In your Interactive Notebook: Unit.Day 3.7 Criminal Law & Procedures
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In your Interactive Notebook: Unit.Day 3.7Criminal Law & Procedures
Today’s OBJECTIVE(S) -- WRITE THESE DOWN:
– I can define each phase of criminal procedure and put them in order
• WARM UP– Why does the government have
the burden of proof in criminal cases?
– AND: give an example of how a lawyer might create “reasonable doubt” in the mind of a jury
ON YOUR DESK: 1) laptop (warming up)2) Interactive NB3) (Completed) Study guide
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Updates & Deadlines
• SUBMIT By Today:– Study Guide: through 2.7– Children’s Book Project– ACES paragraph #1
• Cite a case that demonstrates how courts interpret and protect the constitution.
• Today’s Agenda– SG through 3.7; Current
events– Final touches on book– NGG breaks down
criminal procedure– End of class quiz
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Current Events Discussion: Find an article today if you need to.
• All students must: – present an article at least once each week.– Final chance to present will be on Fridays;
• last 15 minutes each Friday being dedicated to current events discussions.
Weekly presentation and participation in class discussions on Current Events counts as 5% of your final grade.
The papers you will eventually write on controversial issues will count as 10%.
2nd Quarter paper due in December.
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What are the Steps in a Criminal Case?1. Arrest, and booking2. Suspect appears in court and is informed of the
charges against him/her3. Bail is set or suspect is released with a promise to
return for the court date4. Information/Arraignment ~ suspect is formally
presented with the charges and has to enter a plea
Textbook pp. 371-373
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What are the Steps in a Criminal Case?1. Plea2. Trial3. Guilty (Sentencing), Not Guilty (Acquittal), and
Hung Jury (Mistrial)
Textbook pp. 371-373
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Components of a Trial1. Jury Selection2. Opening Arguments3. Witnesses Testify4. Cross-Examination5. Closing Statements6. Jury Deliberation7. Verdict8. Sentencing (Only if found guilty)
Textbook pp. 372-373
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Why do they say the court system is “adversarial?”
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Adversarial
• Adversarial = Conflict• 2 sides present opposing arguments
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What are the two sides?
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Prosecution and Defense
• Defendant Person charged with a crime• Defense Tries to prove that the defendant is
not guilty• Prosecution Tries to prove that the
defendant is guilty
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Arraignment
• Defendant Can Plead Guilty or not guilty• Plea Bargain saves the state time and money
– Defendant usually gets a reduced sentence for a guilty plea
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Before the case
• Each lawyer submits a “brief”– Presents the argument as to why h/she should win
the case
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The Decision to Plea-BargainOffering plea bargains gives prosecutors lots of power.
Justice in America is dispensed mostly through plea bargaining.
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Plea Bargaining• The defendant may be allowed to plead guilty to a
lesser offense.• A defendant who pleads guilty may receive a
lighter sentence.• A defendant may plead guilty to one charge in
exchange for the prosecutor’s promise to drop another charge.
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Plea BargainingThe bargain a prosecutor will strike generally depends on three factors:• The seriousness of the offense• The defendant’s criminal record• The strength of the prosecutor’s case
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Plea BargainingPlea bargaining is widely used because of several factors:• It reduces uncertainty in the criminal justice
process.• It serves the interest of the participants
Prosecutors get high conviction rates. Judges reduce their caseload.
continued…
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Plea Bargaining Defense attorneys spend less time on each case
and avoid expensive trials. Defendants get lighter sentences than they
might have gotten from juries, and can avoid conviction on stigmatizing crimes such as child abuse.
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To Start the Trial…
• Opening statement– Provides an outline for the argument s/he will be
present
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Who oversees the trial?
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Judge
• Job is to make sure that the case proceeds in a fair and legal way
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The JudgeJudges have a variety of responsibilities in the criminal justice process:• Determining probable cause• Signing warrants• Informing suspects of their rights• Setting and revoking bail
continued…
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The Judge• Arraigning defendants• Accepting guilty pleas• In some jurisdictions, managing their own
courtrooms and staff• Allowing the jury a fair chance to reach a
verdict on the evidence presented
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Who else works in a court?
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Other Court Jobs
• Bailiff Keeps order in the court, swears in witnesses
• Court Reporter Keeps a transcript of the trial
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Key Actors in the Court Process
The three key actors in the court process are:
• The prosecutor• The defense attorney• The judge
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The ProsecutorProsecutors have the authority to:
• Decide whether to charge or not charge a person with a crime
• Decide whether to prosecute or not prosecute a case
• Determine what the charge will be
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The Defense AttorneyThe Sixth Amendment gives the right to a lawyer.
What Supreme Court Case guaranteed that right?
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Giddeon v. Wainwright
You get a lawyer even if you are too poor to pay for one.
• Types of defense lawyers– Public defenders– Private attorneys
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The Public Defender• Paid by the government• Usually have lots and lots and lots of cases
• Too many clients to spend lots of time on one case
• Works closely with prosecutors• They deal with each other all the time by
working on the same cases.
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Private attorney
• If you can afford it, you can pay your own lawyer.
• Often private lawyers are better than public defenders– They have more time to work on your case– Sometimes, what you pay is what you get
• Sometimes cheap lawyers aren’t very good
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Witnesses
• People who testify under oath during the trial– Expert witnesses: scientists, police officers, or
others who can testify about how to interpret or explain evidence
– Eye witnesses: people who saw a crime happen• Has been proven to be fairly unreliable.
– Character witnesses: people who testify that the defendant is a good/bad person to help create an image of that person for the jury
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Perjury
• Lying under oath during the trial– If you don’t tell the truth during the trial, you can
be held in contempt of court or sent to prison.
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Who makes the decision about guilt or innocence?
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The Jury System
• Juries are regular every day people selected to determine whether the prosecution is able to prove a person “guilty beyond a reasonable doubt”
• Jurors are paid very little, just enough to offset cost of missing work.
• Jury duty is required and is a civic duty
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The VerdictVerdict – the decision of the jury• 3 options:
– Acquittal: not enough evidence to prove the accused person committed the crime
– Guilty: evidence is sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did what they are accused of doing
– Hung Jury: jurors are divided and cannot reach a verdict• Verdicts must be unanimous – all jurors agree
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“beyond a reasonable doubt”
• Jury must reach a unanimous decision – every juror agrees
• Jurors must be convinced that the defendant committed the crime
• If juror has a REAL doubt that the person did what they are accused of, they must vote to acquit– Doubt must be reasonable, not imagined
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Mistrial
• If something happens during the trial that the Judge believes will prevent jurors from giving a fair trial to the defendant, the Judge can order a Mistrial.– They have to start over with a new set of jurors