In your composition book…

•Presidential Biography

•John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

I. The Rise of Popular Politics,1810–1828A. The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of Parties

1.The Rise of Democracya) PA, VT allowed all male taxpayers to vote, franchise

b) Wealthy dominate politics

c) Property requirements=Tyranny, “simple” men voted in

d) New states, more men to vote, middle class men, politics attracts entrepreneurs, speculators want land grants

2. Parties Take Commanda) Revolution—no political parties, creates factions, GW

b) Political machines-specific interests

c) Martin Van Buren-Create a system based on party identity, no family connections

d) MVB creates 1st political machine in NY, purchases newspaper, promote policies

e) Spoils System-MVB said favored each side, party caucus

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828B. The Election of 1824

1.The Republican Partya) Broke into competing factors after the War of 1812

b) five candidates-1824 election: John Quincy Adams (Sec. of State), John C. Calhoun (Sec. of War), William H. Crawford (Sec. of the Treasury), Rep. Henry Clay (KY), Sen. Andrew Jackson (TN).

c) Congress selected Crawford, each had regional support

2. Andrew Jacksona) War of 1812 war hero

b) Married into influential family, POLITICALLY SMART

c) Lawyer, slave owner, “Plain Solid Republican”

d) Most electoral votes, no majority

e) Vote went to Congress, John Q. Adams chosen

I. The Rise of Popular Politics,1810–1828C. The Last Notable President: John Quincy Adams

1.The Fate of Adams’s Policiesa) Endorsed Henry Clay’s American System

a) Protective Tariffs to stimulate manufacturing

b) Federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce

c) National Bank to control credit and provide uniform currency

b) Northeasterners, Midwesterners supported Adams, little support in the South

c) Jeffersonian Republicans opposed the majority of Adams’s policies.

2. The Tariff Battlea) Adams-High import tariffs on English cotton cloth

b) MVB, others wanted high tariffs on wool, hemp, etc. so NY, OH, KY farmers would support in 1828 election

c) Raised taxes on textiles, iron

d) Angered South (said sympathetic towards Indians)

e) Adams didn’t “run” for re-election in 1828

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828D. “The Democracy” and the Election of 1828

1. “Democrats”a) MVB ran Jackson’s campaign, support from northern

farmers and artisans as well as southern slaveholders and small farmers

b) organized massive publicity campaign with newspapers and public meetings

c) called themselves “Democrats” or “the Democracy.”

2. Equal rights and popular rulea) equality for the people, achieved mass national appeal

b) increased participation at the polls, ½ eligible voters participating

c) some wealthy Americans feared Jackson’s popularity and decried the unruly crowd in the White House on Inauguration Day.

In your composition….

•Presidential Biography•Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837A. Jackson’s Agenda: Rotation and Decentralization

1.“Kitchen Cabinet”a) Kitchen Cabinet, a small group of advisors who helped him make

policy

b) influential members were two Kentuckians, Francis Preston Blair (editor of Washington Globe) and Amos Kendall (speechwriter)

c) Roger B. Taney of Maryland became attorney general, treasury secretary, and then chief justice of the Supreme Court; Martin Van Buren was named Jackson’s secretary of state.

2. Patronagea) rotate positions in cabinet, rewarded friends at home with government

jobs, To the victor goes the “spoils”

b) opposed government intervention in economic development; vetoed or rejected plans for national subsidies of transportation initiatives and internal improvements, including extension of the National Road.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837B. The Tariff and Nullification

1.The Tariff of 1828a) Opposition to tariffs continued in the South

b) South Carolina was the only state with a black majority (56 percent population), feared rebellion

c) slaveholders in South Carolina criticized the tariff, arguing for lower rates; wanted to keep public discussion away from British decision to end slavery in the West Indies in 1833.

2. South Carolina and “nullification”a) Tariff back in 1832, SC adopted Ordinance of Nullification (11/1832)

a) Says tariffs are null and void in SC

b) Threatens succession

c) Illegitimate because each state has certain interests

d) VP John C. Calhoun supports SC

e) Jackson says ordinance violates Constitution (Federal Gov’t right to tax.)

f) Congress supports Jackson, SC gives up

II. The Jacksonian Presidency,1829–1837C. The Bank War

1.Jackson’s Bank Veto1. Politicians who supported the Second Bank of the U.S.

(est. 1816)

2. Bank stabilizes money standard

3. Supported by Boston, New York, and Philadelphia banks

4. Opponents wanted to found state banks and not be supervised by the Second Bank

5. Bank’s president (Biddle) sought to have its charter renewed early

6. Jackson vetoed the re-chartering, condemned the bank as “subversive” and “dangerous to the liberties of the people”;

7. 1832, Jackson was reelected; Van Buren was elected as VP; people believed Jackson correct in his criticism of the bank.

2. The Bank Destroyed1. Early in 1833, Taney was appointed

head of Treasury Department2. Taney withdrew the federal

government’s gold and silver from the Second Bank and deposited it in various state banks

3. Tense political debate ensued4. 1836, Jackson did not renew the

Second Bank’s national charter.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837D. Indian Removal

1.Cherokee Resistancea) Whites demand for land moves natives west

b) Cherokee adopts white culture, many are mixed, slave owners

c) Mixes want full integration, protect property

d) Full-blooded maintain culture, ancestral lands

e) Jackson has them removed, West GA, MS, AL

2. The Removal Act and Its Aftermatha) Challenged by evangelicals, passes house narrowly

b) Creates Indian territory, promised money and land if they would give up land east of Mississippi River, some violence

c) Cherokees challenge removal

d) Worcester v. GA 1832-Court sides w/ Cherokee

e) US Gov’t signs Treaty of New Echota with a minority faction of Cherokee and forced removal starts in 1838, “Trail of Tears”

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837E. The Jacksonian Impact

1.The Taney Court (1835-1864)a) Advocate for states’ rights, free enterprise

b) Regulatory role of State Government

c) Mayor of New York v. Miln (1837) ruled the state could use “police power” to inspect the health of arriving immigrants

2. States Revise Their Constitutionsa) Democrats call for new conventions to write new state

constitutions

b) Election of Public Officials, justices of the peace, judges, and sheriffs

c) Principals of Laissez-Faire Liberalism

a) Limiting the Governments role in the economy

A. The Whig Worldview

1.Calhoun’s Dissenta) Whig Party (1834)-thought Jackson acted like a “king”

b) identified themselves with pre-Revolution party that opposed arbitrary actions by the king

c) Supported wealthy, talented candidates, not strong in the South because they disagreed with support of high tariffs and social mobility

d) Wage-Labor system was a contradiction of Whig Ideology

e) Northern Industrialists/slave owners unite against a common foe: WORKING CLASS OF ENSLAVED BLACKS, PROPERTLESS WHITES (ANTI-POOR)

III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System

2. Anti-Masons Become Whigs

• Recruited Anti-Masons by advocating Mason’s causes: temperance, equal opportunity, and evangelical morality.

• In 1836, Van Buren ran against four Whig candidates

• Van Buren contended less government was better; though the four candidates received 49 percent of the popular vote, Van Buren won.

III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party SystemB. Labor Politics and the Depression of 1837–1843

1.Workers form a political partya) In 1828, Philadelphia artisans and workers organized

Working Men’s Party, which spread to 15 states by 1833

b) authorize tax-supported schools

c) most politically active workers had joined the Democratic Party. (WEAK)

2. Financial panic and economic depressiona) The Panic of 1837-drop in money flowing from Britain to the U.S.,

cotton (and other) prices dropped significantly

b) 1839 when bond prices fell in Europe; nine states could not pay interest on their bonds and defaulted on foreign loans

c) 1843, U.S. was in a depression: canal construction down 90 percent, prices and wages fell nearly 50 percent, unemployment reached almost 20 percent in some sectors; unions virtually disappeared

C. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”1.The Log Cabin Campaign

1. Public blamed Democrats for economic problems, especially Van Buren who did nothing to stimulate the economy

2. Whigs held first national convention in 1840

3. William Henry Harrison (OH) nominated for president, John Tyler (VA) for VP.

4. Harrison was a hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and War of 1812, was 68 years old, and had little political experience

5. “log cabin campaign”—both parties competing for votes through songs, parades, mass meetings, and lots of negative campaigning

6. Harrison won 53 percent of popular vote.

III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System

2. Tyler Subverts the Whig Agenda

• Harrison died of pneumonia after one month in office (Idiot.)

• Tyler’s politics supported the Democrats more than Whigs

• similar economic policy to Jackson, committed to slavery and states’ rights

• Democrats benefitted from crisis among Whigs, increased immigration, and ethnocultural politics (the practice of voting along ethnic/religious lines).