Incorporating a Global Perspective Into Future-Oriented ...

DOI 104018IJAEIS2019010102

International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information SystemsVolume 10 bull Issue 1 bull January-March 2019

Copyrightcopy2019IGIGlobalCopyingordistributinginprintorelectronicformswithoutwrittenpermissionofIGIGlobalisprohibited

21

Incorporating a Global Perspective Into Future-Oriented Forest Management ScenariosThe Role of Forest Footprint AnalysisPanagiotis P Koulelis University of Oxford School of Geography and the Environment Environmental Change Institute Oxford UK

Constance L McDermott University of Oxford School of Geography and the Environment Environmental Change Institute Oxford UK

ABSTRACT

Thisresearchservestointegratetheconceptofanldquoecologicalfootprintrdquointofuture-orientedforestmanagementscenariosScenariosarecommonlyusedtoexplorestakeholderperceptionsofpossibleforestfuturesandaretypicallyfocusedonthelocalimpactsofdifferentmanagementchoicesThisarticleillustrateshowglobalfootprintanalysiscanbeincorporatedintoscenariostoenablelocalforeststakeholdersintheEUtoconsidertheimpactsoftheirlocaldecisionsatnationalandgloballevelsThisillustrationcouldbehelpfultotheconstructionofaforestdecisionsupportsystemthatincludeswoodtradeinformationandsocialprocesses(simulationofmanagementdecisionsunderchangingpoliticaleconomicconditions)Itfindsthatdifferentfutureforestmanagementscenariosinvolvingapotentialincreaseordecreaseoftheharvestedtimberorpotentialincreaseordecreaseof subsidies for forestprotection combinedwithvariouspossible changes in local consumptionpatternsmighthaveimpactonbothldquointernalrdquo(local)andldquoexternalrdquo(non-local)forestfootprints

KEywORdSDecision Support Forest Footprint Forest Management Scenarios INTEGRAL Project Sustainability

INTROdUCTION

Ithasbeenestimated thatby theyear2007humanitywasconsuming15 times the resources thattheearthhadproducedinasingleyear(Ewingetal2010)ModerateUNscenariosinvolvinglowpopulationgrowthandsmallimprovementsindietsuggestthatby2050wewillrequiretwoEarthstosupportusoverthelongterm(Ibid)InternationaltradeisplayinganincreasingroleintheriseofglobalconsumptionIngeneralascountriesgaininwealththeydecreasetheirrelativerelianceondomesticresourceextractionwhileincreasingtheiroverallconsumptionandrelianceonforeignimports

TheconceptofagloballdquofootprintrdquohashelpedtomeasureandquantifythisshifttowardsexportdependencebytranslatingallconsumptionintostandardizedglobalunitsForexampleWiedmannetal(2013)defineldquomaterialfootprintsrdquo(MF)1intermsoftheglobalallocationofrawmaterials

ThisarticleoriginallypublishedunderIGIGlobalrsquoscopyrightonJanuary12019willproceedwithpublicationasanOpenAccessarticlestartingonFebruary42021inthegoldOpenAccessjournalInternationalJournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalInformationSystems

(convertedtogoldOpenAccessJanuary12021)andwillbedistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense(httpcreativecommonsorglicensesby40)whichpermitsunrestrictedusedistributionandproductioninanymediumprovidedthe

authoroftheoriginalworkandoriginalpublicationsourceareproperlycredited


22

extractedtoproduceendproductsTheyfindthatwithevery10increaseingrossdomesticproducttheaveragenationalMFincreasesby6(Wiedmannetal2013)

GiventheglobalnatureofproductionandconsumptionldquosustainablerdquolanduseplanningrequiresconsiderationofglobalfootprintssincedecisionstoproduceorconsumelocallyservetoreducereplaceordisplaceimpactselsewhereArea-basedmeasuresofglobalfootprintprovideperhapsthemostintuitivemethodtolinkthefootprintconceptwithlocallanduseTheseincludeconceptssuchasldquoecologicalfootprintsrdquoandldquoforestfootprintsrdquothattranslateconsumptionintostandardizedunitsknownasldquoglobalhectaresrdquoTheldquoecologicalfootprintrdquomeasureshumanappropriationofecosystemproductsandservicesintermsoftheamountofbioproductivelandandseaareaneededtosupplytheseservices(WackernagelampRees1996)Sixlandusetypesareconsideredinthiscalculationcroplandgrazinglandfishinggroundforestlandbuilt-uplandandcarbonuptakeland2(Ewingetal2010)Table1outlinestheWackernagelandReesformulaforcalculatingfootprints(WackernagelampRees1996Wackernageletal2004Nieetal2010)ThedegreetowhichfootprintsaresustainabledependsinpartontheoverallcapacityofthelandtosupportthemWackernagelampRees(1996)havecoinedthetermldquobiocapacityrdquotorefertothebiospherersquosabilitytomeetthehumandemandformaterialconsumptionandwastedisposal

TheabovedetailsonglobalecologicalfootprintshighlightthecurrentexcessandinequalityofglobalconsumptionaswellastheincreasingrelianceoninternationaltradeTherelationshipbetweentheseoverallpatternsandforestshoweverisquitecomplexCurrentlytheleadingglobaldriverofforestlossistheexpansionofcommercialagricultureintropicalcountriesandEUconsumptionplaysasignificantroleinsupportingthisexpansion(Cuypersetal2013)InthisregarditistheEUrsquosproductionandconsumptionofagriculturalproductsandtoalesserextentbiofuelsthatexertsthegreatestimpactonglobalforestsWesuggestthatparticipatoryforestlanduseplanningcanserveasonevenueforgeneratingdiscussionamongforeststakeholdersaboutthesecross-sectorallinkagesandhowEUcountriesandcommunitiesmightbestaddressit

Ofmoredirectrelevancetotheforestsectortradeinwoodproductsplaysasignificantroleinglobalforestdegradation(Cuypersetal2013)Foresttradecanalsobecomparedrelativelyeasilywith

Table 1 The footprint equation

EFR P I E

Yi i i i

i

=+ minus( )Σ

where

bullEF (Ecological Footprint)Ameasureofhowmuchareainglobalhectares(gha)ofbiologicallyproductivelandandwateranindividualpopulationoractivityrequirestoproducealltheresourcesitconsumesandtoabsorbthewasteitgeneratesusingprevailingtechnologyandresourcemanagementpractices(measuredinglobalhectares)(globalhectareaproductivityweightedareausedtoreportboththebiocapacityoftheearthandthedemandonbiocapacity(theEcologicalFootprint)

bullYi (Yield Factor in tonnesha)Afactorthataccountsfordifferencesbetweencountriesinproductivityofagivenlandtype

bullPi +Ii-Ei (Consumption in tonnes of the wood products (i) category)Forthisstudyitusedtheapparentconsumptionwhichcalculatedasldquoproductionplusimports(Itincludesimportsforre-export)minusexports(Itincludesre-exports)asFAOdefines(FAO2010)

bullΣRj (Equivalence Factor in ghaha)Aproductivity-basedscalingfactorthatconvertsaspecificlandtype(suchascroplandorforest)intoauniversalunitofbiologicallyproductiveareajisoneofthesixspecifiedcategoriesofecologicalproductivelandegForforestlandandfortheyear2005is133(WWF2008)

Source (Global Footprint Network 2012)


23

domesticforestproductionregardingitscontributiontoforestfootprintsHencewewillconcentrateourfootprintanalysisonwoodproductionandconsumption

ConsistentwiththislogicWackernagelampRees(1996)havedefinedforestfootprintsandforestbiocapacityintermsoftimberproductionconsumptionandtradeFromthisperspectivetheworldrsquostotalforestfootprintislessthanhalfofthebiocapacityofitsforestlands(GlobalFootprintNetwork2013)HoweverallthistellsusisthatthetotalquantityofforestproductsharvesteddoesnotexceedthemeanannualincrementiethegrowthoftheworldrsquoswoodsupplyIttellsusnothingaboutthequalityofthisfootprintThatisitdoesnrsquottellushowthewoodwasharvestedwhobenefitedfromitandwhattheimpactswereonlocalcommunitiesbiodiversityandotherecosystemservicesForestsareclearlyvaluedformorethantimbersowemakenoclaimsastotheldquosustainabilityrdquoofcurrentlevelsofforestproductconsumptionRatherweviewtheassessmentoffootprintsizeorquantityasanimportantfirststepinconsideringconsumptionwithinthecontextofplanetarynationalorecosystem-levelboundaries

ThemainfocusofthisstudyistoanalyzetheforestfootprintsandbiocapacitiesoftenEuropeancountries that were included as case studies in the EU-funded project lsquoINTEGRALrsquo a projectexploringfuture-orientedintegratedmanagementofEuropeanforestlandscapes3ThemajorityoftheINTEGRALprojectwasfocusedonthedevelopmentoffuture-orientedscenariosandpolicyback-casting for sustainable forest management within selected forest areas in each of the casestudycountriesThefootprintanalysisincludedinthispaperservestosituatetheselocally-orientedINTEGRALcasestudies intoglobalcontext Inparticular itexamineshowaglobalperspectivemightinfluencethedefinitionofwhatissustainablelocalforestpracticeSincetheforestrycontextsintheINTEGRALcasestudieswerehighlydiverseaswellashighlyinterdependentthisanalysisalsodrawsontheINTEGRALcasestudyscenariostoexplorewaystoaddressthisinterdependenceForthisproposewoodtradeandfootprintinformationareillustratedinordertosupportdecisionmakinginfuturesustainableforestmanagementinEU

MATERIAL ANd METHOdS

ThispaperdrawsonthetencasestudyscenariosdevelopedaspartoftheINTEGRALprojectKeyfactorslikelsquoPolicieslawsandregulationsrsquolsquoForestownershipstructurersquolsquoTimbermarketsrsquolsquoBioenergymarketsrsquoandlsquoSubsidiesrsquoandtosomeextentlsquoNon-woodecosystemgoodsandservicesrsquoarelikelytobethemostinfluentialfactorsshapingfutureforestmanagementinEurope(Sotirovet al 2014) Based on these key factors forest stakeholders in twenty landscape case studyareasintenEUcountries4developedarangeoffuturescenarios(next25-30years)toexploretheimplications of different management priorities Scenarios are presented as ldquoGreen valuesrdquo inSwedenldquoRomanticnaturerdquointheNetherlandsrdquoandldquoEcologyrdquoinLithuaniaThelatterscenariosarepresentedasldquoProduction++rdquoinSwedenldquoliberalfuturerdquointheNetherlandsandldquoMaximumpotentialbenefitrdquoinBulgaria

Thispaperexaminestheimplicationsofecologicalversusproduction-orientedscenariosforldquointernalrdquoandldquoexternalrdquoforestfootprintsusingquantitativemethodstocollectorganizeinterpretandpresentdataThedataaboutconsumptionofwoodproductswerereceivedfromFAOSTAT(2014)databaseandtheprimarydataforthefootprintfigureswerereceivedfromtheGlobalFootprintNetwork(2013)WethenpresentacasestudyfromtheNetherlands(South-EastVeluwe)todiagrammaticallyandquantitativelyillustratetherelationshipbetweendifferentstakeholderscenariosandglobalforestfootprints

ResultsThe Quantity of EU Production Trade and ConsumptionEuropeisamajorproducerandtraderofforestproductsOverhalfofEuropersquosforestsaredesignatedforproductionndashamuchhigherpercentagethantheglobalaverageof32percent(FAO2006)The


24

regionaccountedforalmostone-thirdofglobalproductionin2006andnearlyhalfoftheworldrsquostradeinforestproductswithimportsofUS$158billionandexportsofUS$184billion(FAO2006)Figure1andFigure2presentEU(28)forestproductsproductionexportsandimportswithinthecategoryForest products+ (FAOSTAT2014)Thegraphshighlight how theEUas awhole iscurrentlyproducingalargepercentageofthewoodproductsitconsumesbutisalsoanimportanttradingpartnerwithnon-EUcountries

IntotalEUproductionofproductsthatmeasuredincubicmeters(cum)(Figure1)includingroundwood sawnwoodveneerand fiberboard fluctuated from423millioncum in2009 to528millioncumin2007IncontrasttheimportsandexportsfluctuatedatlowerlevelsTheimportsrangedfrom128millionin2009to159millionin2006andtheexportsfrom113millionin2001to151millionin2007Productionmeasuredintonnes(Figure2)includingpulpandpaperproductsincreasedduringtheexaminedperiodTheproductionbegantoincreasefrom170milliontoalmost200millionin2007followedbyashortdecreasein2009(174million)andfinallyreachedtheamountof193millionin2012Parallelincreaseswereobservedinimportsandexportswithasmalldiparound20092008HowevertheriseinexportsofpulpandpaperproductshasbeengreaterthantheriseinimportsInregardtofutureprojectionstheEFSOS(EuropeanForestSectorOutlookStudy)modelhighlightsageneraltaperingoffofgrowthinwoodproductsconsumptioninWesternEuropecombinedwithongoingdynamicgrowthinEasternEuropeanmarketsthrough2020asthesemarketscontinuetomature(KangasampBaudin2003)IntermsofnetEUEFTA5consumptionthegreatestincreasewillbeinpaperandpaperboardrisingtonearly122millionmetrictonnesin2020fromalmost77millionmetrictonnesin2000Theyreportedthatin2000theconsumptionofsawnwoodwasapproximately90millioncumandwillbeover106millioncumin2020Theconsumptionpercapitaofwood-basedpanelswillfollowthesametrendfrom44millioncumapproximatelyin2000toover63millioncumin2020Jonsson(2012)mentionedthataccordingtoEFSOSII(UNECEFAO2012)theaverageannualgrowthrateofconsumptioninEUEFTAcountriesusingA1scenario(afutureworldofveryrapideconomicgrowth)fortheperiod2020-2030wouldbe1forsawnwood2forpanelsand19forpaperandpaperboardAdditionallyusingtheB2scenario(moreemphasis

Figure 1 EU (28) forest products trade in cum (Chips and particles Hardboard Insulating Board MDF Other Indust Roundwd(C) Other Indust Roundwd(NC) Particle Board Plywood Sawlogs+Veneer Logs (C) Sawlogs+Veneer Logs (NC) Sawnwood (C) Sawnwood (NC) Veneer Sheets Wood Residues)


25

isonlocalsolutionstoeconomicsocialandenvironmentalsustainability)theabovepercentagesare0509and09respectively

Buongiornoetal(2012)madeonemorelong-rangestudywithprojectionsobtainedwiththeGlobalForestProductsModelGFPM(Buongiornoetal2003updatedinBuongiornoampZhu2011)givinganoutlookfor2030and2060fortheworldforestandforestindustriesunderdifferentscenariosThosescenariosconcernedthefutureofpopulationtheGDPgrowththeenergyusethelandusechangesandfinallytheresourceavailabilityAccordingtotheScenarioB2(mediumfuturechangesoftheabove)itcouldbecalculatedthatthesawnwoodconsumptionofEU(25)willremainatthelevelsof100millioncumin2030andadecreaseatapproximately95millioncumwilltakeplacein2060Inadditiontheestimationofthesumofconsumptionofnewsprintprintingandwritingpaperandotherpaper+paperboard(sameasthepaperandpaperboardreportedbyKangasampBaudin2003)asatotalwillreachtheamountofapproximately100millionmetrictonnesin2030and114milliontonnesin2060TheEU(25)alsoexpectedtokeepthelevelsofwood-basedpanels(plywoodparticleboardandfibreboard)consumptionatalmost62millioncumin2030andapproximately60millioncumin2060SimilartrendsarereportedinotherstudieswithlongtermprojectionsfortheforestsectorsuchasthesuccessorEFSOSII(UNECEFAO2012)FAOGlobalForestProductsOutlookStudy(Zhuetal1998)andETTSV(BaudinampBrooks1995)TheEUEFTAisalsoexpectedtoincreaseitsproductionandexportsacrosstheseproductgroupsInotherwordsemergingeconomieswillplayanincreasingroleinbothforestproductproductionandconsumptionInsumfromtheperspectiveofglobalfootprintssustainableforestproductionandconsumptionhasbecomeanincreasinglyinternationalquestion

The Total Footprint Calculation for Forest ProductsAccordingtotheGlobalFootprintNetwork(2013)theEUrsquospercapitaforestecologicalfootprint(FEF)ismorethantwicethatofdevelopingcountriesandequalstheequivalentofroughly64ofitspercapitaforestbiocapacityHoweverasillustratedbyourcasestudycountriesthereisconsiderablevariationwithintheEUbothintermsoffootprintandforestbiocapacity(Figure3)Figure3highlightsmajorvariationintheinternalsurplusorovershootintheforestfootprintofEUcountriesrangingfrom

Figure 2 EU (28) forest products trade in tonnes (Dissolving Wood Pulp Mechanical Wood Pulp Newsprint Other Fibre Pulp Other Paper+Paperboard Printing+Writing Paper Recovered Paper Wood Pellets Wood Charcoal Semi-Chemical Wood Pulp)


26

theNetherlandswhoseforestfootprintisover700ofitsforestbiocapacitytocountrieslikeFinlandandSwedenwhoconsumeronlyasmallfractionoftheirforestbiocapacityIfontheotherhandonecomparescountriesrsquoforestfootprintspercapitawithglobalaveragebiocapacitypercapitathentheresultslookquitedifferentFigure4presentstheseresultsforthecasestudycountriesInthiscaseLithuaniaandSwedenleadwiththehighestpercapitaforestfootprintsinabsolutetermsPerhapsthemostimportantmessagetotakefromFigure3and4togetheristheneedtoconsiderbothlocalandglobalcontextswhenassessingforestsectorimpactsThesustainabilityofacountryrsquosconsumptionlevelsdependsonmanyfactorsincludingtheenvironmentalandsocialcostsandbenefitsoflocal

Figure 3 Forest footprint per capita as percent of a countryrsquos per capita forest biocapacity (the line highlights the 100 threshold) Source Global Footprint Network 2013 National Footprint Accounts 2011 Edition

Figure 4 Forest footprint per capita for INTEGRAL case study countries compared to global average (bottom line) and global biocapacity (top line) Source Global Footprint Network 2013 National Footprint Accounts 2011 Edition


27

woodproductionversusothersubstitutableproductsForexampleitmayberelativelysustainableforacountrylikeSwedenthatisrichlyendowedwithforestresourcestoconsumemorewoodpercapitathanPortugal

AshighlightedinFigure3bellowthecasestudycountriesvaryconsiderablyinthebalanceoftheirpercapitaforestfootprintsandbiocapacityIngeneralthosecountrieswiththegreatestdomesticovershootarethosewithlowpercapitaforestareamdashincludingmostnotablytheNetherlandsandIrelandThesedifferingforestendowmentsinturnhavestimulatedhighlevelsofinternalEUtradereflectingtheinterdependenceofEUforestfootprintsForexampleSwedenreportedlyexports69ofitssawnwoodproductionwithtopimportersincludingGreatBritainandGermany(Edwardsetal2013)Likewise26ofSwedishpulpand88ofSwedishpaperproductionisexportedandtheleadingmarketsareGermanyGreatBritainItalyandFrance(Ibid)Intra-EUtradewasalsoidentifiedasimportanttotheemergingeconomiesofBulgariaLithuaniaandSlovakiaHoweverintheselattercasestudycountriesEUandAsianmarketsforunprocessedwoodcombinedwithrelativelylowtechnicalcapacitiesattheforestandmilllevelsarereportedlyreducingtheirabilitytomaximizethevalueofthistradeaswellasdeveloptheirowninternalprocessingcapacities(egPaligorovetal2013)

The Quality of the EUrsquos Forest FootprintInthissectiontheinternationaldimensionsofforesttradearehighlightedinorderthatlocalstakeholdersmayconsiderforthemselveswhatqualityofinternalandexternalforestfootprintiscoherentwiththeirvaluesFurthermorethissectionfocusesonidentifyingsomekeyissuesrelatingtotheenvironmentalandsocialqualitiesoftradedwoodInparticularitconsidersthecountriesoforiginoftotalwoodproductsandbyproducttypeanddiscussestheimplicationsthisholdsforsustainabilityThisanalysisofimplicationsisfarfromexhaustivebutisintendedtoillustratehowstakeholdersmightadoptaglobalperspectiveontheenvironmentalandsocialissuesofimportancetothemincludingthosetheymayidentifyinfutureorientedscenario-buildingprocesses

Theassessmentofwhetherinternationallytradedwoodproductsareldquosustainablerdquoisclearlyacomplexendeavorandonethathasfueledagrowingbodyofresearch(egBuonocoreetal2014Mayeretal2006ForestTrends2013)Forestpracticesvaryconsiderablynotonlyamongcountriesandovertimebutwithineachcountryandamongdifferentproductsandsupplychains

Neverthelessa simpleanalysisof trade flows that identifiescountriesoforigincanhelp toidentifykeyrisksinthesupplychainItiswellknownforexamplethatforesttenureanduserightsareunresolvedordisputedacrossmuchofthedevelopingworldandhencewoodoriginatingfromtheseregionsmayhavebeenproducedinviolationoflocalrightsInternationaldemandfortimbercan further incentivize appropriation of forest resources from local communities leaving themwithoutaccesstoorbenefitfromlocalforestgoodsandservicesTheenvironmentalimpactsofforestproductionandharvestalsovariesconsiderablyamongdevelopedaswellasdevelopingcountrieseg(McDermottetal2010)

Origins (Trade Flows) of Forest Products Across All CategoriesWith the enlargement of the EU in 2004 and 2007 illegal logging has become a problem forinternationaltradewithintheEUparticularlyaffectingsomeofthenewMemberStatesThemarketshareofthisintra-EUtradefromsuspicioussourceshasbeenestimatedatsomewherebetween6and8(WWF2008)

InregardtotheEUtradeofwoodproductswiththerestoftheworldanestimated82ofthevalueofthistrade(includingfurniture)comesfromcountrieswithldquohighriskrdquoofillegallogging(ForestTrends2013)ThispercentagevariesbyEUmemberstatereflectinginpartthecountryrsquosrelativerelianceonwoodproductimportsandtheirroleinintra-regionaltradeTheleadingimportersofhighriskwoodaretheUKGermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsandBelgiumTheUKhas


28

historically imported the largestestimatedquantitiesof illegal timberwhile theNetherlandshasservedasaleadingldquofirst-placerrdquoorconduitofillegaltimberdestinedforelsewhereintheEU(WWF2008)Acrossallofthesecountriesimportsofillegaltimberdroppedsignificantlyin2008dueinalargeparttotheglobalrecession(LawsonampMacFaul2010)ItispossiblethattheEUrsquoslegalityinitiativessuchastheEUTimberRegulationmaybehavingsomeeffectbutitistooearlytodrawconclusionsinthisregardFigure5presentsthecountriesoforiginofthesehigh-riskproductsandtheaveragevolumesofselectforestproductsimportedfromthesecountriesintotheEUovertheperiod2000-2013

ThebiggestportionofEU(27)importsofforestproducts(HS44)fortheperiod2000-2013 on average is from the former Soviet Union totaling 138 million cum The secondlargest region of origin is East Asia which provided 78 million cum average for the sameperiodThesearefollowedbySouthAmerica(35millioncum)therestofEurope(31millioncum)NorthAmerica(24millioncum)andSub-SaharanAfricaSouthEastAfricaandotherswithsmallerquantities

FortheaboveproductcategoriesRussiahasrecentlyemergedastheleadingsourceofillegalwoodimportedintotheEUThiswoodismostlyintheformofroundwoodbutalsoincludesprocessedproductsThemainimporterofRussiantimberamongtheEUcountriesisFinlandNearlyhalfofall(legalandillegal)EuropeantimberimportsfromRussiaarriveinFinlandmainlytobeprocessedintopulpandpaperandthenexportedtootherEUstates(WWF2008)

Figure 5 EU (27) forest products imports (average) and origin regions for the period 2000-2013 [USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2014] Includes forest products listed under Chapter 44 ldquowood and wood productsrdquo of the Harmonized System (HS) of Commodity Classification This includes some secondary processed wood products (SPWP) such as builderrsquos joinery but does not include pulp and paper products (HS 47-49) or furniture (HS 94)


29

TheothermajorldquohighriskrdquoregionsoforiginincludeEastandSouthEastAsiaSouthAmericaandAfricaTheseregionsarediscussedinthefollowingsectionsonldquotropicalwoodrdquoandldquosecondaryprocessedwoodproducts(SPWP)rdquo

Tropical WoodTropicalforestlossanddegradationhasbecomeanissueofmajorglobalconcern(egMcDermott2014)Timberharvestisnotthemajordirectdriverofthislosssinceharvestedareasaregenerallycapableofregrowthbutmarketsfortropicaltimbercanplayaroleinfinancingroad-buildingandotherinfrastructurethatinturnfacilitatesconversiontoagricultureorotherlanduses(egMeyfroidtetal2010GeistampLambin2002)AconsiderationoftropicaltimberimportstotheEUthereforeshedssomelightonwheretheEUcouldbeplayingeitherapositiveornegativeroleinpromotingsustainableforestryFigures6and7presenttheEUimportsoftropicalwoodintonnesandvalue

BasedonbothvolumeandvalueIndonesiaMalaysiaCameroonandGabonareallleadingsourcesoftropicalwoodproducts(HS44)fortheEUasawholeAllofthesecountriesareknowntofaceseriouschallengesingoverningforesttradealthoughestimatingtheprecisenatureandextentofthesechallengesisitselfverydifficultSurvey-basedestimatesofillegalloggingasapercentofproductionrangefrom40-61inIndonesia59-65inCameroonand14-25inMalaysia(LawsonampMcFaul2010)

IntotalprimaryprocessedtropicalwoodproductsrepresentonlyasmallportionoftheEUrsquostotalwoodtradeHowevertheimpactofthistradeonthehostcountriesdependsalsoontherelativeroletheEUplaysamonginternationalimporters(Figures8910)

TheleadingdestinationsofthetopprimarytropicalwoodproductsfromIndonesiaareJapanChinaandtheUSA(Figure8)

Figure 6 EU (28) tropical wood import weights (average) and origin countries for the period 2000-2012 [Source EUROSTAT 2014]


30

Figure 8 Top five importers of primary wood products from Indonesia 2010 Source (ITTO 2011)

Figure 7 EU (28) tropical wood import value (average) and origin countries for the period 2000-2012 [Source EUROSTAT 2014] Includes all tropical wood products listed under Chapter 44 ldquowood and wood productsrdquo of the Harmonized System (HS) of Commodity Classification


31

ChinaistheleadimporterofprimarytropicalwoodproductsfromCameroon(Figure9)followedbyfourdifferentEUcountriesincludingtheINTEGRALcasestudycountriesofFranceItalyandtheNetherlands

TropicalwoodfromBrazil(Figure10)issourcedfromtheBrazilianAmazonthehistoricalleaderintropicalforestlossandaregionstillexperiencingmajorproblemswithillegalloggingandforestdegradation(egMatricardietal2013)ThecasestudyFranceisaleadingbuyeroftropicalplywoodfromBrazilwhiletheNetherlandsisthefourthlargestbuyerofBraziliantropicalsawnwood

InsumFigures8910revealmajorvariationintherelativeimportanceoftheEUasadirecttradingpartnerHoweveraswillbediscussedinthenextsectionasignificantportionofthetropicalwoodimportedintonon-EUcountriesmaybereprocessedandsoldbacktotheEUasSecondaryProcessedWoodProducts(SPWP)

Secondary Processed Wood Products (SPWP)Secondaryprocessedwoodproducts(SPWP)areforminganincreasinglylargepercentageofglobaltradereflectingthetrendindevelopedcountriestowardsimportinggoodsmanufacturedelsewhereand

Figure 9 Top five importers of primary wood products from Cameroon 2010 Source (ITTO 2011)

Figure 10 Top 5 importers of primary wood products from Brazil 2010 Source (ITTO 2011)


32

thusoutsourcingtheassociatedecologicalfootprint(egWiedmannetal2013)SPWPcoversawiderangeofmanufacturedgoodsincludingwoodenfurnitureandpartsbuilderrsquosjoineryandwoodwork(egwindowsdoorframesetc)woodencratesetcBy2020SPWPareexpectedtosurpasspulpandpaperastheleadingtradedproducttotalingsome40ofallinternationallytradedforestproductsbyvalue(ACPWP2007)ThelargestcategoryofSPWPisfurniturewhichwasvaluedgloballyatUS$450billionin2012(UNECE2013)Furnitureproductioninemergingmarketeconomiesisgrowingatarateof18peryearandChinaiscurrentlytheworldrsquoslargestfurnitureproducer[ibid]

ThemajorityoffurnitureconsumedintheEUisEuropean-madeandGermanyItalytheUKPolandandFrancearetheleadingproducers(ITTO2013)HowevertheEUhasasignificantglobalimpactasthelargestinternationalbuyeroffurniturefromChina(McDermottetal2009)andamajorimporterfromVietnamIndonesiaMalaysiaandotherdevelopingcountries(ITTO2013)

FinishedproductsndashandespeciallyrelativelycomplexproductassemblagessuchasfurniturendashmayhaveverycomplexsupplychainsForexampleasinglelivingroomcouchmaycontainmultiplepartsbothvisibleandhiddensourcedandmanufacturedwithinawiderangeofcountriesAllofthesefactorsmakeitchallengingtoconsiderboththequantityandthequalityoftheenvironmentalandsocialfootprint

NeverthelessexistingknowledgeofglobalsupplychainsisadequatetobegintoassesstherisksinvolvedinimportedSPWPForexampleresearchhasrevealedthatalargeportionofthefurnituremadeinChinaincludeswoodfromimportedfromregionsfacingmajorgovernancechallengessuchaseasternRussiaandSoutheastAsiaAccordingtoaglobalstudyofwoodtradefromsixpriorityecoregions worldwide China is the largest buyer of hardwood logs from four of these regionsincludingtheAmur(intheRussianFarEast)theCongoBasincentralBorneoandtheMekongregion(includingMyanmarCambodiaandLaos)andmanyoftheselogsareprocessedtoproducefurnituresoldtotheEUandUS(McDermottetal2009)(seeFigure11)

InsumthefootprintqualityoftheEUrsquosimportedSPWPisanissueofsignificantconcernAtthesametimerecentprojectionssuggestthequantityofthatfootprintisalsolikelytogrowaswillthepercentageofthatgrowthsuppliedbyemerginghighrisksources(ACPWP2007)

Case Study ContextsAshighlightedinFigure2abovethecasestudycountriesvaryconsiderablyinthebalanceoftheirpercapitaforestfootprintsandbiocapacityIngeneralthosecountrieswiththegreatestdomestic

Figure 11 Top export pathways of tropical raw logs Grey top tropical log trade Black Top furniture trade Source (McDermott et al 2009)


33

overshootarethosewithlowpercapitaforestareamdashincludingmostnotablytheNetherlandsandIrelandThesedifferingforestendowmentsinturnhavestimulatedhighlevelsofinternalEUtradereflectingtheinterdependenceofEUforestfootprintsForexampleSwedenreportedlyexports69ofitssawnwoodproductionwithtopimportersincludingGreatBritainandGermany(Edwardsetal2013)Likewise26ofSwedishpulpand88ofSwedishpaperproductionisexportedandtheleadingmarketsareGermanyGreatBritainItalyandFrance(Ibid)Intra-EUtradewasalsoidentifiedas important to theemergingeconomiesofBulgariaLithuaniaandSlovakiaHowever in theselattercasestudycountriesEUandAsianmarketsforunprocessedwoodcombinedwithrelativelylowtechnicalcapacitiesattheforestandmilllevelsarereportedlyreducingtheirabilitytomaximizethevalueofthistradeaswellasdeveloptheirowninternalprocessingcapacities(egPaligorovetal2013)TheIrishcasestudyincontrastreportspositiveimpactsfromEUtradeInthiscaseEUdemandforwoodfromthegrowingplantationbasehashelpedcompensateforthedropindomesticdemandthatresultedfromthecrashinbuildingconstructionbroughtonbyglobalrecession(BonsuampDhubhaacutein2013)Intra-EUwoodtradeisnotonlyimpactingforesteconomiesbuttheirecologiesaswellTheEasternEuropeancasestudiesinparticularnoteproblemswithexcessivedestructiveandor illegal forestharvestpracticesdriven inpartbygrowing internationaldemand for timber(Brukasetal2013Paligorovetal2013)MeanwhileinFranceandPortugaltheinternationalcompetitivenessofeucalyptandNorthernspruceandfircombinedwithrecenthurricanedamagesandfiresarecontributingtothelossorconversionofonce-profitablemaritimepineforests(Sergentetal2013Sottomayoretal2013)Thegrowinginternationalmarketforbiofuelsisalsoseenasimpactingforestpractices inmanycasestudycountriesalthoughthere isnoclearconsensusonhowitwilldosoForexamplestakeholdersinItalyvariablyviewgrowthindemandforbiofuelsasapotentialenvironmentalthreatthatwilldriveintensifiedforestproductionorasanincentivetoldquocleanrdquotheforestthroughthinningandtheremovalofdeadwoodwhichwillhelppreventforestfires(Pettenellaetal2013)InsumtheforestrycontextsintheINTEGRALcasestudiesarenotonlyhighlydiversebutalsohighlyinterdependentThefollowingsubsectionexploreswaystoaddressthisinterdependenceintheprocessoffuture-orientedscenariobuilding

Case Study ScenariosThe followingFigure12andFigure13drawon theSoutheastVeluwe (Netherlandscase study)scenarioasanexample toexplorehowonemightexamine the implicationsofecologicalversusproduction-orientedscenariosforldquointernalrdquoandldquoexternalrdquoforestfootprintsldquoInternalfootprintrdquointhiscontextreferstotheextentoftheirlocalimpactsonforestbiocapacitywhileldquoexternalfootprintrdquoreferstothedisplacementofthisimpactelsewheretootherwatershedsregionsandorcountriesAsillustratedinFigure12theldquoRomanticnaturefuturerdquoscenarioinvolvessubsidizingforestprotectionstrongpublicinterestinprotectingnon-timberforestvaluesandmatchingpublicpoliciesalongwithlittledevelopmentofthetimbersectorThiswouldlikelyleadinturntodeclineintimberproductionandadecreaseintheinternalforestfootprintTheimpactofdifferentscenariosonexternalfootprintswoulddependonwhethertherewereanycorrespondingchangesinlocaldemandfortimberproductsIfdemandremainsatcurrentlevelsthenrelianceonimportswouldincreasetoaccommodatetheshortfallleadingtoanincreaseinexternalfootprintsIfhoweverlocaldemandforwoodproductsdecreasedanamountequivalenttothedropinlocalproductionthentheexternalfootprintwouldremainstableTheaboveldquoLiberalfuturerdquoscenario(Figure13)contrastswiththeldquoRomanticnaturefuturerdquoscenarioHeresubsidiesforforestprotectiondecreasewhichincreasespressureonforestowners togenerate incomefromforestlandsAt thesame timean increasinglyurbanizedpubliclosesinterestinrecreationandnatureprotectionandtheprofitabilityoftimberharvestisenhancedbylowermanagementcostsandhighertimberpricesAllofthesefactorscontributetoanincreaseintimberharvestresultinginalargerinternal(local)forestfootprintAswiththeRomanticnaturefuturescenariotheimpactthishasonexternalfootprintsdependsonchangesinconsumerdemandIfdemandisstable thenitcouldleadtoadecreasein importswhichwouldreducetheexternal


34

footprintIflocaldemandincreasedequallywithincreasesinproductionthanrelianceonimportswouldremainstable

TheissueofenergyimpactsisalsorelevanttothecasestudyscenariosinregardstotheirtreatmentofbiofuelproductionInfactanumberofdifferentEuropeancasestudyscenariosincludetrendsinfuelwoodandbiofuelsasamajordefiningelementBiomassproductioninthesescenariosisoften

Figure 12 Driver Scenario - Romantic nature future (Southeast Veluwe Netherlands)

Figure 13 Driver Scenario - Liberal future (Southeast Veluwe Netherlands)


35

associatedwithmoreintensivemanagementandshorterrotationforestryInsomescenariosanincreaseinintensivebiofuelproductionisassociatedwithldquoutilitarianrdquoorproduction-orientedfutures(egintheldquoUtilitarianfuturerdquoscenarioinSoutheastVeluweNetherlands)whileinothersbiofuelproductiscombinedwithstrictset-asidesfornatureconservationandorcarbonstorage(egintheClimatechangemitigationscenarioinSuvalkijaLithuania)AssessingthefootprinteffectsofthesedifferentbiofuelscenariosisacomplexandcontroversialendeavourwhichrequiresevaluatingtradeoffsforbiodiversityandotherforestvaluesaswellascalculatingglobalforestandcarbonfootprintsThisagainhighlightstheneedforfurtherresearch

dISCUSSION ANd CONCLUSION

As our world becomes increasingly globalized decisions about forest and land use inonepartof theworldhaveincreasinglygreater impactselsewhereTheconceptofglobalfootprintsprovidesonetoolforlocalforeststakeholderstobegintothinkabouttheimpactsoftheirlocaldecisionsacrossscalesThisincludesquantitativecalculationswhichcanbeappliedatvariousscalestocompareapparentconsumptionofforestproductstotheearthrsquosldquobiocapacityrdquotosupplythoseproductsLikewisesimilarcalculationscanbemadetoassessldquocarbon footprintsrdquo based on the amount of ldquouptake landrdquo required to supply the energyconsumedinproducingtransportingandtradingproductsAsweillustratedintheprevioussection it is then a relatively straightforward matter to link these quantitative footprintconceptstothescenarioscreatedbythecasestudystakeholdersThelastfiguresprovideagraphicillustrationofhowscenariosinvolvinganincreaseordecreasetimberinharvestcombined with various possible changes in local consumption patterns might togetheraffectbothldquointernalrdquo (local) andldquoexternalrdquo (non-local) forest footprintsTheconceptofldquofootprintrdquo however can alsobe interpretedmorebroadly to extendbeyondbiocapacityandcarbontoencompassalloftheforestvaluesidentifiedbyforestrystakeholdersForthispurposetheconceptofldquofootprintqualityrdquofortheidentificationofthesourcesofEUforestproducts is really important in termsofconsumptionandsustainableforestmanagementFullyldquointegratedrdquoforestplanningandscenarioprocesseswouldinvolvenotonlyidentifyingwhat values are locally important but considering how those values might be coherentlypromotedatnationalEUandglobalscales

TheanalysisoftheinternationalwoodtradehighlightshowsignificantquantitiesofwoodproductstradedandconsumedwithintheEUoriginatefromcountrieswheretherisksofillegalorunsustainable loggingarehighThus theecologicalandsocial impactsofbuyingacubicmeterofwoodfromthesesourcesietheldquoqualityrdquoofthefootprintthisgeneratesmaybequitedifferentfromacubicmeterofwoodproducedlocallyForexampleeasternRussiaisaregionwithrelativelyhighratesofillegalandorunsustainableloggingandisalsoamajorsourceofprimaryprocessedwoodfortheEULikewiseSecondaryProcessedWoodProducts(SPWP)are increasingly sourced fromChina andmuchof thewoodused toproduce theseproductsoriginates ineasternRussianandhighrisktropicalcountriesThusdecisionstoreducelocalproductionwithoutaconcurrentdecreaseinlocalconsumptioncouldcontributetoanincreaseinrelianceonhighriskimportswithanetnegativeimpactonsustainabilityWhiletheconceptofldquofootprintqualityrdquothushelpscallattentiontotheglobalsignificanceoflocalactionsthereisneedforfurtherresearchtoinformlocalstakeholdersabouttheprecisenatureoftheirexternalimpactsForexampleresearcherssuchasLindneretal (2010)areexploringmethodologiesthatintegrateawiderangeofsocialenvironmentalandeconomicvariablesandenergyusetoassesstherelativeimpactsofdifferentwoodsupplychainsOn-goingresearchisalsoneededtoinformconsumersandconsumingcountrieshowtheymighttransformtheirconsumptionpoliciesandpracticesinwaysthatsupportimprovedforestgovernanceworldwide(egLesniewskaampMcDermott 2014) A modern decision support system could surly be based on this kind of


36

analysis giving attention to variables related to the stakeholders or to the consumers Givenpredictionsofever-increasingglobalizationandrisingglobalconsumptiontheneedforfurtherresearchofthiskindislikelytogrowever-largerandmoreurgentovertime

ACKNOwLEdGMENT

TheresearchleadingtotheseresultshasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnionSeventhFrameworkProgramme under grant agreement no FP7-282887 (Future-oriented integrated management ofEuropeanforestlandscapes(INTEGRAL))WearethankfultoourcolleaguesKumikoKuboandDanielBarronwhoprovidedworkthatgreatlyassistedtheresearchespeciallyonearlierversionsofthemanuscriptPPKoulelisandCLMcDermottcontributedequallytothiswork


37

REFERENCES

ACPWP(2007)GlobalwoodandwoodproductsflowtrendsandperspectivesadvisorycommitteeonpaperandwoodproductsfoodandagricultureorganizationoftheUnitedNationsShanghaiRetrievedOctober2015fromhttpwwwfaoorgforestry127110e94fe2a7dae258fbb8bc48e5cc09b0d8pdf

BaudinAampBrooksD(1995)ProjectionsofforestproductsdemandsupplyandtradeinETTSVUNECEFAOTimberandForestDiscussionPapers(ETTSVWorkingPaperECETIMDP6)

BonsuNampDhubhaacuteinAacuteN(2013)WesternPeatlandcasestudyIrelandUniversityCollegeDublinDublin

BrukasVKavaliauskasMMozgerisGStanislovaitisA(2013)SUVALKIJAWP31CaseStudyReportLithuania(EUFP7INTEGRALD31-2)

BuongiornoJampZhuS(2011)Calibrating and updating the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM version 2010)DepartmentofForestandWildlifeEcologyUniversityofWisconsinMadison

BuongiornoJZhuSRaunikarRampPrestemonJP(2012)Outlookto2060forworldforestsandforestindustriesatechnicaldocumentsupportingtheForestService2010RPAassessmentGenTechRepSRS-151AshevilleNCUSDepartmentofAgricultureForestServiceSouthernResearchStation119p

BuongiornoJZhuSampZhangD(2003)The Global Forest Products Model structure estimation and applicationsSanDiegoCAAcademicPressElsevier

BuonocoreEHaumlyhaumlTPalettoAampFranzesePP(2014)AssessingenvironmentalcostsandimpactsofforestryactivitiesAmulti-methodapproachtoenvironmentalaccountingEcological Modelling27110ndash20doi101016jecolmodel201302008

CuypersDGeerkenTGorissonLLustAPetersGKarstenJhellipVanVelthuizenH(2013)TheimpactofEUconsumptionondeforestationComprehensiveanalysisoftheimpactofEUconsumptionondeforestationEU

EdwardsPWallinICarlssonJJonssonRSallnaumlsOBrukasV(2013)WP31CaseStudyReportndashHelgeAringnSweden(EUFP7INTEGRALD31-2)

EUROSTAT (2014) European Union statistics 1995-2014 Retrieved March 2014 from httpeppeurostateceuropaeuportalpageportalstatisticssearch_database

EwingBMooreDGoldfingerSOurslerAReedAampWackernagelM(2010)The Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010OaklandCAGlobalFootprintNetwork

FAOSTAT(2014)FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)RetrievedMarch2014fromhttpfaostatfaoorgsite628defaultaspx

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2006)Global Forest Resource Assessment 2005 mdash Progress Towards Sustainable Forest ManagementRomeFAO

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2012)The European Forest Sector Outlook Study

ForestTrends(2013)European Trade Flows and RiskWashingtonDCForestTrends

GeistHJampLambinEF(2002)ProximateCausesandUnderlyingDrivingForcesofTropicalDeforestationBioscience52(2)143doi1016410006-3568(2002)052[0143PCAUDF]20CO2

GlobalFootprintNetwork(2012)EcologicalFootprintGlossaryRetrievedfromhttpwwwfootprintnetworkorggfn_subphpcontent=glossary

GlobalFootprintNetwork (2013)NationalFootprintAccounts 2012EditionRetrieved fromhttpwwwfootprintnetworkorg

HinterseerTKoulelisPJonssonRMcDermottCLSallnaumlsOampSchroumlterWhellipampKuboK(2014)Synthesis Report on Integrated Forest Management Scenarios in Europe including the National Case Study Reports and the Report on the Role of EU Commodity ConsumptionUniversityofAppliedSciencesSalzburg

ITTO(2011)Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 2011 International Tropical Timber OrganizationYokohamaITTO


38

ITTO(2013)TropicalTimberMarketReportVolume17Number21

JonssonR(2012)EconometricmodellingandprojectionsofwoodproductsdemandsupplyandtradeinEuropeGenevatimberandforestdiscussionpaper59FAO

KangasKBaudinA(2003)ModellingandProjectionsofForestProductsDemandSupplyandTradeinEuropeAstudypreparedfortheEuropeanForestSectorOutlookStudy(EFSOS)(GenevaTimberAndForestDiscussionPapers)FAO

LawsonSampMacFaullL(2010)IllegalLoggingandRelatedTradeInIndicatorsoftheGlobalResponseLondonUKChathamHouse

LesniewskaFampMcDermottCL(2014)FLEGTVPAsLayingaPathwaytoSustainabilityviaLegalityLessonsfromGhanaandIndonesiaForest Policy and Economics4816ndash23doi101016jforpol201401005

LindnerMSuominenTPalosuoTGarcia-Gonzalo JVerweijPZudinSampPaumlivinenR (2010)ToSIAmdashAtool for sustainability impactassessmentof forest-wood-chainsEcological Modelling221(18)2197ndash2205doi101016jecolmodel200908006

Matricardi E A T Skole D L Pedlowski M A amp Chomentowski W (2013) Assessment of forestdisturbancesbyselectiveloggingandforestfiresintheBrazilianAmazonusingLandsatdataInternational Journal of Remote Sensing34(4)1057ndash1086doi101080014311612012717182

MayerAKauppiPTikkaPampAngelstamP(2006)Conservationimplicationsofexportingdomesticwood harvest to neighboring countries Environmental Science amp Policy 9(3) 228ndash236 doi101016jenvsci200512002

McDermott C L (2014) REDDuced From sustainability to legality to units of carbonmdashThe search forcommoninterestsininternationalforestgovernanceEnvironmental Science amp Policy3512ndash19doi101016jenvsci201208012

McDermottCLampCashoreB(2009)Forestry Driver Mapping Project Global and US Trade ReportNewHavenGlobalInstituteofSustainableForestryYaleUniversity

McDermottCLCashoreBampKanowskiP(2010)Global Environmental Forest Policies An international comparisonLondonEarthscan

MeyfroidtPRudelTKampLambinEF(2010)ForesttransitionstradeandtheglobaldisplacementoflanduseProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America107(49)20917ndash20922doi101073pnas1014773107PMID21078977

NieYJiCampYangH(2010)TheforestecologicalfootprintdistributionofChineselogimportsForest Policy and Economics12(3)231ndash235doi101016jforpol200911003

PaligorovIGalevEIvanovIDragozovaEKovachevaS(2013)TetevenWP31CaseStudyReport(EUFP7INTEGRALD31-2)

PettenellaDFaveroMMasieroM(2013)WP31ItalianCaseStudyReportldquoAltoMoliserdquoareandashProvinceofIserniaMoliseRegion(EUFP7INTEGRALD31-2)

SergentADeufficPBanosVHautdidierBMaindraultM(2013)Anoverviewofthefactorsinfluencingforest management in the lsquoPontenxrsquo case study France Case Study Report lsquoPontenxrsquo France (EU FP7INTEGRALD31-2)

SotirovMSchuumlllESaumlllnasOBorgesJJonssonRRiemerAampErikssonO(2014)INTEGRAL2ndPolicyBriefFutureScenariosofForestmanagementinEuropeRetrievedfromhttpwwwintegral-projecteu

SotirovMStorchSAggestamFGiurcaASelterABaychevaTampBorgesJ(2015)ForestpolicyintegrationinEuropeLessonslearntchallengesaheadandstrategiestosupportsustainableforestmanagementandmultifunctionalforestryinthefutureINTEGRALEUpolicypaperRetrievedfromhttpwwwintegral-projecteu

SottomayorMRibeiroMCarvalhoPO(2013)WP31PortugueseCaseStudyReportChamuscaAreaSouthernPortugal(EUFP7INTEGRALD31-2)


39

Panagiotis Koulelis is a researcher at the Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems Laboratory of Forest Management and Forest Economics (Athens Greece) His field of expertise focuses on the forest sector modeling the timber industry and trade the sustainable forest management and the climate changepolicy implications He has published several scientific papers Panagiotis Koulelis has joined several academic departments (Universities and Technological Educational Institutes-TEI) in Greece since October 2002 obtaining teaching and research experience related to his field He has also worked as a researcher (2015-2016) at the Environmental Change Institute at the School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of Oxford UK His research there involved investigating and understanding the links between the forest sector trade and the ecological footprint (Funding Scheme FP7 Seventh Framework Programme-INTEGRAL)

Constance McDermott is a Senior Fellow at the Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford She has over 25 yearsrsquo experience conducting research and applied work on state and market-based approaches to the governance of forests and related supply chains and the nexus of forests with climate and agriculture Her work is typically multi-scale examining international agreements and non-state initiatives such as sustainability and legality certification and their intersection with domestic policies and locally-based resource management

UNECEFAO(2013)Forest Products Annual Market Review 2012-2013 UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UNFAO

USDA(2014)ForeignAgriculturalServicersquosGlobalAgriculturalTradeSystemGATSRetrievedMarch2014fromhttpappsfasusdagovgatsExpressQuery1aspx

WackernagelMMonfredaCSchulzNBErbK-HHaberlHampKrausmannF(2004)CalculatingnationalandglobalecologicalfootprinttimeseriesResolvingconceptualchallengesLand Use Policy21(3)271ndash278doi101016jlandusepol200310006

WackernagelMampReesWE(1996)Our Ecological Footprint Reducing Human Impact on the EarthGabriolaIslandBCCanadaNewSociety

WiedmannTSchandlHLenzenMMorancDSuhfSWestJampKanemotoK(2013)Thematerialfootprintofnations InProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaRetrievedfromwwwpnasorgcgidoi101073pnas1220362110

WWF(2008)Illegal wood for the European Market An analysis of the EU imports and exports of illegal wood and related productsFrankfurtamMainWWF-Germany

ZhuSTomberlinDampBuongiornoJ(1998)Globalforestproductsconsumptionproductiontradeandpricesglobalforestproductsmodelprojectionsto2010GlobalForestProductsOutlookStudy(WorkingPaperNoGFPOSWP01)FoodandAgricultureOrganizationRome

ENdNOTES

1 Thematerialfootprintofnationscalculatedbymultiplyingthefinaldemandofacountryforgoodsandserviceswithmultipliersrepresentingallupstreamglobalmaterialrequirementsassociatedwithoneunit(dollar)ofproduct

2 TheuptakelandtoaccommodatethecarbonFootprintistheonlylandusetypeincludedintheEcologicalFootprintthatisexclusivelydedicatedtotrackingawasteproductcarbondioxiderdquo(Buonocoreetal2014)

3 This project has received funding from the European Unionrsquos Seventh Programme for researchtechnologicaldevelopmentanddemonstrationundergrandagreementNo282887(Hinterseeretal2014)

4 Bulgaria (Teteven and Yundola) France (Pontenx) Germany (Munich South and Upper Palatinate)Lithuania(SuvalkijaandZemaitija)Portugal(ChamuscaleiriaandValedeSouza)Slovakia(Kysuceand Podpolanie) Sweden (Helge a and Vihelmina)) Italia (Asiago Etna Molise) The Netherlands(South-EastVeluwe)andIreland(NewmarketandWesternPeatland)

5 EUEFTAcountriesreferto15EuropeanUnionmembercountriesandIcelandNorwayandSwitzerland(KangasampBaudin2003)


22

extractedtoproduceendproductsTheyfindthatwithevery10increaseingrossdomesticproducttheaveragenationalMFincreasesby6(Wiedmannetal2013)

GiventheglobalnatureofproductionandconsumptionldquosustainablerdquolanduseplanningrequiresconsiderationofglobalfootprintssincedecisionstoproduceorconsumelocallyservetoreducereplaceordisplaceimpactselsewhereArea-basedmeasuresofglobalfootprintprovideperhapsthemostintuitivemethodtolinkthefootprintconceptwithlocallanduseTheseincludeconceptssuchasldquoecologicalfootprintsrdquoandldquoforestfootprintsrdquothattranslateconsumptionintostandardizedunitsknownasldquoglobalhectaresrdquoTheldquoecologicalfootprintrdquomeasureshumanappropriationofecosystemproductsandservicesintermsoftheamountofbioproductivelandandseaareaneededtosupplytheseservices(WackernagelampRees1996)Sixlandusetypesareconsideredinthiscalculationcroplandgrazinglandfishinggroundforestlandbuilt-uplandandcarbonuptakeland2(Ewingetal2010)Table1outlinestheWackernagelandReesformulaforcalculatingfootprints(WackernagelampRees1996Wackernageletal2004Nieetal2010)ThedegreetowhichfootprintsaresustainabledependsinpartontheoverallcapacityofthelandtosupportthemWackernagelampRees(1996)havecoinedthetermldquobiocapacityrdquotorefertothebiospherersquosabilitytomeetthehumandemandformaterialconsumptionandwastedisposal

TheabovedetailsonglobalecologicalfootprintshighlightthecurrentexcessandinequalityofglobalconsumptionaswellastheincreasingrelianceoninternationaltradeTherelationshipbetweentheseoverallpatternsandforestshoweverisquitecomplexCurrentlytheleadingglobaldriverofforestlossistheexpansionofcommercialagricultureintropicalcountriesandEUconsumptionplaysasignificantroleinsupportingthisexpansion(Cuypersetal2013)InthisregarditistheEUrsquosproductionandconsumptionofagriculturalproductsandtoalesserextentbiofuelsthatexertsthegreatestimpactonglobalforestsWesuggestthatparticipatoryforestlanduseplanningcanserveasonevenueforgeneratingdiscussionamongforeststakeholdersaboutthesecross-sectorallinkagesandhowEUcountriesandcommunitiesmightbestaddressit

Ofmoredirectrelevancetotheforestsectortradeinwoodproductsplaysasignificantroleinglobalforestdegradation(Cuypersetal2013)Foresttradecanalsobecomparedrelativelyeasilywith

Table 1 The footprint equation

EFR P I E

Yi i i i

i

=+ minus( )Σ

where

bullEF (Ecological Footprint)Ameasureofhowmuchareainglobalhectares(gha)ofbiologicallyproductivelandandwateranindividualpopulationoractivityrequirestoproducealltheresourcesitconsumesandtoabsorbthewasteitgeneratesusingprevailingtechnologyandresourcemanagementpractices(measuredinglobalhectares)(globalhectareaproductivityweightedareausedtoreportboththebiocapacityoftheearthandthedemandonbiocapacity(theEcologicalFootprint)

bullYi (Yield Factor in tonnesha)Afactorthataccountsfordifferencesbetweencountriesinproductivityofagivenlandtype

bullPi +Ii-Ei (Consumption in tonnes of the wood products (i) category)Forthisstudyitusedtheapparentconsumptionwhichcalculatedasldquoproductionplusimports(Itincludesimportsforre-export)minusexports(Itincludesre-exports)asFAOdefines(FAO2010)

bullΣRj (Equivalence Factor in ghaha)Aproductivity-basedscalingfactorthatconvertsaspecificlandtype(suchascroplandorforest)intoauniversalunitofbiologicallyproductiveareajisoneofthesixspecifiedcategoriesofecologicalproductivelandegForforestlandandfortheyear2005is133(WWF2008)

Source (Global Footprint Network 2012)


23









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ACKNOwLEdGMENT



37

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38





















39










ENdNOTES







23









24





25






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27









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32









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ACKNOwLEdGMENT



37

REFERENCES























38





















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ENdNOTES







24





25






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32









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ACKNOwLEdGMENT



37

REFERENCES























38





















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ENdNOTES







25






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27









28






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33




34






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36


ACKNOwLEdGMENT



37

REFERENCES























38





















39










ENdNOTES







26





27









28






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30




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ACKNOwLEdGMENT



37

REFERENCES























38





















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ENdNOTES







27









28






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ACKNOwLEdGMENT



37

REFERENCES























38





















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ENdNOTES







28






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ACKNOwLEdGMENT



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ENdNOTES







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ENdNOTES






Incorporating a Global Perspective Into Future-Oriented ...

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