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461

Index

Abaoji, 220–221, 223Abbas I (shah), 60Abbasid, 196Abkhazia, 17, 31Achaemenid dynasty, see under PersiaAfghanistan, 22, 78, 118, 330Afrasiab, 118Aghtamar (Church of the Holy Cross), 63Agili-Tepe (site), 334agro-pastoralism (agro-pastoralist), 126,

133, 141Ai Khanuoum, 100, 120Ajaria, 280Akaev, Askar, 19, 20Akmolinsk uezd, 277Akner, 62Alania, 31Albania (Albanian, Caucasian), 32, 156Alexander the Great, 78Alexandropol, Treaty of, 62alien class element, 274Almaty (Kazakhstan), 30, 122, 276Altai Mountains, 132, 245Althusser, 12Altyn-depe, 19Amu darya River, 84, 92, 117“analogic kinship,” 207, 214Anatolia, 86, 149Anau, 19Andronovo (culture), 154Ani, 62–67Anyang (site), 175, 177, 181, 187Aparan II, 164Appadurai, Arjun, 264

Arabian Peninsula, 289Arabic (language), 51Aragats, Mount, 165, 171ArAGATS (project), 158, 165, 171, 310,

339Aragatsiberd (site), 311Araks River, 60Aral Sea, 92Ararat Plain, 60, 311Araxes River, 147archaeology, political use of, 6, 17, 33Argishti I (king), 57, 68, 72Aria, 116Ariaramnes, 80Arich, 164Arkaim (site), 27, 34Armavir, 62Armenia (Armenian), 12, 32, 71, 75, 144,

149, 151, 152, 158, 163, 165, 293, 303, 327

Armenian empire, 70Armenian Genocide, 62, 73proto-Armenian (language), 152Soviet Armenia, 62

Arsaces I (king), 121Arsaces II (king), 121Artashat, 60, 72Artashes I (king), 59, 70Artaxerxes I (king), 81, 82Artaxerxes III (king), 82Artik, 163Aryan myth, 17Aryans, 22–24, 27–29, 34, 35, 142, 147,

156

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Index462

Asia (continent of ), 251, 259Inner Asia, 219South Asia, see IndiaSouthwest Asia, 289western Asia (Middle east/near east),

132, 155see also Central Asia

Assyria (Assyrian), 57, 120, 121, 367–368Astana, 275, 279, 282Astrakhan, 189Attila the Hun, 205August Capital, 218, 221authority, 11, 13, 32Avar, 32Avesta (Avestan) (civilization), 22Ayaz-kala, 118, 119Aymyrlyg, 145, 240, 242, 248, 251, 256Azerbaijan (Azeri), 32, 33, 75, 147, 327

Babylonia (Babylonian), 88Babylon, 367

Bactria (Bactrian), 78, 82, 85Bagratid dynasty, 60Baifu (site), 184, 185, 186, 187Balkars, 31Balkash, Lake, 49Baltik region, 196Baode (site), 183, 185, 187barbarians, 34, 225Bazar-kala (site), 117, 118Begram, 118Behistun, 80beifang, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184–185Beijing (China), 184Bes Shatyr, 137Beshbaliq ( Jimsar), 41Bitu (site), 227Bitubei (site), 225, 228, 231, 237Black Lands, 189, 191, 193, 209, 215Black Sea, 149Bohai Sea, 219, 223Bolsheviks, 267

Bolshevik Revolution, 74, 263Bolshevism (Bolshevist), 273Bosnia (Bosniak), 149Bourdieu, Pierre, 268–269Brest-Livotsk, Treaty of, 279Bronze Age, 152, 155, 283

early (eBA), 59, 288, 352–356Middle (MBA), 144, 154, 158, 161, 163,

164, 170, 171, 286, 352–359Late (LBA), 144, 154, 158, 161, 163,

164, 165, 168, 170, 171, 303, 352Budapest (Hungary), 352Buddha, 221Buddhism, 41, 52budnye detali, 267, 269built environment, 138Buryatia (Buryat), 133Butentau-kala 1 (site), 117Buyids, 196, 204Byzantium, 188, 203

Byzantine, 189, 204

caliph (see also Islamic Caliphate), 204Çan Sarcophagus, 86Carmania (Carmanian), 80Carpathian Basin, 349, 358Caspian Sea (region), 81, 147, 149, 327,

332northwestern Caspian, 144, 188, 189,

197, 205, 208, 209, 210Caucasus, 3, 11, 121, 150, 155, 188, 264,

286, 288eastern Caucasus, 32, 189, 194, 210, 323northeastern Caucasus, 292–299, 326South Caucasus (Transcaucasia), 61,

158, 161, 163, 169, 283, 304, 331, 337–338, 347

cenotaphs, 160, 167Central Asia (Central Asian), 11, 12, 34, 78,

107, 111, 113, 154, 188, 196Central Plain (China), see Chinese PlainChaganmulun River, 225chaîne opératoire, 349, 361Chang’an, 221Chechnya (Chechen), 31, 189Childe, V. Gordon, 265China, People’s Republic of (PRC;

Chinese), 4, 37, 41, 124, 144, 145, 175, 177, 219, 245

and archaeological research, history of, 5imperial China, 141northeast China, 223

Chinese (language), 51, 219, 223, 228, 238Chinese Communist Party, 38






Index 463

Chinese Plain (region) Central Plain, 175, 179, 181, 183, 184,

186, 187, 223northern Chinese Plain, 217northeastern Chinese Plain, 217

Chorasmia (Chorasmian), 12, 78, 82Christianity (Christian), 152, 154, 257,

272, 277Russian Orthodox morality, 277

city, 220, 223, 227, 229, 238Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 28community, 11Confucius (Kongzi), 221conical clan, 194Cossacks (ethnic group), 275Croatia (Croats), 149cromlechs, 163, 169Cucuteni-Tripolye (culture), 22cultural province, 264Cyrus (king), 80

dacian, 156daghestan (dagestani), 32, 189, 208, 286,

326danube River, 352daoism (daoist), 221darius (king), 78debed River, 62deng, xiaoping, 39dilberd’zhin, 118dingil’dzhe, 92dintin, 245djavakheti, 151, 152dmanisi, 29durkheim, emile, 270dvin, 60dzhanbas-kala, 118, 119

ecbatana, 81egalitarianism (equality), 125, 127, 140egypt (egyptian), 86–88elam (elamite), 82–86elar, 164embodied gesture, 267embodied scale, 269empire, 129, 131, 220encrusted Pottery Culture, 353, 358–361

eneolithic, 287erebuni (Arin-Berd), 57, 68, 71eres-kala, 118ethnicity, 15, 152

ethnic conflict, 11ethnic groups, 82, 190, 193, 217, 223ethnic hierarchy, 16ethnic homeland, 123ethnic nationalists, 34ethnogenesis, 15, 20, 22, 52

eurasia (defined), 3, 143, 175, 207, 209, 210, 216, 238, 240

eurasian (Russian) steppe, 3, 88, 123, 131, 141, 144, 153, 177

europe (continent of ), 147, 188Central europe, 156european, 251, 259Southeast europe, 287Tumulus phase of, 352

excarnation, 160–161, 167

fatherland, 148Fatimid Caliphate, 204Feng Prefecture (China), 224Ferghana Valley, 134Finland (Finns), 151Foucault, Michel, 268Frada from Margiana, 81frontier, 177, 184, 219Fuhao, Tomb of, 181, 185, 186Füzesabony (culture), 358

Galazov, Aksarbek, 31Gandhara, 112, 121Gaohong (site), 175, 183, 185Garni, 65Gefletepelerisi (site), 333Gegham Mountains, 59Geghard (site), 63, 67Gegharot (site), 293, 311, 338–347gender, 210Genghis Khan, 154geo-ethnic constructs, 264Georgia (Georgian), 29, 31, 152Germany, 149Gianguny (ethnic group), 246globalization, 153Golestan, Treaty of, 61






Index464

Gonur depe (site), 118Great Caucasus Mountains, 294Great Hungarian Plain, 354Greece (Greek), 88, 156, 365Greek (language), 51Gyaur-kala Sultanuiz-dag, 118, 119, 121Gyulavarsánd, 354

habitus, 351Hajiabad, 120Hakaniya (language), 51Hammurabi, 367Han (ethnic group), 38, 45, 53, 92, 221Han dynasty, 42, 49, 52, 116, 125, 127, 245Han Mountain, 218Harappan Civilization, 22harmonious society, 40Hatra, 121Haussmanization, 276heartland (see also imperial heartland), 228,

229hegemony, 263, 267, 268, 273

hegemonic powers, 268Heihe Prefecture (China), 224Henan Province, 175Hiberno-norse, 257hierarchy, 16, 111, 114, 124, 125, 127, 133,

137, 140historicity, 86Hitler, Adolf, 156Hnaberd (site), 165, 171, 317Holy Land, 149homeland, 143, 145, 150, 154, 160, 216,

218Heimat, 149Prarodina, 147Urheimat (ancestral homeland), 147, 149

homme total, 294, 350, 355, 357Horom (site), 163Houjiazhuang (site), 181household, 229, 231, 237Hu, Jintao, 40Hui (ethnic group), 42Huihu (ethnic group), 50Huihu (language), 51Hungary, 263, 265, 352, 358Hunno-Sarmatian period, 145, 242, 243,

259

Huns (ethnic group), 243, 245, 364Hussein, Saddam, 367

Ichan-kala (Khiva) (site), 117identity, 54, 144ideology, 95, 106, 157, 161, 216

of equality, 130Ili River, 124, 126, 136Ilkhanid dynasty, 60Ilyrians, 156imagined communities, 76imperial authority, 228imperial heartland, 218, 238imperial ideology, 238inalienable possessions, 207incorporeal dead, 160India (South Asia), 118, 147, 289Indo-european, 31, 152, 154Indo-Germanen, 147, 150, 156inequality, 128Ingushetia (Ingush), 31Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 45,

53, 175, 179, 182Institute für Ur- und Frügeschichte, 147invisible community, 144, 190, 192, 197Iran (Iranian), 20, 22, 23, 29, 78, 80, 86,

106, 188, 189, 195, 203, 205, 327, 330, 366

northwestern Iran, 368Iraq (Iraqi), northern, 368Ireland, 257Iron Age, 13, 125, 133, 140, 152, 156,

163Ishym River, 276Islam, 41, 52, 195, 212, 214Islamic Caliphate, 188, 195, 196Israel (Israeli), 150

West Bank, 150Israel, eretz, 149Issyk River valley, 122, 133, 137Issykul Lake, 49Izba, 277, 279

Jaddism ( Jaddist), 267Jadid, 274Jerusalem (Israel), 149Jixian County, 183Jurchen (ethnic group), 217, 225






Index 465

Kalaly-gyr (site), 92, 117, 118, 119Kalmuk (ethnic group), 133Kalmykia, 189, 191, 209Kama River, 188Kamyshla raion, 295Kangiui period, 95, 119Karachai, 31Karakorum Mountains, 49Kara-kum desert, 92Karashamb, 163Karimov, Islam, 21Karlstadt, Andreas, 270Karmir Berd (site), 164Karmirberd (culture), 164Karmir-Blur (Teishebaini), 59Kazakhstan (Kazakh; Kazakhstani), 19, 29,

34, 36, 42, 122, 133, 142, 267, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281–282

and nationalism, 125southeastern Kazakhstan, 124, 133, 138Soviet Kazakhstan, 263

Kazakly-yaktan (site), 13, 91–115, 116, 117, 118

Keti, 164Khakha (ethnic group), 133Khalchayan, 111, 120khaqan, 204Kharosthi (language), 51Khazar (ethnic group), 191, 195, 196, 198,

204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 214Khazar empire, 144, 188, 193, 194Khazar heartland, 144Khazar period, 191Khitan (ethnic group), 145, 217, 218, 219,

220, 223, 224, 226, 238Khitan empire, 225Khotan (language), 51kinship, 193, 194, 198, 200, 214Kisapostag (ethnic group), 353Kiuzely-gyr (site), 92, 101, 117, 119Kizilvank (site), 164Koi-Krylgan-kala, 115, 116, 117, 118Kopet-dag Mountains, 19Korea, 39, 245Kosovo (Kosovar), 149Kulcs period, 352Kunlun Mountains, 49Kura-Araxes, 31, 264, 323, 326–335, 366

Kursk (Prestizh), 276Kurumcha, 31Kushan, 92, 120Kwakiutl (ethnic group), 205Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), 19, 24, 132, 134Kyzyl-kum desert, 92

labor, 178landscape, 8, 143, 145, 216, 220

political landscape, 145and politics, 143

Latin (language), 51Lchashen (site), 164Lchashen-Metsamor (culture), 161Lebensraum, 147Lenin, Vladimir, 270, 272, 279Levant, 118, 327Lezghin (ethnic group), 17, 32Liao (ethnic group), 217, 223, 225, 227,

230, 237Liao empire, 145, 216, 217, 223, 224, 225,

238Liao River, 225lines of power, 133, 139Ling River, 225Liulihe (site), 175Luther, Martin, 270Lutheran Reformation, 263

Maikop (culture), 31Manchu (language), 51Manchuria (Manchurian), 219, 225Mangyr-kala (site), 117Manichaeism (religion), 41Maori (ethnic group), 205Margiana, 19, 22, 81, 118Marx, Karl, 270Marxism (Marxist), 281Massagatae, 22, 81, 116Mastara, 164materiality, 8, 12, 75, 141, 264Mathura, 120Mauss, Marcel, 265Mazda, 189, 195, 213Media (Mede), 82–84medieval period, 203, 216Mediterranean Sea, 149Mesopotamia, 80, 88, 314, 366






Index466

Metallurgical Province Model, 286Metsamor (site), 164, 338micropolitics, 264Middle east (Middle eastern), see Asia,

Westmigration, 1, 145, 247

immigrant peoples and, 149Mikhailo-Ovsyanka (site), 295Minusinsk Basin, 245Mitannian, Common Style, 314Mithradates I, King, 121Mithradates II, King, 113Mongol (Mongol), 51, 60, 125, 132, 133,

151, 153, 364Mongolia (Mongolian), 45, 118, 154Mongolian (language), 51Mongolian steppes, 217, 219mortuary record, 144, 175, 179

analysis of the, 157context of the, 144and the landscape, 145and practice, 170postmortem treatment in the, 157, 158,

159, 161, 164, 170ritual and the, 158

motherland, 148Mo-Tun (site), 245, 247Mugan steppe, 327Mukhannat-Tapa, 59mummification, 159

nagorno-Karabakh, 17, 32, 74nagyrév period, 352–353, 357nanshan’gen, 182naqsh-I Rustam, 81nationalism (nationalist), 15, 34, 35, 71,

147, 153and politics, 144, 216

nation-states, 11, 73, 143, 145, 148

native Americans, 151nazarbaev, nursultan, 19, 20, 29, 123, 142,

275, 276nazis, 23, 156

neo-nazis, 28, 35nemrud dag, 120neoliberalism, 71neolithic Zhukaigou Culture, 179

networks of alliances, 132as approach, 264technocultural networks, 287and value creation, 264

nisa, 111, 120niyazov, Saparmurat, 19, 20nomadic civilization, 123nomadic world, 124nomadism, 20, 123, 189, 190, 192, 193,

197, 208, 214, 279hunter-gatherers and, 217nomadic confederacies, 123–129, 131, 140nomadic elites, 207nomadic empires, 20, 126, 141, 189, 220,

228nomadic groups, 30, 33, 116, 139, 195,

211, 243nomadic heritage, 20, 122nomadic narrative, 124, 141nomadic polities, 125nomadic states, 125nomadic tribes, 132, 245in the past, 123pastoralists and, 41, 128, 131, 217, 219,

220, 223seminomadism, 126

nomads, Iranian-speaking, 30nomads, pastoral, 131north Plain (China), see Chinese

Plainnortheastern Plain (China), see Chinese

Plainnovgorod, 25, 34novi Aleseevka region, 139

October Revolution, 1Oghuz-Khan, 19Old Kandahar, 118Ordos Plateau, 179Orientalism, 63Orkhon River valley, 41Oshskoe, 134Ossetia (Ossetian), north, 31Ossetia (Ossetian), South, 36Ottoman empire, 60, 73, 151Oxus Seal, 85Oxus Treasury, 84






Index 467

Pakistan, 330Palestine, 149Pambak Range, 165Parnae, 22Parthia (Parthian), 19, 30, 80, 82, 85, 92,

112–114, 116, 118, 121, 149Parthia (language), 51pastoralism, 41, 129

and mobility, 129and nomadism, see nomadism,

pastoralists andpastoral society, 128

perestroika, 16Permian, 210Persepolis, 81, 84, 106, 111Persia (Persian), 60, 80, 82–83, 86, 88

Achaemenid dynasty, 12, 59, 78, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 98, 110, 112, 116, 119, 121, 364

Achaemenid imperial ideology, 88Qajar empire, 151Safavid dynasty, 60Sasanian dynasty, 113, 118, 119, 120,

121Persian (language), 51Photios (patriarch), 272Phraates IV (king), 113politics, 143, 156, 157, 203, 216, 240

political actions, 205political culture, 3political practices, 216political regimes, 144

Polu-Tepe (site), 333post-Soviet (postsocialist) era, 2, 58, 267,

272–273post-Soviet archaeology, 286post-Soviet eurasia, 143post-Soviet Kazakhstan, 263, 267, 275

Potapovka (culture), 285, 295–299power, 11, 13, 93, 112, 203, 214, 216Poylu-Tepe (site), 334Prigorodny district, 17Priscus (historian), 205propinquity, 263, 265, 271, 273public, 204public assemblage, 12, 58, 75public sphere, 2, 12, 58, 73–75Putin, Vladimir, 25–29, 33

Qing dynasty, 5, 48, 51Qingzhou (site), 226, 227

races, 259Rahmon, emomali, 21regime, 2, 11, 216, 223, 240, 263

of the Body, 265of Value, 264, 284

Regime-Revolution Cycle, 7register, 267

material register, 267, 270–272, 279misrecognition of, 273

revolution, 2, 11, 28Bolshevik Revolution, 2631989 Student Movement, 39Russian Revolution, 267

ritual, 202, 208, 211, 214Romania (Romanian), 156Rome (Roman), 149, 156Rukhnama, 19Rurik (prince), 29, 34Rus’, 26Russia (Russian), 11, 23, 34, 149, 190, 196,

281–282imperial Russia, 151, 272, 274, 275,

276–277, 279Orthodox Christianity and, 277neoclassicism in, 280Soviet Russia, 270tsarist Russia, 61, 267

Russian steppe, see eurasian steppeRus-Tepe (site), 333

Saakashvili, Mikhail, 29Saka (see also Scythia), 22, 30, 78, 82, 85,

122, 123, 124, 127, 133, 136, 141, 142Saltovo-Mayatskaya Culture (SMC), 190,

191, 208, 210Samanid dynasty, 21Samara oblast’ (Russia), 286, 294, 295Samara River, 296–298Sarmatia (Sarmatian), 31, 243Sasania (Sasanian), 195, 204Scythia (Scythian), 31, 78, 83, 122, 125,

133, 145, 156, 242, 243, 246, 259sedentism, 21, 33, 36, 92, 116, 118, 124,

140sedentization, 131






Index468

Seleucid period, 100Seljuk dynasty, 60Semirech’ye region, 124, 126, 141Serbia (Serb), 149Serker-Tepe (site), 334Sevan-Uzerlik (culture), 161, 164Shaanxi Province, 183shadow empire, 144Shang dynasty, 38, 175, 178, 179, 185Shangdong (site), 183Shanxi Province, 175, 183shanyrak, 138, 267, 277–278, 279Shengavit, 59Shiism (Shii), 196, 204Shulu (also Shilu), 220Shunkha the Saka, 81Shurmak Culture, 145, 242, 247, 248,

253–256, 258–259Siberia (region), 145

southern Siberia, 240, 242Silk Road, 21, 60, 188sinicization, 43Sintashta-Arkaim (culture), 154,

295, 298Sisian, 164skilled crafting, 93Slavik (Slav), 151SMC, see Saltovo-Mayatskaya Culturesocial landscape, 133Social Lives of Objects (paradigm), 302,

306, 320social skin, 293Sogdia(na) (Sogdian), 36, 78, 82, 116Sogdian (language), 51Sok River, 296–298Song dynasty, 3, 224, 225

northern Song dynasty, 230South Asia, see Indiasovereignty, 30, 123, 141Soviet Union, see Union of Soviet Socialist

RepublicsSrubna, 154Stalinism (Stalinist), 65, 267, 273Stammbaum (language family), 154Staraia Ladoga, 25, 33state, 19, 22, 33, 36, 117, 123, 128, 141

agrarian, 125centralized, 131

predatory, 126status, 11steppe nomad world (see also nomadic

world), 112, 128, 140Stonehenge, 160subjectivity, 13Sumer (Sumerian), 118Supreme Capital, 218Surkh-kotal, 118, 120Susa, 81Susiana Plain, 366Syria (Syrian)

northeastern Syria, 368Százhalombatta (site), 352–361Szigetszentmiklós period, 352

Tagar Culture, 245Taizong (emperor), 223Tajikistan (Tajik), 21–24, 35, 78, 84Taldy Bulak, 134Talgar River, 123–140Tamar (queen), 151Tanaoxares, 80Tang dynasty, 41, 50, 219, 224, 230

capital of the, 218, 221Tashkazgan (site), 297Tash-kyrman-tepe (site), 117Tashtyk Culture, 246Tatarlı, 86techniques of the body, 350Tengrianism, 18Tianshan Mountains, 41, 122, 126, 132,

141Tibetan (language), 51Tigran the Great, 72, 149, 151Tigranokert, 32Tillya-tepe, 118Timur, 154Tocharian A and B (language), 51Togolok, 118Tok-kala, 117Toprak-kala shavatskaya, 118Toprakkala Sultan-uiz-dag, 101, 115, 117,

118, 120total social fact, 284tourism, cultural heritage, 40, 43Transbaikalia, 245Transcaucasia, see Caucasus, South






Index 469

tree of culture, 154–155Trialeti (culture), 163, 164Trialeti-Vanadzor (horizon), 164, 308Tsaghkahovit (site), 165, 171, 311–320,

338–347Tsaghkahovit Plain, 144, 158, 163, 165,

171, 264, 303, 309–321, 337–347Tsaghkalanj, 164Tsiganka 8 (site), 134Tsiganka River, 134Tsitsernakaberd, 59Turfan, 41Túrkeve-Terehalom (site), 354Turkey (Turk), 33, 86, 149, 153, 188, 194,

195, 199, 207, 327southeastern Turkey, 368

Turkic (ethnic group), 125, 132, 142, 188, 205, 215

Old Turkic (language), 51Turkish empire (First), 144, 188, 193Turk-Khazar Polity, 190, 193, 208, 209,

212Turkmenchai, Treaty of, 151Turkmenistan (Turkmen), 19, 30, 33,

78, 81Tuva, 145, 240, 242, 245, 247, 256Tuzusai, 123, 133

Ukraine (Ukranian), 156, 208Ulungur River, 49Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet

Union, USSR), 1, 4, 58, 147, 150, 152, 190, 276, 281, 298, 364

archaeology, 286Asia, 274collapse of, 4, 43, 75, 122context, 272–273ethnicities policy of, 16–17ethnography, 279era, 269history, 267history of archaeological research in, 4power, forms of, 275socialism (socialist), 267, 282

United States of America (USA), 149, 151Ur (site), 98Ural Mountains (region), South, 297–299Ural River, 294

Urartu (Urartian), 57, 68, 70urban, 220Urnfield period, 352Utevka VI (site), 284, 296–299Uyghur (see also xinjiang Uyghur

Autonomous Region), 41, 223Uyghur (language), 51Uyghur empire, 41Uyuk Culture, 145, 242–243, 246–247,

253–256, 259Uzbekistan (Uzbek), 21, 22, 78, 154Uzbek-Kazakh khanate, 123Uzboy River, 92

Vagharshapat (echmiadzin), 63value, 203, 206, 213, 214Van, Lake, 57Varangians, 34Vatya period, 352–353, 357–358Vatya-Kszider period, 352–353, 357Velikent (site), 286, 288–294, 296, 334Velikent Fine Ware (ceramic), 326–333Verin naver, 164Vikings (ethnic group), 257violence, 11Vladikavkaz (north Ossetia), 31Volga region, 209

Bulgar communities in the, 210Volga River, 19, 188

Middle Volga, 208, 210, 213, 285, 294–299

Lower Volga, 191, 200, 208, 209, 213Volga-Kama region, 194, 212Volkhov River, 25Volosovo-danilova (site), 294

war (warrior), 144, 145, 225captives of, 220cult of, 200warrior persona, 144

Wardzhia Cave Monastery, 151wealth, 8, 40, 112, 128, 130, 140, 203, 205,

208, 210, 214, 231, 235, 237differentiation of, 131sharing of, 130

Wei Prefecture (China), 224World Systems Theory, 287Wuding (king), 181






Index470

Wulei Mountains, 49Wusun (ethnic group), 123, 125, 127, 132,

133, 136, 141

xerxes (king), 80xilamulun (site), 218, 225, 228xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,

12, 41xiongnu (ethnic group), 118, 125, 145,

243, 247, 256xiongnu empire, 139, 243, 247

Yan (State of ), 175, 184, 185Yellow River, 38, 183

Yenisei River, 245Yerevan (Armenia), 307Yinxu (site), 181Yuan dynasty, 51Yuezhi (ethnic group), 124, 133, 141Yugoslavia, 148

Zagros Mountains (region), 330Zetkin, Clara, 270Zhou dynasty, 7, 38, 184Zhukaigou (site), 175, 179, 180, 185, 187Zoroastrianism, 18, 21, 23, 28, 34Zvartnots, 62–63Zwingli, Huldrych (or Ulrich), 270






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