Inactive lifestyle

Risk!!

• Inactive life style = the same risk as hypertension• Inactive life style = the same risk as cholesterol• Inactive life style = the same risk as smoking• An inactive lifestyle is the same heart risk as hypertension or cholesterol or

smoking• Choose exercise and manage your risk correctly• Wellness World for your health• SMS “risk” and your name to 082 4577989 and we will contact you with more information

Harvard Alumni study

• This monumental study probably was the turning point that has finally influenced the longstanding dispute between physical activity and coronary heart diseases.

• At present, there is no doubt that physical activity is one of the four primary risk factors for heart diseases, ie: – physical inactivity, – smoking, – high cholesterol and – high blood pressure (hypertension).

Relationship between physical activity and morbidity rate as found in the Harvard Alumni study.

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0Blair & Meridith, 1994

• In this study, the health reports of 1700 students enrolled with Harvard University between 1916 – 1950 were examined.

• These students also completed a questionnaire about their lifestyle between 1962 – 1966 and then they were followed up for 16 years. The major causes of death were:

» Cardiovascular (45%)» Cancer (32%)» Other natural causes (13%)» Trauma (10%)

• From 2.2, it is clear that those who consumed less than 500 k.cal/week showed the highest death rate.

• Even ‘n little more activity to the next category (500 – 999) made a big difference.

• Participation in physical activity appears to have a salutogenic (healing) effect.

Unhealthy lifestyle

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Barlow et al, 1990

SBD >140 mmHg Cholesterol >260mg/dL Roker

• Age-adjusted deaths

• Deaths/10 000 man years

• Smoker

• Hence it appears that even though a person lives unhealthily but falls in the highly active group, his health status is beter than that of those who are in die healthy group but are physically inactive.

• The strong salutogenic (healing) effect of physical activity is clear from this.

• This trend is also confirmed by the work of Barlow and his co-workers (1) (Figure 2.6). They prefer to use fitness to divide the group showing coronary risk factors.

Waist-to-hip ratio

This is not just a “potbelly”!!

• It is as great a heart risk as hypertension or high cholesterol or smoking!

• Choose exercise and manage your risk correctly

• Wellness World for your health• SMS “risk \” and your name to 082 457 7989 and we will contact you

with more information. The first five persons to SMS will each win a free clinical, physical and fitness evaluation.

● The distribution of body fat is recognised as an important indicator of the health risks of obesity

● Individuals with more fat around the waist, specifically abdominal fat, have a higher risk of :● hypertension● type 2 diabetes● High percentage of fat in the bloodstream● Coronary arterial disease● Premature death

● Health risk increases with waist-to-hip ratio● For young men and ladies, the waist-to-hip ratio posing health risks

is from – 0.94 men– 0.82 women

● For ages 60 to 69 years, the waist-to-hip ratio posing health risks is from– 1.03 for men and– 0.90 for women.

Benefits of exercise: Heart

Mechanism by which exercise contributes to the prevention of primary and secondary heart disease

A. Maintenance of increase in myocardial oxygen supply

1. Retards progression of coronary atherosclerosis• Increases lipoprotein profile ( HDL / LDL)• Increases carbohydrate metabolism (insulin

sensitivity)• Reduces platelet aggregation and increases

fibrinolysis• Retards adiposity

2. Increases coronary collateral vascularisation

3. Increases coronary blood flow (Myocardial perfusion)

B. Reduces myocardial oxygen demand1. Reduces basal heart rate

2. Lowers systolic blood pressure

C. Increases myocardial function1. Increased stroke volume

2. Increased myocardial contra-activity

D. Increases electrical stability of the myocardium

1. Reduces regional ischemia

2. Reduces catecholamines in myocardium

Benefits of exercise: Heart

Mechanism by which exercise contributes to the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease

A. Maintains or increases myocardial oxygen supply

1. Delays progression of coronary atherosclerosis• Improves lipoprotein profile( HDL / LDL)• Improves carbohydrate metabolism( (insulin

sensitivity)• Decreases platelet aggregation and increases

fibrinolysis• Decreases adiposity

2. Increases coronary collateral vascularization3. Increases coronary blood flow (myocardial

perfusion)

B. Decreases myocardial oxygen demand

1. Decreases resting heart rate

2. Decreases systolic blood pressure

C. Increases myocardial function

1. Increases stroke volume

2. Increases myocardial contractility

D. Increases electrical stability of myocardium

1. Decreases regional ischemia

2. Decreases catecholamines in myocardium

Obesity

Guidelines for rate of mass loss

• The safe medically accepted mass loss per week is 1% of body weight, ie 1 kg per week if the patient weighs 100 kg. If mass loss is higher than the accepted norm, the risk arises that it is loss of water and muscle (heart muscle) rather than fat loss.

WEIGHT / MASSA

WEIGHT LOSS / MASSAVERLIES

40 kg 0,40 kg/w

45 kg 0,45 kg/w

50 kg 0,50 kg/w

55 kg 0,55 kg/w

60 kg 0,60 kg/w

65 kg 0,65 kg/w

70 kg 0,70 kg/w

75 kg 0,75 kg/w

80 kg 0,80 kg/w

85 kg 0,85 kg/w

90 kg 0,90 kg/w

95 kg 0,95 kg/w

100 kg 1 kg/w

Length and mass table for adults

Length and mass table for boys s

Glucose metabolism

BMI (kg/m²)

Complications

< 18.5 Energy undernutrition

21-22 Ideal body weight

> 22Risk of diabetes increases threefold

> 23Coronary heart disease mortality starts to increase

25Diabetes risk increases eightfold

 Coronary heart disease risk increases twofold

28Average BMI for NIDDM presentation

30Diabetes risk increases 40-fold

> 32 All-cause mortality doubles

>40Incompatible with normal employment or social activities

Complications at various BMIs

BMI (kg/m²)

Complications

< 18.5 Energy undernutrition

21-22 Ideal body weight

> 22Risk of diabetes increases threefold

> 23Coronary heart disease mortality starts to increase

25Diabetes risk increases eightfold

 Coronary heart disease risk increases twofold

28Average BMI for NIDDM presentation

30Diabetes risk increases 40-fold

> 32 All-cause mortality doubles

>40Incompatible with normal employment or social activities

Complications at various BMIs

BMI (kg/m²)

Complications

< 18.5 Energy under nutrition

21-22 Ideal body weight

> 22Risk of diabetes increases threefold

> 23Coronary heart disease mortality starts to increase

25Diabetes risk increases eightfold

 Coronary heart disease risk increases twofold

28Average BMI for NIDDM presentation

30Diabetes risk increased 40-fold

> 32 All-cause mortality doubled

>40Incompatible with normal employment or social activities

Complications at various BMIs