701

Index

aacellular grafts 473–474acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactor

185acquired laryngotracheal stenosis 367actin filaments 472active silicon nanotube transistors

(ANTTs) 686adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) 368adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 64adenoviruses 89adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)

190, 225, 250, 485adipose tissue-derived stromal cells

224adult stem cells 659hematopoietic stem cells 91mesenchymal stem cells 91Wharton’s jelly stem cell 92

agarose 257alginate 256, 452alginate-AuNW nanocomposites 684alginic acid 50, 148aliphatic polyesters 450alkaline and acid treatments 607allograft osteochondral transplantation

247allografts 370, 475𝛼-hydroxyl esters 538amine precursor uptake and

decarboxylation system (APUD)366

amnion derived mesenchymal cells(AMSCs) 660

amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) 251

angioblasts 329angiogenesis 329angiogenic growth factors (GFs) 333anisotropic scaffolds 621anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 470,

474antifouling coatings 156anti-vimentin antibodies 414aortic endothelial cell (AEC) 115Apligraf® 47, 222, 228arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)

57articular cartilage 125adulthood 243bone marrow simulation-based

techniques 246cell-based regenerative technique

247composition and structure 243, 244embryonic development 243function 244lesions 245, 246osteochondral transplantation

techniques 246tissue engineering 247, (see also

articular cartilage tissueengineering)

articular cartilage tissue engineeringadipose-derived stem cells 250agarose 257alginate 256amniotic fluid stem cells 251biomimetic hierarchical 268bone marrow-derived stem cells 249

Tissue Engineering for Artificial Organs: Regenerative Medicine, Smart Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine,First Edition. Edited by Anwarul Hasan.© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

702 Index

articular cartilage tissue engineering(contd.)

cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds 269cartilage regeneration 271, 273chitosan 257chondrocytes 249collagen 254controlled delivery of biochemical

factors 265embryonic stem cells 251FGF-2 263fibrin 255gelatin 255gene therapy 267hyaluronic acid 257IGF-1 263induced pluripotent stem cells 252kartogenin 264mechanical stimuli 264muscle-derived stem cells 251parathyroid hormone-related protein

263poly (ethylene glycol) 259poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) 259polyester 258polyurethane 259properties for scaffolds 253PRP 264scaffold-free cartilage tissue

engineering 270, 272synovium-derived stem cells 250transforming growth factor-beta

262arytenoid cartilages 364asialoglycoprotein receptors 50asthma 391autografts 217, 371, 474autologous adipose-derived stem cells

(ADSCs) 53autologous chondrocyte implantation

(ACI) 247autologous chondrocyte transplantation

(ACT) 15autologous endothelial progenitor cells

(EPCs) 273autologous iPSC-derived endothelial

cells (iECs) 115

autologous osteochondraltransplantation 247

autologous tissues 374

bbasal cells 365benign tumors 367of larynx 368

𝛽-mercaptoethanol (BME) 99biaxial aligned nanofibers 117bilayered models 221bilayered TES 220bioactive material-based techniques

338, 339bioartificial pancreasalginate 559biocompatibility 558bioengineering approach 556biology of pancreas and islets 554cell surface coating 562clinical studies 565diabetes mellitus 553direct reprogramming 558exogenous insulin treatment 554fibrosis 562human islets 557human pluripotent stem cells 557hydrogels 559islet isolation 557islets of Langerhans 553macrocapsules 559macroencapsulation 560medical device 555microencapsulation 561pancreatic islet transplantation 555pig islets 556, 557protection from immune attack 563transplantation site 563, 564in vivo gene therapy 555whole organ pancreas transplantation

554bioceramics 122biocompatibility 39biocompatible polyethersulfone (PES)

hollow fiber 178biodegradable 3D scaffold 478biodegradation of scaffold 627

Index 703

bio-electrospinning 483biofabrication 63biologics and drug-based treatment

667biomaterials 371biomaterial-tissue interactions

37–39biomimetic scaffolds 69cell-biomaterial interactions 37, 67cell-specific binding sites 37challenges 65controllable degradation 35conventional fabrication methods

61–63ECM 35high-throughput microarray

technique 69mechanical properties 35natural, (see natural biomaterials)properties 40–43rapid prototyping 64scaffold requirements for specific

tissues 44scaffolds 35synthetic, (see synthetic biomaterials)testing 64, 66

biomaterials and scaffold production10

biomimetic artificial larynx 382biomimetic hierarchical cartilage tissue

engineering 268biomimetic scaffolds 69biomimicry 535bionic systemscellular alignment 677cochlear implants 678degradable batteries 689flexible solid-state microelectronics

687high-resolution device arrays 678inductively coupled systems 689integrated biocompatible systems

678neuromuscular-electrode interface

679organic electronics 681piezoelectrics 691

polymer tissue scaffolds 677retinal implants 679solid-state nanomaterials 6833D printing 693

bioreactors 424, 427, 491advantages and disadvantages 171bladder, uterine, and cornea tissue

engineering 189cardiovascular tissue engineering

187–189liver tissue engineering 176and mechano-chemical stimulators

532, 534, 535microfluidic 174, 175musculoskeletal tissue engineering

179neural tissue engineering 185organ-on-a-chip devices 170perfusion, (see perfusion bioreactors)rotating wall vessels 172spinner flasks 171, 172three dimensional (3D) scaffolds

169uniform cell distributions 169wave bioreactors 172, 173

bio-scaffold based technologiesdecellularization 588, 590implantation and vascularization of

kidney scaffolds 593organ printing 594recellularization of acellular renal

sections 592recellularization of whole kidney

scaffolds 591biosensorsantifouling coatings 156cell adhesion 150colorimetry using gold nanoparticles

145electrochemical methods 146fundamentals 143integrated tissue scaffold 155metabolites 147microfluidic chips 154nanowire field-effect transistors 150nitric oxide 157oxygen monitoring 148

704 Index

biosensors (contd.)reactive oxygen species 149templated porous scaffolds 157

bladder, uterine, and cornea tissueengineering 189

blood vessel formation 144BMP2 gene-modified iPSC-MSCs 125bone marrow-derived adult stem cells

659bone marrow-derived stem cells

(BMSCs) 225, 249bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

(BM-MSC) 224, 381bone marrow mononuclear cells

(BMMNCs) 497bone marrow simulation-based

techniques 246bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)

18bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)

13, 17, 262, 334bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7)

583bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2)

125bone tissue engineering 17, 92, 93, 96,

121behavior of cells 530bioreactors and mechano-chemical

stimulators 532, 534, 535bone cells 525cell-biomaterial interface 529cellular growth 530epigenetic machinery 526, 527flap pre-fabrication approach 542functions of bone tissue 525growth hormones 531low-density lipoprotein

receptor-related protein 5, 545mechanics and bone cell activities

539mechano-sensors 541mesenchymal stem cells 530microarrays of peptides 531nanoparticle delivery systems 539nanostructured scaffolds 538

osteocyte-osteoblast communication541

osteogenesis 525osteogenic progenitors 543pre-existence of vascular networks

543protein kinase signaling 545scaffolds and biomaterials 526sourcing 5283D bio-printing 534vasculogenic progenitors 543

Bowman’s space 577branched-nanotube intracellular field

effect transistors (BIT-FETs)686

brush cells 366

cCa2+ cycling 130cadaveric allografts 217calcium-deficient nanohydroxyapatite

(d-HAp) 122calcium phosphates (CaP) 122Canals of Hering (CoH) 302cancer biomarker CA-125 147cancer of larynx/hypopharynx 368CaP cement (CPC) scaffolds 122capsular ligaments 470carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 667, 683cardiac biowire bioreactor 188cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) 422cardiac tissue architecture 414, 415cardiac tissue engineering 19, 97, 127benefits and limitations of available

cell sources 417bioreactors 424, 427cardiac progenitor cells 422cardiac tissue architecture 414, 415cell sheets 424, 427decellularized scaffolds 424, 426embryonic stem cells 418engineered cardiac tissues 428, 429hydrogels 423, 424induced pluripotent stem cells 420,

421mesenchymal stem cells 416prefabricated scaffolds 423, 424

Index 705

resident cardiac stem cells 422cardiac tissue scaffolds 684cardiomyocytes (CMs) 97, 127, 416cardiovascular tissue engineering 187,

189cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds 269cartilage regeneration 271, 273cartilage-specific ECM 54cartilage-stimulating chondrogenesis

51cartilage tissue engineering 16, 96, 125C2C12 myoblasts 182CdSe and CdS quantum dots 150cell adhesion 150cell based and neuroprotection

therapeutic strategies 658, 659cell-based regenerative technique 247cell-biomaterial scaffold interactions

67cell co-culture-based techniques 335,

336cell-laden hydrogels 117cell-laden scaffolds 179cell-matrix (scaffold) interaction 118cell seeding density 119cell sheet engineering 8, 331cell sheets 424, 427secreted ECMmatrix 117

cell signaling research and bioreactordevelopment 11, 12

cell sourcing and cell manipulation 10cell surface coating 562cellular and drug delivery 407ceramic 𝛽-TCP scaffold 544chemical decellularizationalkaline and acid treatments 607hypotonic and hypertonic treatment

611non-ionic detergent treatment 608tri(n-butyl)phosphate treatment 611zwitterionic detergent treatment

610chitosan 51, 257chondrocyte dedifferentiation 16chondrocytes 96, 249chondroid hamartomas 367chondroitin sulfate (CS) 243

chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) test65

chronic kidney disease (CKD) 575chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) 391, 392ciliated columnar cells 365CNT-reinforced composites 539cochlear implants 678collagen 46, 48, 254, 604collagen-based biomaterials 614collagen-based hydrogels 488collagen-based synthetic bioscaffolds

477collagen microsponges 47collagenous bioscaffolds 478collagenous synthetic analogs (CSA)

477collagen-poloxamine hybrid

biomaterials 46collagen-polyethylene glycol

fibrin-based bilayer hydrogels228

collagen-rich ECM bioscaffolds 473collagen type I protein 467colorimetry using gold nanoparticles

145corniculate and cuneiform cartilage

364cricoid cartilage 364C-shape cartilage-rings 365cultured epithelial autografts (CEA)

226cytochrome P450 (CYP) 20CytodexTMtype 3 microcarriers 183cytoskeleton 119

ddanger-associated molecular pattern

molecules (DAMPs) 454debrided adipose stem cells (dsASCs)

229decellularized ECM-derived scaffold

matrices 117decellularized mouse heart scaffolds

129decellularized renal scaffolds 576decellularized scaffolds 128, 424, 426

706 Index

decellularized tissue approach 400,402

decellularized tissue-engineered heartvalves (dTEHVs) 454

decellularized tissues 453deglutition process 365degradable batteries 689demineralized bone matrix (DBM) 16dense core granule cells 366dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) 541DermagraftⓇ 227dermal models 221dermal substitutes 227dermo-epidermal skin substitutes 228devitalization process 269diabetic skin-humanized mouse model

231diffuse papillomatosis 367Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2)

414DKK-1 542donor neural cells 659dynamically perfused chip-based

bioreactor 223dynamic optical projection

stereolithography (DOPsL) 618

eECM proteins 120, 665ELAC bioscaffolds 477elastin 55, 56, 327elastin-based biomaterials 55elastin-like polypeptides 55electrochemical blocking assays 147electrochemically aligned collagens

(ELAC) 477electrochemical methods 146electrospinning technique 337electrospun collagen nanofibers 614electrospun fibers 51electrospun galactosylated chitosan

nanofibers 51electrospun PLLA/d-HAp

nanocomposite 122electrospun polymer matrices 120electrospun poly(𝜀-caprolactone) (PCL)

scaffolds 185

embryonic bodies 668embryonic kidney cells 582, 585embryonic lung progenitors 399embryonic stem cells (ESC) 88, 251,

418, 456, 659endothelialized reconstructed skin

(ERS) model 228endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)

329, 455, 660end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 575engineered cardiac tissues (ECT) 428,

429engineered corporal tissue 18engineered neural tissue (EngNT) 615ENTegralTM 372enzymatic decellularization 612EpicelⓇ 15, 220, 226epidermal melanocytes 131epidermal models 220epidermal skin regeneration 226epidermal TESs 220epidermis-derived keratinocytes 226epiglottis 364episomal plasmids 89epithelial tumors 367exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

553exogenous enzymes 257exogenous insulin treatment 554exogenous stem cell therapy 406extracellular matrix (ECM) 8, 97extracellular signal-regulated kinase

(ERK) 546extracorporeal bioartifical liver (BAL)

devices 297extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

(ECMO) 405extracorporeal shockwave treatment

(ESWT) 497extravascular macrocapsule devices

560ex vivo tissue engineering 375

ffate-restricted multipotent adult stem

cells 111FGF-2 263

Index 707

fiber sacrificing method 337fibrin 53, 255fibrin-based biomaterials 619fibrin/HA composite hydrogel 377fibroblast-containing scaffolds 231fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) 13,

583fibrocartilage 245fibronectin (Fn) 122, 467, 667coating 120

fibronectin-like engineered proteinpolymer (FEPP) 123

fibrosis 562field-effect transistors (FETs) 150fixed/packed-bed bioreactors (PBR)

172, 174flap pre-fabrication approach 542flat plate bioreactors 176flexible collagen-I coated

polyacrylamide gel substrates128

flexible solid-state microelectronics687

flexor digitorium profundus (FDP)474

flexor digitorium superficialis (FDS)474

fluidized-bed bioreactor systems 177fluorescence-based oxygen sensors

149fluorescence spectroscopy 146force and pressure decellularization

612foreign body response (FBR) 37, 38

ggalactosylated alginate microcapsules

50galactosylated silk fibroin 54gelatin 52, 255Geltrex 123genetically-engineered proteins 122glial cell-derived neutrophic factor

(GDNF) 581Glisson’s capsule 299glomerular filtration barrier 579, 580glucose oxidase (GOx) 143

glucose sensing 146glutaradehyde (GA) 474glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 47, 452,

604goblet cells 365GraftJacketTM 473graftsallografts 370autografs 371implantation of non viable tissues

369tracheal transplantation and

autografts 370green fluorescent protein (GFP) 127growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43)

660growth factor-based techniques 333

hhamartomas 367Hayff-11 49heart valve biology 445heart valve tissue engineering (HVT)aliphatic polyesters 450cells derived from vasculature 455challenges and limitations 456decellularized tissues 453disease and valve replacement 447heart valve biology 445pluripotent and induced pluripotent

stem cells 456polysaccharide-based scaffolds 452protein-based scaffolds 453umbilical cord-derived cells 455valvular construct 448

hematopoietic stem cells 91hemodynamics 307heparin 52heparinized PCL-PHB

(poly(𝛽-hydroxybutyrate)scaffolds 134

hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) 302hepatic stem cells (HSCs) 302histone lysine methyltransferase MII2

116hollow-fiber bioreactors (HFB) 172,

173, 184

708 Index

human adipose tissue derived MSCs(hAT-MSCs) 401

human bone-marrow derivedmesenchymal stem cells(hBM-MSCs) 401

human-derived ES cells (hESCs) 127human-derived iPSCs (hiPSCs) 127human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) 333human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes

420human feeder cells (HFC) 115human hepatocellular

carcinoma-derived FLC-4 cells54

human iPSCs-derived mesenchymalstem cells (hiPSC-MSCs) 121

human islets 557human neural precursor cells (hNPCs)

186human placental mesenchymal stem

cells (hpMSC) 173human pluripotent stem cells 557human skeletal stem cells (hBMSCs)

544human umbilical vein endothelial cells

(HUVEC) 187, 591, 693hyaluronan (HA) 118hyaluronan-based biomaterials 616hyaluronic acid 47, 257hybrid artificial liver bioreactor 178hydrocyanines 150hydrogels 8, 423, 424hydroxyapatite (HAP) 122, 544hypotonic and hypertonic treatment

611hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) 334

iidiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 394IGF-1 263immortalized porcine brain

microvascular endothelial cells(PBMEC/C1–2) 186

immunosuppressant drugs 363implantable glucose sensor 157implantable laryngeal prosthesis 371implantable organs 15

implantation and vascularization ofkidney scaffolds 593

implantation of non viable tissues 369induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

10, 89, 252, 378, 420, 421, 660advanced cell technology 115advantages 111aortic endothelial cell 115bi-cistronic lentiviral vectors 114bioactive proteins 114bone tissue engineering 121cardiac tissue engineering 127cartilage tissue engineering 125cell-matrix (scaffold) interaction

118cell sources 117culture conditions 114drug discovery and development

113epigenetic changes 116extracellular matrix 111FDA-approved clinical trials 115feeder-dependent protocol 114feeder-free protocol 114genetically reprogrammed adult cells

113histone lysine methyltransferase MII2

116hyaluronan 118immune response 115integration-free reprogramming

approach 116knockout-serum replacement 115lentiviral expression system 113limitations 116murine fibroblasts 113nanofibrous scaffolds 112neural disorders 116neural tissue engineering 132non-viral reprogramming methods

114patient-specific 112PiggyBac vector 114pluripotent-specific transcription

factors 113progenies 112

Index 709

scaffold-based tissue engineering116

sendai-based reprogramming vectors114

single cassette reprogramming vector114

skin tissue engineering 131StemFit 1153D PCL/gelatin scaffolds 118transforming growth factor 𝛽 3 118xeno-free culture conditions 115

inductively coupled systems 689inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

245injectable scaffolds 687inorganic materials 527Integra 47IntegraⓇ Dermal Regeneration Template

221integrated biocompatible systems 678integrated tissue scaffold 155integrin 119integrin 𝛼3/𝛽1 590integrin-linked kinase (ILK) 416interleukin (IL) 225interleukin-6 (IL-6) production 662International Association of

Laryngectomees 368interstitial lung disease (ILD) 390intramembranous and endochondral

ossification 525inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffold

132in vitro bioreactor systems 448in vitro models for disease studies 19in vitro prevascularization 332in vitro wound healing models 231in vivo prevascularization 331in vivo tissue engineering 375in vivo wound healing applications 230ionic detergent treatment 608ion-selective electrode (ISE) technique

148iPSCs 87derived CMs 127derived GFP 127

Islets of Langerhans 553

jjellyfish collagen scaffold 46

kkartogenin 264keratin sulfate (KS) 243kidney recellularization 592kidney vascularization 580knockout-dulbecco’s modified eagle’s

medium (KO-DMEM) 115

llacuna 244laminin coated scaffolds 132large diameter vascular grafts 344laryngeal tissue engineering 378laryngeal transplantation 369laryngotracheal stenosis 366larynx 364laser photolithography technique 333LaserskinⓇ 220, 226Leghorn chicken’s flexor digitorium

profundus (FDP) tendons 475lentiviral expression system 113ligaments 4701,4-linked 3,6-anhydro-𝛼-L-galactose

2561,3-linked 𝛽-D-galactose 256liver biologycell types 302extracellular matrix 303histological structure 300organ scale anatomy 299

liver biomechanicshemodynamics 307properties 304

liver engineered tissues 20liver mechanobiologycellular mechanotransduction 309cellular scale mechanical forces 308mechanosensitivity 310

liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs)302

liver tissue engineeringperfusion bioreactors 177, 180rotating wall vessel bioreactors 176scaffolds 313

710 Index

liver tissue engineering (contd.)spinner flasks 176

living tissue engineered bilayered skinmodel 222

Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL) 582low-density lipoprotein receptor-related

protein 5, 545low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)

497lung parenchyma engineering 399lung tissue engineeringdecellularized tissue approach 400,

402dimensional printing 403lung parenchyma engineering 399tissue engineered trachea 397, 398vascularization 400

lung volume reduction (LVR) 393

mmacroencapsulation 560MatricelⓇ 473matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13

250mechano-sensors 541mechanotransduction 416medial collateral ligament (MCL) 470mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs)

124mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 91,

416, 485adipose-derived stem cells 250amniotic fluid stem cells 251bone marrow-derived stem cells 249muscle-derived stem cells 251synovium-derived stem cells 250

mesenchymal tumors 367metabolites 147methacrylated gelatin 52methacrylated tropoelastin prepolymers

55microencapsulation 561microfluidic bioreactors 174, 175microfluidic chips 154microfluidics and assist devices 403,

404microfluidics-based biosensors

integrated tissue scaffold 155microfluidic chips 154

micromolded gelatin hydrogel 131micropattern-based techniques 333,

334mind-controlled bionic prosthetic arms

680mitogen-activated protein kinase

(MAPK) 546mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)

113MRC5 lung fibroblasts 113MSC-laden polylactic acid micro

carriers 529multi-functional skin models 223Murine Nkx2–1 401muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs)

251musculoskeletal tissue engineeringacellular grafts 474allografts 475animal models 494autografts 474bioreactors 491clinical trials 497collagenous bioscaffolds 478growth factors 488, 490ligaments 470mesenchymal stem cells 485natural scaffolds 477, 478perfusion bioreactors 183rotating wall vessel bioreactors 179skeletal muscle 470, 471soft tissue injuries 465spinner flasks 182synthetic bioscaffolds 481tendon 467, 468tissue engineered

tendon/ligament/muscle 466xenografts 474

myocardial infarction (MI) 413myocardial tissuebioreactors 424, 427cell sheets 424, 427decellularized scaffolds 424, 426engineered cardiac tissues 428,

429

Index 711

hydrogels 423, 424prefabricated scaffolds 423, 424

myosin filaments 472

nnanocomposites 683nanocomposite scaffold 375nanofibrous scaffolds 112biodegradation 627characterization 628self-assembling nanomaterials 628

nanoparticle delivery systems 539nanostructured scaffolds 538nano-tip FETs 153nanowire field-effect transistors 150nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds

(nanoES) 686natural biomaterial-based scaffolds

131natural biomaterialsagarose-based materials 621alginic acid 50alkaline and acid treatments 607axonal injury 606biocompatibility 605chitosan 51collagen 46, 48collagen-based biomaterials 614decellularization 606elastin 55, 56enzymatic decellularization 612fibrin 53force and pressure decellularization

612gelatin 52hyaluronan-based biomaterials 616hyaluronic acid 47hypotonic and hypertonic treatment

611ionic detergent treatment 608micro-patterning 605non-ionic detergent treatment 608non-thermal irreversible

electroporation 612peptides 54plasticity 605regeneration of neural tissue 606

silk 54thermal decellularization 611tri(n-butyl)phosphate treatment 611Wallerian degeneration 605zwitterionic detergent treatment

610natural bioreactor 378naturally derived biomaterials 527natural proteins 340natural scaffolds 477, 478N-diazeniumdiolate 157needle-type electrochemical glucose

sensors 157neonatal kidney cells (NKCs) 591nephron 576, 577nerve growth factor (NGF) 13neural crest stem cells (NCSC) 132neural progenitor cells (NPCs) 120neural tissue engineering (NTE) 97,

132, 185agarose-based materials 621alkaline and acid treatments 607biodegradation of scaffold 627characterization 628collagen-based biomaterials 614enzymatic decellularization 612fibrin-based biomaterials 619force and pressure decellularization

612hyaluronan-based biomaterials 616hypotonic and hypertonic treatment

611ionic detergent treatment 608non-ionic detergent treatment 608non-thermal irreversible

electroporation 612peptide-based biomaterials 625poly (ethylene glycol) 624poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) 624self-assembling nanomaterials 628thermal decellularization 611tri(n-butyl)phosphate treatment 611zwitterionic detergent treatment

610neuroepithelial cells 657NeuroflexTM 614neurogin 2 (Ngn2) 661

712 Index

NeuroMarixTM 614NeuroMendTM 614neuromuscular-electrode interface

679neurotrophic factors 662NeuroWrapTM 614newborn BJ-1 foreskin fibroblasts 113Nile blue chloride 149nitric oxide (NO) 157non-functioning larynx 369non-inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA)

245non-ionic detergent treatment 608non-small cell lung cancers 393non-thermal irreversible

electroporation (NTIRE) 612non-vascularized grafts 370normoglycemia 555nuclear matrix protein SATB2

125

ooff-the-shelf engineered tissue 144off-the-shelf graft 344omentum flap 128organic electronicsbionic tissues 681mechanism 681

organotypic 3D spheroid culture system230

organ printing 594orthotopic liver transplantation 297osteocalcin (OCN) 541osteochondral defect model 49osteochondral transplantation

techniques 246osteoconductive scaffolds 121osteocyte-osteoblast communication

541osteogenesis 525osteogenic progenitors 543osteopontin (OPN) 541oxygen-insensitive fluorophores 149oxygen monitoring 148oxygen-sensitive and oxygen-insensitive

fluorophores 149oxygen-sensitive luminophores 149

ppacked bed bioreactor system 185pancreas tissue engineering 18pancreatic islet transplantation 555paper-based microfluidics 154parallel aligned

poly(l-lactide-co-e-caprolactone)(P(LLA-CL)) nanofibers 337

parallel plates bioreactors 173parathyroid hormone-related protein

(PTHrP) 263parenchymal fluid pressure (PFP) 313patterned biomaterials 621PCL-based spiral scaffolds 186PepChip based strategies 531peptide amphiphile (PA) 539peptide-based biomaterials 625peptides 54microarrays of 531

perfusion bioreactors 177, 180, 183fixed/packed-bed bioreactors 172,

174hollow-fiber bioreactors 172, 173parallel plates 173

periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLFs)488

periosteal progenitor cells (PPCs) 487peripheral nerve regeneration 614perlecans 541PermaDermTM 228personal glucose meter (PGM) 147personalized medicine 20, 363petacene 681photopolymerizable PEG hydrogels 60photopolymerizable polyethylene glycol

(PEG) based hydrogels 39physical decellularizationforce and pressure decellularization

612non-thermal irreversible

electroporation 612thermal decellularization 611

piezoelectrics 691piezo-electric sensitive scaffolds 546piggy Bac transposons 89pig islets 556, 557pigmented TESs 224

Index 713

platelet rich plasma (PRP) 489pluripotent and induced pluripotent

stem cells 456pluripotent stem cells 585embryonic stem cells 251induced pluripotent stem cells 252

Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) 400Pluronic F127 polymer networks 693poloxamine 46poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)

17poly(𝜀-caprolactone) (PCL) 17, 58poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 49, 60,

259, 624poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) 17, 49poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)

(PHBV) 222, 223poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 17poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)

377poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 57poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)

(PLGA) 47, 57, 59, 335, 624poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

(PNIPAAm) 55, 259poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) 17poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 61poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid

microspheres 156polyacrylamide hydrogels 128polyanhydrides 17polycaprolactone (PCL)based scaffold 337electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

112poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate

(PEG-DA) 487poly(dimethylsiloxane)-encapsulated

silica gel particles 149polyester 258polyethylene glycol (PEG) 148polyglycolic acid (PGA) 177, 400polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold 6polyhydroxyesters 481polylactic acid (PLA) 49poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)

399

poly-L-lactic-acid (PLLA) 177, 399poly-L-lysine (PLL) 335polymeric microspheres 156polymeric scaffold approacheslung parenchyma engineering 399tissue engineered trachea 397, 398vascularization 400

polymeric scaffoldsbiological sources 451synthetic sources 450

polymerized tropomyosin 472polymer tissue scaffolds 677poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)

nanofibers 120polyorthoester (POE) 17polysaccharide-based scaffolds 452poly(vinylidene fluoride

trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE)scaffold 426

polyurethane (PU) 259polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 148porous NF poly-L-lactide (PLLA)

scaffold 120porous scaffolds 117porous templated scaffolds 158porous titanium prosthesis 372prefabricated scaffolds 424prevascularization-based techniques

in vitro prevascularization 332in vivo prevascularization 331

primary malignant tumors 367primordial germ cells 89ProNectin 186prostate specific antigen (PSA) 146protein-based scaffolds 453protein kinase (PK) signaling 545protein tyrosine phosphatase 531proteoglycans 244, 467pulmonary tissue engineeringcellular and drug delivery 407cellular source 405decellularized tissue approach 400,

402dimensional printing 403exogenous stem cell therapy 406lung cancer 392lung parenchyma engineering 399

714 Index

pulmonary tissue engineering (contd.)microfluidics and assist devices 403,

404obstructive pulmonary disorders

391restrictive lung disease 390structure-function relationship 394,

396tissue engineered trachea 397, 398treatment options 393vascularization 400

rradial flow bioreactors 177RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway 540rapid prototyping 64rat multipotent adult progenitor cells

(ratMAPC) 176reactive oxygen species (ROS) 149recellularization of acellular renal

sections 592recellularization of whole kidney

scaffolds 591recombinant BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) 531regenerative medicine, see also tissue

engineeringclinical need 4history 5vs. tissue engineering 6

renal allotransplantation 575renal tissuesbio-scaffold based technologies, (see

bio-scaffold based technologies)early kidney development 578, 579embryonic kidney cells 582, 585glomerular filtration barrier 579,

580kidney vascularization 580nephron 576, 577pluripotent stem cells 585renal anatomy 576renal functions 577tissue-based strategies 581

resident cardiac stem cells (CSC) 422resident neural stem cells 657RESTORETM 475restrictive lung disease 390

retinal implants 679retinoid acid (RA) treatment 120Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor

583rotating bed bioreactors (RBS) 172,

179rotating wall vessel bioreactors 172,

176, 179Ru2(Ph2phen3)Cl2 149

ssarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 473scaffold-based tissue engineering 116scaffold based treatment 664scaffold-free cartilage tissue engineering

270, 272scaffold requirements for specific tissues

44scaffolds 111and biomaterials 526stiffness characteristics 665structure design and fabrication

techniques 336, 338Schwann cells 224sclerostin 542secondary malignant tumors 368self-assembling nanomaterials 628self-assembling proteins (SAP) 539semiconductor nanowires (NWs) 685sendai virus 89serum free floating culture of embryoid

body-like aggregate with quickreaggregation (SFEBq) 669

sheep mesenchymal stem cells (shMSC)184

silicon nanowire nanoelectronics 685silicon nanowires 152silk 54silk based scaffolds 123single cassette reprogramming vector

114skeletal muscle 470, 471skin equivalents (SE) 19skin grafting 217skin grafts 218skin-humanized small animal models

230

Index 715

skin tissue engineering 131sliding filament theory of muscle

contraction 472small-cell lung cancer 393small diameter vascular grafts 344smart biomaterials 10smart scaffold design 527smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 120S-nitrosothiol-modified silica

nanoparticles 157soft tissue injuries 465solid free-form fabrication (SFF) 63solid-state nanomaterialsnanocomposites 683silicon nanowire nanoelectronics

685sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) 334specialized neurospheres 99spinner flasks 171, 172, 176, 182squamous cell carcinomas 367starch 604STAT3 88stem cellsbone tissue engineering 92, 93, 96cardiac tissue engineering 97cartilage tissue engineering 96challenges and future directions 101embryonic 88hematopoietic 91induced pluripotent 89mesenchymal 91neural tissue engineering 97skin, liver, lungs, bladder and

pancreas 99tissue engineering 86unique properties 86Wharton’s jelly 92

StemFit 115stirred bioreactors 186Stryker Orthopaedics 473syngeneic iPSCs 116synovium 250synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs)

250synthetic biomaterialspeptide-based biomaterials 625poly(𝜀-caprolactone) 58

poly(ethylene glycol) 60, 624poly(lactic acid) 57poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) 57,

59poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 624poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 55poly(vinyl alcohol) 61

synthetic bioscaffolds 481synthetic degradable polymers 488synthetic hydrogels 423synthetic materials 527synthetic polymers 538synthetic tendon, ligament and skeletal

muscle bioscaffoldselectrospinning 482, 483knitting 484micropatterning 484use 486

ttail-tip fibroblasts (TTF) 113templated porous scaffolds 157templated scaffolds 621tenascin-C 467tendon 467, 468tendon stem cells (TSCs) 487teratoma 101testicle tissue engineering 18TGF-𝛽3-adsorbed acellular scaffold

272thermal decellularization 611thirty five-micrometer porous templated

scaffolds 1583D bio-printingmaterials 536scaffold-building substances 537typical process 535

3D ECM scaffolds 1213D fibronectin-coated PLGA scaffolds

583D galactosylated silk fibroin scaffolds

54three-dimensional macroporous

nanowire nanoelectronic scaffold153

3-dimensional (3D) vascularizedmulticellular tissues 6

716 Index

3D PCL/gelatin scaffolds 1183D porous alginate sponges 503D-shaped osteochondral tissues 529thyroid cartilage 364tissue-based strategies 581tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) culture

174tissue-engineered blood vesselsbioactive material-based techniques

338, 339cell co-culture-based techniques

335, 336functions 326growth factor-based techniques 333micropattern-based techniques 333,

334scaffold-structure design and

fabrication techniques 336, 338structure and component 326, 327vascular replacement grafts 340vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

329in vitro prevascularization 332in vivo prevascularization 331

tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV)fabrication 445

tissue engineered skin substitutes (TESs)acute and chronic cutaneous wounds

218autografts 217bilayered models 221cadaveric allografts 217cultured keratinocytes 233cytokines/immobilized peptides 234dermal models 221dermal substitutes 227dermo-epidermal skin substitutes

228epidermal models 220epidermal skin regeneration 226functional skin 233heterologous cells 234melanocytes 219multi-functional skin models 223natural biomacromolecules 219skin appendages 219skin grafting 217

skin structure 2183D matrix/scaffold 219types of different skin grafts 218vascularized extracellular matrix

217in vitro wound healing models 231in vivo wound healing applications

230tissue engineered

tendon/ligament/muscle 466tissue engineered trachea 397, 398tissue engineered vascular grafts

(TEVG) 44tissue engineeringapproach 8, 9biomaterials and scaffold production

10cell signaling research and bioreactor

development 11, 12cell sourcing and cell manipulation

10challenges 21clinical need 4complex tissues and organs 13description 3future of 22history 5implantable organs 15limited donor availability 3vs. regenerative medicine 6smart diagnosis and personalized

medicine 20triad of 7in vitro models for disease studies

19TissueMendTM 473TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG-6)

661total pharyngolaryngectomy 382trachea 365tracheal allografts 369tracheal allotransplantations 374tracheal/laryngeal resectionsbenign tumors 367benign tumors of larynx 368cancer of larynx/hypopharynx 368laryngotracheal stenosis 366

Index 717

non-functioning larynx 369primary malignant tumors 367secondary malignant tumors 368

tracheal repalcement 374tracheal scaffolds 398tracheal transplantation and autografts

370trachea tissue engineering 376Transcyte® 221TranscyteTM 227transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1)

52transforming growth factor 𝛽(TGF-𝛽)

13, 118, 262traumatic brain injury (TBI)astrocytes 656biologics and drug-based treatment

667cell based and neuroprotection

therapeutic strategies 658, 659death rates 655glial cells 656glial scar 657inflammation 656microglial cells 657neuro-tissue engineering 670oligodendrocytes 656pathophysiology 656peripheral nervous system 655primary brain injury 656resident neural stem cells 657scaffold based treatment 664scar tissue formation 669translational approaches 668

tri(n-butyl)phosphate treatment 611TritonX-100 589tubular scaffold fabrication 342, 343tumor necrosis factors-alpha (TNF-𝛼)

225type-2 cyclooxygenase (COX-2) 542type I collagen 47type I-III collagen bilayer gels 46type II pneumocytes 397type I pneumocytes 397

type VI collagen 47type X collagen 250

uumbilical cord-derived cells 455

vvalvular bioengineeringcells derived from vasculature 455stem cells 455umbilical cord-derived cells 455

valvular interstitial cells (IC) 446vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) 329, 580vascular engineering 90vascularization 400vascular replacement graftsmaterial selection 340requirements 340tubular scaffold fabrication 342, 343

vasculo-and osteogenic cells 543vasculogenesis and angiogenesis 329vasculogenic progenitors 543

wWallerian degeneration 605water-soluble CdSe/CdS semiconductor

tetrapod nanocrystals 150wave bioreactors 172, 173wavy-walled bioreactor (WWB) 171Wharton’s jelly stem cell (WJSCs) 92whole organ pancreas transplantation

554Wilm’s tumor 1 (WT1) 582

xxenografts 474xenotransplantation5 56

yYamanaka factors 113

zzwitterionic detergent treatment 610zwitterionic hydrogels 156