Independent Boord of - Historical Papers, Wits University€¦ · Independent Boord of PO Box 32293...
Transcript of Independent Boord of - Historical Papers, Wits University€¦ · Independent Boord of PO Box 32293...
Independent Boord of
PO Box 32293 Broomfontein 2017 Johonnesburg South Africo Phone (011) 403-3256f7 Fox (011) 403-1366
REpoRT OF THE INDEPENDENT BOARD OF INOUIRY FOR THE MONTH OF
MARCH 1992
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION: .................................. 1-5
II. STATE INSTITUTIONS:
1. The Goldstone Commission ....................... 5-S
III. ATTACKS ON INDIVIDUALS: ...................... s-io
IV. THE RIGHTWING: ................................ 11-12
V. NATAL:
1. The Trust Feeds Massacre Case .................. 12-14
2. The Maphumulo Inquest .......................... 14-15
SOARD MEMBERS: Prof Lourie Ackermonn. Dr Allen Boesok. Dr Alex Boraine. Mrs Judy Chalmers. ~ Dr Frank Chikane. Dr Max Coleman: Mr Briol Currin. Prof John Dugord. Mrs Sheena Duncan. Mr Peter Harris. Mr Peler Kerchholl. Mrs Lydia Kompe. Mrs Emma Mashinini. Br Jude Pieferse. Archbisnop Desmond Tulu
VI. REEF VIOLENCE:
1 . Alexandra •..•...•••••...••••..••.•..... ; ..•.•.. 15-19
2. Soweto .••.•••....••••.•.•.••••••.•.•....•.••.. ,.19-20
3. East Rand .•..••........••...................... 20-21
4. Weapons .......•........•....................... 21-22
5. Train Attacks • ..•.......•..•••......•.......... 22-25
VII. CONCLUSION: •••••••••••••••••••••••• : •••••••••••• 25
I. INTRODUCTION
In the 25 days following the state,President's announcement
that he would hold a referendum on the question of
negotiations 308 people lost their lives and 631 people were
injured . March has also seen an increase in the number of
train attacks to an all ·time high of 27 since the attacks
began in July 1990. Hostels continue to be the focal point of
violence in the Reef townships. In Soweto, residents fiving :s
in Meadowlands, Jabulani and Dob~onville have all come under ?: .~
attack from hostel dwellers. In Alexandra, north of ! Johannesburg, residents have called for the closure of the ii'
Madala hostel which was the scene of several clashes between
the inmates and residents. Snipers operating in the hostel
killed at least 10 people making their way to work along a
road bordering the hostel.
In the Board's February report the implementation of the
c; National Peace Accord (NPA) at the grass roots level was put
under the spotlight. One of the essential aspects of the NPA
is the impartiality of the police and their willingness to
accept help from organisations and individuals working in
various communities. Our experience is that we have been
unable to assist members of the South African Police (SAP) to
the best of our abilities due to their negative attitude
towards "outsiders" assisting them.
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Despite the many calls in the media by the South African
Police for witnesses to come forward and assist the police,
when attempts are made to facilitate this, we often find
ourselves arr ested or accused of tampering with or changing
statements. One of our researchers who has been involved . in
investigating the shooting of an African National Congress
member in Sharpeville was accused by a members of the SAP,
right in front of an Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) hostel, of
being involved in the burning down of IFP houses in the area.
Board r .esearchers have also encountered problems with the SAP
while assisting the legal teams at the Thokoza Commission
which is investigating the massacre of 23 Inkatha supporters
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on September 8, 1991, the assassination of civic leader Sam
Ntuli in late September and the deaths that occurred after
Ntuli's funeral on October 7 1991. One rese'archer came under
fire at the commission from counsel for the SAP for allegedly (
telling witnesses not to co-operate with the police. The
researcher, however, was followed by two white men in a kombi
whilst st~t~ments, were being taken from potential witnesses.
Whenever the researcher entered a · house the kombi parked a .
few doors away. When the researcher left the house, the kombi
then parked outside the house where the researcher had just .
been.
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In Alexandra the Board has assisted several members of the
community in the laying of charges at the local police
station after,' attempts by the residents to do so themselves
failed . One resident who was allegedly assaulted by members
of the SAP tried to lay a charge at the Wynberg Police
Station but was informed by a policewoma n in the charge
office that she could not accept his case as there were no
dockets. The man, with the assistance of the Board, later
laid a charge of assault .
In previous monthly reports the Board has highlighted its
role in assisting the police investigation into allegations
of torture and extra-judicial executions at the Welverdiend
and Carletonville police stations. Although the Welverdi'end
Police station has been closed down and 11 policemen have
been suspended the investigation has not been without its
problems. The investigation from the begining has been marked
by a lack of sincerity on the part of the local police in the
area. It is the Board's perception that the investigation
team, brought in from Pretoria an~ commanded by Colonel stear
were not given full co- operation by the local police station.
The Board believes that every attempt was made to undermine
the investigation.
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During the first weeks of the investigation four local '
residents were detained and allegedly tortured by members of
the Welverdiend Unrest Unit the very subject of the
investigation.
Residents in the township are beginning to ask: What is the
price of co-operation? No fewer that nine pe.ople have been
arrested and/or charged in a court of law after having given
evidence against the police, generally assisting the
investigation or laying a complaint at the Carletonville
charge office against members of the force. To date two
people have had their charges withdrawn following a
recommendation by the Attorney General, two were acquitted
and one was discharged following the presentation of the
state's case. At least six formal complaints -one of
attempted murder and five of assault - have been lodged
against the police since the inquiry began. Three of the
complainants and two of the potential witnesses were later
arrested .
witnesses have th,reatened and warned that they are "not far
off from the mortuary". The Board's researcher and the local
ANC chairperson were told that a certain suspended policeman
had plans to eliminate them as they were the cause of the
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suspensions Qf members of the force. ~
The Board believes that the bail conditions set at the time
of the researchers arrest for allegedly intimidating a police
officer were to try and circumvent the investigation. The
bail conditions were that the researcher and the local ANC
chairperson were not allowed within 500 metres of the
Carletonville police station and magistrate's court.
The above highlights the fact that, despite the best
intentions by senior police officers to investigate police
irregularities, the attitude of their more junior colleagues
often leaves much to be desired.
That this need not be the case is shown by the Trust feeds
case in Natal, which is fully detailed in that section.
II. STATE INSTITUTIONS
1. The Goldstone commission
The second session of the Goldstone Commission enquiring into
the activities of SADF "front comp~nies"and the 200 Zulu men
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trained in the Caprivi sat in Pretoria from February 25 to
March 4. The key witnesses at this session were Brigadier
Mathe of the Kwa-Zulu Police (KZP); Melchidizec Zakhele (MZ)
Khumalo ex personal assistant to Inkatha president Mangosuthu
Buthelezi and Mbongeni Khumalo ex Inkatha Youth Brigade (IYB)
organiser.
Brigadier Mathe contradicted evidence that he had given at
the earlier session of the Commission in Cape Town. At the
Cape Town hearings Mathe had said that all 200 caprivi
trainees received KZP ID cards, but in Pretoria he said that
only 78 trainees received such cards. The - Commission
Chairman, Mr. Justice Richard Goldstone questioned Mathe as
to how he could contradict himself in this manner. Mathe was
unable to provide a satisfactory answer to this question.
Mathe said that any information on the trainees should be
addressed to MZ Khumalo as he was the person who was in
charge of the project. Mathe also failed to provide the
Commission with documentation relating to the trainees which
he had undertaken to provide at the Cape Town hearings.
MZ Khumalo testified that_ the training of the Caprivi 200 was
undertaken by a firm called Swart Security and that funding
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for the projebt was provided by a firm called Richards
Appointments. At the time Khumalo believed these two to be
private companies and it was only some time later that he
became aware that the funding and training was being done by
the South African Defence Force (SADF). He did not enquire at
the time as to whom these companies represented. Justice
Goldstone remarked that Khumalo's lack of inquisitiveness
"boggles the imagination". Khumalo admitted that the SADF had
spent millions of rand on the project and subsequent payments j
to the trainees:
He contradicted himself as to whether Buthelezi knew that the
funding came from the SADF. At first he said that Buthelezi
had known and then he said that he did not, because if he had
known he would never have approved of the project. He also
contradicted Mathe and said that Mathe had never approached
him for documentary evidence about the trainees. He alleged
Q)" that the crucial person to provide information on the
trainees was Mathe himself.
He also admitted to the fact that he had been dishonest and
lied in the past on a number of occasions. This was in
response to questions relating to his convictions on charges
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of fraud and theft. He insisted, however, that he had been
completely honest with the Commission. The substance of his
allegations was not really challenged during this cross
examination.
The Commission resumes its hearings on April 7.
III . ATTACKS ON INDIVIDUALS
Townships in the Vaal triangle have experienced a spate of
killings of activists, particularly members of the ANC's
armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK). The latest death was that
of south African Communist Party (SACP) official Saul
Tsotetsi. According to the SACP, Tsotetsi died while being
attacked by a group of five men.
However, spokesperson for the SAP said: lOA handgrenade
exploded in Tsotestsi's hands, killing him, Elias Motloung
and Alfred Yika instantly. Two other men injured in the
explosion were taken to hospital .
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Tensions in Sharpeville are running high following the
killing of at least five ANC members in three months : I.n the
latest incident, a young ANC activist and key witness to the
killing of Andries Molebatsi, Doctor Motsitsi, was found dead
outside his grandparents home. The Board had .taken a
statement from Doctor Motsitsi who claimed that Molebatsi .. 'as
shot dead by Constable Skuta Marumo on March 1.
Tsepo Lengwati (24) a member of MK was shot dead while
accompanying police on their investigations in Sharpeville .
Prior to his death Lengwati had made a statement to his
lawyer in which he stated that he feared for his life. He
also laid a charge of assault against the investigating
officer Sergeant Pedro Peens . Peens was the la·st person to
see Lengwati alive.
Police claim that Lengwati was killed when the police vehicle
he was travelling in came under attack. According to the
police he was shot in the neck and head . An independent
pathologist however says that he found 17 bullets in
Lengwati's body all 17 had penetrated him from the front. Of
the seven people arrested with Lengwati for an alleged murder
of a police officer and a robbery in Vanderbijlpark, three
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are dead. One died while allegedly fleeing the scene, one in
custody and one in a shoot out with police in Soweto. The
Board has subsequently discovered that the police vehicle
which took Lengwati into Sharpeville the day he was killed,
was uS'ing false number plates.
The Board is also currently investigating a case where
eyewitnesses claim that two 2l-year-olds , Rangwani Lifiedi
and Thabo Mosebi, both members of the ANC were shot dead by
police during r aid on a Sharpeville home. A week prior to his
death Lifiedi's brother Kgabi was picked up by members of the
SAP based in sebokeng. Amongst them was Constable Skuta
Marumo and he asked about the whereabouts of Liefiedi. Kgabi
was told that the police were aware that Rangwani was not
staying at home and that he was moving from house to house.
Kgabi was told that the minute his brother was found they
would destroy that house and all in it.
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IV. RIGHT WING.
1. The Orde Boerevolk (OB) Bombers .
As detailed in earlier reports, three members of the ultra
right ~ing group the Orde Boerevolk (OB), Adriaan Maritz,
Henry Martin and Lood Van Schalkwyk were charged with one
count of murder, two counts of attempted murder and two
counts of malicious damage to property. These charges arise
out of two bomb blasts in 1990, one in Durban and one in
Pretoria. Whilst the .three were awaiting trial they allegedly
went on a hunger strike, although medical tests done at the
end of the strike cast severe doubts on wether the men had in
fact stopped eating. The three were then granted bail and
Maritz and Martin fled to England.
Early in March, Maritz gave an interview to the British
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in which he claimed that the
parcel bomb, which killed Durban computer operator, Nicholas
Cruise, was posted by a security Policeman, Warrant Officer
Steyl Abrie. Maritz alleged that he was working for Military
Intelligence at the time of both b~mbings. The SAP strongly
denied any involvement in the bombing, stating that Abrie was
a constable at the time of the incident and that he had never
been a member of the Security police .
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Fellow accused, Lood Van Schalkwyk, went on trial on the
charges in mid March . He pleaded guilty to all the charges.
Abrie, who had been granted indemnity on the charges under
the c r iminal Procedure Act , admitted to posting the parcel
bomb on the request of Van Schalkwyk and claimed that the
bomb had actually been built by Maritz and Martin. After the
bomb went off, killing cruise, Abrie confessed his role in
the events to his father, a Colonel in the Security Police.
Arguing in his defence, Van Schalkwyk's counsel alleged that
the initiative for both bombings came from Maritz and Martin.
Despite the fact that the state asked for a sentence of life
imprisonment, Justice OJ Curlewis sentenced Van Schalkwyk to
death . Legal experts point out that this raises problems with
the possible ext~adition of Maritz and Martin, as British law
does not allow this if there is a poss-i l5i·lity of offenders
being s e ntenced to death .
V. NATAL .
1 . The Trust Feeds Massacre Case
(For details on this incident, see earlier reports) .
captain Brian Mitchell, one of the accused in the case, has
changed his plea of not guilty to guilty .
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His plea was changed due to a new found religious conviction.
" In giving evidence he admitted that he had ordered special
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Constables to kill united Democratic Front (UDF) members in
the Trust Feeds area but that he had never intended them to
kill women and children.
He believed that the special Constables would get information
on the whereabouts of UDF members from local Inkatha leader,
Jerome Gabela. Mitchell said that he saw himself as a soldier
fighting ~n a civil war and that he was on the side of the
government. He sympathised with Inkatha ,as he did not see
them as part of the "revolutionary onslaught". He brought the
special Constables into the area for the specific purpose of
integrating with Inkatha and killing members of the UDF.
Shortly before the attack a "prevention of crime" operation
was carried out in the area by the Riot Control'Unit.
According to Mitchell the aim of this was to remove a number
of young men from the UDF "fighting force " and to seize
weapons belonging to UDF supporters.This would make them
vulnerable to an Inkatha attack.
After a meeting between Gabela, the late Major Deon
Terblanche of the Riot Control unit , and Inkatha leader, David
Ntombela, Mitchell gained the impression that Terblanche ~nd
Ntombela had told Gabela to attack the UDF in Trust Feeds and
that Special Constables would be provided to assist him.
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special constable; Kehla Ngubane, one of Mitchell's co-accused, disputed aspects of his evidence. He claims that Mitchell pointed out the house which was to be attacked and that he, Mitchell, fired shots into the house himself. More disturbing facts have emerged from the evidence of Special Constable Thabo Sikhosana and Special Sergeant Dumisane Ndwal~e, another two accused.
Sikhosana alleges that after the attack he was told by his co-accused Sergeant Neville Rose to run away and hide. He also claims that when he tried to give his version of events to Colonel Langenhoven he was shouted at and told he was a liar . Chief investigating officer, Captain Dutton, said that he had had reservations about this interrogation. In a similar vein, Ndwalane, claimed that co-accused, Captain Jacobus Van den Heever threatened to kill him if he did not go into hiding.
The trial continues.
2. The Maphumulo Inguest
A finding was given .in this matter on March 16. Mr. Justice Page found that unknown people were responsible for the killing.
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He found that the evidence of sipho Mdladla, who had
implicated menib~rs of the SAP and MI, to be false. The
security forces were thus cleared of any involvement in the
murder.
VI . REEF - VIOLENCE
The role of hostels in fermenting the Reef violence has corne
sharply into focus this month . Both in Alexandra and Soweto
the hostels have been at the centre of the violence .
1 . Alexandra
The Madala Hostel in Alexandra Township is built on a rise
and it has a commanding view of the township. There has not
always been tension between the community and the hostel
dwellers. The first attacks in Alexandra began almost a year
ago when the original hostel inmates claimed they were
trapped outside the hostel because of "foreign" elements who
had taken it over. A shebeen owner who refused to be named at
the time said: "I know almost all the inmates in the hostel
and I can give you a guarantee that all those in the hostel
at the moment are not residents there (sowetan 11/2/1991).
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The current violence was sparked off when members of the IFP
attempted to bury one of their alleged members in the local
graveyard . The Board has been able , to establish that the man
was killed during a quarrel over a woman and it is believed
that the local IFP leadership decided to politicise the
funeral. The Board also received information that a meeting
was held at the George Goch hostel in Johannesburg to plan
the funeral. This was done with the full knowledge that any
attempt to bury an IFP "supporter" in the Alexandra cemetery
could be met by strong resistance from the community.
On March 7, hundreds of IFP. supporters .gathered at the Madala
hostel for the funeral. As the procession left the hostel
they came under attack from unknown gunmen . According to a
photographer on the scene pandemonium broke out. He said that
many people in the crowd were wearing red head bands and w.ere
carrying dangerous weapons . The photographer said that the
"men in the crowd seemed to be looking for trouble" .
Following the ambush the funeral was postponed. A week later
IFP supporters once again gathered at the Madala hostel for
the funeral. Police appealed to the hostel dwellers to
abandon their weapons but these requests failed to prevent
the 'mourners rampaging through the township, leaving at least
two people dead and several injured in their wake.
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As the hostel dw~llers surged. out of the hostel gates police
came under sniper 'fire from the hostel.
Sniping from the Madala hostel is not unusual . On March 9,
four residents on their way to work were shot by snipers
operating from the hostel winqows . Traffic officials cordoned
off the area in an attempt to stop people walking in that
direction, but five other people were injured in the area
when they were shot at after the traffic officials left the
scene. Snipers have on more than one occasion brought
schooling to a halt when they fired on primary school
children making their way to school. Snipers again opened
fire on residents on March 16 forcing many to flee their
homes, which border the hostel, .under -police protection.
Members of the SAP then searched the hostel and confiscated
three rifles , a hand gun and some ammunition. The local IFP
leader in the area, Simon Nxumalo, s~id that the sniper
attacks were acts of vengence following the ambush on the
funeJ;"al.
For the second time in a year residents living in the areas
close to the Madala hostel have fled from their homes. ,
Residents claim that their homes have now been occupied by
IFP members.
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One resident Zora Fox (37) claimed that her house was raided by a group of men who demanded that she produce an' IFP
membership card. When she said she was apolitical, the men
said they would return for her after rounding up the other
residents. She fled before they returned. Residents in the
area allege that they are asked questions to determine
whether they are bona fide IF'P members, ' or whether they just
purchased membership cards in the hope that they would offer
some sort of protection against attack. Residents conceded
that they took out membership with the IFP in the hope that
this would protect them. Residents say that adults have to
pay R5 a month to the IFP and R3 is charged per month for
each child in the home.
Despite various peace initiatives in the area, there are
certain elements, particularly in the hostel, who are
determined to undermine the peace process in the area. The
Reverend Samson Makhalemele, a member of the Alexandra Peace
Forum, was abducted by hostel dwellers during the second week of March . Makhalemele said the people who abducted him were
aware that he was involved in peace initiatives in Alexandra.
Makhalemele was warned about his involvement in "this peace
committee".
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Makhalem~le said that his major concern was that several
women and: childrJ n are being held in the hostel against their
will and are the subject of brutal attacks by hostel inmates.
On Thursday March 26, Alexandra residents attempted to march
on the Madala hostel. Permission for the march had been not
been granted by a magistrate, but the residents decided to
march despite this. The police intervened and over 100 people
were treated at the Alexandra Clinic for shotgun injuries.
The residents have demanded that the Madala hostel be
converted into family units, that the present occupants leave
the hotel and that they be provided with alternative
accommodation in the township until the alterations are
completed.
2. Soweto
Violence in Soweto .continues to be focused in areas where
hostels are situated. Hostel dwellers and residents in
Meadowlands face each other across a row of burnt out houses.
The conflict in the area has claimed the lives of at least a
dozen people. The community has been polarised to such a ,
degree that one can be killed for no other reason than living
on the wrong side of the street. A .photographer and a TV crew
were attacked in Meadowlands when a hand grenade was thrown
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at them. In a second hand grenade attack, several commuters
were injured when an unknown person threw a handgrenade at a
line of people waiting to board a taxi.
Dobsonville has been the scene of running battles between
residents and hostel inmates. A house in the area was
attacked twice and the occupants believe that the attackers
carne from the hostel. In Mzimhlope at least one woman was
shot dead and another left paralysed after residents of the
area claim they were attacked by heavily armed inmates from
the nearby men's hostel.
3. East Rand
Violence on the East Rand continues, despite the presence of
a newly resuscitated Local Dispute Resolution Committee. In
one of the worst incidents of violence thus far, five men
were found shot near the Kwesini hostel in Katlehong. The
men's hands had been bound behind their back. Spent AK47
cartridges were found near the bodies. A further two bodies
were found near the Mazibuko hostel.
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In a a further deve"lopment a .witness has told the Weekly Mail
of a "human. abattoir" in a Thokoza hostel , where abducted
township residents are butchered and body parts removed for
use as stre~9th-giv1ng muti . A woman claimed that she lived
at the hoste~ between April and December last year, at the
height of the of the bloody conflict between Inkatha
supporting hostel dwellers and residents . She said that she
personally wi,tnessed "three separate killings carried out in a
room in Block D of the hostel's Madala section.
The witnesses alegged that the killings generally took place
at night and that local residents" were dropped off at the
hostel , by taxi drivers sympathetic to ·Inkatha. The victims
were then dragged into the complex by hostel dwellers .
4. Weapons
!~ The new government proclamation banning the carrying of
dangerous weapons and firearms ·as "well as replicas at
political gatherings was tested twice in Johannesburg this
month . The proclamation was welcomed b~ the ANC but came
under attack from the IFP who claimed t .hat they had never
been consulted on the issue .
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IFP central committee member Walter Felgate said 'that it was
"absolutely unacceptable that traditional weapons should be
politicised in the way that they had" and denied that the
carrying of traditional weapons at political gatherings
resulted in violence."
On March 18, several hundred ANC members from Davey ton were
disarmed on arriving at the Johannesburg station by members
of the SAP before being allowed to proceed on to the meeting
point for a march on John voster Square. However, on Saturday
March 21, several thousand armed IFP supporters marched
through the streets of Johannesburg. They were not disarmed
and at least seven members of the public were injured by the
crowd. The march, dubbed a "peace" march, was watched by
heavily armed policemen. A police spokesperson said that of
the seven people injured two were stabbed and five had been
beaten. He said reasons for the attack were unknown, but
suggested some "bloody-minded supporters" were responsible.,
5.Train Attacks
Despite a complete 'weapons ban on Reef trains comming into
effect on March 22 1992 indiscriminate attacks on commuters
continue.
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March has seen fhe highest number of incidents, twent seven,
since the attacks, first began in July 1~90. Thirty-five
people ~lost their lives on trains this month, the second
highest toll since July 1990. Most of the attacks occurred on
the East Rand trains where 21 people lost their lives and
seven were injured.
Despite the weapons ban and Spoornet locking the interleading
doors between carriages, commuters are still being targeted.
The Board took two statements from passengers travelling on
a East Rand train in late February and from these it is .clear
that the attackers adapt their method· of attack to the
changing circumstances.
A witness told the Board that instead of being. attacked . on
the train, commuters were now being shot at when they
attempted to disembark. Others, particularly those on the
East Rand trains ', jump off the trains between pilot and
Kwesini stations. They do this because they believe if they
stay on the train they will be abducted and taken to the
Kwesini Hostel.
On March 23 1992 members of the SAP claimed a major
breakthrough in their investigations into recent train
violence, when they arrested two Zulu speaking men.
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The men aged 24 and 26 were alleged to be responsible 'for the
attack on commuters on March 19 between Braamfontein and
Doornfontein stations, in which nine men and a woman were
injured . The police apparently boarded a train bound for the
East Rand with witnesses, who pointed out the suspects to the
SAP. In a follow up investigation a third man was arrested at
his p~ace of work. All three men are inmates of the Merafe
Hostel .
However, three Nancefield hostel dwellers, who were arrested
last year for an attack on Soweto train" had their charges
withdrawn because of a lack of evidence . A spokesperson for
the Attorney-General's office said that no credible witnesses
could be found to positively identify the men as the train
attackers. Seven people were killed and 18 injured in the
attack which took place on June 25 at the Kliptown station.
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According to the spokesperson. all the victims jumped off the
train before any shots were fired, so it was impossible for
them to identify the people who fired the shots.
Mr. Justice Goldstone has announced that a Commission has
been established to examine the issue of train attacks and
that it will commence its hearings on May 4. Acopy of the
Board's special report on train attacks, "Blood on the
Tracks", has already been forwarded to the Commission's
officers.
VII. CONCLUSION , .
Despite the positive outcome of the whites only referendum
the brutal reality of life for township dwellers is that they
continue to die at a rate of about seven a day in political
violence . Solutions to the violence will not be easy to find
and will have to adress both political and socio-economic
issues. However, until the problems of South African Police
partiality, lack of investigation and negative attitude to
outside assistance are adressed, even short term solutions in
specific areas will be very difficult to implement .
Collection Number: AG2543 INDEPENDENT BOARD OF INQUIRY (IBI) Records 1989-1996 PUBLISHER: Publisher:- Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand Location:- Johannesburg ©2012
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