Proses Penyusunan Rencana Tata Ruang Untuk. Menjaga Kelestarian Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup
INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index
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Transcript of INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index
INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN
=Environmental
Sustainability Index
Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
POLA KONSUMSI DAN LIMBAH
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
LIMBAH
Pollution and waste should not be put into the environment faster than the environment can degrade and recycle them,
or render them harmless.
In nature, waste material from an organism usually becomes a meal or resource for another organism. For
example, birds will use dead branches or leaves to build their nests; microorganisms and worms in the soil turn
leaves and dead animals into humus, which in turn becomes food for plants; and the organic matter in water, such as
animal waste or decaying leaves, provides food for aquatic microorganisms.
Although these natural cycles have evolved over millions of years, man is rapidly upsetting the balance by producing an
ever-increasing amount of waste.
KONSUMSI & LIMBAH
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/consumption_and_waste/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
The enormous amount of energy and resources that society consumes
results in so much garbage that the resulting air pollution, water
pollution and acid rain have become serious threats to the global environment. Humans have
accumulated more waste than they can properly manage, and may soon
be drowning it.
In modern society 80 percent of all waste comes from agricultural,
industrial or mining activities. The remaining 20 percent comes from
households. A large part of what we throw away at home (plastics, metals, paper, glass and organic materials)
can be recycled.
Concerns about the growing quantities of waste have become even
more serious due to the fact that more and more materials have short life cycles. This is especially true of
the packaging for everyday products.
Waste from Consumption and Production - A threat to natural resources(SUMBER:
http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2858.aspx)
SIKLUS HIDUP
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
1. Waste issues can be better understood by examining the life cycle of the materials that compose it, from extraction to final disposal.
2. Materials are transformed into waste as a consequence of various production and consumption processes. Residual by-products from these transformation processes that are discharged directly into air and water are called emissions. Residuals that are further handled before being discharged are referred to as waste.
3. Once generated, waste may be reused, recycled, transferred for treatment (to reduce its toxicity), incinerated (to reduce its volume) or buried in landfills.
Product Life CycleSumber:
http://sustainability.utoronto.ca/projects/Procurement/buygreen.htm
SOLUTIONS TO THE WASTE PROBLEM
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
Ada empat prinsip umum untuk pengelolaan limbah yang lebih baik dan beberapa cara untuk mengatasi
masalah sampah:
1.decrease the consumption of energy and raw materials;
2.recycle waste materials;3.reuse products as many times as possible;4.burn waste in order to extract and utilise all
potential energy and to diminish their size (incineration);
5.bury waste in landfills (pits and ditches); and6.compost organic matter.
However, most waste treatment techniques also have some environmental impacts .
PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Diunduh dari: ……………… 2/12/2012
Pengelolaan sampah adalah pengumpulan, pengangkutan, pemrosesan atau pembuangan,
pengelolaan dan monitoring bahan limbah.Istilah ini biasanya berhubungan dengan bahan yang
dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia, dan proses ini umumnya dilakukan untuk mengurangi efeknya TERHADAP kesehatan, lingkungan atau estetika.
Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of
consumption of natural resources. All wastes materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive
fall within the remit of waste management
WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM
Diunduh dari: http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 2/12/2012
The Waste Management
Continuum has two axes. One is the horizontal
stakeholder scale, ranging from
municipalities and local governments to the community.
The other is the vertical technology scale ranging from
high tech/high energy disposal systems to low
tech low energy systems.
PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH
Historically, efforts in the management of waste have focused
primarily on the disposal part of the
waste. Whilst there is now a general move towards the recovery
of resources from waste, disposal is still
the most common form of managing
waste.
Dumping, landfilling of waste and incineration are some of the most common methods of
waste disposal. Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
Process of Waste Management(sumber: http://www.mutiaragroups.com/wastemgt.html
WASTE RECYCLINGRecycling is the breaking down of materials from waste streams into raw
materials, which are then reprocessed either into the same material (closed loop)
or a new product (open loop), generally including
waste separation and material reprocessing.
There are various materials that are capable of being
recycled, and technology is advancing to allow the
recycling of more materials. The benefits of recycling do not lie solely in diversion of waste away from disposal
but, even more importantly, in the reduction of the
amount of virgin resources that need to be harvested
and processed for the manufacture of new
products. Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
Trash to Cash – Waste Management and MicrofinanceSumber: http://jillychenegr495.wordpress.com/
WASTE PROCESSING
Waste processing is the range of activities characterized by the treatment and recovery (use) of materials or energy from waste through thermal, chemical, or biological means. It also covers hazardous waste handling. Generally, there are two main groups of processes to be considered, (1) Biological processes, such as open composting, enclosed composting,
anaerobic digestion, and vermiculture, and (2) Thermal processes, such as incineration, and gasification.
Examples of reuse in initiatives include: (1) Product reuse - rethreading tires, recovery of demolition materials, reuse of plastic bags, second hand
clothing, reconditioning and repair of furniture and appliances; (2) Materials reuse . Liquid-paper board for seedlings planters, bottles,
scrap paper for notes/phone messages, mulching; (3) Durable packaging - e.g. milk crates, bread trays, string or calico shopping bags.
Some of the positive effects associated with processed waste include, more effective use of resources, employment opportunities in the service and repair industries, support for charity based stores, better protection
of products as durable packaging is more robust, and changes in attitudes towards disposable products. Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
Waste minimization is aimed at reducing the production of waste through education and improved production process rather than aiming to increase technology to improve treatment of waste. The idea of minimization is not centered on technological advances,
it can be viewed a method of managing existing resources and technology in order to maximise the efficiency of available resource use. Minimizing waste generation has the potential to reduce costs or increase profits by maximizing the use of resources and by reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of the cost of waste management is also
decreased. Waste avoidance for individuals: Buying goods in bulk; reconsidering superfluous
purchases; purchasing products in materials/packaging that is readily recycled; use of alternatives, e.g. landscaping that creates mulched gardens in place of lawns; and use
of composting and vermiculture practices. Waste minimization in industry: Change in product design to reduce materials consumption; using crates instead of pallets to avoid the need for shrink wrap;
incorporate Eco-Design technology into production processes; adoption of Cleaner Production practices that ensure avoidance through efficiency measures; and conduct
regular audits and monitoring of waste reduction/resource recovery practices. Waste minimization for Local Government: Encourage community 'avoidance' activities,
e.g. promote competitions rewarding initiative in this area of resource recovery; lead by example, e.g. display mulched gardens throughout the municipality; and provide
facilities and infrastructure to assist industry, business and the community to undertake resource recovery practices, e.g. kerbside recycling and resource exchange registers,
initiate greener procurement programmes.
WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Diunduh dari: http://www.forgreenies.com/tag/reuse ……………… 4/12/2012
The waste hierarchy refers to the 3Rs of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which classify
waste management strategies according to their desirability, and are meant
to be a hierarchy in order of importance.
Upcycling is the process of converting waste materials
or useless products into new materials or products of better quality or a higher environmental value. The
goal of upcycling is to prevent wasting potentially useful materials by making
use of existing ones.
WASTE HIERARCHYThe waste hierarchy is a guide when determining the Best Practicable
Environmental Option and represents a chain of priority for waste management, extending from the ideal of prevention and reduction to the last
resort of disposal.
Diunduh dari: http://www.liv.ac.uk/sustainability/Waste%20Management/main%20page.htm ……………… 4/12/2012
The waste hierachy shows that waste
prevention, or minimisation, are
the preferred options as they minimise waste generation and
ultimately waste disposal.
Recycling and composting are
lower in the waste management
hierarchy, as these options both
require additional energy and
resources to reduce waste levels.
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/wastewater/index.
cfm ……………… 4/12/2012
Wastewater management
encompasses a broad range of
efforts that promote
effective and responsible water use,
treatment, and disposal and
encourage the protection and restoration of our nation's watersheds.
What do we mean by wastewater?Wastewater can mean different things to different
people with alarge number of definitions in use.
In the broad perspective, wastewater is “a combination of one or more of:
1. Domestic effluent consisting of black-water (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater);
2. Water from commercial establishments and institutions, including hospitals;
3. Industrial effluent, stormwater and other urban run-off;
4. Agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as suspended matter
(adapted from Raschid-Sally and Jayakody, 2008).Diunduh dari
: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JdmRVHT3ZJkJ:www.unep.org/pdf/
INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
Sustainable solid waste
management: An integrated
approach for Asian countries.Ashok V. Shekdar.
Waste Management. Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages
1438–1448.
SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
Sustainable solid waste
management: An integrated
approach for Asian countries.Ashok V. Shekdar.
Waste Management. Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages
1438–1448.
RECYCLING OF WASTE PAPERS, PLASTICS AND GLASS..
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
Sustainable solid waste
management: An
integrated approach for
Asian countries.
Ashok V. Shekdar.
Waste Management.
Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages 1438–1448.
TYPICAL SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
Sustainable solid waste
management: An integrated approach for
Asian countries.
Ashok V. Shekdar.
Waste Management.
Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages 1438–1448.
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND WASTE TO ENERGY SOLUTIONS.
Diunduh dari: http://genesisalliancecorp.com/emergingtech_W2E.html……………… 8/12/2012
Waste-to-energy, or WTE, refers to any waste
treatment technology that creates energy from assorted waste sources. By utilizing the energy
stored from these sources, we are creating value from something
that would otherwise be discarded or landfilled.
Waste-to-energy is a renewable energy
because its fuel source, garbage, is sustainable
and is not depleted. It is a clean, reliable, renewable source of
energy
Waste Management Turns Trash to Cash
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/04/value-management-waste-managememt/
Sampah adalah salah sesuatu yang harus diminimalkan atau bahkan dihilangkan.
Tantangannya adalah aktivitas manusia menghasilkan sejumlah sampah setiap hari.
Langkah-langkah paad tingkat konsumen harus dilakukan untuk mengurangi limbah, konsumen
adalah penghasil sampah.
Pada akhir pengumpulan, pengelola limbah harus menemukan cara untuk mendaur ulang atau
menggunakan kembali bahan-bahan yang telah terkumpul.
Diunduh dari: ….
Pengelolaan Sampah juga melakukan investasi untuk berfokus pada aspek konversi material.
Konversi adalah proses mengubah sampah menjadi bahan yang dapat digunakan atau menjadi energi.
Hal ini mirip dengan plastik untuk investasi minyak.
Selain itu, salah satu akuisisi terbaru adalah Harvest Power atau “Panen Energi”.
Hal ini berarti "mengelola sampah organik menggunakan teknologi canggih untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan dan tanah subur yang bernilai tinggi dan produk-produk
pupuk organik.“
Waste Management Turns Trash to Cash
Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management Companies
Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-companies
Sampah yang dihasilkan oleh seseorang adalah harta bagi orang lain.
Sampah dalam banyak hal berarti “kuasi-komoditas” yang terbuat dari beberapa komoditas lainnya.
Hari-hari ini, di seluruh dunia, sudah menjadi hal yang lumrah bagi orang untuk mengais-ngais sampah komputer
bekas dan komponen elektronik lainnya untuk mendapatkan sejumlah harga dari sekeping logam, atau
kepingan logam lainnya yang lebih besar dari sampah itu.
Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management Companies
Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-companies
Misalnya, aluminium merupakan komoditas yang melimpah pada produk konsumsidan ditemukan pada pembuangan
sampah.
Aluminium juga merupakan sumberdaya yang dapat di daur ulang. Perlahan-lahan, bahan-bahan lain dari sampah akan
menjadi lebih berharga. Sekitar lima hingga sepuluh persen dari produksi minyak
global disuling dan berubah menjadi plastik, yang sekarang digunakan dalam banyak produk.
Hal ini telah menghasilkan konten plastik yang tinggi dan berasal dari sampah.
Seiring dengan waktu, dan terutama jika kenaikan harga minyak terus melambung, sampah dapat menjadi sumber
plastik daur ulang dan bahan mentah lainnya.
Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management Companies
Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-companies
Kalau harga minyak minigngkat, aluminium dan bahan-bahan lain yang berasal dari sampah juga meningkat, maka tingkat
pemilahan sampah juga akan meningkat. Selain meningkatnya permintaan komoditas secara global dan potensi kenaikan harga sumberdaya alam, inisiatif hijau juga cenderung mendukung daur ulang sampah lebih lanjut dan
inisiatif minimisasi sampah.
Kota dan masyarakat cenderung untuk memperkenalkan perilaku lebih ekologis dalam pengelolaan limbah seiring dengan waktu.
Masyarakat juga akan cenderung lebih memilah-milah sampah di tempat tinggalnya dan di lokasi komersial , sehingga lebih mudah
memfasilitasi usaha pengelolaan sampah.
Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's Electricity
Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-Tomorrows-Electricity.html
Membakar sampah adalah sesuatu hal yang biasa dilakukan untuk menghilangkan sampah.
Insinerator tua yang dibangun beberapa dekade yang lalu adalah mimpi buruk bagi lingkungan . Mereka melepaskan ke lingkungan sejumlah besar emisi toksik dalam bentuk dioksin , furan , dan logam beracun
seperti merkuri .
Tetapi insinerator modern dewasa ini dilandasi oleh hukum lingkungan untuk mengekang pelepasan polutan toksik ke udara.
Teknologi insinerator sudah jauh lebih baik . Teknologi baru membakar sampah sampai dengan 2.000 derajat Fahrenheit . Pada suhu itu, ikatan molekul dalam bahan kimia toksik akan rusak. Hal ini secara
signifikan mengurangi emisi gas limbah pembakaran . Gas buang kemudian dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan uap untuk
menghasilkan listrik . Gas buang ini kemudian diproses lebih lanjut untuk menghilangkan sebagian besar kontaminan toksiknya. Akibatnya , insinerator saat ini telah mengurangi emisi gas toksik sekitar 99,9 %
dibandingkan teknologi insinerator beberapa dekade yang lalu .
Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's Electricity
Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-Tomorrows-Electricity.html
Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's Electricity
Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-Tomorrows-Electricity.html
Landfill Gases Used to Produce Electricity
Insinerasi bukan satu-satunya cara untuk mengubah sampah menjadi energi. Landfill menciptakan sejumlah besar gas rumah kaca. Kalau bahan organik di tempat pembuangan sampah mengalami dekomposisi mereka melepaskan gas metana, gas rumah kaca yang lebih berbahaya dari karbon dioksida ketika dilepaskan ke
atmosfer.
Sistem penangkapan gas Metana dapat mengubah masalah ini menjadi peluang energi dengan menangkap metana sebelum lepas ke dalam lingkungan dan membakarnya
untuk bahan bakar pembangkit listrik.
SAMPAH DAPUR
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.rdnfoodwaste.ca/benefits.asp
Bahan yang dapat menjadi kompos:
1. Sisa makanan2. Daging, ikan, jeroan dan
tulang3. Buah dan sayuran 4. Produk susu, mentega,
mayoneskulit telur
5. Roti, sereal, biji-bijian6. Pasta, pizza dipanggang,
permen7. Handuk kertas kotor dan
jaringan8. Kemasan makanan kertas
kotor9. Cangkir kertas bekas dan
piring10.Bubuk kopi, filter, kantong teh11.Cream karton es, susu &
cream karton12.Bahan-bahan kue, bumbu,
rempah-rempah13.Tanaman hias, bunga potong
dan dikeringkan14.Kacang-kacangan dan kerang15.……..
What is Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production ?
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html
Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production
RECP notion/definition recognizes that CP
methods and practices generate multiple
benefits that are relevant to many of today’s most
pressing global challenges, including:
1. Mitigation of GHG emissions and adapting to climate change;
2. Responding to increasing scarcity of water, fuels and other materials;
3. Providing decent jobs;4. Halting environmental
degradation.
Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production
Diunduh dari: …http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.
RECP, therefore, builds upon CP in accelerating the application of preventive environmental strategies to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans
and the environment.
RECP mengemukakan tiga dimensi keberlanjutan secara individual dan sinergistik:
1. ECONOMIC: Production Efficiency: optimization of the productive use of natural resources (materials, energy and water);
2. ENVIRONMENT: Environmental management: minimization of impacts on environment and nature through reduction of wastes and emissions;
3. SOCIAL: Human Development: minimization of risks to people and communities and support for their development.
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html
UNIDO and UNEP formulated a revised Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) programme strategy for cooperation with
NCPCs and NCPPs globally.
The resulting Joint UNIDO-UNEP Programme on Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) (see www.unido.org/cp) was approved
for worldwide implementation in February 2009. RECP
Programme focuses on multiple resource productivity and environmental benefits; creating human, technical and institutional
capacities, with local ownership; and fostering the realization of enabling policies and strategies.
Nevertheless, Cleaner Production(CP) definition developed in 1991 by UNEP is still commonly used:
“CP is the continuous application of an integrated preventative environmental strategy to processes, products and services to
increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment”. Several complementary CP techniques or practices are possible, ranging from low or even no cost solutions to high investment,
advanced clean technologies.
Ciri khas implementasi CP di negara berkembang adalah:
Diunduh dari: … http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.
1. Good Housekeeping: appropriate provisions to prevent leaks and spills and to achieve proper, standardized operation and maintenance procedures and practices;
2. Input Material Change: replacement of hazardous or non-renewable inputs by less hazardous or renewable materials or by materials with a longer service life-time;
3. Better Process Control: modification of the working procedures, machine instructions and process record keeping for operating the processes at higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation;
4. Equipment Modification: modification of the production equipment so as to run the processes at higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation;
5. Technology Change: replacement of the technology, processing sequence and/or synthesis pathway in order to minimize the rates of waste and emission generation during production;
6. On-Site Recovery/Reuse: reuse of the wasted materials in the same process or for another useful application within the enterprise;
7. Production of Useful By-Products: transformation of previously discarded wastes into materials that can be reused or recycled for another application outside the company;
8. Product Modification: modification of product characteristics in order to minimize the environmental impacts of the product during or after its use (disposal) or to minimize the environmental impacts of its production.
PRODUKSI BERSIH
Diunduh dari: … http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Pengelolaan sampah memiliki berbagai fungsi, yaitu: pengumpulan, transportasi, pengolahan (pengolahan limbah), daur ulang atau pembuangan bahan limbah,
biasanya dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia, dalam upaya untuk mengurangi efeknya pada kesehatan manusia atau
estetika lokal atau kenyamanan & keindahan.
Sub-fokus pengelolaan sampah, dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, telah mengurangi efek limbah 'terhadap alam dan
lingkungan dengan melestarikan bahan baku yang digunakan dan untuk memulihkan sumber daya dari
limbah, yaitu, daur ulang limbah.
Pengelolaan sampah bisa melibatkan padat, zat cair atau gas dengan metode yang berbeda dan bidang keahlian
masing-masing.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Sampah juga berarti tidak efisiennya penggunaan utilitas seperti listrik, air, dan bahan bakar, yang sering dianggap
overhead yang tidak dapat dihindari. Biaya limbah ini umumnya diremehkan oleh para manajer.
Biaya sampah dan limbah tidak hanya biaya pembuangannya, tetapi juga biaya lain seperti:
1.Biaya Pembuangan sampah2.Tidak efisiennya biaya penggunaan energi3.Biaya Pembelian bahan baku yang terbuang4.Biaya produksi untuk bahan limbah5.Waktu Manajemen dihabiskan untuk bahan limbah6.Pendapatan Hilang karena menjadi limbah7.Kewajiban Potensial karena limbah.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Minimisasi limbah dapat didefinisikan sebagai
“cara sistematis mengurangi limbah pada
sumbernya". Artinya:
1. Prevention and/or reduction of waste generated
2. Efficient use of raw materials and packaging
3. Efficient use of fuel, electricity and water
4. Improving the quality of waste generated to facilitate recycling and/or reduce hazard
5. Encouraging re-use, recycling and recovery.
.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Source Reduction Techniques:Empat macam teknik minimisasi limbah:
1. Good Housekeeping- Systems to prevent leakages & spillages through preventive maintenance schedules and routine equipment inspections. Also, well-written working instructions, supervision, awareness and regular training of workforce would facilitate good housekeeping.
2. Process Change - Under this head, four techniques are covered: (i) Input Material Change - Substitution of input materials by eco-friendly (non-toxic or less toxic than existing and renewable) material preferably having longer service time. (ii) Better Process Control - Modifications of the working procedures, machine-operating instructions and process record keeping in order to run the processes at higher efficiency and with lower waste generation and emissions.
3. Equipment Modification - Modification of existing production equipment and utilities, for instance, by the addition of measuring and controlling devices, in order to run the processes at higher efficiency and lower waste and emission generation rates.
4. Technology Change - Replacement of the technology, processing sequence and/or synthesis route, in order to minimise waste and emission generation during production.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Recycling – Daur Ulang
1. On-site Recovery and Reuse - Reuse of wasted materials in the same process or for another useful application within the industry.
2. Production of Useful by-product - Modification of the waste generation process in order to transform the wasted material into a material that can be reused or recycled for another application within or outside the company.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Product Modification –
Characteristics of the product can be modified to minimise the environmental impacts of its production
or those of the product itself during or after its use (disposal).
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Pengurangan pada sumber limbah adalah tujuan tertinggi dalam hirarki pengelolaan limbah padat - Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle.
Daur ulang tidak mengatasi masalah keborosan penggunaan produk.
Ketika daur ulang digabungkan dengan pengurangan sumber, pembelian yang boros dan penggunaan produk dapat diminimalkan. Bila mungkin, mengurangi atau
menggunakan kembali lebih dahulu, kemudian mendaur ulang.
Praktek pengurangan sumber bermanfaat bagi lingkungan melalui pengurangan konsumsi energi dan polusi,
konservasi sumberdaya alam, dan perluasan ruang landfill yang berharga. Hal ini dapat memiliki manfaat ekonomi
dengan mengurangi biaya yang terkait dengan transportasi, pembuangan atau daur ulang limbah. Pengurangan sumber
dapat menghemat uang setiap hari. Setiap orang dapat berpartisipasi dalam pengurangan sumber.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Pengurangan limbah dalam proses produksi dan pengurangan penggunaan bahan baku berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas dan menghasilkan
lingkungan yang bersih.
Limbah yang timbul dari proses produksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas.
Tantangannya adalah bagaimana mengurangi limbah tanpa memgorbankan efektivitas proses.
Pengurangan limbah juga dapat mengurangi masalah pembuangan dan daur ulang limbah, dengan demikian
meningkatkan baku mutu lingkungan.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Hal-hal umum yang mungkin dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi proses produksi dan mengurangi
limbah :
1. Menggunakan kembali air bilasan dalam sistem pendingin;
2. Secara teratur memeriksa bahwa peralatan dikalibrasi dengan benar;
3. Mengurangi penghentian yang tidak perlu di lini produksi;
4. Meng-upgrade atau mengganti peralatan yang lama;5. Meminimalkan tumpahan atau kebocoran;6. Menggunakan sistem tertutup untuk memungkinkan
semua sampah dikumpulkan di satu tempat, tanpa kebocoran, sehingga sebanyak mungkin limbah dapat digunakan kembali, didaur ulang atau dibuang dengan benar.