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Income Deferral for Employees An Overview oRegistered Plans Eva M. Krasa and Maria A. Scullion Presented at the Ontario Bar Association 2002 Institute of CoLegal Education “Compensation Planning for Valued EmpTax Highlights and Hazards”, January 24, 2002
INTRODUCTION
This paper provides a general overview of the income tax cons
relevant to various "non-registered" income deferral plans. The d
employment income is of interest to many highly paid employees.
properly structured income deferral plan, the employee’s liability f
deferred until the income is actually received by him or her. Tax de
ultimately result in tax savings. For example, because income levels ten
upon retirement, taxpayers often pay tax at a lower effective rate du
retirement years than during their employment years. From a tax viewp
therefore, desirable to defer income recognition to retirement or to a tim
taxpayer expects to have a lower effective tax rate.
Not surprisingly, the Income Tax Act (Canada)1 severe
opportunities for tax deferral, and generally imposes strict limitation
1 R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (5th Supplement), as amended, hereinafter referred to as the "Tax Act.
references are to the Tax Act unless otherwise indicated.
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conditions in respect of the plans which permit income deferral. The tax deferral
vehicles available to employees under the Tax Act may be divided into two types:
"registered” plans and "non-registered” plans. Employees often use both types
of plans in an effort to maximize tax deferral opportunities.
Registered plans include registered retirement savings plans (“RRSPs”),
registered retirement income funds, deferred profit sharing plans and registered
pension plans (“RPPs”). The Tax Act sets out a complex and detailed regime for
each of the various registered plans. Such plans are not the topic of this paper.
Rather, the paper focuses on non-registered income deferral plans. Each of the
plans discussed could be the subject of its own paper. The paper, therefore,
explains the plans in general terms only and directs the reader to other sources
for more detailed analysis.
There are two overarching concerns which must be taken account of when
implementing a non-registered income deferral plan: the doctrine of constructive
receipt and the rules in the Tax Act relating to salary deferral arrangements.
Being "off-side" either of these can result in immediate taxation to the employee
of the income being deferred. The doctrine of constructive receipt and the salary
deferral arrangement rules are discussed in Part I of the paper. The remainder
of the paper discusses different types of non-registered income deferral plans.
Part II considers plans which are in the nature of supplemental pension plans. A
supplemental pension plan is essentially a plan or arrangement which provides
benefits upon or after retirement which are in addition to those provided to the
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employee under a registered pension plan. Part III of the paper then describes
some other types of income deferral plans which are statutory exceptions to the
salary deferral arrangement rules.
PART I
As mentioned in the Introduction, opportunities to defer the recognition of
employment income are limited by the doctrine of constructive receipt and the
salary deferral arrangement rules. Each of these concepts and their implications
in the context of income deferral plans are discussed separately below.
Salary Deferral Arrangement
The Tax Act was amended in 1986 to add the salary deferral arrangement
rules, which are designed to prevent the deferral of compensation where the
deferral is for the purpose of postponing income tax. A salary deferral
arrangement (“SDA”) is defined in subsection 248(1) of the Tax Act. The
definition is broadly drafted and, in general terms, means any arrangement,
whether funded or unfunded, under which any person has the right in a taxation
year to receive an amount after the year where it is reasonable to consider that
one of the main purposes for the creation or existence of the right is to postpone
tax payable under the Tax Act by the taxpayer in respect of salary or wages for
services rendered by the taxpayer in the year or a preceding year. A number of
points merit mention:
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• A plan with multiple purposes may be an SDA even if only one of
those purposes is tax deferral.
• An SDA may exist even where the right to receive the amount is
conditional only. As a result, a provision in the arrangement that
would require the employee to forfeit the amount unless certain
conditions are satisfied will not be sufficient to avoid the SDA rules
unless there is a substantial risk that the conditions will not be
satisfied, i.e. if there is a substantial risk of forfeiture.2
• The SDA rules do not apply to awards made with respect to
services to be rendered in a future year or in future years.
• A number of express exceptions are listed in the SDA definition
(some of which are discussed below in Part III of the paper).
Where an arrangement falls within the SDA definition, the income tax
consequences to the employee are onerous. The deferred amount is subject to
tax in the year that the right to receive the amount arises rather than in the year
that the amount is actually received.3 Furthermore, any interest or other
additional amount which accrued in the year on the deferred amount is itself
2 The Department of Finance’s Technical Notes to the Notice of Ways and Means Motion of October 31, 1986
provide some guidance as to what would constitute a substantial risk that a condition of receiving a deferred amount will not be satisfied. The Department explained the general rule as follows:
…a substantial risk of forfeiture would arise if the condition imposes a significant limitation or duty which requires a meaningful effort on the part of the employee to fulfil and creates a definite and substantial risk that forfeiture may occur.
3 See: Subsection 6(11) and paragraph 6(1)(a).
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deemed to be a deferred amount which the person had a right to receive and is,
therefore, required to be included in the taxpayer’s income for the year.4 A
deduction is available to the taxpayer where a deferred amount that has been
included in the taxpayer’s income is later forfeited. The deduction occurs in the
taxation year in which the forfeiture occurs.5
From the employer’s perspective, an immediate deduction is permitted for
any deferred amount included in the income of the employee. Where in a
subsequent year the employee claims a deduction for a forfeited amount that has
been previously taxed, that amount is required to be added back to the
employer’s income for the year.6
Constructive Receipt
Employees are taxed, under sections 5 and 6 of the Tax Act, on income
from an office or employment. Income from an office or employment includes
“salary, wages and other remuneration, including gratuities, received by the
taxpayer in the year.” While there is little basis in Canadian case law for its
position, Canada Customs and Revenue Agency (“CCRA”) has always taken the
view that an employee has “received” an amount, for the purposes of sections 5
and 6, in the earliest taxation year in which the employee receives it or has
4 See: Subsection 6(12). An exception is provided for an SDA which is a trust since any income of the trust
would be taxable under the normal taxation rules that apply to inter vivos trusts, i.e. the income would be subject to tax in the trust unless it is payable in the year to the beneficiary, in which case the beneficiary would be subject to tax thereon.
5 See: Paragraph 8(1)(o). 6 See: Paragraphs 20(1)(oo) and 12(1)(n.2).
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“constructively received” it because absolute enjoyment or use vests in the
employee. CCRA has summarized its views on constructive receipt as follows:
The Department considers an amount to have been received by an employee upon the earlier of the date upon which payment is made and the date upon which the employee has constructively received a payment. Constructive receipt is considered to occur in situations where an amount is credited to an employee’s debt or account, set apart for the employee, or otherwise available to the employee without being subject to any restriction concerning its use. The situation is the same following termination of employment, retirement, or death. An election to receive payment in instalments must be made before the amounts become available to the employee.7
This statement predates the introduction into the Tax Act of the SDA rules.
To some extent, the doctrine of constructive receipt has now been codified in the
SDA rules but it nevertheless remains a relevant consideration when designing
income deferral plans.8 Constructive receipt may still be invoked by CCRA in
circumstances where an arrangement falls outside the SDA definition but the
plan or arrangement allows the employee to choose whether or not to call for
payment in a particular year. However, CCRA does not generally apply the
7 See: “Revenue Canada Roundtable,” in Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-sixth Tax Conference, 1984
Conference Report (Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation, 1985), Question 13 at 794-95. See also: Paragraph 5 of Interpretation Bulletin IT-196R2; Paragraphs 10 and 11 of Interpretation Bulletin IT-502; Technical Interpretation 1999-0007315 dated May 24, 2000; and Technical Interpretation 9821425 dated October 19, 1998.
8 CCRA has commented on the interaction of the doctrine of constructive receipt and the SDA rules as follows:
…there is an overlap in intent, that is, to currently tax amounts which the employee has earned and should have received. Although the SDA rules provide a statutory basis for this end and are broad in application,…there will be cases where constructive receipt would apply and the SDA rules could not; for example where the main reason (or reasons) for the deferral is other than to postpone taxation…(See Technical Interpretation 1999-0007315, ibid.)
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doctrine of constructive receipt where an employee elects to defer employment
income before becoming legally entitled to the amount being deferred.9
PART II
Supplementary Pension Plans
Supplementary pension plans or, as they are commonly called,
supplementary employee retirement plans (“SERPs”) are unregistered
arrangements which provide pension benefits over and above what may be
provided under the Tax Act under a registered plan.10 Traditionally, SERPs were
established for executives only, but now are common for rank and file
employees. This increased popularity of SERPs has its genesis in the relatively
low level of benefits permitted under the Tax Act in respect of RPPs. The
maximum pension benefit permitted under a defined benefit RPP ($1,722.22 per
year of service) has been virtually unchanged for 25 years. As a result, many
more employees now have incomes which exceed the tax-assisted limits than
was previously the case.
SERPs may take a variety of forms. Accordingly, there are numerous
issues to consider when designing a SERP, including the following:
9 See: Supra note 7. 10 For a detailed discussion of various SERP related issues see the materials presented at The Canadian Institute
Conference held on May 10 and 11, 2001 entitled “Supplemental Employee Retirement Plans.” See also: The paper presented by Lyle S. Teichman entitled “The Outer Limits: Supplementary Pension Plans for Canadian Executives” presented at the Ontario Bar Association Conference From Top Hat Pensions to Stock Options held on October 29, 2001.
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• Participants: Who will be eligible to participate in the SERP (e.g.
executives only or also rank and file employees)?
• Benefit Formula: What formula or criteria will be used to determine
a participant’s benefit (e.g. will the formula mirror that of the
underlying RPP; will a defined benefit or a defined contribution
formula be used)?
• Funded vs. Unfunded: Will the pension promise be funded or
otherwise secured or will it be “unfunded?”
• Vesting: When will a participant's entitlement to receive amounts
under the SERP vest (e.g. will the vesting requirements mirror
those of the underlying RPP or will they be more onerous)?
• Payment of Benefits: How will the benefits under the SERP be
paid (e.g. for life or for a fixed period of years; periodically at the
same time as payments are made under the RPP or on some other
basis)? Will the payment of benefits be subject to any conditions
(e.g. compliance with non-competition covenants or the provision of
periodic consulting services)?
• Documentation: What documents are needed to articulate the
SERP promise and to otherwise formalize the arrangement?
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From an income tax perspective, CCRA has stated that a bona fide
supplementary pension plan is not subject to the SDA rules.11 In the case of an
unfunded (pay-as-you-go) SERP, the income tax treatment is generally
straightforward. No tax is payable until such time as benefits are paid to the
employee.12 Where the SERP is funded (or secured) the income tax implications
are more complex. The remainder of this Part of the paper considers SERPs of
this nature.
The RCA Rules
The primary method of providing funding or security for the benefit
promised under a SERP is through the use of a retirement compensation
arrangement. “Retirement compensation arrangement” (“RCA”) is defined in
subsection 248(1) of the Tax Act and, in general terms, means a plan or
arrangement under which contributions are made by an employer or former
employer of a taxpayer to another person (referred to as the “custodian”) in
connection with benefits that are to be or may be received by any person on,
after or in contemplation of any substantial change in the services rendered by
the taxpayer, the retirement of the taxpayer or the loss of employment of the
taxpayer.13 Certain enumerated types of plans which are specifically provided for
11 See for example: Documents 2001-0086113 and 2001-0095493 both published on November 21, 2001; and
Technical Interpretation 1999-0007315, supra note 7. 12 See for example: Document 2001-0095493, ibid. 13 For a detailed discussion of the RCA rules see supra note 10. For a discussion of the practical issues in
administering RCAs see Marilyn Lurz, “A Practical Guide to Administering a Retirement Compensation Arrangement” (November 1996) 8 Taxation of Executive Compensation and Retirement 211.
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in the Tax Act (e.g., RPPs, employees profit sharing plans, deferred profit sharing
plans and RRSPs) are excepted from the RCA definition.
The income tax rules applicable to RCAs may be summarized as follows:
• Contributions made by the employer to the RCA are immediately
deductible to the employer (subject to the usual reasonableness
test).
• Contributions to the RCA and the annual income of the RCA
(including the full amount of any capital gains) are subject to a 50%
refundable tax. The tax on contributions is required to be withheld
by the employer and remitted directly to CCRA. The custodian of
the RCA is responsible for remitting in each year any balance of
refundable tax owing by the RCA.14
• The tax is refunded to the RCA when benefits are paid out of the
RCA (at retirement, termination of employment or death) at the rate
of one dollar for every two dollars of benefits paid.
• The refundable tax does not earn any interest while held by CCRA.
• The RCA beneficiary is subject to tax on benefits from the RCA in
the year that benefits are received.
14 The 50% refundable tax rate was designed to approximate the top personal marginal tax rate for individuals. As
a result, however, of reductions in personal tax rates in recent years, the 50% rate now exceeds the top personal tax rate in most provinces.
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• Contributions made by the employee are deductible provided that
the amounts contributed by the employee do not exceed the total
contributions made by the employer in the same year.
Unlike in the case of a registered plan, the Tax Act does not impose any
investment restrictions on an RCA. Given the 50% refundable tax on all earnings
of an RCA, it is advantageous, from a purely tax viewpoint, for the RCA to hold
investments that produce little annual income or dividends but rather provide
capital growth, such as growth stocks, so that if held for a reasonably long period
of time the effects of the refundable tax are minimized.15
Letter of Credit
The 50% refundable tax payable on contributions to, and earnings of, an
RCA is a significant drawback of cash funded RCAs. As noted above, no interest
is payable by CCRA in respect of the refundable tax. An alternative to the cash
funded RCA is the secured RCA under which a letter of credit (“LOC”) is used to
secure the SERP promise. From an income tax viewpoint, the main advantage
of the secured RCA is the greatly reduced refundable tax obligation. The key
elements of a secured RCA are, in very general terms, as follows:
15 While there are no specific rules prohibiting the RCA trust from investing its after-tax funds in shares or debt of
the employer, caution should be exercised in regards to such arrangements. Depending on all of the circumstances, such arrangements may cause CCRA to question the validity of the RCA.
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• The employer pre-arranges with its bank for a LOC to be issued to
the RCA in the desired amount (based on the actuarial present
value of the benefits accrued to date under the SERP).
• The employer pays twice the amount of the issuing bank’s LOC fee
as a contribution to the RCA. One-half of this contribution is
withheld by the employer and remitted by it to CCRA on account of
the 50% RCA refundable tax.
• The trustee pays the net proceeds of the contribution to the bank
and acquires the LOC.16
• In the normal course, SERP benefits are paid directly by the
employer as they fall due, as would be the case if there were no
RCA-LOC in place. However, when an event of default occurs
(e.g., failure to renew the LOC on a timely basis; the bankruptcy or
insolvency of the employer; or failure on the part of the employer to
pay benefits) the trustee of the RCA is entitled to draw down on the
LOC and to use the net proceeds to pay the benefits. CCRA takes
the position that any payment made by the bank under the LOC
16 It is important that the trustee acquire the LOC using the net proceeds of the employer’s contribution as
opposed to the employer making a contribution in kind of the LOC to the RCA. This is because in the latter case the amount of the contribution to the RCA would be equal to the “fair market value” of the LOC. CCRA has suggested that such fair market value could be equal to the face amount of the LOC, which would result in a much higher liability for the 50% RCA refundable tax.
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constitutes a contribution to the RCA and accordingly is subject to
the 50% RCA refundable tax.17
Care should be taken as regards the granting by the employer of any
security to the issuing bank in respect of the LOC. CCRA has stated that where,
in order to secure the LOC, assets are pledged by the employer so that they are
no longer available to the general creditors of the employer, such granting of
security constitutes a further contribution to the RCA to which the 50%
refundable tax applies.18 However, where the security is in the nature of a
general floating charge only no additional contribution to the RCA is considered
to be made.19
Use of Insurance
An initial reading of the RCA definition might lead one to conclude that the
RCA rules do not apply to payments made to acquire an interest in a life
insurance policy. This is because the definition of RCA specifically excludes an
insurance policy.20 Special deeming rules apply, however, to an arrangement
involving life insurance where an employer has an obligation to provide
retirement benefits and the employer acquires an interest in a life insurance
policy that may reasonably be considered to be acquired to fund, in whole or in
17 See: Document 9418895 dated September 14, 1994, Technical Interpretation 9705065 dated April 1, 1997 and
Ruling 9718073 dated 1997. 18 See: Document 9322985 dated September 13, 1993 and Document 9322485 dated September 14, 1993. 19 See: Ruling 9706673 dated 1997. 20 See: Paragraph (m) of the RCA definition as well as the opening language of the definition.
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part, those benefits. Subsection 207.6(2) provides that in these circumstances an
RCA is deemed to exist. The employer who acquires the interest in the life
insurance policy is deemed to be the custodian of the RCA and the interest in the
policy is deemed to be subject property of the RCA. Two times the premiums
paid for the policy (as well as any policy loan repayments) are deemed to be
contributions to an RCA. As a result, the employer is required to remit on
account of the 50% RCA refundable tax an amount equal to the premium paid for
the life insurance policy but will be entitled to a deduction equal to the amount of
the tax and the premium.
The above-described situation should be distinguished from that where an
already established RCA trust uses its after-tax funds to purchase a life
insurance policy. This type of policy investment is not subject to the rules in
subsection 207.6(2) since the regular RCA rules will apply to the arrangement.
The life insurance policy will usually be one which qualifies as an “exempt” policy.
The growth within an exempt insurance policy is not subject to annual accrual
taxation.21 If the policy is held until the death of the life insured, the proceeds
may be received by the RCA trust free of tax. When, however, the proceeds are
used to make payments out of the RCA trust to the beneficiary, tax will be
payable by the beneficiary in respect of such payments.22
21 See: Subsection 12.2(1). 22 The use of split dollar life insurance policies and other more complex insurance arrangements in the context of
RCAs are beyond the scope of this article. For a discussion of such issues, see supra note 10.
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PART III
Other Income Deferral Plans
Three Year Bonus Deferral
It is not uncommon for an employee who earns a large bonus in a year to
seek to defer receipt of all or a portion of the bonus to a subsequent year. An
explicit exception to the SDA rules allows “a bonus or similar payment” not to be
taxed until paid to an employee provided the amount is paid within three years
following the end of the year in which it is earned.23 On payment, the bonus will
be included in the employee's employment income and will be deductible to the
employer.
As a result of this exception to the SDA rules, an employee may defer the
income inclusion of a bonus or similar payment for up to three years after the
year in which the employee's services were rendered.24 Thus, the maximum
deferral period can, in effect, be up to four years from the beginning of the period
of service for which the bonus is payable. It should be noted that it is the year in
which the services are rendered by the employee and not the year in which the
bonus is awarded that is relevant in determining the permitted deferral period.
23 See: Paragraph (k) in the definition of salary deferral arrangement in subsection 248(1). 24 Some employee incentive plans base a “bonus or similar payment” on certain criteria such as the appreciation
in the employer’s stock value or the increase in sales where the bonus is based on the results of such criteria over a number of years. CCRA has been asked whether the payment may be deferred for an additional three years and still meet the criteria for the three year bonus deferral exception. CCRA has responded that the payment can not be deferred up to an additional three years and still meet the exception as the bonus relates to
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The Tax Act does not define “a bonus or similar payment.” A bonus,
however, is generally considered to be something that is in addition to, or in
excess of, that which is ordinarily received.25 Whether a particular payment to an
employee is “a bonus or similar payment” is a question of fact. CCRA generally
takes the view that “a bonus or similar payment” would only include those
payments that have the characteristics of a bonus, i.e. a payment in addition to
that which would normally be received by an employee for services rendered.26
For example, CCRA has said that it would not typically consider amounts
received in respect of overtime to be similar to a bonus as an employee who
works overtime would normally be entitled to receive payment for that work.27
In addition to deferring the taxation of the bonus, an employee may also
defer taxation of the amount of any interest that accumulates on the bonus.
Under the interest accrual rules, taxpayers are generally required to include any
accrued interest with respect to an “investment contract” in income for the year
that the interest accrued.28 The interest accrual rules, however, do not apply to
arrangements that qualify for the three year bonus deferral. Such arrangements
are excluded from the definition of “investment contract” because of the definition
of that term in subsection 12(11).
services rendered in more than one taxation year. See: Income Tax Technical News No. 7 dated February 21, 1996.
25 See: Great Western Garment Co. Ltd.v. M.N.R., [1947] 3 D.T.C. 1055 Ex.Ct. at 1059; aff’d [1949] 49 D.T.C. 526 (S.C.C.). 26 See for example: Document 9222235 dated September 8, 1992. 27 See: Ibid and Memo 9709717 dated May 27, 1997. 28 See: Subsection 12(4).
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Deferred Stock Unit Plan
A phantom stock plan which meets the requirements of Regulation
6801(d) to the Tax Act is an express exception to the SDA definition. By way of
background, a phantom stock plan is, in essence, a deferred bonus arrangement
under which units which correspond to the value of the employer corporation’s
shares are allocated to employees and the amount of the bonus ultimately paid
to the employee is dependant on the number of units held and the value of the
underlying shares at that time. The SDA rules must be considered in connection
with the establishment of any phantom stock plan.29 In this regard, CCRA
distinguishes between “full value” phantom stock plans where the payment is
based on the full value of the underlying shares and phantom stock plans where
the employee is entitled to receive only the increase in value of the underlying
shares (also known as stock appreciation rights plans). CCRA accepts that the
latter type of plan is not an SDA. This is because where the amount paid to the
employee is based on the increase in the value of the underlying shares the
phantom units are considered to be granted in respect of the employee’s future
services only. With respect to full value phantom stock plans, however, it is
29 Where the bonus will be paid within three years, the taxpayer may rely on the three-year bonus deferral
exception described above; however, if the payment date extends beyond three years, this exception will not apply and the potential for the application of the SDA rules must be addressed.
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CCRA’s view that the phantom units are granted in respect of the employee’s
past services and the SDA rules will generally apply.30
A deferred stock unit plan (“DSU plan”) is a type of full value phantom
stock plan that is specifically excluded from the SDA definition. The
requirements for a DSU plan are set out in Regulation 6801(d) to the Tax Act.
The plan must be an arrangement in writing between a corporation and an
employee of the corporation (or of a related corporation) where:
• the employee may receive an amount that is reasonably
attributable to the duties of the employee’s office or employment;
• the amount that may be received by the employee under the
arrangement will be received after the termination of employment
(including death or retirement) but no later than the end of the first
calendar year commencing after such termination;
• the amount that may be received depends on the fair market value
of shares of the capital stock of the corporation (or a related
corporation) at a time within the period that commences one year
before the termination of employment and ends at the time the
amount is received; and
30 See: “Revenue Canada Roundtable,” in Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Tax Conference, 1988
Conference Report (Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation, 1989) Question 26 at 53:44; Technical Interpretation 1999-0007315, supra note 7; ATR-45 dated February 17, 1992.
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• the employee is not entitled to receive, immediately or in the future,
absolutely or contingently, any amount or benefit for the purpose of
reducing the impact of any reduction in the fair market value of the
shares (i.e. there can be no “downside protection”).31
Where the plan satisfies the requirements of Regulation 6801(d), the SDA
rules will not apply with the result that there will be no income inclusion to the
employee in respect of the allocation of notional units or in respect of any
increase in the value of those units during his or her employment. Payments
received under the plan by the employee following the termination of his or her
employment will be included in income for the year in which the payments are
received as employment income. The employer will not be entitled to any
deduction until the year in which the cash amount is paid to the employee.
DSU plans have proven to be a popular compensation arrangement for
both senior executives and corporate directors. It is beyond the scope of this
paper to discuss any other type of stock based compensation arrangement
(employee stock based compensation is the subject of another paper being
delivered at this conference). However, one significant disadvantage of the DSU
plan as compared to traditional employee stock option plans should be noted. In
the case of stock option plans which meet certain conditions only one-half of the
31 For some recent examples of phantom stock plans where CCRA has ruled favourably with respect to the plan’s
qualification as a DSU plan under Regulation 6801(d) see: Rulings 9900433 and 9831833 both dated 1999 and Ruling 9821383 dated 1998. For more detailed commentary on some of the issues relating to DSU plans, see: Christina H. Medland and Ronit Florence, “Pricing of Deferred Share Units – Part I” (July/August 2000) 12 Taxation of Executive Compensation and Retirement 303 and Diana Woodhead, “Recent Rulings on Deferred Stock Unit Plans” (November 1999) 11 Taxation of Executive Compensation and Retirement 203.
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benefit is subject to tax32 and as well, in certain circumstances, the taxation of all
or a portion of the benefit may be deferred until disposition of the stock.33 In
contrast, the full amount of any cash payment received under a DSU plan is
subject to tax as employment income.
Leave of Absence Plans
A leave of absence plan (also known as a “sabbatical leave plan” or
“deferred salary leave plan”) is another prescribed exception to the SDA rules
allowing for the deferral of income. Provided the leave of absence plan conforms
to certain conditions, which are described below, the arrangement will allow for
income to be deferred to a period during which the employee will be on a leave of
absence from his or her employment. Such plans are found most often in the
public sector, especially in educational institutions, but are also sometimes found
in the private sector, particularly at the executive level.
Pursuant to Regulation 6801(a) to the Tax Act, a leave of absence plan
which meets the following requirements is not subject to the SDA rules:
• the plan between the employer and the employee is in writing;
• the period of salary deferral leading up to the leave of absence
(referred to as the “deferral period”) does not exceed six years;
32 See: Paragraph 110(1)(d) of the Tax Act. 33 See: Section 7.
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• the leave of absence commences immediately after the deferral
period ends;
• the leave of absence period is at least six consecutive months,
except where the leave is taken for the purpose of permitting full-
time attendance at a designated educational institution, in which
case the minimum leave period is three consecutive months;
• no more than one third of the employee’s annual salary or wages is
deferred in each year during the deferral period;
• the employee receives no compensation during the leave of
absence period, except for the deferred amounts and regular fringe
benefits;
• the arrangement provides that the employee is to return to his or
her regular employment with the employer (or an employer that
participates in the same or a similar arrangement) after the leave of
absence for a period of time at least equal to the duration of the
leave of absence;
• all leave of absence benefits are paid to the employee no later than
the end of the first taxation year that commences after the end of
the deferral period;
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• it is reasonable to conclude that the arrangement is established for
the purpose of funding a true leave of absence and not for the
purpose of funding retirement benefits; and
• the deferred amount, once deducted from the employee’s salary, is
either held (i) under an employee benefit plan trust34or (ii) by or for
the account of any other person35.
In addition to the provisions of Regulation 6801(a), CCRA imposes certain
administrative requirements with respect to leave of absence plans and the
documentation relating thereto. For example, CCRA requires that the employee,
once enrolled, be prohibited from withdrawing from the plan in any circumstances
except in the case of financial or other hardship.36
CONCLUSION
This paper has reviewed in general terms the income tax considerations
relevant to the deferral of employment income and has described certain of the
34 In very general terms, an employee benefit plan is an arrangement whereby an employer makes contributions
to a custodian to or for the benefit of employees. An employee benefit plan is defined in subsection 248(1). (The definition is subject to a number of exclusions. See: Interpretation Bulletin IT-502.) Under an employee benefit plan, the employer’s deduction is limited to its contributions to the plan that have been included in the income of the employee. (See: Section 32.1.) The deferral amount, therefore, is not deductible to the employer until it is paid out to the employee during the leave of absence. An amount that may reasonably be considered to be the income of the trust for a taxation year that has been earned by it for the benefit of the employee must be paid in the year to the employee.
35 To meet this requirement, the employer may simply establish a separate account as part of the general assets
of the corporation. This alternative may not provide the same security to the employee as a trust. Interest and other additional amounts that may reasonably be considered to have accrued to or for the benefit of the employee to the end of a taxation year must be paid in the year to the employee.
36 For a more detailed discussion of the requirements for qualification of an arrangement as a Regulation 6801(a) leave of absence plan, see: Elizabeth M. Brown, “Executive Sabbaticals and the Deferred Salary Leave Program” (September 1997) 9 Taxation of Executive Compensation and Retirement 24; and Lea M. Koiv, “Achieving Tax Savings Through a Deferred Salary Leave Plan,” (May 1996) 7 Taxation of Executive Compensation and Retirement 131.
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more commonly used types of non-registered income deferral plans. Such plans
can be an important and valued component of an employee's compensation
package, but must in every case be carefully structured to avoid unintended and
adverse tax consequences.