Maximum energy transfer, Maximum likelihood, expectation maximization

(ML-EM), , Maximum likelihood, extended, Maxwellian energy distribution, , MCPs. See Microchannel plates (MCPs)Mean residence time (MRT), , Mean transit time (MTT), Mean value, , Measured attenuation correction method, Measurement equations, , Measurement noise, , Medical imaging, –Medipix ASIC, Mercuric iodide (HgI), –Mersenne Twister, Metabolism, , Metal detectors, , –Metals, , , –MicroBulk Micromegas, , , Microcalorimeters, , , Microchannel plates (MCPs), , –, , ,

, Micro-CT, –Micro-hole and strip plate (MHSP), , Micro-mesh gaseous structure (Micromegas), ,

, –Micropattern gas detectors (MPGD), , –,

–Microporosity, D, Micro-strip gas chamber (MSGC), ,

, Microwave radiation, Milagro, –, Millepede package, Minimum-ionizing particle, Missing energy, MLEM. See Maximum Likelihood, Expectation

Maximization (ML-EM)MLP. See Most likely path (MLP)

Index

Model fitting, –, Moderators, nuclear, , , , , –,

–, Molecular bremsstrahlung, Molecular imaging, , , , Molière radius, Molière unit, , Momentum

–direction, , –measurement, , , , , –resolution, –, ,

–absolute, –transverse, ,

Monocular observation, Monopole, Astrophysics, Cosmic Ray Observatory

(MACRO), –, , Monte Carlo simulation, , , –, Moseley’s law, , Most likely path (MLP), Motion

–artifacts, , , , –correction, , –, ––sensor, , ––tracking, , , –, , –,, –, ,

–types, , , MRT. See Mean residence time (MRT)MSCT. See Multi-slice CT (MSCT)MTT. See Mean transit time (MTT)Multi-collector arrays, –Multi-dynamic analytical routines, Multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPC), Multimodal, , , , Multi-modality imaging, –, , Multiple acquisition framing (MAF), –,

Multiple coincidences, Multiple Coulomb scattering, Multiple ion counting (MIC), , Multiple scattering (MS), –, , , , –,

, , , Multi-slice CT (MSCT), –Multivariate, , Multi-vertex filter (MVF), , Multiwire chambers, , Multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC), ,

–, , , , , , Muon, , , ,

–radiography, ––spectrometers, ––tomography,

Mutual information, , , , Mutual recognition arrangement (MRA), MV sources,

NNaI(Tl), , –, , , , , ,

–detector, , , NaI, NAND gate, –, Nano-CT, , , –Natural calorimeters

–extensive air showers, –extra-galactic, –IceCube, –

Natural diamond, , NbTi, NE, Necrotic areas, Net area, , , Net rate of influx, Network switches, Neutral-current interaction, Neutrino-induced showers, , Neutrinos, , , –,

–astronomy, –beams, , –cross section, –detection, , , , , , –detector, ––factories, –physics, –source, –

Neutron-deficient C isotopes, Neutrons, ,

–activation analysis, , –detection

–with gas-filled detectors, ––mixed, , , –passive methods, –, –principles, –pulsed, ––recoil spectroscopy, ––with scintillators, ––with semiconductors, –time-of-flight, –

–detectors, –, , , , , , ,, –, ,

–diffraction, , , –, , –dosimetry, –energy ranges, , –fission neutrons, –fission products, –fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion factors,,

–flying personnel, –fusion, –generation, , –generator,

Index

–grazing-incidence diffraction, ––high energies, , , –humidity measurement, –imaging, , , , –interactions (coherent neutron scattering),–, , , , –

–lifetime, –moderation, ––peak flux, , , –plasma generator, –powder diffractometry, –, –radiotherapy, –rate, , , –reference radiation fields, ––reflectometry, ––scattering, , , , , , ––shielding, , –sources, –, –spallation neutron source, –spectra, –spectrometry, , –spectroscopy, ––thermal neutron, , , , , , ,, ,

–tomography, –track-etch detector, –track-etch dosimeter, –transmutation,

Nishimura–Kamata–Greisen function (NKG), NKG function. See Nishimura–Kamata–Greisen

function (NKG)NMOS, –Noise

–analysis, ––cross coupling, –dark, –vs. dynamic range, ––electronic, , –, , , , , –measurement, , –Poisson, , –process, , –readout, , , –tomography,

Noise equivalent counts (NEC), –Non-collinearity, , Non-imaging atmospheric Cherenkov detectors, Nonlinear models, Nonlinear regression, , , , Nonrigid motion, , , , , Non-transit dosimetry, NOR gate, Normal distribution, , , Normalization, –, , , –Nuclear

–binding energy, –decay, –

–emulsion, , –energy, ––forensics, ––fragmentation reactions, , –fusion, ––interaction length, –power plant, , –track detectors, , –

Nuclide, , , , –, –, Nuisance parameter, NuStar, Nyquist criterion,

OOkayama muon telescope, , Omega detector, , Online blood sampler, Online monitoring, Online PET system, Operating voltage, Operational amplifier, Operational quantities, , , Optical

–bleaching, , , –flow, , –, –imaging, –systems,

Optimal therapy ions, Optimum distance, , Orbiting Wide-angle Light Collectors (OWL), Ordered-subset algorithm for transmission

tomography (OSTR), Ordered-Subsets EM algorithm (OSEM), –OR gate, exclusive, , Organ at risk (OAR), Organic mass spectrometry, , Organ motion, , , Orlov’s condition, OSEM. See Ordered-subsets EM algorithm (OSEM)OSTR. See Ordered-subset algorithm for

transmission tomography (OSTR)Outliers, test criteria, Overall treatment quality, –Overkill effect, , Overlapping peaks, , –, , Oxide, origin of the radiation damage, Oxygen-, Oxygenation, Oxygen contamination, , –, Oxygen vacancies, , –

PPaintings, , , –Pair generation. See Pair production

Index

Pair production, –, , , , , ,,

PAMELA, , PANDA experiment, Parallax error, , , Parameter estimation

–estimate, –, –least squares, , –, –likelihood (ratio), , , –linear problem, –maximum likelihood, –, –mean-squared error,

Parametric imaging, –, Partial-body dose, Partial volume (effect), –, , –,

–, , , Particle

–charged, –, , , –decays, , , , , –flow, –interaction, , , , –lighter, –meson, –momentum, , –, , , –neutral, , , –neutralino, –neutrino, –neutron, –parton, –photons, –physics, –, , , , , , , –track, , , ,

Particle flow analysis (PFA), , Particle identification (PID), , , ,

, Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), Particle-tracking software, Passive

–beam forming techniques, –degraders, –detectors, –mm-wave systems,

Passive passenger portals (PPP), , –Patient positioning, , , –, , ,

, Patient set-up, , , Patlak analysis, , Pattern recognition (PR), –

–inwards/outwards strategy, PDF. See Probability density function (PDF)Peak centroid, , Peak detector, , Pearson’s chi-square statistic, PEM. See Positron emission mammography (PEM)Penelope, Perfusion, –, ,

Perfusion CT (PCT), , –Peripheral QCT (PQCT), , Persian Mummy, –PET. See Positron emission tomography

(PET)PET-CT. See Positron Emission

Tomography–Computed Tomography(PET-CT)

PET-MRI. See Positron EmissionTomography–Magnetic Resonance Imaging(PET-MRI)

Phase stability, momentum compaction, Phase velocity, , Phononic excitation, Phosphorescence

–afterglow, , –bulk effect,

Phoswich detectors, Photocathode, –, , , Photodetectors, , , , , , ,

–, –, , , Photodiodes, –, , –Photoelectric absorption, , –Photoelectric effect, –, , , Photoelectric interaction, –, Photoelectron, Photofraction (PhF), , , , Photo-lithography, , , Photoluminescence, –Photoluminescence weighted longitudinal

transmittance (EWLT), Photomultipliers, , , , , , , –,

, Photomultiplier tube (PMT), –, , ,

–, , –, Photon-induced showers, –, , Photons, , , , ,

–annihilation, –characteristic X rays, –decay-level diagram, –detection efficiency, –feedback, –interaction, , –in lead, –pair production, , –photoelectric effect, , , , –quenching, –sources, –

Photon-tracking simulation, , , , ,, ,

Photon-tracking software, , Physical and biological decay, Pierre Auger

–array, –observatory, , , , –

Piezoelectric transducer,

Index

Pileup, , Pinhole, –, pin-junction devices, –Pion

–neutral, –tumor treatment,

Pitch, –, PIXE. See Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE)Pixelated volume, Pixel readout, –Plane wave Born approximation (PWBA), Planning CT, , , , , Planning optimization, Planning target volume (PTV), Plasma facing components, –, Plasma parameters, , , , , , , Plastic scintillator, PMF. See Probability mass function (PMF)PMOS, –PMT. See Photomultiplier tube (PMT)pn junction, , –, , , Point of closest approach (PCA), Point spread function (PSF), –, , Poisson

–data, , ––distribution, –

–independence, –noise, , –statistics,

Polar angle, Polarization, ,

–of Cherenkov radiation, Polyatomic interferences, , , –Portal imaging, Position-sensitive ionization chamber, Position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PS-PMT),

–, , Position-sensitive wire chamber, Positron, annihilations, , Positron decay, , Positron emission mammography (PEM), Positron emission tomography (PET), –,

–, , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,–, , –, , , ,, , –, –, , ,––annihilation, ––anti-particle, –of beam-stopping distribution, –coincidence detection, , –image reconstruction, –line of response (LOR), –molecular imaging, –new detectors and technologies for medicalimaging systems,

–positron, –positron decay, , –positronium, –tomographic image reconstruction, , –verification of ion beam therapy,

Positron Emission Tomography–ComputedTomography (PET-CT),

Positron Emission Tomography–MagneticResonance Imaging (PET-MRI), –

Positron range, , Power dissipation, , , –, , , Precision, , , , Predictor formulae, Preprocessing, –, Pressure sensors, Primary ionization, , , , –, , Probability

–conditional, , –distribution, , –limiting frequency, –posterior, , ––prior, , , , –sample space, , –significance level, –subjective,

Probability density function (PDF), , , ,, ––conditional, –marginal, –posterior, , , , –prior, , , ,

Probability mass function (PMF), , Process noise, , Profile likelihood, Prompt coincidences, Prompt gamma, , –Propagation delay, –Proportional chambers, , , Proportional counter, –, , , ,

–π, Proton, , , , , –, ,

–accelerators, , –difference to heavy ions,

Proton induced γ-ray emission (PIGE), –Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE)

–cultural heritage, , –nondestructive, , , –noninvasive,

Pseudo-rapidity, , PSF. See Point spread function (PSF)PS-PMT. See Position-sensitive photomultiplier

tubes (PS-PMT)PTV. See Planning target volume (PTV)Pulse, –, –, –

–height, –, , –analysis,

Index

–spectrum, –, –shape, scintillator,

Pulsed neutron sources, –Pulse-height analyzers (PHAs), PWBA. See Plane Wave Born Approximation

(PWBA)PWO, equilibrium, ,

QQA procedure, QFEB. See Quasi free electron bremsstrahlung

(QFEB)Quadrant sharing, Quadrupole mass analyzer, Quality assurance, , , , Quality control, , , , , Quantification, , , Quantitative analysis, –, Quantitative CT (QCT), , –, Quantization,

–noise, Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), Quantum efficiency (QE), Quark

–flavor, –gluon,

Quasi free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB),

RRad (Radiation absorbed dose), , Radar reflection, Radial direction, Radiated power, , Radiation

–absorbed dose, , –accident, –cancer, , –contaminations, , , , , –cosmic, , , –damage, ––damage mechanism, –decay constant, –decontamination, –delayed, –detectors, ––dose-rate constant, ––early, –effects, , , ––environment, –exposure, , , , , –, –fields, , , , –, ––genetic, –gray, , –half-life, , ,

–hardness, , , –hormesis, –incorporations, , , –length, , –, , , , –losses, ––natural radiation, , , , , –officer, , –particle, ––point-like, –protection supervisor, –quality, –radioactive waste, , –radioisotope, , , –risk, , , , –shielding, –sources, –, , , , , , , ,–

–terrestrial radiation, , , –weighting factor, ,

Radio Cherenkov radiation, –lateral distribution, –signal detection, –

Radioactive waste, Radiocarbon, , , –Radiofrequency (RF)

–acceleration, , –, , –cyclotron, –superconducting, –transponders,

Radiogenic isotope, Radioisotopes, , , ,

–carbon dating, –photopeak, –primordial isotopes,

Radioresistant tumors, Radiotherapy, –Radon

–inhalation, , –plastic detector,

Radon transform, –, , , Raether limit, RAMLA. See Row-action maximum-likelihood

algorithm (RAMLA)Ramo’s theorem, , , Random

–coincidences, , , –error, –number generator, ––variable, –,

–independence, –moment,

Range–dilution, , –positron, , –of protons, , –straggling,

Index

–telescope, ––uncertainties, ,

Rao–Cramér–Frechet bound, Raster-like pattern, Rate constants, –, Rathgen, F., RBE. See Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)Reactor instrumentation, Readout noise, , , Real time verification, Rebinning, –Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis,

–, Receptor

–density, , –ligand, , , ,

Recombination radiation, Reconstruction

–from cone-beam projections,,

–filter, , –physics objects, –, –resolution, , , –resonance, , , –shower,

Recovery coefficient, , Recurrent tumors, Reference surface, , , Reference tissue, , –,

, Refractive index, , –, , –, ,

, , Region growing, , Regularization, , , Relative abundances, Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), ,

–Relative quantitation, , , Relativistic rise, Rem counter, , –, , Repeatability, , , Reproducibility, –, , Rescanning techniques, Residuals

–filtered, , –smoothed, ,

Resistive charge division, –Resistive plate chambers (RPC), –Resistive thick GEM (RETGEM), , , ,

, Resistivity

–depletion region, –depletion width,

Resolution–energy, , , , , –oversampling,

–time, , Respiration belt, , Respiratory gating, , , Response functions, , –Response time, Response to dose equivalent, Restricted energy loss, RF. See Radio frequency (RF)RICH detector, Rigid motion, , , ,

, Ring artifacts, , , Ring geometry, , , , Ring imaging Cherenkov counter (RICH),

–Rise time, , Robinson detector, Robustification, non-linear estimator, ROC. See Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)

analysisRoentgen, , Roentgen equivalent man, Room-temperature-operated devices, Rotating planar detector, Row-action maximum-likelihood algorithm

(RAMLA), RPC. See Resistive plate chambers (RPC)Runge–Kutta–Nyström algorithm, Rutherford, E., Rydberg constant,

SSafeguards monitoring, Safety margins, , , Safety standards

–effective dose limit, –equivalent dose,

Sample preparation (AMS)–archaeological samples, ––bones, –sediment, –

Sampling, ––distance of CT projections, –effect, –fluctuations, , –fraction, , ,

Satellites, Saturation effects (quenching), Saturation value, Scarab, –Scatter, , , , , , , , , ,

–, –correction, , –

Scattered coincidences, , Schottky devices, –

Index

Schubweg, Schwarz criterion, Scintillating fiber detector, , Scintillation, –

–counter–light yield, –photomultiplier,

–detectors, –, , –, , , ,, –, , , , , ,

–mechanism, –, , –photon, , , , –spectrometers, ––type detector,

Scintillators, , , , , –, , ,, , , –, , , , –crystal, , –, –detector, –pulse shape,

Scintimammography, , SDDs. See Silicon drift detectors (SDDs)SEB. See Secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB)Secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB), Secondary electron multiplier (SEM), , –,

, Secondary electrons, , Secondary ionization mass spectroscopy (SIMS),

, SELEX experiment, SELEX RICH, Self-absorption, Self-powered detectors, SEM. See Secondary electron multiplier (SEM)Semiconductors,

–counter, –detectors, , –radiation detectors, , –spectrometers, –

SENECA, Setup errors, , , Shales, –Shannon–Nyquist theorem, Shepp–Logan filter, Shower

–age, –curvature, , –leakage, , , , ,

Shower–detector plane, SIBYLL, , Sideband, Si detectors, , –Si(Li) detectors, , , , –,

–Sievert, Signal

–charge measurement, ––formation, –

–processing, digital, , , , ––speed,

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), , , , ,,

Significance test, p-value, , Silicon detector, –Silicon drift detectors (SDDs), –Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), , , ,

, Silicon-strip detectors (SSD), , , , Silver coins, –Simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), ,

, SIMS. See Secondary ionization mass spectroscopy

(SIMS)Simulation, –

–fast, , –full, , –Monte Carlo, , , –, –software, –

Single-mask GEM, , Single-photon emission computed tomography

(SPECT), –, –, , –,, , , –, , , –,–, , –/computed tomography (SPECT-CT), –

Single photon emission mammography (SPEM),

Single-scatter model, Sinogram, –, , , SiPM. See Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM)SLD experiment, Slow-scan charge-coupled device, Small animals, –, Smoother, , ,

–formulae, , SNO experiment, SNR. See Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)Software framework in large experiments,

–Soft X-rays, , Solar energetic particles (SEP), Solar modulation, Solenoid, –, , Solid-state annular detectors, Solid-state detectors, , SOPB. See Spread out Bragg peak (SOPB)Sounding rockets, Source strength, , , , , Space-based instruments, Space charge, , Space point, Spallation, , , , , Spatial distribution between electrons, Spatial resolution, –, , –,

–, , , , , , ,

Index

Specific energy loss dE/dx, –, –, –SPECT. See Single-photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT)SPECT-CT. See Single-photon emission computed

tomography / Computed Tomography(SPECT-CT)

Spectra, , –, , –, , , ,,

Spectral CT, , –, Spectral interferences, , , Spectroscopy, , , , , , –Spectrum, , –

–stripping, , –SPEM. See Single photon emission mammography

(SPEM)Spherical GEM, , Spiral CT, , –, , , Spiral interpolation method, Spirometers, Spontaneous fission, Spreading kernel, Spread out Bragg peak (SOPB), , SPS. See Super proton synchrotron (SPS)SRTM. See Simplified reference tissue model

(SRTM)SSD. See Silicon-strip detectors (SSD)Stable isotope, , , Standard deviation, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , –, Standardized uptake value (SUV), Standard model, , State vector, Statistical test

–goodness-of-fit, –hypothesis, ––significance, –

Stellarator, , Stereoscopic Cherenkov telescope, , Stereoscopic observation, , Stoichiometry, , , Storage rings, Straßmann, F., Stratified sampling, Stretcher, , Strip detectors, ,

–charge division, ––current pulses, –induced charge, –

Student’s t distribution, Successive approximation, , Successive-approximation ADC, SUGAR, SuperB experiment, Superheated emulsion detectors, , , Super-Kamiokande experiment (Super-K), Superposition model, , ,

Super proton synchrotron (SPS), –, , Suppression of neutron background, Surface

–contamination, –cylinder, –detector arrays, –, , –imaging, –plane,

Survival–curve, –experiments,

SUV. See Standardized uptake value (SUV)Symbolic Monte Carlo (SMC), , Synchronous, , , Synchrotron, , , –,

–radiation, –, –, , –micro-CT, –

Systematic, Système international de référence (SIR), key

comparison, System equations, ,

TTag-and-Probe approach, Tamm, I., Tangential direction, Targets, –, TDC. See Time-to-digital converter (TDC)Telescope array (TA), , , TEM. See Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)TEM/EDS, , , Temperature, –, , , , TEPC. See Tissue equivalent proportional counter

(TEPC)Test-retest, Test statistic, Tetrakis dimethyl-amine ethylene (TMAE), Tevatron, , Texture analysis, Theory of radio radiation, Therapy modalities, Thermal annealing, , , , Thermal ionization, Thermal neutrons, , , , , –,

, , Thermistor, Thermography, Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD), , ,

–Thick-GEM (THGEM), , –D reprojection algorithm (DRP), , Threshold Cherenkov counter, , Through-silicon-vias, THz systems, , –Tibet AS-γ, ,

Index

TIGER, , Time, –, –, –, –Time and frequency domain, , Time of flight (TOF), , , , , , ,

, , , , Time-of-propagation (TOP) counter, Timepix ASIC, , Time projection chamber (TPC), magnetic field, Time structure of calorimeter signals, Time-to-digital converter (TDC), –Timing, , –, ,

–measurements, , –Tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC),

, –Tissue-fraction effect, Tissue weighting factor, , Titanium

–gold, –silver, –undermetal, ,

TLD. See Thermoluminescence dosimeter(TLD)

TOF. See Time of flight (TOF)Tokamaks, –, , Tomography

–limited contrast, –noise, –quantitation, –spatial resolution,

Toroid, –, , Total x-ray production cross sections, Townsend coefficient, , TRACER, Tracer kinetic modeling, , Track(ing), , , ,

–bundling, –curvature, –dip angle, –finding, –, , –fitting, –, ––helix, –hit, , –impact parameter, –length integral, –model, –, –, –parameters, –, , –,

–performance, analytical calculation, –reconstruction, –,

–bremsstrahlung, , –energy loss, –material budget, , –particle trajectory, –reference track, –stepwise numerical integration,

–regions, over-instrumentation,

–search, , –sensitive detector, –system,

Tracker–gaseous, , –layout, , –silicon, , ,

Transit dose verification, Transition, ,

–radiation, , , –region,

Transition radiation detector (TRD), Translation–rotation CT, –Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), , Transmittance, –, –Transverse map of beam intensities, Trapping, , , TRD. See Transition radiation detector (TRD)Treatment planning (system), , , ,

–, –, , –Tri-ethyl-amine (TEA), Triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR), Tritium, , , , , Tube current modulation (TCM), Tumor response to carbon ions, Tumor delineation, Tune, , , Tunka, ,

UUHECR. See Ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR)ULEIS, Ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR), ,

–Ultrasound imaging, ULYSSES, Uncertainty

–statistical, , , –systematic, , ,

Underground CO storage, Underground neutrino detector,

–Undersampling, Unfolding, Uniform distribution, , Unwanted side reactions,

VVacuum ultraviolet, , Valence, , , , ,

–band, Variance, , ,

–reduction, VERITAS,

Index

Vertex–detector, , , –finding, , , –fitting

–geometric, , –kinematic, , –robust, –

–locator, –parameters, –reconstruction

–beam interaction profile, –beam tube, , , –beauty factory, –hard assignment, –kinematic constraints, –perigee parameters, –RAVE toolkit, –soft assignment, –virtual measurements, –ZvTop algorithm,

–secondary, , Volcano Ranch, , Voltage divider, –, Voltage-to-frequency converter, Volume of distribution, , ,

WWalk, , Waste transmutation, , , Water Cherenkov telescope, , Water phantom, , Wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), ,

–Wavelength shifters (WLS), Wavelet transform, Weak interaction, , , , , Weighting factor, –Weighting function, Whipple, Whole-body dose, , , –Wiener estimator, , Wilkinson ADC, –Wire chamber, –

Wolter, H., Wolter type-I,

XXe, Xe/CH , , Xenon CT, XPS. See X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

(XPS)X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(XPS), X-rays, –, , –, , , , , ,

, , , –applications, –cargo examination systems, , ––characteristic, –coronary angiography, –diagnostics, , –generation, –neutron examination systems, –pallet examination systems, , ––passenger baggage systems, , ––photon examination systems, –reflectometry, –shipping container examination systems, ,, ,

–spectrum, –therapy, –total per capita dose, –tube, , –yield,

YYakutsk, , Yield drift, ,

ZZerodur, Zircon, –