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TITLE

INSTfTUTIONSPONS AGENCYPUB DATENOTE

PUB TYPE

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

DOCUMENT. RESUME

1.CE.040 984 '

Stationary Efigineers Apprenticeship. Related Trainingt odules; 14.1-14.4 Steam.

e Community,Coll'., Eugene, Oreg.on Statk Dept. of Education,'Salem.

For related document's, .see CE 040 971-990. Manyof the modules are duplicated in. CE 041' 004.'Guides - Clilssroom Use - MaterilAls (Pdr Learrier)',(051)

MF01/PC03 Phis Postage. -

z -

,-*ApprentiCeships; Behavioral Objective-s; Energy;,Energy OcCupations; *Equipment Maintenance; Job

. .

A Skills;-Job Training; Learning Module.; PostsecondaryEduqation; *Power Technology; *Ttade and Indlistria

. /. Education ...*ri.

.

IDENTIFIERS *Stationary Engineering; *Steam; SteamPoner PlantOperators

'ABST4WCT,

This learning module, one in a series of 20 related.training modules for apprentice stationary engineers, deals withsteam. Addressed in the individftl-instruct.ibnal packages included inthe module are the following topics: steamrformation 'and evairration,types of steam, and steam transport and purification. Eachinstructional package in he module contains some Or all of thefollowing: a lesson goal,' performance indicators, a study guide, aVocabulary'list, an introduction,,iRstructional text,'an assignment,a, job. sheet,'a.self-assessment activity; a* post-assessmentinstrument, answers to the post-assessment instrument, and a list. ofrecommended.suppl m btary references. (MN')

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St

**********************************************.**********************A*Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the bes): that can be made

from he original document.****************t*****************p*************tt*****A************

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U.S. DIPARTNIINT OF IDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITU1I OF EDUCATION

E0 ATIONAL RESOURCEg INFORMATION, CENTER IERICI

( This document hat been reproduced asreceived from the person or orgenliationoriginating O.

I i Mirror changes like boon made to Improvereproduction quelitY

Points of view or opinions stated in this docu

mem do not neceeasiily represent °Mad NIE'MONA or policy.'

A4

4

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS .

MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEk BY

TO THE EDUCATIONALINFORPIATIOkl CENTER (Fill ."

re4

11

ti

ti

STATVENT OF ASSURANCE

/

5'

IT IS THE POLICY OF TH DREGOl\ DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

THAT NO PERSON BE SUB ECTED TO D -S-CRIMINAT\ION ON THE

- BASIS OF RACE, NATIONAL ,ORIGIN, SEX, AGE, HANDICAP,OR

MARITAL STATUS IN ANY PROGRAM, SERVICE OR ACTIVITY FOR

-WHICH THE OREGON DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION IS RESPONSIBLE:

1.11 DEPARTMENT WILL COMPLY 'WITH THE REQUT IREKNTS OF STATETHE n

AND FEDERAL LAW CONCERNI NONDISCRIMINATIONNODISCRIMINATION AND WILL

STRIVE.BY ITS ACTIONS TO ENHANCE THE DIGNITY AND WORTH

OF ALL PERSONS,-

J

gATEMENT OF DEVELOPMENTete

THIS PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED. AND PRODUCED UNDER A SUB-CONTRACT

FOR THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BY LANE COMMUNITY

.COLLEGE, APPRENTICESHIP DIVISIONI_EUGENE,OREGON,'

LANE COMMUNITY COLLEGE IS AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION /EQUAL

OPPORTriNITY JNSTITUTION I

I,

ti

f

. ,

APPRENTICESHIP-

STATIONARY ENGINEERS

Page I/

,.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4.

RELATED, TRAINING 'MODULES

COMPUTERS

44

II

k

Digital LvguageDigital LogicComputer OverviewComputer Software

SAiTTY

2.1 General Safety t2.2 Hand Tool SafetyZ.3

2.4Power Tool SafetyFire SafetyHygiene Safety

..0,

2.6 Safety and Electricity.1

DRAWING I I

44,

3.1 Types of Drawings and Views 03.2 Blueprint Reading/Working Drawings

* 3.3

3.4Scaling and Dimensioning

( Machine and Wielding Symbols t

TC1S

4.1

4.2Measuring, Layout and Leveling ToolsBoring and Drilling Pools ,

4.3... Cutting Tools, Files and Abrasive40 Holding And Fastening Tools

,4.5 Fastening. Devicestr

ELECTRICITY/ELECTRONICS

5.1 Basics of Energy44.,, 5.2 Atarilic Theory

5.3 Electrical Conduction5.4 Basics of Direct Current5.5 IntroductiOn to Circuits

' 5.6' 'Leading Scales5.7 Using .a V.O.M.

,5.8 OHM'S LAW'5.9 Power andWatit's Law5.10 Kirchoff's Current Law5.11 Kirchoff's Voltage Law5.12 .Series Resistive Circuits5.13 Parallel Resistive Circuits5.14 Series Parallel Resistive Ci

14

t

.11

4.

4

5.15

5.16

5.17

'6.1,6.2

6.4

6.5

6.7

6.8,

6.96.10

6.14.

6.12

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.57.6

7.7

7.8

-7.97.10

7.11

7.12

7.13

'7.14

8.1

8.2

8.3

\-8.48.5

8.6

8.38.8

8.9

8.10

8.118.12

8.13

dr

Switches, and Relays _ .

Basics of AlternatingCurFenfh,Magnetism ,,.

HUMAN RE TIONS

Communications Skills '

FeedbackIndividual Strengths .

Interpersonal ConflictsGroup; Problem Solving, Goal-setting and Decision-making

Ubticsite . °

ResumesInterviewsWbuOilabits and AttitudesWider rhfluences and ResporlsibilitiesPeisonal Finance

,4

Expectations

TRADE MATH,

Linear - Measure'Whole NumbersAddition and SubtractIon of Common Fractiop and Mixed'NUmbers.Multiplication and. Division of Common Fractions and Whole ,and,

Mixed Numberi.

Compound NumbersPercentMathematic'al FOrmidas°

Ratio and ProportiOn

Page II .10

9 1

Perimeters, Areas and VoldmesCircumference and ide Area of CirclesArea of Planes, Figures, and Volumes of Solid FiguresGraphBasic TrigonometryMetrids

*to

UYDRAULICS,

Hydraulics - LeverHydraulics - Transmission'ofhydraulics - Symbols -'

Hydraulics - Basic Systems '

Hydraulics - PumpsHydraulics - Pressure 'Relief ValveHydraulics - ReservoirsHydraulics -. Directional Control Valve

Hydraulics 7 CyiindersHydraulics - Forces, Area, PressureHydraulics'.- .Conductors and Connectors

Hydraulacs TroubleshootingHydraUlics MaintenAnce

Force

J

S

I

REFRIGERATION

9.1 , Refrigeration. -.Introduction

.. 9.2 .Refrigeration - Compressors9.3 Refrigeration - Temperature Controls9.1 Refrigeration - Condenseri and Evaporation .:,-

9r5 Refrigeration - Purge,' Evpcuate, Recharge9.6 Refrigeration ..., Troubleshooting

, .

10.1

10.2y1.0.3

- 10.4

10.5

.I.

.4

MACAINE COMfONENTS .

Machine CaTor retits - Shafts

Machine Components - Bearirigs

Machine Components Seals and Gaskets"

;Madhine Cc portents -)Chain Shafts-Machine Componerits'- Belts and PUlleys

:LupRICATION ,//

11,1 Lubrication.- Introduction

,11.2 LUbrication - _Standards and Selection of Lubficants

BOILERS

12.1. ,Boilers

12.2 Boilers12:3 Bpiiers

12.4 Boilers12.5 .Boilers12.6 Boilers

12.7' Boilers

12.8 Boilers

12!9 Boilers

13.1

13.2

13.3

13.4

13.5

13.6

13.7

14.1

14.2

,14.3

14,4

15.1

15.2

PUMPS

?umps -Pumps --

Punips

Pumps -Pumps -Pumps.-

STEAM

e

Fire Woe. Types.

- .Watertube Types

- Constructionrittipgas /

- Cperttion- Cleaning- Heat Recovery Systems

- Instruments and Controls

/Piping and teain,Traps

Types and ClaesificationApplicationsConstructionCalculating Heat and Flow. .

OperationMonitoring and TroubleshootingMaintenance

Steam 7 Formation and WaporationSteam - Types-Steam - TransportSteam - Fprificatioax

4 1

TURBINES

Steam Turbines -.Typelk

Steam Turbines Components

,

I

Page TIP

15.3

15.4

16.1

16.2

16.3.16.4

16.'5

Steam Thrbines AuxiliariesSteath Turbines Operation and ,thaintertanceGag Thrbines

.CCMHUSTION

Canbustion - Procession - Types of Fuel

Air and Fuel Gaseson -Heat Transfer

ion Wood

FEEMATER

17.1 Feedwater lypas and Equitinent

t7es3

Feedwater - Water Treatments.Feedwater - 'floating

GENERA

.

18.1 Generators r 'Types and Construction

18. Ckoneratorfo Operation; .

AIR (COMPRESSORS

19.1 Mr Canpressors Types..

19.2 Mr Caupressoes, - Operation did Maio# nance

MI SCETIANEOUS

20.1 Transformers21.1 Circuit.Protection

22.1 Installation Ebundations,

22.2 Installation - Alignment(23.1 Trade 'Dorms

C

.

' , t

ENGINEER

SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCE' DIRECTORY.

All reference packets aee .numbereilo.

, ,,

theF Upper. eight7hand corner of tile-, respectiim cover ppgei

'SupplementaryPacket # Description

12.1

12.2

12,3.

12.7

'Correspondence Course,, Lecture 1 , Sec. 2, Steam Generators;;', Types,of Boilers I, .S.A. I ;I.', 'Calgary, Alberta Canada". ,

Related Traini n9,M3dUl e

12,1 re'Tube Type'

;Correspondence Course,, 'Lecture, 2, Sec'. 2, Steam Generators., TypeS.of Boi I ers' I I , S.A. I ,T. , gary berta , Canada

Correspondence Course, Lecture '2, Sec. 2, Steam t6nerators'r, BoilerConstruction & Erection, S . A: I Calgary Alberta,. Candda,-Col-responderre Course, Lecture 4, sa. 2 ;" Steam Geoeritors,' BoilerFittipgs II, S.A. I.T. Calgary,Mberta, Canada

or esonde ce Co. rse, LectOre 4, Sec. 2, Steam GeneratolIC,1,Bol 1 er*(

Fitt S.A. I .T Calgary, Al berta, Canada.t!

. fili

CorrespontlenceVse, lAgfike it10,, Sec. 2,, Steam'. Generation, Boi 1 e-i OperaWn, Main Onte,f+Uspection., S.A: I,.. Calgary,',A1 ber\a $ .

Eanad4 ik( '''..,, 0

.-- I -

I

- %, ftly,i, ( 4 4 i itc,

,, .....--sk, ft.

a

COrrespondence Course; Lecture 3, ,Sec. 24/4Steam Generation, BOtler'(retails, S.A.1.1": , 6,algary ., . Al berta'; Cairathl 4

4s ,

i 11 , :.14, 11. '''11

12 ti sBoi I ei:s

4111

12.3 Boil ers

.Wdter rube Type

:obstruction,12.4 Boilers; Fittings.. .

12:4 Boil erss

.12..5' .4.1 -hers , Operatipn

12:8 ' Refer to reference packet 144p/12.8.

13.1)3.213,4

- 13.6 ;

13.7 *:.11

13.3 . ,

13.5

*11".

i ,

12.7 B I 1 ers Heat Recovery/- Systems

,Correpondence CouA ; Lecture 9 Sec. 2,, ;Steam'Get4ator',. 'PowerPlant Jumps, S.A. I .T. , Cal garY , Alberta.; -Canada

,.

Corresppndence Course, Lecture ,6, Sec, 3, Steam Generators , Pumps

S.A. I Calgary, A) 'Arta , Canada4

PUMPS

13.1 Types & Cdrisi fi cad on134.2 Applications13,4 Calculating Heat & Flow13.6' Monitoring & 'troubleshooting13.7 Maintenance

13.3 Construction1,3.5 Operation

a

A

Stationary EngineerSupplementary:Reference Directory

Page.2:

Supplementaiy 4

Packet # Descr;iption.

*. e

14.3 .Correspondence Course,Lecture 6; Section 3, Steam Generators, Steam

12.8 Generator Controls, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

14.4 Correspo dence.Course, Lecture 11, Section 2, Steam Generators.,

-Piping 1, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

15.1 Corre

"Steam

pondenkce Course, LeC'ture 1\, Sec. 4, Prigie Movers &

urbines, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

,T5.2 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4, Sec! 3, Prfhle Movers, Steam

Turbines I, Calgary, Alberta, Canada /

15.3 CorrespondenceCoure, Lecture 2, Sec. 4.Prime Movers & Auxiliaries,

Steam Turbine Auxiliaries; S.A.IT., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

15.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6,, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Steam Turbine

Operation & Maintenance, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

15.5 Correspondence Course, Lecture 8, Sec. 3, Prime.Movers,. Gas TuAines,

S.A:I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 4

16.2 Boilers Fired with.Wood and Bark Residues D.D. Junge, F.R.L., O.S.U.

1975

16.2

16:3

17.1

Correspondence Course, Lecture 5, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Fuel.

CombuStion, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, COW

'Correspondence Course, Lecture 5,Sgc. 2,.Plant Services, Fuel &

Combustion, Calgary,,Alberta, Canada

Correspondence Course, Lecture 12, Sec. 3, Steam Generation, Water

Treatment, S.A.I.T,, Calgary,' Alberta, Canada

Correspondence Course, Lecture 12, Sec.'2,:Steam Generation,' Water

Treatment, Calgary,iAlberta, Canada..

ig

0,)

x

Related Training Module

14.3 Steam, Transport12.8 Boilers, Instruments &

Contols

14.4 Steam, Purification

15.1 Steam Turbines, Types

15.2 Steam Turbines, Components

15.3 Steam Turbines, Auxiliaries

15.4 Steam Turbines, Operation &Maintenance

15.5 GasJurbines

16.2. Combustion Types of Fuel,46

16,2 Combustion Types of. Fuel

7

16.3 Combustion, Air & Fuel Gases

17.1 Feed katdi Types &

Oreration

17.2 Feed eater, Water Treatments

Stationary Englneer-Supplementary Reference.Directory

Paige 3

..Supplementary,

.Packet Description '

wA Correspondence pouqe, Lecture 7, SeFeed Water Treatment, 5%A.I.T..,.Calg

17.3

18.1

144., ,

Ste*,Generators,'BoilerAlberta, Canada

CorreSPOndence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 5,;-Electricity Direct

Current Machines, S,A.I.T.,.Calgary, Alberta, Canada'

18.1 Correspondence Curse,, LeCture 4, Sec 4 ^5, dectricity, Alternating

18,2 Current ,Geneeatorsi.S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

0,

19.1 Corrspondence CoursY, Ature 5, Sec. 4, Prime Movers &Air CoMpressor. J, S.A.I,T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

immlot19.1

19.2

20.1

21:1.

22.1

12

.4

Related Training Module

17 3 ""Fed Watdr, Testing.!

Correspondence Course, Le4ure 6, Sec..4, Prime Movers & Auxiliaries, 19.1

Air' Compressors II, S.A.L.1., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Basic Electronics,fower Transformers, EL-BE-51

Correspondence Course, Lecture 7, sec. 5, Electricity, Switchgear

& Circuit, Protective'Equipment,.S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,/ CanadaAi

1Correspondence Course, Lectore,10, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Power Plant

Erection & Installation, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

.4)

eneratois, Types.&Construction

Oenerators, Types &

Construction .

Generators, Operation

Air GOmpressorsi Types

Atr CompressoYs, Types

19.2 Air Compressors, Operation

& Maintenance

20.1 'Transformers

11

21,1 CirCuit Protection

22.1 Installation Foundatl'ons.

1 3

RECOMMENDATIOtS FOR' USIG TRAINING MMUS 'r-

The-following'pages modules and their corresponding numbers for this

,particular-"apprenticeship trade. As related training classroom hour

vary 'for different reasons throughout the s te, we recommend that

theindivdual apprenticeship committees di ide the total packets to

fit their 'individual class schedutes.

Therp are over,130 modules available. Apprentices can complete the

whole set by the end of theirindentured.apprentfceships. Some

apprentices may already have knowledge and skills that are covered

in particular modules. In those .cases, pelliaps credit could be

granted for those subjects: allowing apprentcies to advance to tfle

'remaining modules.

We suggest the the apprenticeship instructors assign the modules in

numerical order to make this learning tool most effective.

.r

I

-Tape 1:

- c.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

ON CASSETTE TAPES c<

O

Eire TUbe Boilers - Water TUbe Boilersand Boildr Manholes and Safety. Predautions

Tape 2: , Boiler Fittings, Valves, Injectors,Nips and Steam Traps

Tape 3: Combustion, Boiler Care and Heat Transfe.and Feed Water Types

Tape 4:-. Boileafety and Steam Turbines

NOTE: The above cassette tapes are intended as additionalreference material for the respective moduled, asindicated,. and not designated as a required assignment.

0

Goal:

l

14.1-*

STEAM -- FORMATION AND.EVAFORATION

The'apprentice will be able todescribe.steam formation andevaporation.

4*/

1

' ;

Performance Indicators: w

1. Describe temperatures forsteam formation.

2. Describe types of heat. .

3.. Describe formation'of steam.'

4. Describe evaporation.

; 9

.

. .

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNIN

glo

7StUdy G

4.00080Moran000400.....0.00.

0,

A

IRead-the goal. and performance indicators tojfind-what is to be learned from.package.

Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will-be.used. package;

Read the introduction 4iid information sheets.

4I

Complete the job sheet.

Complete the self-assesament.'

Colplete the post-assessment.

.

44

44.

1

i.

J I

QP%0 Iv

o

e.

,

O

.

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING' SYSTEMS

O

a :104

4

Vocabulary

* Celsius staleLL

* Condensation

*. Evaporation

* Fahrenheit. scale

Latent heat

.Latent heat of fusion

* jatent heat of evaporation

* Saturation temperature,

.A

1 4

t

Sensible heat

* 'Temperature of evaporation

..* Temperature of vaporization

* Vapor

;

pp

o

al

.

9 tOk

, .

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

°Introduction

Steam formation requires water to be'changed from a'liquid to a vapor 'stat.

. Thia.requires that water be heaterto the boiling point. 'Two types of- :heat are

wed,.. in converting iwater-to.steam. One is a sensible heat that. raises the

temperature to boiling dnd a latent heat '-that will change the state of water'without further rise in temperature4-

..

. .

. .

The apprenticefshould(havea theoretical understanding of .the ,steam formatiol

profess.1

.

..I

.

.

ti

4

Rt

e

A

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING' SYSTEMS .

nformatign\iiiTilLOLVE1

ow

....

.

Heat is used to convert solid's into liquids and liquids intes. Steam isI'

.regarded as a vapor instead of a gas.because it does not fol ow all of the rulesof gaseous behavior The process of converting water to steam requires 10090.

The Fahrenheit sod* which is common to:Americanthought.has a freezing point of320'and a boilinePoint of 212°. Regardless of theAeasuring scale, Nateralustreach boiling point before steam is produced.

The boiling. point will vary lit differentlevations above sea level. Also, theboiling,point will vary with the pressUr s.that ape. placed upon the liquid. The100° C is based on atmospherid pressure. Liquids under pressure will boil at a.range of temperatures which are controlled by the pressure. --Water will boil at4high altitudes much quicker than at sea level.

Types of Heat

110

0,

Sensible heat is heat that can be Sensed and measured with a thermometer.Latent heat is a hidden heat that may cause, a state of change in anothersubstance withoutchanging the temperature of the substance. If ice is beingchanged into its liquid state, the welting temperature is 0 C. As the icecontinues As melting, the temperature'will remain at (PC until it is water.'When latent heat is used to convert a solid'to a liquid, it is called thelatent heat of fusion.

If 'latent heat is.applied to water at 10eC, the water will change to a vaporstate. The water will continue to boil at 100'1C. The heat that ,convertsliquids to a vapor form is ed the latent heat of evaporation.

Formation of Steam

Water is heated to the boiling point with sensible heat. After boiling point,the, latent heat changes :the water into steam. Steam is formed at the boilingpoint temperatube. That temperature may bemore or less than a 100'C, dependingon the pressure in relation to atmospheric pressure: That.boiling point is

called the temperature of _vaporization or temperature of evaporation or

saturation temperature. That is the temperature at which steam formation takesplace. '

Evaporation

If we set a pan of water in the sun, it will slowly disappear throughevaporation, If we add heat to the pary,.the water will evaporate much quicker.

IN RUQTIONAL ',EARNING SYSTEMS

InformIn:the process,' of vaporation; the water simply turns into vapor form and flbats

,away. In steam oduction, he process of evaporation is,cOntrolled by steam

. =

se,peration.losuip ent,- Conde ion is the opp,site ofevaporation.' As the

vapor cools, i s converted lack ailiquid state.

I

v.

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SY TEIstiS

nment


Complete the self-assessment and check( answer

* Complete the post-assessment and ask the.inst uctor tocheck hnswers.

.44

CA I

4

s

22

, .

\LINSTRUCTIPNAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

A .

ob SheetCHECK BOILING TEMPERATURE

,* .Obtain a Celsfus scale thermometer that records beyon1000C.

* Place a teapot or water on the burner and place thermometer in water so-that.it can be read. (Note temperature of water.)

* Light burner and bring water to boiling.point.-

4C Allow water to continue Wiling for 10 minutes.

* Which temperature readings show sensible heat?

* temperature readings show latent heat?

'* What is the bqiling point. of water?

(Note temperature4).

(Note temperature.)

e

Assessment1.1

MATCH THE'FOLLOWING 'VRMS AN1rPHRASES.

1

......

. Celsius scale

2. Fahreiheit scale

3. Latedt heat

.4. Latent heat of fusion

5. Sensible heat

6. Latent heat of evaporation

7. Temperature of evaporation

8. Condensation

f.

41I

10. 0

9. Evaporation

0

s.

..01^"las

As Chan a quid t9 gas

N

. Changes solidAllo liquid.

C. Boiling point 1000.

)'D. Changing of liquid y) vapor.

E. Boiling point 2126.

F.: Freezing point on Celsius.

G. Hidden heat that changes formsof substances with changingin temperature.

H. The boiling point after..adjustment lor4pressurq.

I. The opposite of evaporation.

J. Heat that can be snsed ormeasured.

1

.

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS'A

S.cl# Assessment.Answers, 1)

9

. -

'1 4

9,2.

G 3.

B 4.

J, 5. S.

A0

H 7. '

I 8.

D 9.

9

c!.

9

.c

}

,.

L."

.INSTRUCTIONA LEARNING SYSTEMS

*PostAssessment

liormirmormomworsomommumsommermy

gar

1." The .

point Of 20110.

2. The.

of 1000'.

4.

r .

scale has ,a freezing .point *of 320 and a boiling

scale has a freezing point o 0 and a boiling point..

3. The exact point at which water boils'is determined, by theon the water.

4. Steam is regarded as a.

to

behave by the 'rules of most gases.because ,it does not

5. A heat that can be sensed. and measure is calledheat.

6. A . hiddentemperature

7. A heat that

heat that changes `water to steam without ibtreasiOg thei9 called heat.

I

converts a solid into a liquid is called the latent heat oft

8. The exact boiling point /.where steam.is formed is called the temperature,of

is the opposite of evaporation.

10. The Vaporization of a liquid is,called

4.1

I # .

1'

A

y.

4

INSTA TION61.. LEARNING SYSTEMS

Iristructor.

Post AssessmentAnswers

Fahrenheit

Celsius

3. Pressure

4. Vapor

5. Sensibl

6. Lat

7. 'Fusion

h.

0

Vaporization or evapOration or satdration

9. Condensation

ro. Evaporation

12

l

ft,

1

gr.

t

INSTRUCTIONALLEARNINCi SYSTEMS:

SupplerrientaryRferences

t

dr

* Select own reacting material for this paCkage.

41

r,.

111

D.

13

2d

c

0.

1 ,

14.2 4

STEAM. -- TYPES

p

I.

4

Goal:

The apprentice will, be able to_describe. types 44 steam.

".

4

1

Performance Indicators:

' 1. .Describe saturated steam.

2. Describe diy Steam.

3. Describe wet steam..,

4. Describe superheated steam.

5. Descdbe steam tables.

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING tYSTEMS

I

'Study Guide

Read the goal and performance indicators to find what is to-be.learned frompackage.

.Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will be used in package.

Read the introduction. amd information sheets.

Complete the job sheet,

Complete self-adsessment.

Complete post-assessment.

.0,

4,

O


'Vocabularysaturated steam

* Sa prated steam

Steam tables

Thermodynamic properties

Wet steam

3

r

1

INiSrAUCTIONALLEARNING SYSTEMS

IntroductionAlthough all steam is formed at the temperature of evaporation, it will differin its thermodynamic properties. These differences can affect the efficiency ofplant operption unless they are understood..

Some steam has heavy concentrations of suspended water particles which cancreate problems for turbine blades. Most plants use'superheaterstowaise thetempeAtture of the steam beyond the temperature of evaporatidn. .An operatormust understand the basic types of steam in order to,deal with its applicationsin pdwer production.

ek.

.'

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Information6

Water turns to steam when heated,to a 1000C at atmospheric pressure. This

bo ing' point temperature is. the saturation temperature. The saturation

to perature will vary according to the .pressure on the,water.

Saturated Steam

Saturated steam is steam at the temperature of saturation or evaporation. It iS

steam that has just undergone conversion from the liquid'to.a.vapor'state:

Wet Steam

A. .

Saturated'steam with particles'articles Of water suspended within

steam.

ury Saturated Steam

stem is called wet

Saturated steam 14thout suspended water particles is called dry saturated 'steam.

Superheated Steam,

Steam 'cools and-starts reverting to water. This creates a wet steam that is

undesirable. To avoid wet steam, saturated steam is heated beyond the

temperature of saturation. Steam with temperatures higher .than saturation

levels is called superheated stean%; uPerheated steam is used. in turbines. so

that erosion of blades by wei steam can e avoided.

Steam Tables,

.

The properties of steam will vary with the pressure. Steam tables have been

developed #to Show the thermodynamic _properties of steam at various pressures.

The thermodynamic properties include volume, latent and sensible heat values,

relationships of,heat and pressure and internal energy values of steam...Steam

tables are available for saturated and su erheated steam. The operator must

know how to read the steam tables andinte prat the information for practical

applications,,' The following steam table, shows the saturation temperatures under

,pressures ranging from 1/4 pound to 3206 pounds absolute., .

4 1.

061

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS40.1.8WINNIIMNIMMIMMNINIIVrINNWIIMIINNO=MIO

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0. 745 92.29 70 302.92 1 260 404.42 450 454415 800. 518.23 2100 442.77

1. 0 101.74 80 312.03 I 270 407.78 460 458M 825) 62479 k_200 744346

I.5 115.49 90 320.27 i 2130 411.05 470 440.48 1 850 57.5.24 23oo 665.91

2.0 126.08 * loo 327.81 290 414.23 480 462.821. 875 528.66 2400 662.12

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INSTRUCTIONALLE INQ SYSTEMS

issignment0

Complete job. sheet.

Complete the self-assessment and check answers.

Completethe post-assessment and ask the instructor to check your answers.

35


I I.

Job Sheet1

ring a saturated steam table, find the saturation temperatures at the followingtessures.

1. 14.6 pounds

2. 40 pounds

3. 420_Rounds

4. 1600 pounds

ti 5.r3206 pounds

es

F

What issatmospheric pressure at sea level? -.

-AftII, What absolute pressure?

I

0

v

IN§TRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Self.-,.Assessment.

4

Match the following terms and phrases.

IFIIII=0 1. Saturated steam

A. Dry steam

3. Superheated steam

4. Wet steam

5. Steam tables

l

A. Steam with temperatureshigher than temperature, ofevaporation.

B. Steam with suspended water.particles.

C. Steam without suspended waterparticles.

D. Shows thermodynamic propertiesof steam.

Steam at tempOrature ofevaporation.

q4


Self AssessmentAnswers

V 1)

a

17

a

4

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS.

1PostAssessment

4

1. Where can an operator find the thermodynamic values of steam atsteam

levels of pressure?

various

2, Why is superheated steamfused for.turbine operation?'

3. What is saturated steam called ten it has water.'particlea suspendedthe steam?

within

,Aere

What is steam called when at the'temperature..of evaporation?

5. What is the temperature.of evaporatiOn at atmospheric pressure?

V

1

11

39

INSTRUCTIQ I. LEARNING SYSTEMS'

Instructorcost AisessmeptAnswers e.

A

a

21 d

4

1,' Steam tables'

2. Preyent erosion of turbine blades by wet steam..

3. ,Met steam

40+. Saturated steam

5. 100°C

0

1.

12

1;

V

.

4

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARN 1:3 SYSTEMS.

*SupplementaryReferences

t71

.

* Saturated Steam, Tdbles proviOd by instructor or from reference' library.

t,

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"0,

13

41,

I/

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runuccon4u. ukinme xesurto

6

14.3

STEAM -- TRANSPORT

1.

4

4)

Goal:

le apprentice will be able todftcribe steam transport.

Ns)

Performance Indicators:

1. Describe condensate removal.

Describe piping, pipe insulationand valve control.

3. Describe separators and traps.

INSTRUCTION L LEARNING S'YST

Study Guide

*

MS

Read. the goal and performance indickors to find what is to be learned from

package.

Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will be used in package.

Read the Introduction and information sheets.


Complete self-assessment.4

* Complete post-assessment.

INSTRUCTIONAL, LEARNING SYSTEMS

Vociibulary* Drip or drain line

Insulation .

K value

Steam separaktor

Steam trap

Thermal conductivity4

* Water hammer

19

iINSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

°Intro ucti

This package briefly described the movement of steam throutt-cptOfig and

provisions for removing condensate from the steam line: Other packages have

dealt with the specifics of piping, steam purification and valves. Although

these items are important to the transport of steam, they will not be repeated in

detail in this package.

t

5,

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEM

Information6

V

The transport.of steam through piping must be carefully controlled. Water mustbe continually drained.from the steam. The presence of water ip the steam willcreate the condition known as water hammer. Water hammer can cause an explosionin the lines and equipment damage. Air.and carbon dioxide must also be removedfrom the lines. Drainage must be.provided for'all types of 'steam includingsunbrheated teami Any cooling of the steam produces condensate which candamaga, turbines and other equipment. Drains and drip lines must be installedat all where.condensate is likely to collect.

Drip or Drain Lies

Drip or drain lines should by installed at natural drainage points such as:

* At the ends of mains* Ahead of risers

Ahead\of Apansion joints and bends* Ahead,of'valves and regulators

O

A drip leg should be provided at each drainage The drip leg should bethe same diameter as the pipe. The drip leg allOS gravity drainage of waterfrom the, steam flow.

Water Hamer

4. Water hammer is.

.a condition in the line that results in shock Wavies that

resemble hammer blows. It usually occurs in steam lines as a' result ofcondensate in'the line. The water or condensate tends to trap pockets of,steam.The cooler water condenses the steam which creates a pressure pocket.Equalization o this-pressure pocket causes shock waves in the pipe.

Most water hammer can be avoided by installing drains, drip pockets and trapg toremove the condensate from the steam lines. Steam valves should be opened.slowly; with drain\valves open, allowing the line to warm up. Hot steam:in acold line can create' condensate and water hammer.

Pipe Insulation

Powel plant pipe is covered with insulation tb prevent heat loss . andcondensation.- The insulation is also a safety feature to prot ct employees fromgetting' burns. The material should be of high insulation value and able towithstand corrosion." Insulation materials are selecte on the basis of. their

41114 thermal conductiviti jC value. The K value indicates the a unt of heat that will'di

4

.s,

iNSTROCITIPNAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

°Informalbe transmitted through a material.' Since insulation is the exact opposite ofconductivity, the lower the:Uvalue of a material, the better is .its insulatingquality. Some common insulating materials and their K values are:

* Plastic foams .09 .28 K* Glass fiber .29 .35 K* Magnesia .35 .42 K* Calcium silicate .37 .60 K* Asbestos .37 .72 K

* .Reflective metal .66 K t

* Diatomaceous silica :70 .80 K

Valves

40Several types of)valves are used in the transport of steam. Valves are selectedaccording to their specific functions in the movement of steam. Valves havebeen discussed in detail, in other packages on boiler piping and boiler fittings.

Pipe

There are many types and sizes of pipe in a power plant. Pipe is selected towithstand specific conditions of pressure, temperature and resistance tocorrosion. Pipe construction is. discussed in a package on boiler piping and willnot be repeated .here. The selection of the proper diameter pipe and pipe'material is important to safe and efficient operation of a steam plant.

(../.Steam Separators and. Steam Traps

Stew separators remove condensate from steam. They are commonly called steampurifiers. The separators are designed with baffles or centrifugal devices thatseparate the water from the steam to prevent water hammer and erosion caused bywet steam. ...\

A steam trap hs-a device wh\h removes water from steam separators and steamlines without the loss:of steam. everal types of traps are used for phis

1 41purpose. 6 ,

A more detailed treatment of steam purifiers and steam traps is included in thenext package of this series -- Steam Purification.

47


Assignment.

Read page 1, 20-34 in supplementary reference.

Complete he self-asbessment and check your answers.

Complete theipost-assessment and havethe instructor check your answers.,

p

,41

4

4. 4

/N.;

it

I

.48


SelfAssessmerit

List 3 plSces where drip or drain lines .should be installed?

2. What causes water hammer in steam lines

How can water hammer be prevented?

0

4.; On insulation materials, what does:the K value mean?

5. "Which of the ollowing insulation material have the best insulation quality?

Asbestos .5 K

* Glass fiber .3 i

4

R 49 \


Self AssessmentAnswers C I

1. At end bf mains, ahead of risers, ahead of expansion joints and bends,ahead of valves and regulators.

Condensate

Removing condehsate from steam lines and warming up lines before steam/flow.

4. Thermal conductivity

t I

Glass fibe. The lower value is best.

\-0

I

4'

.

INSTRUCTIONAL .LEARNING SYSTEMS

Assessment

Match 4the following terms and phrases:

1. Water hammer.

Drip leg

3. K value

'4. Steam trap

. Steam separator

Ther0e1 conductivity

B. Device for r4oval of water.from separators

C. Steam pUrifier

D. Should be installed at eachdrainage point

E.. Caused by condensate insteam line

51.

N

b


InstructorPost AssessmentAntwers

E 1.

D

A

C

2.


SupplementaryReferences

1r

,* Correspondence Course. Lecture 11, Section\ 2, Second Class. SteamGenerators. Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Calgary, Alberta,Canada.

14

x. 4

LEAVWX MUM)

14.4

STEAM -- PURIFICATION

-Goa

r2IP

44,

';/The apprentice will be able to

describe the process of steam

. purification:

4

Performance Indicators

1. Describe

2. Describe

Describe

4. Describe

3.

I

steam Separation,

steam scrubbers.

superheaters.

steam traps.

r.

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING 'SYSTEMS

'Study Gm:le

%t1 Read the goal and performance indicators to find what is to be learned frompackage. w

w.

Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will beiused in package.

d th introduction and information sheets.

Completethe job sheet.

Complete self-assessment.

Complete- post - assessment..

I

2

4i)

V

4

6

ti

5$

INISTRUCilONAt LEARNING -SYSTEMS

*Vocabulary

* Baffle type separator

* Balanced pressure trap

Ball float trap

* Centrifugal type separator

* Controlled disc trap

* Inv erted bucket trap'

* Liquid expansion trap

4 Mechanical traps

* \Metallic expansion. trap

..* Scrubber elements

Sediment separator

Steam scrubber

* Steam separatOr

* Superheater

* Thermodynamic traps

Thermostatic traps

* Tilting disc impulse trap

3

1

5

4


Introductipn44k4

...The purity of steam that entert the turbine will determine its efficiency of

operation and its machine life. Steam purification refers to the removal of

-condensate from steam.

Several pieces -of specialized equipment 'contribute to the purification process.Essentially, steam separators,- scrubbers and superheaters remove the moisturefrom steam: Steam traps collect and dispose of the condensate without a loss ofsteam. Although steam separators are commonly referred to as purifiers,scrubbers, superheaters' and traps are vitalto completion of the 'purificationprocess.

4

5'r

INSI/FIUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMSLI

Information AO

Oki 400411001#

Limr.wwww#######=10.*

Steam purification refers to the removal of condensate from, the steam along with

air and carbon dioxide. As steam flows through a pipe it tells to cool and

condense. This produces condensate (water) which can cause a rupture of the

piping due to water hammer or cause erosion damage to the turbine blades. The

major piece of/equipment for steam purification is the steam separator.

ikeam Separators

There are two basic types df steam separators:

1. Baffle We-'

2. Centrifugal type

The baffle.type steam separator is usually-

.

II located in the main steam drum and .

of the drum internals: It ha t§ corril

baffles and walls which collect moistureand rIverses the steam fl,w4:. The reversal.of steam flow slings the water particlesout of the steam.

The centrifugal type separator uses centrifugal baffles to swirl the steam which

tosses the water particles to the side walls. The separated water drains out.The purified steam passes through the baff10 to the outlet..

CENTRIFUGAL BAFFLES

55 CONDARY BAFFLES DRAIN

441

5,8

01


0

Information""""assoarmmaaaaa.a.

Steam Scrubbers

I

..1.11Immall1011101111161.1

A secofid stage of purification is performed by steam scrubbers. A scrubberconsists of corrugated steel plates or scrubber elements. The scrubber elements'are closely arranged and overlap slightly. ,.The steam is forced ,to change'directions as it passes over the corrugated sections of the scrubber. Moistureand solids that escaped through the separator are thrown out of the steam flow..The water drains,out and the steam moves upward to the outlet.

di

Superheater

After the saturated steam leaves the drum it is iped to a specialized heatingsurface that is called a superheater: The su rheater wrings all remaining

sture from the steam by heating the steam well beyond the temperature ofaturation. This is the third stage of the purification process. A superheater

consists of several parallel tube circuits that run between headers.

*.y Superheaters are classified according to the wely.in which they receive heat* --radiant, convection or.a combination. They can be classified according to thelocation of the headers -- overdeck, interdeck, interbank and intertube. Somesuperheater arrangements are shown belgw and on the next page,

WASHWAtIKDISI/11004 N* oar PAH

COMMA= !MONK

11100KAISDAATI TRAYS

WIIIIIJAISH PACK

DOW CO1LICIO.lAtfli

Steam Washer

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Steam TRAPS

Steam traps are an important part oremoved in separation must be drai

the same time. Several-types of tra

from separators and lines. These are

This ellII*1011141 ream* owl amvvoittlwmeporkseter, swamped Is *voila& pool.timpay hos extra large ma 'et the 1101111

4the steam purification process. The water

d off without allowing steam to escape at

s have been devised to remove the water

lassified according to the principles of

operation.

1. Mechanical Traps

a. Ball float type,b. Inverted bucket type

2. Thermostatic Traps

a.

b.

c.

Balanced pressure typeLiquid expansion type'Metallic expansiop type

Thermodynamic Traps

_,. 4.. "

a. Tilting disc impulse typeb. Codtrolled disc trap

BEST COPY AVAILABLEt,

The mechpnical traps operate by a float mechanism which responds to the

differend"e in densities of steam and water. Both the ball float and inverted'

bgcket traps operate on mechanical principles.

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Ball Float Trap

Inlet4 .

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InvestedBucket

The thermostatic trap operates on thedifference*in temperature between waterand steam. The hot condensate entersthe and heats .an alcohol mixture,that is encased in the trap. Theheating of the alcohol causes increased 4,pressure and the discharge valve closes.,.Asthe condensate cools, the pressure

:win be reduced to open the valve. A

balanced pressure trap,is shown.*

8

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413

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4

Thermodynamic traps respond to the beat of thesteam and .condensate,controlled disc tbap diagram is featured below..

CONTROL CHAMBER CONTROLLED DISC CAPSULE INLET ORIFICE

,HEATING CHAMBER OUTLET "USAGES

M11111111111111111111111

Sediment Separator,

Some provision Must.-bemade for keeping scale deposits. from fouling up the s am

.traps. The traps should be fitted with strainers to screen out debtis.

Trap Piping

The installation of traps should allow for clean out and repair. A typical

arrangement for trap piping is shown in the following diagram.

f47.4

, 01614 Valve c

' Gut Valver74!

Gat* Valvt

Tem Valve

Inks

IllowOffValve

BEST COPY AVAILABLE.


Assignment

Read pages 1 - 15 in supplementary reference.

Complete self-assessment and check answers.

Complete post-assessment and have instrulior check answers.

t

10

flair4-

4

r

'INSTRUdTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Asestment'Match the folloWing terms and phrases.

1. Steam purification

erA

Baffle type

A. A type of superheater

Second stage of purification

3. Balanced pressure C. First stage .of purification

4'. Inverted bucket

5.' Tilting disc impulse1.0

6. Convection type*

7. Steam scrubber

8. Steam separator

9. Superheater'

10. Scrubber element

4, D.' ,Removal of condensate from steam.

E. Third stage of1

:purification

F. A. thermodyn c trap

G. A type of s, team separator

H. A mechaniipal trap

f

I. Corrupted steel plates.

4//J. A th rmostatic,trap,

$ INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

elf AssessmentAnswers

D

J

H

F

A

5.

B 7.or

( 1

A.

4./

Mb

1N$TRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

1. List two major. types of steam separators.

)

2, Where are steam separators usually 164t d in the steam plant?

What is steam purifiction?

4. What eqUipment is used in the second stage of stea purification?

5. What are the.corrugated steel plates of a scrubber ailed?

6. What is the name ofthe specialized heating surface that takes over thethird stage purification of steam?

AP

7. List three types of thermostatic traps.

8. List two types of mechanical traps.

List two types of thermodynamic traps.

10. List three types of supereaters based on the Way they receive heat.

7'

Instructor'Post AssessmentAnswers

1. Baffle, centrifugal.

'2. Steam drum .

Removal of condensate

4. Steam scrUbbe

S71"ubbeT elements

'6. Superheater

7. Balanced(pressure, liquid expansion, metallic expansion

8. Ball float, inverted bucket

/NOW

9. Tilting disc iwpulse, contr111ed disc

10. Radiant, convection and combination

nt

r.#

.n.

At

4

INSTAUCTIONAL. LEARNING SYSTEMS

.1

SupplementaryReferences

Correspondence Course., Lecture 11, Settion 2, Second Class.: SteamGenerators. Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Calgary, Alberta,Canada. :

O

O

15

ft

t,

t .

included - files.eric.ed.gov · PDF fileMirror changes like boon made to Improve ......

Documents

Transcript of included - files.eric.ed.gov · PDF fileMirror changes like boon made to Improve ......