Indeed Hiring Lab I July 2014 Where People Search for...

Indeed Hiring Lab I July 2014

Where People Search for Jobs:Cross-Border Labor Mobility Report

Indeed Hiring Lab 3

“Economists typically study labor mobility by analyzing how many people have moved to a new location for a job. When mobility declines, this data tells us that people aren’t moving, but it doesn’t tell us whether this is due to an inability to find work or a disinterest in moving. By examining where

people actively look for jobs, we can better understand job seeker intent. People often think of only the local population as being competition for local jobs, but if a relatively large number of

outsiders are also looking for jobs in that area then the labor market may be tighter than it appears. Significantly, we find that 27.8% of job seekers in the US are willing to make an interstate move

and 9.1% of global job seekers are contemplating a cross-border move. The analysis in this report reveals what factors influence people to consider moving and where they’re looking to go.”

Tara M. Sinclair, PhD

Indeed Economist

All content © Indeed Inc. 2014

4 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 5

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic Conditions .......................................... 8

Worldwide Rankings Key Insights ................................................................ 12 Global Labor Movement ............................................. 14 Drivers of Cross-Border Search .................................. 16 External Competition Index ........................................ 17 Location Desirability Index .......................................... 18 Movers Index .............................................................. 19 Country Profiles .......................................................... 20 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table ................. 46

State Rankings

Key Insights ................................................................ 52 National Labor Movement .......................................... 54 Drivers of Interstate Search ........................................ 56 External Competition Index ........................................ 57 Location Desirability Index .......................................... 58 Movers Index .............................................................. 59 State Profiles ............................................................... 60 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table ................. 80

Data and Methodology

Data Sources .............................................................. 86 Directed Graphs Methodology ................................... 87 Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology ............ 88 Index Methodology ..................................................... 88

About Us About the Author .......................................................... 92 About Indeed Hiring Lab .............................................. 93 About Indeed ............................................................... 93

All content © Indeed Inc. 2014


Executive Summary


Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic ConditionsAs economies grow and change, employment opportunities and job candidates aren’t perfectly distributed. Amidst this mismatch of demand and supply, one of the most important questions is whether people are willing to move to places where jobs are available. More broadly, this is a question about whether people respond to local economic conditions when looking for a job.

Analyzing Job Seeker Mobility

Up until this point, economists have answered this question by measuring rates of realized mobility—how many people have moved for a job. In recent years, these rates have been at their lowest recorded rates since the US Census Bureau started keeping track in 1948. The mover rate between 2012 and 2013 was just 11.7%, down from 20.2% in 1985.

While these rates indicate that there is some reason people are not moving, they don’t tell us whether this is because people are unable to find jobs in other locations or are simply disinterested in moving. The aggregated, anonymized search data on Indeed provides a lens for us to begin answering these questions. Used by 140 million people in over 50 countries, Indeed is the world’s largest job site. By examining the direction and volume of searches on Indeed in conjunction with the number of postings and the top search terms, we can gain insight into how many job seekers intend to move for a job and where they’re looking to go.

For our analysis, we assessed local economic conditions by analyzing the average monthly number of job postings on Indeed for 51 states (including Washington DC) and 55 countries and economies. While we also looked at other economic measures, the number of job postings enabled us to get a forward-looking view of the labor market as opposed to a view of what already happened. Looking at a full year of data from May 2013 to April 2014, we combined data on postings and job searches into and out of each state and country.

Based on this analysis, we conclude that job seekers are in fact responsive to local economic conditions, with more people searching in locations where there are jobs available and fewer people searching in locations where they aren’t.

A larger share of people search outside their home state when it has fewer postings

More people search in a state from outside that state when it has more postings

-0.53

0.89

In the US, we found that 27.8% of people are actively searching for a job in another state. Globally, 9.1% of people are searching for jobs in another country. To get a sense of what’s happening in each location, we examined the search activities of people outside a given state or country searching within that locality, as well as the search activity of people inside a given state or country looking to leave. These analyses are respectively divided between our External Competition and Movers Indices. In addition, we focused in on the economic factors that influence labor mobility in 20 states and 26 countries, found in the Country Profiles. Data on the remaining locations can be found in our Economic and Demographic Statistics Table.

We know that today’s labor market is more global than ever, with more employers offering jobs in locations all over the world. The movement of a global workforce to fill these jobs can help economies confront fluctuations in unemployment, distributing skilled workers where they’re needed most. This research adds to our understanding of intended mobility, helping employers target the portions of the global workforce that are relevant to their jobs.

Correlation

10

0

-1

1-1

Worldwide Rankings


More people search for jobs within a country from outside when it has more postings. There is positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.59. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 0.29 additional monthly average external searchers.

Key Insights

There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a country and its number of unique searchers overall. There is a statistically significant correlation of 0.62.

A larger share of people search outside their home country when it has fewer job postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.31. A decrease of 100,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.94 percentage point increase in the mover share.

The number of job postings drives search activity.

The top 5 cross-border flows are: 1. US to India2. India to US 3. US to Japan 4. US to Canada 5. US to UK

Brazilis the most popular

destination in Latin America, ranking 9th for number of

postings and 8th for number of external searchers.

Omanhas a high share of people looking to move (ranking 3rd for share of movers) and ranks last for the number of postings.

Franceis the second most popular destination in the EU (after the UK), ranking 8th for number of postings and 6th for number of external searchers.

Searching Externally

is the dominant international search term.

Of all international job seekers, 50.2% are searching for jobs within the United States, more than 3 times as many external searchers as the next highest country (India).

“English” (and translations)


Global Labor Movement

Globally, 9.1% of people search for jobs outside of their current country.

About This Graph

Regions are grouped by color

The US is 1st in total number of external job seekers and also leads as the country with the greatest diversity of outside searchers: people from more locations are searching in the US than any other country. Due to the volume of these searches, we have represented movement to the US on the left of the adjoining graph, while searches across the remaining countries are shown on the right.

This directed graph show searches among the 53 countries where Indeed has had a site since May 2013. A line is drawn between two countries when more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs in the other country. The dot indicates the country where the search originated.

North America

South America

Western Europe

Northern Europe

Southern Europe

Eastern Europe

Africa

Middle East

Indian Subcontinent

East Asia

South East Asia

Oceania

United StatesUnited KingdomCanadaIndiaUnited Arab Emirates

BahrainKuwaitLuxembourgOmanSaudi Arabia

Countries that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other countries:

Countries where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations:

CanadaMexico

United States

ArgentinaBrazilChile

ColombiaPeru

Venezuela

AustriaBelgium France

GermanyLuxembourg NetherlandsSwitzerland

IrelandUnited Kingdom

DenmarkFinlandNorwaySweden

GreeceItaly

Portugal Spain

Czech RepublicHungary Poland

RomaniaRussia

Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Turkey

Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates

India Pakistan

ChinaHong Kong

JapanKoreaTaiwan

Indonesia Malaysia

Philippines Singapore

AustraliaNew Zealand

Global Labor Movement Searches to the US

Global Labor Movement Outside the US

Israel South Africa

Origin of searches

Destination of searches

more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs

in the other country


External Competition Index When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they’re looking for and the location in which they’d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given country from outside.

67.1%

58.1%

56.0%

52.9%

38.7%

37.2%

34.7%

29.5%

24.5%

23.4%

22.3%

20.3%

19.5%

18.5%

18.4%

17.9%

17.7%

16.2%

12.7%

12.2%

11.5%

11.4%

11.3%

11.0%

10.4%

10.1%

9.6%

Luxembourg

Qatar

Oman

Kuwait

Bahrain

United Arab Emirates

Singapore

Hong Kong

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Switzerland

South Africa

New Zealand

Norway

Malaysia

India

Austria

Ireland

Denmark

Argentina

Republic of Korea

Canada

Australia

Belgium

Japan

Portugal

Finland

Pakistan

United Kingdom

Sweden

Spain

United States

Germany

Romania

Italy

Netherlands

France

Colombia

Peru

Chile

Mexico

Philippines

Hungary

Indonesia

Greece

Poland

Taiwan

Brazil

Czech Republic

China

Turkey

Israel

Russian Federation

9.4%

9.4%

8.9%

8.4%

8.4%

8.1%

8.1%

7.9%

6.9%

6.7%

6.2%

6.0%

6.0%

5.9%

5.5%

5.1%

5.0%

4.5%

4.4%

3.7%

3.7%

3.6%

3.0%

2.5%

2.0%

1.9%

Drivers of Cross-Border Search

PopulationThe larger the population of a country, the more people search within that country from outside. At the same time, a large population correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, India and the US are large population countries. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these countries is relatively small.

Postings per 1,000 PopulationThe larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a country, the larger the total number and share of external searchers. More job postings per 1,000 people also correlates to a smaller number of people looking to move outside the country.

UnemploymentThe higher the unemployment rate in a country, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that country.

Educational AttainmentThe larger the share of a country’s population that has completed tertiary education, the smaller the share of residents searching for jobs in other countries.

GDP Per Capita (PPP)The higher the GDP per capita, the larger the percentage of searches from outside that country.


Location Desirability Index This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100.

United States

India

United Kingdom

Canada

Japan

France

South Africa

Brazil

Italy

Germany


Australia

Switzerland

Netherlands

Mexico

Spain

Qatar

Belgium

Poland

Ireland

Colombia

Russian Federation

Argentina

Singapore

Peru

New Zealand

Austria

100.0

31.3

28.7

17.7

16.0

9.4

9.3

6.8

6.4

6.1

6.0

4.7

4.6

4.3

3.5

3.3

2.6

2.6

2.4

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.3

1.3

1.2

Venezuela

Portugal

Philippines

Chile

Hong Kong

Romania

Republic of Korea

Malaysia

Turkey

China

Oman

Kuwait

Pakistan

Finland

Norway

Sweden

Saudi Arabia

Hungary

Luxembourg

Bahrain

Greece

Indonesia

Denmark

Czech Republic

Taiwan

Israel

1.1

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each country currently looking for a job outside that country.

65.0%

63.7%

53.6%

50.0%

48.7%

46.9%

45.5%

42.1%

41.4%

40.2%

30.6%

29.9%

29.6%

28.4%

25.7%

25.3%

24.9%

24.0%

19.5%

19.3%

18.9%

18.2%

18.0%

17.8%

17.1%

16.9%

16.6%

Saudi Arabia

Luxembourg

Oman

Kuwait

Singapore

Pakistan

Malaysia

Qatar

Bahrain

Hong Kong

Philippines

Denmark

Ireland


Sweden

Norway

Australia

New Zealand

Indonesia

Romania

Venezuela

Greece

Austria

Portugal

Taiwan

Finland

Israel

Republic of Korea

India

Hungary

Switzerland

Belgium

Czech Republic

Canada

Spain

Germany

South Africa

Argentina

United Kingdom

United States

China

Netherlands

France

Poland

Italy

Chile

Colombia

Peru

Turkey

Mexico

Russian Federation

Brazil

Japan

15.3%

15.2%

14.8%

14.7%

13.1%

12.8%

11.7%

11.6%

10.5%

10.5%

9.9%

9.0%

8.0%

7.6%

6.5%

6.2%

5.9%

5.9%

5.3%

5.0%

4.9%

4.9%

4.8%

1.5%

1.1%

0.9%


Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

Australia

Canada

India

Japan

New Zealand

United Kingdom

United States

Argentina

Colombia

Mexico

Peru

Spain

United States

The unemployment rate in Argentina is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Argentina Unemployment Rate

7.2%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.

Tertiary Education Completion Rate

3.3%

Argentina ranks 26th for GDP worldwide. “Sin experiencia” (no experience) and limpieza (cleaning) are top search terms in Argentina from both inside and outside the country. “English” and “marketing” are top search terms for US residents searching in Argentina.

Argentina #23 for location desirability

Postings and Population

41.49 million population

0.9 job postings (per 1000 population)

37 job posting rank

People in Argentina are searching in these countries

People in these countries are searching

in Argentina

Australia The unemployment rate in Australia is 2.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Australia Unemployment Rate

5.2%




22.4%

Australia ranks 12th for GDP worldwide. Australia is the third most popular destination for searches for oil and mining related jobs.

#12 for location desirability




19 job posting rank

People in Australia are searching in these countries


in Australia



Brazil

Canada

Germany

Italy

Portugal

United Kingdom

United States

Brazil The unemployment rate in Brazil is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Brazil Unemployment Rate

6.9%




5.2%

Brazil ranks 7th for GDP worldwide. “Engenheiro” (engineer) is a top search term for US residents searching in Brazil.





9 job posting rank

People in Brazil are searching in these countries


in Brazil

Canada The unemployment rate in Canada is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Canada Unemployment Rate

7.2%




28.0%

Canada ranks 11th for GDP worldwide and is the most popular destination for people searching for nursing jobs.





12 job posting rank

People in Canada are searching in these countries


in Canada

Australia

Canada

France

India

Philippines

United Kingdom

United States



Austria

Canada

Czech Republic

Germany

Pakistan

Poland

United Kingdom

United States

Canada

China

Hong Kong

Japan

Taiwan

United Kingdom

United States

The unemployment rate in China is 3.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

China Unemployment Rate

4.5%




3.9%

China ranks 2nd for GDP worldwide. “English,” “finance,” and “marketing” are top search terms for US residents searching for jobs in China.

China#37 for location desirability


1.36 billion population


1 job posting rank

People in China are searching in these countries


in China

The unemployment rate in the Czech Republic is 1.0 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Czech Republic Unemployment Rate

7.0%




5.6%

The Czech Republic ranks 51st for GDP worldwide. “S ubytováním” (with accommodation) is a top search term for those looking for jobs in the Czech Republic from the UK.

Czech Republic#51 for location desirability




16 job posting rank

People in the Czech Republic are searching in these countries


in the Czech Republic



The unemployment rate in France is 1.9 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

France Unemployment Rate

9.9%




10.6%

People in France are searching in these countries


in France

Belgium

Canada

France

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

France ranks 5th for GDP worldwide. “Comptable” (accounting) is the top search term for UK residents seeking jobs in France.

France#6 for location desirability




8 job posting rank

The unemployment rate in Germany is 2.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Germany Unemployment Rate

5.4%




12.8%

People in Germany are searching in these countries


in Germany

Austria

Germany

Netherlands

Poland

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

Germany ranks 4th for GDP worldwide. “Teilzeit” (part time) is a top search term from both inside and outside of Germany. “English” is a top search term in Germany from both US and UK residents.

Germany#10 for location desirability




7 job posting rank



India The unemployment rate in India is 4.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

India Unemployment Rate

3.4%




4.1%

People in India are searching in these countries


in India

Australia

Canada

India

Qatar

UAE

United Kingdom

United States

India ranks 10th for GDP worldwide. India is the most popular destination for people searching for both IT and sales related jobs.



1.24 billion population


10 job posting rank

Indonesia The unemployment rate in Indonesia is 1.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Indonesia Unemployment Rate

6.6%




1.7%

People in Indonesia are searching in these countries


in Indonesia

Australia

Canada

India

Indonesia

Malaysia

Pakistan

Singapore

United Kingdom

United States

Indonesia ranks 16th for GDP worldwide. “Driver” and “operator” are the top two search terms used by US residents looking for jobs in Indonesia.





40 job posting rank



Israel The unemployment rate in Israel is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Israel Unemployment Rate

6.9%




24.3%

People in Israel are searching in these countries


in Israel

Canada

France

Germany

Israel

Russia

United Kingdom

United States

Israel ranks 40th for GDP worldwide. “English” is the top search term for US residents looking for jobs in Israel.





31 job posting rank

Ireland The unemployment rate in Ireland is 6.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

Ireland Unemployment Rate

14.7%




20.2%

People in Ireland are searching in these countries


in Ireland

Australia

Canada

France

Ireland

India

United Kingdom

United States

Ireland ranks 47th for GDP worldwide. “Pharmacist” is the top job sought by UK residents looking for jobs in Ireland.





34 job posting rank



Italy The unemployment rate in Italy is 2.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

Italy Unemployment Rate

10.7%




6.6%

People in Italy are searching in these countries


in Italy

France

Germany

Italy

Romania

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

Italy ranks 9th for GDP worldwide. “Hotel” and “marketing” are popular search terms for UK residents looking for jobs in Italy.





13 job posting rank

Japan The unemployment rate in Japan is 3.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Japan Unemployment Rate

4.3%




24.0%

People in Japan are searching in these countries


in Japan

Australia

Canada

China

India

Japan

Korea

Taiwan

United Kingdom

United States

Japan ranks 3rd for GDP worldwide. “英語” (English) is the top search term used by US residents searching for jobs in Japan.





3 job posting rank



Republic of Korea The unemployment rate in South Korea is 4.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Republic of Korea Unemployment Rate

3.2%




17.9%

People in Korea are searching in these countries


in Korea

Australia

Canada

China

Japan

Korea

Philippines

United Kingdom

United States

The Republic of Korea ranks 15th for GDP worldwide. “MBA” is a popular search term for US residents searching for jobs in Korea.





6 job posting rank

Netherlands The unemployment rate in the Netherlands is 2.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Netherlands Unemployment Rate

5.3%




16.5%

People in the Netherlands are searching in these countries


in the Netherlands

Belgium

Canada

German

United Kingdom

Netherlands

Poland

United States

The Netherlands ranks 18th for GDP worldwide. “Administratief” (administrative) is a popular search term in the Netherlands from both inside and outside the country.





18 job posting rank



The unemployment rate in the Russian Federation is 2.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Russian Federation Unemployment Rate

5.5%




23.3%

People in the Russian Federation are searching in these countries

People in these countries are searching in

the Russian Federation

Canada

Germany

Netherlands

Poland

Russia

Sweden

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

The Russian Federation ranks 8th for GDP worldwide. “водитель” (driver) is the top search term in Russia from both inside and outside the country.

Russian Federation#22 for location desirability




4 job posting rank

The unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia is 2.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Saudi Arabia Unemployment Rate

5.6%




8.7%

People in Saudi Arabia are searching in these countries


in Saudi Arabia

India

Pakistan

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

UAE

United Kingdom

United States

Saudi Arabia ranks 19th for GDP worldwide. “IT” is the top search term in Saudi Arabia from both inside and outside the country.

Saudi Arabia#44 for location desirability




32 job posting rank



South Africa The unemployment rate in South Africa is 17 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

South Africa Unemployment Rate

25.0%




0.6%

People in South Africa are searching in these countries


in South Africa

Australia

Canada

India

South Africa

United Kingdom

United States

South Africa ranks 29th for GDP worldwide. “Driver,” “general worker,” “security,” and “cleaning” are popular search terms for people searching for jobs in South Africa.





17 job posting rank

Singapore The unemployment rate in Singapore is 5.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Singapore Unemployment Rate

2.8%




12.2%

People in Singapore are searching in these countries


in Singapore

Canada

India

Malaysia

Philippines

Poland

Singapore

United Kingdom

United States

Singapore ranks 36th for GDP worldwide. “Director” and “head” are the top two search terms used by Indian residents searching for jobs in Singapore.





28 job posting rank



Spain The unemployment rate in Spain is 17.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

Spain Unemployment Rate

25.2%




16.6%

People in Spain are searching in these countries


in Spain

Argentina

Colombia

France

Mexico

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

Spain ranks 13th for GDP worldwide. “English” is the top search term for both US and UK residents looking for jobs in Spain.





29 job posting rank

Sweden The unemployment rate in Sweden is equivalent to the advanced economy average.

Sweden Unemployment Rate

8.0%




16.7%

People in Sweden are searching in these countries


in Sweden

Finland

France

Germany

Norway

Poland

Sweden

United Kingdom

United States

Sweden ranks 22nd for GDP worldwide. “VD” (CEO) is a top search term in Sweden from both inside and outside the country.





33 job posting rank



Turkey The unemployment rate in Turkey is 1.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

Turkey Unemployment Rate

9.2%




5.9%

People in Turkey are searching in these countries


in Turkey

Canada

France

Germany

Russia

Turkey

UAE

United Kingdom

United States

Turkey ranks 17th for GDP worldwide. “Şoför” (driver) is the top search term in Turkey from both inside and outside the country.





21 job posting rank

United Arab Emirates The unemployment rate in the UAE is 4.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

United Arab Emirates Unemployment Rate

3.8%




10.1%

People in the United Arab Emirates are searching in these countries

People in these countries are searching in the


Canada

India

Pakistan

Philippines

Qatar

UAE

United Kingdom

United States

The UAE ranks 30th for GDP worldwide. “Accountant” is a top search term in the UAE from both inside and outside the country.





30 job posting rank



United Kingdom The unemployment rate in the UK is 0.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

United Kingdom Unemployment Rate

7.9%




13.6%

People in the United Kingdom are searching in these countries

People in these countries are searching in the

United Kingdom

Canada

France

India

Ireland

Italy

South Africa

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

The UK ranks 6th for GDP worldwide, and is the top source for international searches for flexible jobs.





5 job posting rank

United States The unemployment rate in the US is 0.1 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

United States Unemployment Rate

8.1%




31.6%

People in the United States are searching in these countries


in the United States

Australia

Canada

India

Japan

Philippines

South Africa

United Kingdom

United States

The US ranks first for GDP worldwide. IT-related search terms such as “java,” “oracle,” “sql,” and “.net” are top search terms for people in India looking for jobs in the US.





2 job posting rank


Country

Population in 2013

(thousands) 1

% of Pop in Indeed Countries

Unemployment Rate in 2012 2

Number of Job Postings per

1,000 Residents 3

% of Worldwide Indeed Job

Postings

GDP (PPP) Per Person in

2013 4Tertiary Education

Completion % 5

Argentina (AR) 41,492 0.8% 7.2% 0.9 0.20% $18,749.34 3.31%

Australia (AU) 23,207 0.4% 5.2% 5.3 0.80% $43,073.06 22.35%

Austria (AT) 8,484 0.2% 4.3% 4.4 0.20% $42,596.55 9.52%

Bahrain (BH) 1,174 0.0% 7.4% 4.1 0.00% $34,584.44 4.43%

Belgium (BE) 11,162 0.2% 7.5% 10.4 0.70% $37,880.51 20.40%

Brazil (BR) 198,000 3.8% 6.9% 1.6 2.00% $12,220.90 5.20%

Canada (CA) 35,105 0.7% 7.2% 6.6 1.50% $43,471.73 28.00%

Chile (CL) 17,557 0.3% 6.4% 4.0 0.40% $19,067.25 11.65%

China (CN) 1,360,763 26.1% 4.5% 2.5 21.40% $9,844.03 3.91%

Colombia (CO) 47,151 0.9% 10.4% 2.0 0.60% $11,188.81 8.46%

Czech Republic (CZ) 10,516 0.2% 7.0% 12.1 0.80% $27,200.05 5.60%

Denmark (DK) 5,591 0.1% 7.5% 4.1 0.10% $37,900.46 12.53%

Finland (FI) 5,451 0.1% 7.6% 4.9 0.20% $35,616.55 13.06%

France (FR) 63,660 1.2% 9.9% 6.6 2.60% $35,784.00 10.55%

Germany (DE) 80,800 1.5% 5.4% 5.8 3.00% $40,006.74 12.77%

Greece (GR) 11,063 0.2% 24.2% 1.0 0.10% $24,011.96 22.37%

Hong Kong (HK) 7,244 0.1% 3.3% 12.1 0.60% $52,721.97 7.25%

Hungary (HU) 9,879 0.2% 10.9% 3.9 0.20% $20,065.08 12.58%

India (IN) 1,243,337 23.8% 3.4% 0.3 2.00% $4,077.06 4.07%

Indonesia (ID) 247,954 4.8% 6.6% 0.1 0.20% $5,214.06 1.73%

Ireland (IE) 4,776 0.1% 14.7% 8.7 0.30% $39,547.35 20.18%

Israel (IL) 7,871 0.2% 6.9% 8.2 0.40% $34,770.10 24.31%

Italy (IT) 59,685 1.1% 10.7% 3.5 1.30% $30,289.42 6.64%

Japan (JP) 127,341 2.4% 4.3% 12.3 9.90% $36,899.36 24.01%

Republic of Korea (KR) 50,220 1.0% 3.2% 15.3 4.80% $33,189.06 17.92%

Kuwait (KW) 3,890 0.1% 1.5% 1.6 0.00% $39,706.14 4.61%

Luxembourg (LU) 542 0.0% 5.1% 14.3 0.00% $78,669.78 10.87%

Malaysia (MY) 29,620 0.6% 3.1% 1.2 0.20% $17,747.97 5.03%

Mexico (MX) 118,397 2.3% 4.9% 1.1 0.80% $15,562.60 13.91%

Netherlands (NL) 16,795 0.3% 5.3% 7.3 0.80% $41,710.70 16.45%

New Zealand (NZ) 4,479 0.1% 6.9% 4.4 0.10% $30,493.26 24.40%

Economic and Demographic Statistics Table

Country

Population in 2013

(thousands) 1

% of Pop in Indeed Countries

Unemployment Rate in 2012 2


1,000 Residents 3

% of Worldwide Indeed Job

Postings

GDP (PPP) Per Person

in 2013 4Tertiary Education

Completion % 5

Norway (NO) 5,096 0.1% 3.2% 6.1 0.20% $54,946.68 14.58%

Oman (OM) 3,186 0.1% 8.1% 1.0 0.00% $29,813.16 N/A

Pakistan (PK) 182,589 3.5% 5.1% 0.1 0.10% $3,149.42 5.24%

Peru (PE) 30,946 0.6% 4.0% 2.8 0.50% $11,123.70 16.56%

Philippines (PH) 97,484 1.9% 7.0% 0.8 0.50% $4,681.96 22.37%

Poland (PL) 38,533 0.7% 10.1% 4.6 1.10% $21,214.30 9.11%

Portugal (PT) 10,613 0.2% 15.6% 2.3 0.20% $23,068.36 3.84%

Qatar (QA) 2,020 0.0% 0.6% 7.1 0.10% $98,813.66 11.62%

Romania (RO) 21,285 0.4% 7.0% 0.8 0.10% $13,395.90 6.48%

Russian Federation (RU) 142,929 2.7% 5.5% 10.3 9.30% $17,884.49 23.28%

Saudi Arabia (SA) 29,994 0.6% 5.6% 1.7 0.30% $31,244.74 8.71%

Singapore (SG) 5,399 0.1% 2.8% 13.5 0.50% $64,583.63 12.19%

South Africa (ZA) 52,982 1.0% 25.0% 2.3 0.80% $11,259.14 0.60%

Spain (ES) 46,610 0.9% 25.2% 1.5 0.40% $29,851.10 16.55%

Sweden (SE) 9,635 0.2% 8.0% 4.7 0.30% $41,188.39 16.74%

Switzerland (CH) 8,003 0.2% 4.2% 11.6 0.60% $46,430.13 12.38%

Taiwan (TW) 23,374 0.4% 4.2% 10.4 1.50% $39,767.01 10.63%

Thailand (TH) 68,229 1.3% 0.7% 1.2 0.50% $9,874.51 8.77%

Turkey (TR) 76,484 1.5% 9.2% 1.4 0.70% $15,352.61 5.85%

United Arab Emirates (AE) 9,031 0.2% 3.8% 7.3 0.40% $30,122.11 10.10%

United Kingdom (UK) 64,087 1.2% 7.9% 16.6 6.70% $37,306.60 13.63%

United States (US) 316,373 6.1% 8.1% 9.1 18.20% $53,101.01 31.59%

Venezuela (VE) 29,985 0.6% 7.8% 0.4 0.10% $13,604.75 4.09%

Vietnam (VN) 89,691 1.7% 2.0% 0.8 0.40% $4,011.51 3.01%

1 Source: World Economic Outlook

2 Advanced Economy average unemployment rate is 8.0

3 Average job postings per 1,000 residents is 3.0

4 Advanced Economy average for 2013 is $41,652.94 (USD $)

5 Average Advanced Economy Average is 20.3% for ages 25 years and older; Source: Barro and Lee


Country

Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches

First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Argentina (AR) US CO MX ES PE US ES CO MX PE

Australia (AU) US UK IN NZ CA US IN JP UK CA

Austria (AT) DE HU US CH IT DE US CH UK IT

Bahrain (BH) IN US PK SA AE US IN AE QA UK

Belgium (BE) NL FR US UK DE FR NL US UK CA

Brazil (BR) US PT CA UK DE US PT UK CA IT

Canada (CA) US UK IN FR PH US UK FR IN AU

Chile (CL) US ES PE CO AR US ES CO PE MX

China (CN) US HK TW CA UK US JP UK CA HK

Colombia (CO) US MX PE ES VE US ES MX PE AR

Czech Republic (CZ) US UK DE PL PK US UK DE AT CA

Denmark (DK) US UK SE DE PK US UK DE CA NO

Finland (FI) US UK CA SE DE US UK CA ZA SE

France (FR) US UK BE CA CH US CH UK CA BE

Germany (DE) US PL AT UK CH US UK CH PL NL

Greece (GR) US UK DE PK NL US UK DE CA AE

Hong Kong (HK) US UK CN IN CA US UK CN CA IN

Hungary (HU) US DE RO UK AT US UK AT DE CA

India (IN) US AU UK AE CA US UK AE CA QA

Indonesia (ID) US SG IN PK MY US UK IN CA AU

Ireland (IE) UK US CA IN FR UK US CA IN AU

Israel (IL) US UK DE FR CA US UK CA RU FR

Italy (IT) US UK DE RO CH US UK CH FR DE

Japan (JP) US AU CN KR TW US UK CA KR IN

Republic of Korea (KR) US JP CA CN AU US JP CA UK PH

Kuwait (KW) IN US PK AE SA US IN CA UK AE

Luxembourg (LU) FR DE BE US UK FR US BE UK DE

Malaysia (MY) US AU IN SG ID US UK SG IN CA

Mexico (MX) US CO ES AR PE US CO ES CA PE

Netherlands (NL) US BE UK DE CA US BE UK PL DE

New Zealand (NZ) US UK AU IN CA US UK AU CA ZA


Country

Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches


Norway (NO) US SE PL UK DK US UK PL SE CA

Oman (OM) IN PK AE US QA US IN AE UK QA

Pakistan (PK) US UK IE CA AE US AE UK CA QA

Peru (PE) US CO ES MX AR CO US ES MX CL

Philippines (PH) US SA CA KR SG US CA UK AE QA

Poland (PL) DE UK US NL SG US UK DE CA FR

Portugal (PT) US BR UK FR CH BR US UK FR CA

Qatar (QA) IN US AE SA UK US AE UK IN CA

Romania (RO) US UK IT DE SG US UK IT DE FR

Russian Federation (RU) US UK DE SE NL US UK PL TR CA

Saudi Arabia (SA) IN US PK AE UK US IN UK QA AE

Singapore (SG) IN US MY PH UK US IN UK PL CA

South Africa (ZA) US UK IN CA AU US UK CA AU IN

Spain (ES) US UK CO MX AR US UK FR MX CO

Sweden (SE) US UK NO DE FI US UK PL NO FR

Switzerland (CH) FR DE US IT UK US FR DE UK IT

Taiwan (TW) US HK CN PK JP US JP CN UK CA

Thailand (TH) US IN UK FR CA US UK JP CA AU

Turkey (TR) US RU DE UK FR US UK DE CA AE

United Arab Emirates (AE) IN US PK UK PH US UK IN CA QA

United Kingdom (UK) US IN IE FR ES US FR IT CA ZA

United States (US) IN UK CA PH AU IN JP CA UK ZA

Venezuela (VE) US CO MX ES AR CO US ES MX AR

Vietnam (VN) US SG CA UK FR US UK JP CA IN

Indeed Hiring Lab 51

State Rankings


Key Insights

There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a state and its number of unique searchers overall. The statistically significant correlation is 0.98.

More people search for jobs within a state from outside when it has more postings. There is a positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.89. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 1.40 additional monthly average external searchers.

A larger share of people search outside their home state when it has fewer postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.53. A decrease of 10,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.69 percentage point increase in the mover share.

The number of job postings drives search activity.

The top 5 interstate flows are: 1. New Jersey to New York2. Maryland to Washington DC3. California to Texas4. Missouri to Kansas5. New Jersey to Pennsylvania

Illinoisranks 5th for number of postings and 10th for number of external searchers.

Wyominghas a high share of people looking to move (ranking 2nd for share of movers), and ranks 51st for number of postings.

“Entry level” is a top search term used by job seekers from New Jersey searching in New York and in Maryland searching in DC.

“Casino” is a top search term by people in California looking for jobs in Nevada.

Californiaranks 1st for number of postings and 3rd for number of external searchers.

Searching Externally

by external searchers.“Part time” is a top search term used


ConnecticutMaine

MassachusettsNew Hampshire

Rhode IslandVermont

DelawareDistrict of Columbia

MarylandNew Jersey

New YorkPennsylvania

AlabamaArkansas

FloridaGeorgia

KentuckyLouisiana

MississippiMissouri

North CarolinaSouth Carolina

TennesseeVirginia

West Virginia

IllinoisIndiana

IowaKansas

MichiganMinnesotaNebraska

North DakotaOhio

South DakotaWisconsin

ArizonaNew Mexico

OklahomaTexas

AlaskaCaliforniaColorado

HawaiiIdaho

MontanaNevadaOregon

UtahWashington

Wyoming

About This Graph

Regions are grouped by color

This directed graph shows searches among the 50 states and Washington DC. A line is drawn between two states when more than 3% of job seekers in one state have searched for jobs in the other state. The dot indicates the state where the search originated.

New England

Mid Atlantic

South

Midwest

Southwest

West

Origin of searches

Destination of searches

more than 3% of job seekers in one statehave searched for jobs in the other state

National Labor Movement (US)

Nationally, 27.8% of people search for jobs outside of their current state.

CaliforniaTexasColorado

MassachusettsWashington

District of ColumbiaIdahoMississippi

New MexicoSouth DakotaWest Virginia

States that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other states:

States where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations:

Texas receives the highest total number of searchers from outside the state, but Florida and California are both close behind. In general, larger states have more external searchers but a smaller share of job seekers in big states are coming from outside.

Washington DC stands out as the location with job seekers looking for jobs in the greatest number of other places. It should be noted that these job seekers are often searching in Virginia and Maryland, within the DC metro area.


External Competition Index When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they’re looking for and the location in which they’d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given state from outside.

District of Columbia

Alaska

Wyoming

North Dakota

Hawaii

Montana

Delaware

Vermont

Kansas

Idaho

Oregon

Maine

Louisiana

Nevada

South Dakota

New Hampshire

Colorado

Tennessee

South Carolina

Kentucky

Washington

West Virginia

Rhode Island

Arkansas

Mississippi

Maryland

Iowa

Missouri

New Mexico

Virginia

Nebraska

Utah

Indiana

Arizona

Georgia

Florida

Massachusetts

Oklahoma

Alabama

Connecticut

North Carolina

New York

Wisconsin

Pennsylvania

Texas

New Jersey

Minnesota

Illinois

Ohio

Michigan

California

76.1%

65.2%

63.5%

58.9%

57.5%

54.7%

51.4%

51.0%

46.0%

42.5%

41.2%

39.3%

38.8%

37.4%

37.1%

36.9%

36.9%

35.3%

35.2%

35.1%

34.7%

34.5%

34.4%

31.3%

31.3%

31.2%

31.0%

30.6%

30.6%

30.5%

29.0%

28.4%

28.3%

28.0%

27.9%

27.5%

27.1%

27.1%

27.1%

26.6%

26.6%

25.5%

23.5%

23.4%

22.8%

22.4%

22.1%

21.4%

19.1%

17.1%

17.0%

Drivers of Interstate Search

PopulationThe larger the population of a state, the more people search within that state from outside. At the same time, a large population correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, California and Texas are large population states. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these states is relatively small.

Postings per 1,000 PopulationThe larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a state, the larger the total number and share of external searchers.

UnemploymentThe higher the unemployment rate in a state, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that state.

Educational AttainmentThe larger the share of a state’s population with a bachelor’s degree, the larger the share of residents searching for jobs in other states.

Median Household Income & Median Home ValueThe higher the median household income, the larger the percentage of searchers from outside that state. The higher the median home value in a state, the larger the percentage of searchers from outside that state.


Location Desirability Index This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a state has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with Texas (our top-ranked state for location desirability) equal to 100.

Texas

Florida

California

New York

Georgia


North Carolina

Virginia

Pennsylvania

Illinois

Tennessee

Colorado

Massachusetts

Washington

Maryland

Ohio

Arizona

South Carolina

Missouri

Louisiana

New Jersey

Oregon

Indiana

Kentucky

Kansas

Michigan

Connecticut

Minnesota

Nevada

Alabama

Wisconsin

Hawaii

Delaware

Iowa

Mississippi

Oklahoma

Utah

Arkansas

Maine

Alaska

Idaho

New Hampshire

Montana

West Virginia

Nebraska

North Dakota

New Mexico

Vermont

Wyoming

Rhode Island

South Dakota

100.0

99.2

97.1

85.1

65.4

56.0

55.9

53.3

51.8

47.8

43.2

43.2

40.8

40.3

36.8

34.8

31.2

30.1

29.7

28.8

27.9

27.9

26.3

24.6

24.5

24.3

21.3

20.9

20.6

20.6

19.8

15.5

12.6

12.4

12.3

11.8

11.2

10.7

9.9

9.7

9.3

9.0

8.6

7.4

7.2

7.1

6.8

6.5

6.2

5.5

3.2

Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each state currently looking for a job outside that state.


Wyoming

West Virginia

North Dakota

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

South Dakota

Maryland

New Jersey

Vermont

Delaware

Virginia

Alaska

Kansas

Montana

Missouri

Idaho

New Mexico

Mississippi

Iowa

Nebraska

Washington

Arkansas

South Carolina

Indiana

Alabama

Kentucky

Tennessee

Connecticut

Wisconsin

Oregon

Maine

Illinois

Oklahoma

Utah

Colorado

Pennsylvania

New York

Minnesota

Massachusetts

Louisiana

North Carolina

Nevada

Arizona

Hawaii

Ohio

Georgia

California

Michigan

Florida

Texas

56.0%

47.8%

46.8%

46.5%

44.6%

44.3%

42.4%

42.3%

41.9%

40.6%

39.8%

39.1%

37.5%

36.8%

36.0%

35.8%

35.6%

35.5%

34.1%

34.0%

32.9%

32.9%

32.0%

31.1%

30.8%

30.2%

30.1%

30.0%

29.9%

29.4%

29.1%

28.5%

28.2%

28.2%

27.8%

27.2%

27.2%

26.8%

26.5%

25.8%

25.7%

25.6%

25.3%

25.1%

25.1%

23.9%

23.2%

22.2%

22.2%

19.3%

18.8%



The percentage of the population in Alaska with a bachelor's degree is 1.0 percentage points lower than the national average.

Bachelor’s Degree Attainment

27.5% National Average

28.5%

The unemployment rate in Alaska is 0.9 percentage points lower than the national average.

Alaska Unemployment Rate


7.4%

Alaska ranks 47th in population and 46th in GDP. Top search terms by people in other states searching in Alaska include “fishing,” “construction,” “summer,” and “seasonal.”

Alaska#40 for location desirability




42 job posting rank

People in Alaska are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Alaska

Alaska

California

Colorado

Florida

Oregon

Texas

Washington

California

The percentage of the population in California with a bachelor's degree is 2.0 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in California is 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average.

California Unemployment Rate


7.4%

California ranks 1st in both population and GDP. “California” is the most popular destination for people searching for IT, nursing, and sales positions.





1 job posting rank

People in California are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in California

Arizona

California

Florida

Illinois

New York

Texas

Washington



Colorado

The percentage of the population in Colorado with a bachelor's degree is 8.2 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Colorado is 0.6 percentage points lower than the national average.

Colorado Unemployment Rate


7.4%

Colorado ranks 22nd in population and 19th in GDP. Colorado is the third most popular destination for people searching for oil and mining jobs.





17 job posting rank

People in Colorado are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Colorado

Arizona

California

Colorado

Florida

Illinois

New York

Texas

Washington


The percentage of the population in DC with a bachelor's degree is 22.7 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in DC is 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average.

District of Columbia Unemployment Rate


7.4%

DC ranks 50th in population and 35th in GDP. For a place with such a small population, DC is a notably popular place to search, ranking 6th in the Location Desirability Index.





32 job posting rank

People in the District of Columbia are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in the


California


Maryland

New York

Pennsylvania

Virginia

Washington



The percentage of the population in Florida with a bachelor's degree is 2.3 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Florida is 0.2 percentage points lower than the national average.

Florida Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Florida are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Florida

California

Florida

Georgia

New York

North Carolina

Texas

Virginia

Florida ranks 4th in both population and GDP. “Customer service” is a top job search in Florida both by residents of Florida as well as residents of nearby states.

Florida#2 for location desirability




4 job posting rank

The percentage of the population in Hawaii with a bachelor's degree is 1.1 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Hawaii is 2.6 percentage points lower than the national average.

Hawaii Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Hawaii are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Hawaii

California

Florida

Hawaii

Nevada

New York

Oregon

Texas

Washington

Hawaii ranks 42nd in population and 39th in GDP. “Hotel” is a top search term by people from other states looking for jobs in Hawaii.

Hawaii#32 for location desirability




47 job posting rank



The percentage of the population in Illinois with a bachelor's degree is 2.6 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Illinois is 1.8 percentage points higher than the national average.

Illinois Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Illinois are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Illinois

California

Illinois

Indiana

Mississippi

Missouri

Texas

Wisconsin

Illinois ranks 5th in both population and GDP. “Human resources” is a top job sought in Illinois by people from Indiana.

Illinois#10 for location desirability




5 job posting rank

The percentage of the population in Indiana with a bachelor's degree is 5.5 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Indiana is 0.1 percentage points higher than the national average.

Indiana Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Indiana are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Indiana

California

Florida

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Michigan

Ohio

Indiana ranks 16th in population and 17th in GDP. “Human resources” is a top job sought in Indiana by people from Illinois, and by people in Illinois in Indiana.

Indiana#23 for location desirability




19 job posting rank



The percentage of the population in Kansas with a bachelor's degree is 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Kansas is 2.0 percentage points lower than the national average.

Kansas Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Kansas are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Kansas

California

Colorado

Illinois

Kansas

Missouri

Oklahoma

Texas

Kansas ranks 33rd in population and 32nd in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Kansas from both inside and outside the state.

Kansas#25 for location desirability




30 job posting rank

Kentucky

The percentage of the population in Kentucky with a bachelor's degree is 7.5 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Kentucky is 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average.

Kentucky Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Kentucky are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Kentucky

California

Florida

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Ohio

Tennessee

Texas

Kentucky ranks 26th in population and 28th in GDP. “Accounting,” “human resources,” and “RN” are three top search terms in Kentucky by people both inside and outside the state.





26 job posting rank



Michigan

The percentage of the population in Michigan with a bachelor's degree is 3.0 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Michigan is 1.4 percentage points higher than the national average.

Michigan Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Michigan are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Michigan

California

Florida

Illinois

Indiana

Michigan

Ohio

Texas

Michigan ranks 8th in population and 13th in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Michigan from both inside and outside the state.





13 job posting rank

Mississippi

The percentage of the population in Mississippi with a bachelor's degree is 8.5 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Mississippi is 1.2 percentage points higher than the national average.

Mississippi Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Mississippi are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Mississippi

Alabama

California

Georgia

Louisiana

Mississippi

Tennessee

Texas

Mississippi ranks 31st in population and 36th in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Mississippi from both inside and outside the state.





38 job posting rank



New Jersey

The percentage of the population in New Jersey with a bachelor's degree is 6.9 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in New Jersey is 0.8 percentage points higher than the national average.

New Jersey Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in New Jersey are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in New Jersey

California

Florida

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

Texas

Virginia

New Jersey ranks 11th in population and 7th in GDP. New Jersey is the third most popular destination for searches for both accounting and sales jobs.





12 job posting rank

New York

The percentage of the population in New York with a bachelor's degree is 4.3 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in New York is 0.3 percentage points higher than the national average.

New York Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in New York are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in New York

California

Connecticut

Florida

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

New York ranks 3rd in both population and GDP. People outside of New York search for flexible jobs, accounting jobs, and teaching jobs in the state.





3 job posting rank



North Dakota

The percentage of the population in North Dakota with a bachelor's degree is 1.4 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in North Dakota is 4.5 percentage points lower than the national average.

North Dakota Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in North Dakota are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in

North Dakota

North Dakota ranks 48th in population and 50th in GDP. “Oil” and “oil field” are two top external search terms for North Dakota.





44 job posting rank

California

Colorado

Florida

Minnesota

Montana

North Dakota

Texas

Washington

The percentage of the population in Ohio with a bachelor's degree is 3.8 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Ohio is equivalent to the national average.

Ohio Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Ohio are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Ohio

Ohio ranks 7th in population and 8th in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Ohio from both inside and outside the state.

Ohio#16 for location desirability




7 job posting rank

California

Florida

Kentucky

Michigan

New York

Ohio

Pennsylvania

Texas



Pennsylvania

The percentage of the population in Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree is 1.5 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Pennsylvania is equivalent to the national average.

Pennsylvania Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Pennsylvania are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania ranks 6th in both population and GDP. It is the third most popular destination for people searching for teaching jobs.





6 job posting rank

California

Delaware

Florida

Maryland

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

Virginia

The percentage of the population in Texas with a bachelor's degree is 2.2 percentage points lower than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Texas is 1.1 percentage points lower than the national average.

Texas Unemployment Rate


7.4%

Texas ranks 2nd in both population and GDP. Texas is the top destination for searches for oil and mining jobs.

Texas#1 for location desirability




2 job posting rank

People in Texas are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Texas

California

Colorado

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Louisiana

New York

Texas



Virginia

The percentage of the population in Virginia with a bachelor's degree is 1.4 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Virginia is 1.9 percentage points lower than the national average.

Virginia Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Virginia are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Virginia

Virginia ranks 12th in population and 9th in GDP. “IT” is a top search term for people in other states searching in Virginia.





8 job posting rank

California


Florida

Maryland

North Carolina

Texas

Virginia

West Virginia

Washington

The percentage of the population in Washington with a bachelor's degree is 5.7 percentage points higher than the national average.



28.5%

The unemployment rate in Washington is 0.4 percentage points lower than the national average.

Washington Unemployment Rate


7.4%

People in Washington are searching in these states

People in these states are searching in Washington

Washington ranks 13th in population and 14th in GDP. People from Oregon seek entry-level positions in Washington.





15 job posting rank

California

Florida

Idaho

Maryland

Oregon

Texas

Virginia

Washington


State

Population in 2013

(thousands) 1% of National

PopulationUnemployment

Rate in 2013 2


1,000 Residents 3

% of National Indeed Job

Postings

Median Home

Value 4

Median Household

Income 5

% with a Bachelor’s

Degree 6

Alaska (AK) 537 0.20% 6.5% 19.1 0.4% $237,900 $69,917 27.5%

Alabama (AL) 3767 1.50% 6.5% 8.5 1.1% $122,300 $43,160 22.3%

Arkansas (AR) 2276 0.90% 7.5% 8.2 0.7% $106,300 $40,531 19.8%

Arizona (AZ) 5077 2.10% 8.0% 12 2.1% $175,900 $50,256 26.6%

California (CA) 29683 12.10% 8.9% 11 11.5% $383,900 $61,400 30.5%

Colorado (CO) 4063 1.70% 6.8% 14.2 2.0% $236,800 $58,244 36.7%

Connecticut (CT) 2855 1.20% 7.8% 13.2 1.3% $285,900 $69,519 36.2%District of Columbia (DC) 535 0.20% 8.3% 48.3 0.9% $443,000 $64,267 51.2%

Delaware (DE) 728 0.30% 6.7% 13.6 0.3% $241,100 $60,119 28.5%

Florida (FL) 15669 6.40% 7.2% 10 5.5% $170,800 $47,309 26.2%

Georgia (GA) 7567 3.10% 8.2% 12 3.2% $156,400 $49,604 27.8%

Hawaii (HI) 1070 0.40% 4.8% 8.1 0.3% $517,000 $67,492 29.6%

Iowa (IA) 2404 1.00% 4.6% 11.5 1.0% $123,000 $51,129 25.3%

Idaho (ID) 1209 0.50% 6.2% 7.2 0.3% $167,100 $47,015 24.7%

Illinois (IL) 10020 4.10% 9.2% 13 4.6% $190,800 $56,853 31.1%

Indiana (IN) 5066 2.10% 7.5% 11.3 2.0% $123,400 $48,374 23.0%

Kansas (KS) 2184 0.90% 5.4% 12.9 1.0% $127,400 $51,273 30.0%

Kentucky (KY) 3403 1.40% 8.3% 9.5 1.1% $120,000 $42,610 21.0%

Louisiana (LA) 3525 1.40% 6.2% 9.1 1.1% $137,700 $44,673 21.4%

Massachusetts (MA) 5387 2.20% 7.1% 17.4 3.3% $335,500 $66,658 39.0%

Maryland (MD) 4642 1.90% 6.6% 14.4 2.3% $304,900 $72,999 36.3%

Maine (ME) 1086 0.40% 6.7% 11.3 0.4% $175,600 $48,219 27.3%

Michigan (MI) 7813 3.20% 8.8% 9.5 2.6% $128,600 $48,471 25.5%

Minnesota (MN) 4225 1.70% 5.1% 13.6 2.0% $194,300 $59,126 32.2%

Missouri (MO) 4693 1.90% 6.5% 10.5 1.7% $138,400 $47,333 25.8%

Mississippi (MS) 2262 0.90% 8.6% 6.8 0.5% $100,200 $38,882 20.0%

Montana (MT) 801 0.30% 5.6% 8.9 0.2% $183,000 $45,456 28.5%

North Carolina (NC) 7590 3.10% 8.0% 11.2 3.0% $153,600 $46,450 26.8%

North Dakota (ND) 560 0.20% 2.9% 16 0.3% $123,900 $51,641 27.1%

Nebraska (NE) 1424 0.60% 3.9% 11.9 0.6% $126,700 $51,381 28.1%


State

Population in 2013

(thousands) 1% of National

PopulationUnemployment

Rate in 2013 2


1,000 Residents 3

% of National Indeed Job

Postings

Median Home

Value 4

Median Household

Income 5

% with a Bachelor’s

Degree 6

New Hampshire (NH) 1072 0.40% 5.3% 12.7 0.5% $245,600 $64,925.00 33.4%

New Jersey (NJ) 7008 2.90% 8.2% 11.7 2.9% $337,900 $71,637.00 35.4%

New Mexico (NM) 1595 0.60% 6.9% 10.7 0.6% $161,500 $44,886.00 25.6%

Nevada (NV) 2163 0.90% 9.8% 10.3 0.8% $190,900 $54,083.00 22.2%

New York (NY) 15661 6.40% 7.7% 10.7 5.9% $295,300 $57,683.00 32.8%

Ohio (OH) 9059 3.70% 7.4% 11.7 3.7% $133,700 $48,246.00 24.7%

Oklahoma (OK) 2921 1.20% 5.4% 11.6 1.2% $110,800 $44,891.00 23.2%

Oregon (OR) 3133 1.30% 7.7% 10.2 1.1% $246,100 $50,036.00 29.2%

Pennsylvania (PA) 10182 4.10% 7.4% 11.3 4.0% $164,900 $52,267.00 27.0%

Rhode Island (RI) 847 0.30% 9.5% 10.3 0.3% $259,400 $56,102.00 30.8%

South Carolina (SC) 3707 1.50% 7.6% 9.8 1.3% $137,400 $44,623.00 24.6%

South Dakota (SD) 641 0.30% 3.8% 10.7 0.2% $129,800 $49,091.00 26.0%

Tennessee (TN) 5067 2.10% 8.2% 9.9 1.8% $138,700 $44,140.00 23.5%

Texas (TX) 19652 8.00% 6.3% 13 9.0% $128,000 $51,563.00 26.3%

Utah (UT) 2067 0.80% 4.4% 9.8 0.7% $181,400 $53,046.00 28.5%

Virginia (VA) 6385 2.60% 5.5% 15 3.4% $217,800 $58,164.00 29.9%

Vermont (VT) 513 0.20% 4.4% 12.7 0.2% $249,700 $63,636.00 34.7%

Washington (WA) 5442 2.20% 7.0% 12.2 2.3% $215,800 $54,168.00 34.2%

Wisconsin (WI) 4511 1.80% 6.7% 11.3 1.8% $272,900 $59,374.00 31.6%

West Virginia (WV) 1487 0.60% 6.5% 8.7 0.5% $169,000 $52,627.00 26.4%

Wyoming (WY) 450 0.20% 4.6% 11.7 0.2% $97,300 $40,400.00 17.9%

1 Source: BLS

2 US national unemployment rate in 2013 was 7.40%

3 Average job postings per 1,000 US residents is 12.2

4 US Median Home Value is $184,000

5 US Median Household Income is $53,046

6 US Average of population with a Bachelor’s Degree is 28.5%


State

State Rank: Most Incoming Searches State Rank: Most Outgoing Searches


Alaska (AK) CA TX WA FL CO WA CA TX OR CO

Alabama (AL) GA FL TN MS TX GA FL TN TX MS

Arkansas (AR) TX OK MO CA TN TX TN MO OK MS

Arizona (AZ) CA TX IL NY WA CA TX CO NV WA

California (CA) NY TX IL AZ FL TX NY FL AZ WA

Colorado (CO) CA TX IL FL NY CA TX FL AZ WA

Connecticut (CT) NY MA NJ CA RI NY MA FL CA TXDistrict of Columbia (DC) MD VA NY CA PA MD VA CA WA NY

Delaware (DE) PA MD NJ NY VA PA MD NJ NY FL

Florida (FL) NY GA CA TX VA GA TX CA NY NC

Georgia (GA) FL AL NC SC CA FL TN AL TX NC

Hawaii (HI) CA TX WA NY FL CA WA TX NV OR

Iowa (IA) IL MN NE CA WI IL MN NE WI TX

Idaho (ID) CA WA OR UT TX WA OR UT CA TX

Illinois (IL) IN CA WI MO MI IN MO CA TX WI

Indiana (IN) IL OH MI KY CA IL KY MI FL OH

Kansas (KS) MO CA TX IL OK MO TX CO CA OK

Kentucky (KY) IN OH TN CA IL OH TN IN FL TX

Louisiana (LA) TX CA WI MS FL TX MS FL GA CA

Massachusetts (MA) NY NH CA CT RI NY CT NH CA FL

Maryland (MD) VA DC PA NY CA DC VA PA FL NY

Maine (ME) MA NH NY CA FL MA NH FL NY CA

Michigan (MI) CA IL OH IN TX FL IL OH CA TX

Minnesota (MN) WI CA IL IA ND WI CA TX FL ND

Missouri (MO) KS IL TX CA AR KS IL TX FL CA

Mississippi (MS) TN AL LA TX CA TN LA TX AL GA

Montana (MT) CA WA CO TX IL WA CA CO ID OR

North Carolina (NC) SC VA NY CA GA SC VA GA FL TN

North Dakota (ND) MN CA TX FL WA MN CO TX CA MT

Nebraska (NE) IA CA CO MO TX IA CO TX KS MO


State

State Rank: Most Incoming Searches State Rank: Most Outgoing Searches


New Hampshire (NH) MA ME VT NY CT MA ME VT FL NY

New Jersey (NJ) NY PA CA VA FL NY PA FL CA TX

New Mexico (NM) TX CA AZ CO FL TX CO AZ CA FL

Nevada (NV) CA AZ TX IL NY CA TX AZ WA FL

New York (NY) NJ CA CT PA FL FL NJ CA CT PA

Ohio (OH) KY CA PA MI NY FL PA KY CA TX

Oklahoma (OK) TX CA KS AR MO TX AR MO CO CA

Oregon (OR) CA WA TX AZ NY WA CA ID TX AZ

Pennsylvania (PA) NJ NY MD CA VA NJ NY MD FL DE

Rhode Island (RI) MA CT NY CA NJ MA CT NY FL CA

South Carolina (SC) NC GA VA NY FL NC GA FL TN TX

South Dakota (SD) MN IA NE CA ND MN IA CO NE ND

Tennessee (TN) GA MS KY NC CA GA FL TX KY NC

Texas (TX) CA NY FL IL LA CA FL LA CO GA

Utah (UT) CA TX CO ID AZ CA CO TX ID AZ

Virginia (VA) MD NC WV DC CA DC MD NC FL TX

Vermont (VT) NY NH MA CT CA NH MA NY FL CA

Washington (WA) CA OR TX MD VA OR CA TX FL ID

Wisconsin (WI) IL MN CA MI IA IL MN LA CA FL

West Virginia (WV) OH PA VA MD CA VA PA OH MD NC

Wyoming (WY) CO CA TX UT MT AL AR AZ CA CO


Data & Methodology


Data Sources The focus of this report is on job seeker interest in cross-border job moves. Our main source of information included aggregated and anonymous search data from Indeed sites in 55 countries and economies.1 Our analysis of the United States (US) included the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For the US analysis, we define a cross-border searcher as someone who, based on their IP address location, is currently located in one state but enters a different state name in the “where” box in at least one Indeed search. A home searcher was defined as someone who searches in the same state as their IP address location. Our international analysis focused on 55 countries and economies with Indeed sites (excluding Antarctica). For this analysis, we define a cross-border searcher as someone who, based on their IP address location, is currently located in

one of these places but conducts at least one search using an Indeed site for another country. An international home searcher is defined as someone who searches the Indeed site for the same country as their IP address location. If the same searcher looks in more than one state or country, we count them once for each state or country in which they search (including their own), but we only count one search per locality per IP address per month. We conducted our main analysis on the average monthly count of searchers within each locality over the period of May 2013 through April 2014. Focusing on a full year of data allows us to smooth out seasonal movements in job seeker behavior. In addition to the location of the job seeker and the job search, we also examined the top keywords entered by job seekers. We considered the actual search terms used by people outside a location searching within that location, and then grouped common search terms by field, as defined below.

In addition to studying searches, we examined the data from job postings on Indeed, which include millions of jobs from thousands of sources. The number of job postings on Indeed does not reflect a precise number of available jobs. A posting might refer to an unspecified number of job openings, it may be listed in numerous places, and it may remain online for a period after it has been filled. Job postings do offer, however, a gauge of the broad share of job openings in the economy. We used the average number of monthly job postings over one year (May 2014 through April 2014), which were considered for searchers in each of the 51 states and each of the 55 economies analyzed. This report also includes the latest available labor market data gathered by several external sources. For the US, we relied on data from the US Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the US Census Bureau, and the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The BLS collects data from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program to produce state-level unemployment rates “based on the same concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households that is conducted for the BLS by the U.S. Census Bureau. The LAUS program measures employment and unemployment on a place-of-residence basis.”2 We also used data from the BLS that provides estimates for 2013 based on data provided from the US Census Bureau. We used state-level Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data from the BEA for 2012. The remaining data for the US comes from the US Census Bureau based on the period 2008-2012, and it includes the percentage of the population 25 years and older with a

bachelor’s degree or higher, the median household income, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units in each state. For the 55 countries and economies considered in this study, we supplemented the Indeed data sources with data from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Barro-Lee dataset. From the World Bank, we used the 2012 unemployment rates for each location based on the standardized International Labour Organization (ILO) definition. From the IMF’s April 2014 World Economic Outlook, we obtained estimates from 2013 regarding the Gross Domestic Product based on GDP purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita and the population of each country. To collect data on the percentage of the population aged 25 and over who have completed tertiary education, we relied on data from the Barro-Lee dataset.3

Directed Graphs Methodology

The directed graph for the US shows the flow between states. A line is drawn between two states when at least 3% of searchers from the originating state search in the receiving state. The international directed graph shows the flow between countries, where each line represents at least 2% of the searchers from the originating country searching in the receiving country. The directed graphs reported in the country and state profiles identify the top five countries and states in terms of searches to and from each locality, regardless of the share of searchers.

Field query word in

Oil, Gas, or Mining oil, gas, mining, petroleum

Nurse, or RN, or Nursing nurse, nursing, rn, lpn, cna, lvn

Java, Software, Developer, or ITjava, software, developer, IT, engineer, analyst, computer, sql, web, information, oracle, network, engineering, gis, programmer, intelligence, javascript, html, python, database

Accountant accountant, accounting, accounts, cpa, controller, payroll

Sales sales, salesperson

Teacher or Teaching teacher, teaching, preschool, school, education

Flexible Jobs internship, intern, summer, temporary, part time

Visa or Sponsorship visa, sponsorship

Interpreter interpreter, translator, language


Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology

In order to explore the relationship between cross-border job seeker behavior and economic indicators, we reported correlations and estimates from simple linear regressions of our various index values as well as the economic and postings data discussed above. We acknowledge that the term “drivers” is being used loosely here, and it is based on correlations rather than strictly identified causal connections.

Index Methodology

External Competition IndexOur external competition rankings examine the share of job seekers who search in a particular country or state from outside that country or state. We consider this a measure of external competition because people often think of only the local population as being competition for local jobs. However, if a relatively large number of outsiders are also looking for

jobs in that area, the labor market may be tighter than it first appears. It is important to keep in mind that this index is based on where the searchers are looking for jobs, not on where the searchers are currently located. Location Desirability IndexOur location desirability rankings are based on the total number of external searchers (as opposed to being based on the share of external searchers from our External Competition Index). The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale, with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100. Movers IndexIn contrast to the previous indices, our movers rankings show the percentage of unique job seekers in each state or country currently looking for a job outside that state or country. The key difference here is that we are now focusing on where job seekers are currently located rather than where they are looking to move.

1 We have search data from more than 230 IP locations worldwide and could have included all of these locations in our analysis. We limited the sample to

countries with Indeed sites, and further limited it by excluding Thailand and Vietnam from our rankings. These are Indeed’s newest sites. Because they were

launched in June 2013, we do not have complete search data for the entirety of the sample year.

2 Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014). Regional and State Unemployment -- 2013 Annual Averages. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/srgune.pdf

3 Barro, R. and Lee, J. (2013). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, [online] Volume 104,

September 2013, pp.184–198. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387812000855 [Accessed 10 June. 2014].

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/srgune.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387812000855


About Indeed

Tara M. Sinclair, PhD, is an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University and an economist at Indeed. Her research focuses on examining historical patterns in data to understand both the current and past structure of the labor market and to forecast future movements. As Indeed Economist, Tara is developing original research using proprietary Indeed data to uncover exclusive insights into the labor market.

In addition to her research, Tara is frequently invited to brief the media on economic and labor trends as well as offer commentary. She has been quoted in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post, and she has appeared on CNN, C-Span, NPR, Fox Business, Bloomberg Radio and TV, and many other local and international news programs.

About the Author

More people find jobs on Indeed than anywhere else. Job seekers can search millions of jobs on the web or mobile in over 50 countries. More than 140 million people each month search for jobs, post resumes, and research companies on Indeed, and Indeed is the #1 source of external hires for thousands of companies.

For more information, visit indeed.com.

About Indeed

The Indeed Hiring Lab is a global research institute committed to advancing the knowledge of human resource and talent management professionals worldwide. Led by Dr. Tara Sinclair, Indeed Economist and an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University, the Indeed Hiring Lab research agenda includes large-scale labor research projects, ongoing tracking and analysis of employment trends, and surveys of industry professionals.

Nayna Ahmed, Zak Cocos, Steven Fazzio, Chris Hadley, Eleanor Hooker

About Indeed Hiring Lab

Contributors


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