Cells

In this presentation you will: explore differences between animal and plant cells explore differences between unicellular and

multicellular organisms explore how the light microscope can be used to

view cells

ClassAct SRS enabled.

Cells

B. Just like rooms, cells come in all shapes and sizes. If you were to move from cell to cell, you would see differences and similarities in what they contain.

A. Houses are built up of rooms; be they bedrooms, basements, hallways or kitchens. In the same way, animals and plants are built up of cells.

Next >

C. Every living thing is made up of cells. Cells are the building blocks of life. In this presentation you will explore animal and plant cells and see what they contain.

I. Cells: The building blocks of life!

Cells

II. What Cells Do

A. Rooms contain items of furniture that have specific functions. For example, chairs allow you to sit down. A cell’s items of ‘furniture’ are called organelles. Just like furniture, organelles have specific functions.

B. Cell organelles work together inside a cell to carry out the seven processes that are essential for life:

1. excretion 2. growth3. movement4. nutrition5. reproduction6. respiration 7. sensitivity Next >

Cells

III. Animal Cell Organelles

A. The cell membrane is a double-layered ‘skin’ around the outside of the cell. The cell membrane separates and protects the cell from its surroundings. It also lets some things pass through it to enter or exit the cell.

C. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that holds the organelles in place to stop them bumping into each other.

B. The nucleus controls what the cell does and does not do. It controls the cell’s actions.

Next >

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cells

Organelles Found Inside an Animal Cell

Next >

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

An animal cell

Cells

IV. Plant Cell Organelles

A. The cell wall is a hard layer found outside the cell membrane. It keeps the cell in a regular shape.

C. The chloroplast contains a green substance called chlorophyll. This enables the cell to convert energy from the Sun into food.

B. The vacuole is a large area that is filled with a fluid mixture of salts and sugars.

Next >

Chloroplast

Cellmembrane

Nucleus

Cell wall VacuoleCytoplasm

Cells

Organelles Found Inside a Plant Cell

Next >

Plant cells

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Cell wall

NucleusChloroplast

Vacuole

Cells

V. Animal and Plant Cells

B. Organelles that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells are the:

Next >

1. cell membrane

A. Organelles that are common to both plant and animal cells are the:

2. nucleus

3. cytoplasm

1. cell wall

2. vacuole

3. chloroplast

Cells

VI. Where Cells Come From

A. Each cell originated from a previous living cell.

Next >

Original cell

Two new cells

Cell dividing in half

B. Cells are able to grow and divide in half to produce two new identical cells.

Cells

VII. Multi-celled Creatures

A. Those cells that need to live and work with other cells their whole life, form part of a multicellular organism.

B. You as a human being are a multicellular organism. You are made up of billions of tiny cells. There are so many cells living together inside us that we are able to see each other.

C. However, in order to view any one cell from your billions of body cells, you would need to magnify it using a microscope because it is so tiny. Next >

Cells

VIII. One-celled Creatures

B. Unicellular organisms are complete tiny living systems. Bacteria are all unicellular organisms. They are so small that they can only be seen using a microscope. Millions of unicellular organisms could fit on one fingernail of your hand.

A. Those cells that can live independently on their own throughout their whole life, are called unicellular organisms.

Next >

Cells

IX. Using a Microscope

A. The microscope was first invented around 400 years ago. It is an important scientific tool as it allows us to magnify things that are too small for us to see with the naked eye.

Next >

B. As cells are so small, they are not visible without a microscope. A microscope can magnify a cell so that it is big enough to see.

C. The microscope also allows you to see some of the organelles inside each cell.

Cells

Summary

After completing this presentation you should be able to:

End >

show knowledge and understanding of the differences between animal and plant cells

show knowledge and understanding of the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms

show knowledge and understanding of how the light microscope can be used to view cells

Cells

In this presentation you will: explore how cells are specialized explore how cells work together to keep

organisms alive

ClassAct SRS enabled.

Cells

Next >

1. In this presentation, you will explore multicellular organisms.

2. You will also see how cells are designed to carry out particular tasks, how they are organized and how they work together.

I. Multicelluar organisms.

Cells

Next >

A. The Cell

1. Cells are often described as the building blocks of life.

2. This is because all living things are made up of one or more cells. All processes needed for life take place in cells.

3. Cells are microscopic, which means that they are so tiny we cannot see them without a microscope.

4. Plant and animal cells are similar, but not exactly the same.

Cells

a. a cell membrane – to control what goes in and out the cell

Next >

B. Plant and Animal Cells1. There are some features that plant and animal cells both have, but some that are only found in plants.2. Plant and animal cells both have:

a. chloroplasts – to make food b. a vacuole – to keep the cell firmc. a cell wall – to support the cell

3. Features only found in plant cells are:

b. cytoplasm – where chemical reactions take placec. a nucleus – to control what happens in the cell

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Cells

Next >

II. Unicellular Organisms

A. Some organisms are made up of just one cell throughout their whole life cycle. They are called unicellular or single-celled organisms.

B. These single cells are able to make all the substances it needs to carry out all the functions of life. They are also able to divide and copy themselves very quickly, sometimes more than once in an hour.

1. Bacteria and Amoeba are examples of unicellular organisms.

Cells

A. For larger, complex organisms such as plants and animals, cells working alone are not much use. A single cell would never be able to carry out all the jobs to needed to keep us humans alive.

Next >

III. Multicellular Organisms

B. This is why we are made up of so many cells. An organism that is made up of more than one cell is called a multicellular organism.

1. Humans are made up of billions of cells. We do not

need a microscope to see other humans.

Cells

A. The cells that make up a multicellular organism are not all the same.

Next >

IV. Cell Specialization

C. The different cells of a multicellular organism have very different jobs to do.

D. The size and shape of a cell depends on its job or function. We call this cell specialization. The cells are known as specialized cells.

B. For example, the cells of the skin are not the same as those that make up our heart, and the cells of a plant root are not the same as the cells of a plant leaf.

Cells

A. Some examples of specialized cells in plants are:

Next >

V. Specialized Plant Cells

1. Root hair cells that have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

2. Leaf cells that have a large surface area to absorb sunlight and carbon dioxide. They also contain lots of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is needed to make the plant's food via a process called photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

Cells

Next >

VI. Specialized Animal Cells

A. Some examples of specialized cells in animals are:

1. Male reproductive cells (sperm) that are designed to swim to, and join with, an egg from a female.

4. Nerve cells that are long, like wires, so they can carry electrical messages around the body.

3. Red blood cells that have a large surface area to absorb oxygen. They contain a chemical called hemoglobin that holds the oxygen.

2. Female reproductive cells (egg) that are designed to join with the sperm and provide food for the resulting cell.

Cells

C. Think of a workplace. Individual people group together to form a team, groups of teams make a department, and groups of departments form a company. If the people do not work together, the company may not survive.

Next >

A. Since there are so many cells in a multicellular organism it is important that they work together.

B. They work together like a team to share out the jobs that need doing to support the organism and keep it alive.

VII. Organization

Cells

Next >

VIII. Levels of Organization

B. Here’s an example:

A. In multicellular organisms, there are different levels of organization. Cells group together to form tissue, groups of tissue makes an organ, and groups of organs make an organ system. We call this levels of organization.

1. In a human, muscle cells join together to make muscle tissue. Muscle tissue grouped together can make the heart (an organ). The heart works with blood vessels to make an organ system. This organ system transports blood all around our body and is called the circulatory system.

Heart (organ)

Muscle cells

Cells

Summary

After completing this presentation you should be able to:

End >

Show knowledge and understanding of unicellular and multicellular organisms

Show knowledge and understanding of specialization of plant and animal cells

Show knowledge and understanding of how cells are organized within multicellular organisms

Cells

In this presentation you will: explore life processes explore how different types of

organisms carry out life processes

ClassAct SRS enabled.

Cells

Next >

A. You can tell if an object is alive or dead. You can also tell if an object has been alive in the past, or if it has never been alive at all.

B. This is because all living things have certain characteristics in common.

C. In this presentation you will explore the main characteristics that living organisms share. You will also explore some of the differences between living organisms.

I. Characteristics of Living things

Cells

II. Cells

Next >

A. All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life.

C. However, dead organisms are also made up of cells.

D. So, what makes the cells of a living organism different to the cells of a dead organism?

B. Large organisms, such as plants and animals, are made up of lots of cells, whereas small organisms such as bacteria are made up of just one cell.

Cells

Next >

III. Life Processes

A. Cells that are alive carry out life processes. Cells that are dead do not. Life processes are essential for life.

C. For an organism to be alive, it must carry out all seven processes. We will see how different organisms carry out these processes.

B. The life processes are:

2. respiration (turning food into energy)3. sensitivity4. growth5. reproduction6. excretion (getting rid of waste)7. nutrition

1. movement

Cells

IV. Single-celled Organisms

Next >

A. Single-celled organisms are very small, and include organisms like bacteria. Most organisms on Earth are single-celled. These organisms are known as unicellular organisms.

B. They are made up of one cell that can carry out all of the seven life processes efficiently enough so that it can live independently.

Cells

V. Multi-celled Organisms

Next >

A. Multicellular organisms consist of more than one cell. The size of these organisms range from very small to very large.

B. These organisms have specialized cells that carry out specific functions.

D. Every cell must carry out each life process so the organism can survive. The organism must carry out each life process on a larger scale so both its cells, and its species, can survive.

C. For example, plants have root cells that collect nutrients, leaf cells that absorb light, and reproductive cells that reproduce. The cells depend on each other and work like a team to keep the organism alive.

Roots

Leaves

Reproductivecells

Cells

VI. Movement

Next >

A. Living things must be able to move, even if it is just a little bit. For example, organisms may need to move away from danger, or move toward light.

C. Other organisms, like plants, cannot get up and walk about. However, they can move slowly. For example, they turn their leaves toward light.

B. Some organisms, like animals can easily move their whole bodies by walking (locomotion).

Cells

VII. Respiration

Next >

B. All living things must respire to provide them with the energy they need to carry out the other life processes.

1. For example, animals and plants use oxygen from the air to help turn their food into energy.

A. Respiration is the breakdown of molecules to produce energy.

Cells

VIII. Sensitivity

A. Living things exist in an environment. The conditions of environments can constantly change.

B. Living organisms must sense such changes, so they can react accordingly.

1. For example, plants can sense light and grow toward it. Animals can sense danger and they can run away from it.

Next >

Cells

IX. Growth

Next >

A. Living organisms grow. The cells of organisms grow and divide into smaller cells which then grow and divide themselves.

1. For example, young animals need to grow into adults from small babies, and the small seeds of plants need to grow into adult plants.

B. This cycle of cell growth constantly reproduces new cells, to increase cell number and to replace old dead cells.

Original cell

Two new cells

Cell dividing in half

Cells

X. Reproduction

Next >

A. All living things eventually die as they do not last forever. For a species to remain in existence, its members must reproduce.

C. Plants can reproduce by creating seeds that can grow to form new plants which, given time, can also reproduce.

B. Animals reproduce by creating young which can grow and, in time, reproduce.

Cells

XI. Excretion

Next >

A. Excretion is the removal of waste substances from the body.

C. Organisms such as animals get rid of their waste via breathing out, feces, urine and sweat.

D. Plants get rid of their waste products via transpiration and diffusion.

B. All organisms need to remove waste substances produced during respiration. Animals also need to remove substances that are left over from the things they eat and drink.

Cells

XII. Nutrition

Next >

A. Nutrition is the way living organisms obtain the food they need for their other life processes.

B. Plants make their own food via sunlight, and the raw materials from the ground in which they live, by a process known as photosynthesis.

C. Animals eat and digest other organisms to obtain the nutrients that they need.

Cells

Summary

After completing this presentation you should be able to:

End >

show knowledge and understanding of the different processes that are needed for life

show knowledge and understanding of how different types of organisms carry out life processes

Cells

In this presentation you will: explore life processes explore how different types of

organisms carry out life processes

ClassAct SRS enabled.

Cells

In this presentation you will: explore how organisms are classified explore how dichotomous keys can be used to

sort and classify things.

ClassAct SRS enabled.

Cells

Next >

A. Over 1.5 million species of organisms have been discovered on Earth. It is estimated that there are many more species yet to be discovered.

D. You will also explore dichotomous keys and see how they can be used to sort things into groups.

C. In this presentation you will explore some of the ways that organisms can be classified.

B. For thousands of years humans have been classifying these species in order to understand them better.

I. Classification

Cells

Next >

II. Tree of Life

C. Today, organisms are generally classified according to their evolutionary and biological relationships.

B. This illustration shows how all life on Earth could have evolved from a common ancestor.

A. Scientists estimate that life first arose on this planet 4.8 billion years ago.

Cells

Next >

B. There are a number of different classification systems that are recognized today. These systems are constantly being updated as:

III. Classification Systems

A. Classification is concerned with sorting things into groups depending on the internal and external features that those things have in common.

2. new technologies become available that allow the similarities, and differences, between species to be viewed in different ways

1. new species are discovered

Cells

IV. The Six Kingdoms

Next >

A. One classification system is the six kingdom classification system. In this system, all the organisms on the planet are divided into the following kingdoms depending on their characteristics.

1. Plantae (plants)

2. Animalia (animals)

3. Fungi (mushrooms and molds)

4. Protista (microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, plants or fungi)

5. Eubacteria (bacteria)

6. Archaerbacteria (ancient bacteria that live in extremely hostile conditions)

Cells

Next >

Plantae

Liverworts

Mosses

Vascular plants

Flowering

Nonflowering

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

Non vascular plants

Animalia

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

MollusksSegmented wormsRoundwormsFlatworms

CoelenteratesEchinodermsArthropods Insects

Arachnids

Myriapods

Crustaceans

Mammals

BirdsReptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Fungi FungiProtistaProtozoa

Filamentous algae

EubacteriaBacteria

Blue-greenalgae

Archaerbacteria

Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae

The Six Kindoms

You can see how the different types of organisms are separated as a result of their different characteristics. In this presentation we will explore the plant and animal kingdoms.

Cells

Flowering

Non flowering

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

Next >

A. The plant kingdom contains mostly multicellular organisms that can make their own food.

C. The kingdoms are populated according to the characteristics of the organisms and how they are related to each other.

V. Separating Plants and Animals

B. The animal kingdom contains multicellular organisms that need to consume other organisms for their food.

D. The more closely organisms are related, the more closely they are positioned in the kingdom.

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Animalia

Cells

Next >

VI. Kingdom Plantae

A. This kingdom consists of organisms that satisfy their nutrition needs via photosynthesis. Plants can be generally divided in the following way:

Plantae

Liverworts

Mosses

Vascular plants

Flowering

Nonflowering

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

Non vascular plants

Cells

Next >

VII. Kingdom Animalia

A. This kingdom consists of organisms that satisfy their nutrition needs from consuming other organisms. Animals can be generally divided in the following way:

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

MollusksSegmented wormsRoundwormsFlatworms

CoelenteratesEchinodermsArthropods Insects

Arachnids

Myriapods

Crustaceans

Mammals

BirdsReptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Animalia

Cells

Next >

VIII. Levels of Organization

A. There are six levels of organization in each kingdom:

B. Species are the most specific group. A species of organisms have the most in common with each other. They can produce fertile offspring.

1. Phylum

2. Class

3. Order

4. Family

5. Genus

6. Species

Species

Genus

Family

Order

Class

Phylum

Mor

e sp

ecifi

c

Cells

Next >

You can see how the domestic cat (Felis catus) is classified in the animal kingdom.

Levels of Organization

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Family: Felidae

Genus: Felis

Species: Felis catus

Order: Canivora

You can also see other species of cat that Felis catus is closely related to.

Animalia

Chordata

Quadruma Rodentia Carnivora Ungulata

MammaliaBirds Reptiles Amphibia Fish

Hyaenide Mustelidae FelidaeViverridae Canidae

Felis

Lion Tiger Leopard Puma Lynx Cat

Cells

Next >

Levels of Organization

Using humans as an example, we can see how our species is placed in relation to other species.

Our species name is Homo sapiens. Like all species, our species name is made up of two words. The first word comes from the genus group and the second is exclusive to the species.

Kingdom Animalia

Chordata

QuadrumaRodentia CarnivoraUngulata

MammaliaBirds Reptiles Amphibia Fish

Felis

Lion Tiger Leopard Puma Lynx Cat

Primate

Homindae

Homo

Homo sapiens

Cells

Summary

After completing this presentation you should be able to:

End >

show knowledge and understanding of how organisms can be classified

show knowledge and understanding of how dichotomous keys can be used to sort and identify things