Inca Civilization While the Aztec empire grew in Mexico, another powerful empire was taking shape in...
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Inca Civilization
While the Aztec empire grew in Mexico, another powerful empire was taking shape in
South America.
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Who were the Inca?• Native American tribe in
South America
• Lived between the 1200’s – 1500’s
• By 1400, Inca empire consisted of over 12 million people– Expanded through present
day Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Argentina.
– Covered over 2,000 miles
– Most Inca ruins can be found in modern day Peru.
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Where did they live?
• Cuzco = Inca capital – Known as the “City of the Sun”– Center of government, trade, learning
and religion
• Machu Picchu = Inca “resort area” for the nobility
• Andes Mountains– Land also included: desert,
fertile valleys, some rainforests
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What did they do?• They used natural stone in
their architecture. – They didn’t use mortar.
– They would cut huge stones into an exact fit.
• Used aqueducts for irrigation purposes– Pipe or channel designed
to carry water from a distant source
– Can be carried over 500 miles
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• Built terraces on mountainsides in the Andes Mountains– Terraces were used for living space
as well as farming• Many of terraces and aqueducts
are still used today
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• Kept extra food in storehouses in case the crops failed one year.
• Built over 19,000 miles of roads used for pedestrians (no wheeled vehicles)
– Used to help govern their empire– Provided speedy travel for the army as
well as the trade caravans
– Used runners to send messages since they didn’t have a written language
• roughly 250 miles per day were traveled
– They also made a series of rope bridges and tunnels when obstacles got in their way.
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• Conquered smaller groups of people to build an empire of 12 million people
– Used brutal fighting to conquered other tribes
– 2,500 miles of land in empire
– Empire divided into provinces, collected taxes, government took care of sick and elderly
• Crops were used to pay taxes (similar to Aztecs and Mayans)
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How did they live?• Mostly farmers – economy based on agriculture
– Potatoes (papa) were the most important food of the Incas
• Could be planted at high elevations and resisted frost
– Corn (sara) – over 20 varieties created, grown only in lower regions
• Also grew squash, tomatoes, chili peppers and cotton.
• Traded with other communities, built empire with roads and aqueducts
• Used astronomy to plan their crops. – Terraces were at different heights – plants were
planted a specific times for the height of the terrace.
• Pillars around Cuzco helped them time their plantings. When the sun rose or set between sets of pillars, it was time to plant crops at certain altitudes.
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• Polytheistic religion– Worshiped many gods
• Most were nature gods.• Believed that certain objects were sacred
(huacas). – Could be a river, a rock, a stone temple, small
charm or amulet. » Would pray to the huacas to keep the
gods happy.– Also burial sites were considered sacred
because they believed in an afterlife.
– Viracocha = most important god of the Incas, creator of all the people of the Andes
• Viracocha / Kukulkan / Quetzalcoatl
– Music was used in religious ceremonies. • Sacrificial items were typically animals.
However, humans were sacrificed in times of disaster or special occasions.
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• Developed a counting system – Based on 10s
• No written language– Recorded information on knotted strings
called quips
• Main cord about 2 feet long with several colored strings attached
– Colors = different items
– Knots = sizes and interval apart stood for the specific number
– Written language didn’t exist until the Spanish conquest.
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• They had a rigid social structure divided into two groups – farmers and nobles. – You were not allowed to change social
classes.
– People of high rank wore special headbands and earrings to distinguish themselves
• The government system was also highly developed. – Emperor was at the top.
• He was considered to be a direct descendant to the sun god.
• He ruled with the help of nobles to carry out his orders.
– Governors were also put in place to maintain control of the various regions outside of the capitol.
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• Tamed and used llamas– Largest native animal of Western
Hemisphere to be tamed– Used for transportation of both men and
materials• Incas - only group in Latin America to use the
llama to help them work• Llama able to travel long distances without
additional water
• Uneven ground = 6-12 miles per day• Even ground = 20-25 miles per day
• Can run faster than a horse when necessary– Also provided wool and food
• Wool used to make clothing, blankets, ropes and sacks to carry goods
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Why did the Inca empire fall?• 1533 – A Spanish conquistador, Francisco
Pizarro, defeated the Incas– He landed in Peru with about 180 soldiers
– Atahualpa, the Incan emperor, was invited to a feast by Pizarro.
• When Atahualpa arrived, Pizarro ambushed him, captured him. He offered Pizarro a room filled with gold in exchange for his freedom.
• Pizarro allowed him to fill the room full of gold (24 tons of gold and silver) . . . When he was finished, Pizarro cut his throat and took the gold.
– Much of the gold was melted down and sent back to Spain.
• After Pizarro killed Atahualpa, Pizarro captured the city of Cuzco.
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Why did the Inca empire fall?
• By 1535, the Inca empire had been crushed by the Spanish.
• Similar to the Aztec empire, the Inca outnumbered the Spanish . . . . But they still lost!– How did the Spanish defeat them again?
• Smallpox • Spanish weapons• Spanish convinced other tribes under Inca
rule to join them in the fight in defeating the Inca empire.
– Remaining Inca were forced to work on the encomiendas.
• Many died from European diseases – smallpox and influenza.
• Pizarro was eventually killed by other Spanish leaders in search of his wealth he had acquired while governor of colonial lands.
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Do the Inca exist today?• The Inca bloodline still exists today.
• About 8 million descendants live in South America – the Quecha.– They speak the Quechuan
language and follow the beliefs and customs of the ancient Inca Empire.
– Junior Scholastic article . . . . Life in the Andes.