Large Scale Simulations of Complex Systems Part I: Conceptual
Including human behavior in product simulations for the investigation of use processes in conceptual...
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September 2006
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
1
Including human behaviorin product simulations
for the investigation of use processes
in conceptual design
A SURVEY ASME CIE 2006, Philadelphia
Wilfred van der Vegte, Imre Horváth
Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering
April 22, 2023 2 of 16
Overview
• Objective, scope and method of survey• Assessment criteria for reviewing simulation
approaches• Types of artifact and human behavior that can be
simulated• Categorization of simulation approaches• Brief overview of reviewed simulation approaches
with a focus on ‘unfamiliar’ approaches• Conclusions: what is possible,
what is not possible yet and what can be done to make it possible
April 22, 2023 3 of 16
Objective of the survey and the research
Knowledge exploration in orientation phase of
new computer tooldevelopment
to simulateuse processes of
consumer durables
simulation (definition):performing experiments
onvirtual models
my goal:enable designers
to perform simulations with
fully virtual systems
the human involved in theuse process is also virtual:
even his/her decision-making is simulated
simulation of autonomous virtual
humans involved in use processes
April 22, 2023 4 of 16
Scope of the survey
Knowledge exploration in orientation phase of
new computer tooldevelopment
to simulateuse processes of
consumer durables
behavior ofproducts
behavior ofhumans
behavior ofsurroundings
behaviorof artifacts
this survey:existing
simulationapproaches
application field:behavior prediction in
conceptual design
MethodLiterature study(for scientific achievements)Web search(for commercial achievements)
April 22, 2023 5 of 16
Criteria for the assessment of simulation approaches
• Range of use-process behaviors covered (as many as possible, e.g., cognitive, perceptual, mechanical, thermal, …)
• Relevance of the scope (with respect to use of consumer products)
• Ease of preparing simulations (e.g., direct conversion from CAD)
• Speed and computability (real-time vs. delayed)• Ease of interpretation (animations vs. numeric output)• Fidelity of the outcomes (but accuracy is less important)• Combination options and exchangeability of data
(assuming that there is no simulation approach that covers the complete range of behaviors on itself)
April 22, 2023 6 of 16
Types of behavior in artifact simulation
observedphysicalbehavior
mechanics
statics
kineticssolid
fluid
kinematicshydrostaticshydrodynamicsaerodynamicspneumatics
acoustics
thermodynamicselectrics
optics
stabilitydeformationstress and strainmotion dynamicscollisionvibrationdeformation
stress and strain
interpretedphysicalbehavior
physicalbehavior
M, E
I
magnetism
bucklingphysicalbehavior
continuous simulation
discrete simulationhybrid simulation
April 22, 2023 7 of 16
Types of behavior in human simulationty
pes
ofbe
havi
orbo
dy p
arts
and
orga
ns in
volv
ed senseorgans
brain centralnervoussystem
muscles skin,subcu-
taneoustissue,
etc.
kine-maticalbehavior
cognitivebehavior
perceptualbehavior
controlbehavior
actuatorbehavior
bowels,lungs,heart,blood
vessels,etc.
metabolicbehavior
flow of energy flow of informationflow of matter
centralnervoussystem
kineticbehavior
tendons,bones,joints
interface withthe outside world
April 22, 2023 8 of 16
Types of behavior in human simulationty
pes
ofbe
havi
orbo
dy p
arts
and
orga
ns in
volv
ed senseorgans
brain centralnervoussystem
muscles skin,subcu-
taneoustissue,
etc.
kine-maticalbehavior
cognitivebehavior
perceptualbehavior
controlbehavior
actuatorbehavior
bowels,lungs,heart,bloodvessels,etc.
metabolicbehavior
centralnervoussystem
kineticbehavior
tendons,bones,joints
mechanicalobserved physical behavior
non- mechanicalobserved physical
behaviorinterpreted physical
behavior
April 22, 2023 9 of 16
volu
-m
etric
qualitative models
finite state machines
block diagrams
bond graphs
3D schematic models
algebraic descriptions
finite-element models
boundary-element models
skinning models mes
h-ba
sed
production rules
disc
retiz
ed
particle models
guided 3D volumetric models
(semi) autonomous3D volumetric models
Overview of simulation approaches based on models
Behavioralmodels
Objectmodels
Entitymodels
Relationshipmodels
Processingmodels
Controlmodels
algebraicalgorithmbasedanimationoriented
laws-basedlogic-based
graphical (2D)schematic (3D)
simplifiedboundary
spatiallogical
volumetric
boundary
concrete
abstract
simplifiedvolumetric
Typical simulation modelsTaxonomy of model types
volu
-m
etric
qualitative models
finite state machines
block diagrams
bond graphs
3D schematic models
algebraic descriptions
finite-element models
boundary-element models
skinning models mes
h-ba
sed
production rules
disc
retiz
ed
particle models
guided 3D volumetric models
(semi) autonomous3D volumetric models
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UG
S
block diagrams
bond graphs
3D schematic models
algebraic descriptions
finite-element models
boundary-element models
disc
retiz
ed
particle models
guided 3D volumetric models
Common mechanical artifact-simulation models also applied to human simulation
block diagrams
bond graphs
3D schematic models
algebraic descriptions
finite-element models
boundary-element models
particle models
guided 3D volumetric models
Yang
et
al.,
2006
guided human “simulation” (or guided animation):the user guides the manikin using a UI, so that human decision-making does not have to be simulated. Only fixed sequences of action are simulated / animated
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qualitative models
finite state machines
skinning models
production rules
(semi) autonomous3D volumetric models
Simulation models that are not commonly used formechanical artifact simulation
qualitative models
finite state machines
skinning models
production rules
(semi) autonomous3D volumetric models
open
close
housingopened release
push housingpusheddown
stapleloaded
reload
staplepaperstapled
housing closed
North_Lights South_GateSouth_Lights North_Gate
On
Off
On
Off
On
Off
On
Off
Entering_Crossing
In_Crossing
Leaving_Crossing
Train-In-CrossingNo_Train
Train_Crossing
Nat
ural
Mot
ion
Ltd.
Cognitive ProcessorLong TermMemory
Short TermMemory
AuditoryProcessor
VisualProcessor
OcularMotor
Processor
VocalMotor
Processor
ManualMotor
Processor
Production RuleInterpreter
WorkingMemory
TactileProcessor
• IF-THEN descriptions of how humansprocess information, mostly based onpsychological research results.
• Often grouped into functional modules e.g., EPIC
Oki
no, i
nc.
Kier
as e
t al
., 19
97 T
hom
pson
& h
eim
dahl
, 199
9
Koga
& A
oyam
a, 2
004
Part of the human’s condition-dependent decision making (high-level or low-level) is included in the model. Depending on circumstances during simulation,
different courses of action are possible. Typically based on hybrid models
April 22, 2023 12 of 16
Conclusions (1)
• Simulation approaches that are the most flexible (algebraic descriptions, qualitative model-based simulation)require the most preparation and interpretation effort for designers (no visual models, no link with CAD models of humans and artifacts, no animated output)
• Of the other, ‘user-friendly’ simulation approaches, 3 categories of approaches together can cover the most relevant forms of human and artifact behavior:• finite state machines
for interpreted behavior(information processing, cognition)• rigid volumetric model-based
approaches for rigid-body kinetics and kinematics• discretized-model based
approaches (e.g., FEM) for mechanical deformations and non-mechanical physical behavior
IF …
April 22, 2023 13 of 16
Conclusions (2)
senseorgans
brain centralnervoussystem
muscles skin,subcu-
taneoustissue,
etc.
kine-maticalbehavior
cognitivebehavior
perceptualbehavior
controlbehavior
actuatorbehavior
flow of energyflow of information
centralnervoussystem
kineticbehavior
tendons,bones,joints
HUMAN
information processing by the senses, the brain andthe central nervous system
+ controlled conversion to energy by the muscles
ARTIFACTS
IF …
the human interaction chain is simplified
April 22, 2023 14 of 16
mechanical deformations,non-mechanical observedphysical behaviormechanical deformations,non-mechanical observedphysical behavior
How can the three categories of approaches be combined?
discretesimulation
hybridsimulation
continuous simulation
finite state machines
vol u
met
r ic b
odies
rigid
3D volumetric models
discretized 3D
human & artifactbehavior
rigid-bodykinetics &kinematics
human behaviorartifact behavior
interpreted physical behavior(information processing)
Legend:
cognitive & control behavior
rigid-body kinetics& kinematics,cognition, control
rigid-body kinetics & kinematicswith deformations but without geometriceffect of deformation on kinematicsrigid-body kinetics & kinematics ofbody parts considered rigid; deforma-tions of body parts considered flexible
April 22, 2023 15 of 16
A possible solution:Nucleus-based modeling (Horváth, 2004) is a novel discretized modeling approach based on particles, that allows full simultaneous simulation of rigid-body kinetics, kinematics, deformations and other physical behaviors.If we can combine nucleus-based simulation with finite state machines, designers might be able to perform hybrid simulations of observed and interpreted physical behavior of humans and artifacts with little preparation effort,obtaining results that can easily be interpreted.Key bottleneck:
combining rigid-body mechanics with deformations &non-mechanical
behavior
April 22, 2023 16 of 16
End of my presentation.Questions?