Unit D – Safety in Transport

Pages 230 - 303

Chapter 13 – A Need For Safety In this chapter you will learn about:› Common driver errors› Transportation data and studies that help

make our roads safe Work through scenarios to answer

questions like:› What factors lead to traffic accidents?› What is the connection between reaction time

and vehicle collisions?› What are the most common injuries?› How are vehicles and roads designed to keep

us safe?

13.1 – Analyzing the Error Injuries from vehicle collisions range from

scratches and bruises to serious internal injury causing death

How safe are you? › 50 times more likely to die in a road

collision than in an _____________________› 5 times more likely to be killed in a road

collision than to be ______________› Many times more likely to be injured in a

vehicle collision

Injuries Each year, more than __________Canadians

are injured in motor vehicle collisions Injures include:

› Cuts, bruises, broken bones› ___________________› ___________________› ___________________› ______ and _________ injuries

Leading to blindness, paralysis, brain damage

Did you Know? More accidents happen on __________ than

on any other day of the week… Why?

13.2 – Reaction Time The time it takes you to recognize a

problem and act on it is called ___________ _______

Even if you are alert and react very quickly, there are many factors that affect a driver’s ability to stop› _____________› _______________________› _______________________

Brake failure… Fail.

Some drivers have a habit of ______________ _________________

These drivers do not have enough _________ _______ if the car in front stops suddenly.

What are the potential hazards in the image?

Reaction Time and Distractions A distraction is anything that takes your

attentions away from what you are ___________________________

Common distractions outside the vehicle:

Common distractions inside the vehicle:

Distractions you have control over:

Fatigue and Reaction Time Sleepy drivers are a

serious danger:› _______________________› ________________________

into a ditch› ________________________

into on-coming traffic

Some people try to stay awake by drinking coffee and energy drinks that contain caffeine - _________________

Stimulants ___________________ and _____________ reaction time

Effects of the stimulant ______________ and the driver is ____________ than before – and therefore has a _______________________

_____________ of caffeine, loud music, cold air, or pinching yourself will keep awake

____________ o a safe parking place and ___________________

Reaction Time and Drugs Anything that prevents you from

functioning normally means that you are ____________

__________, _________________, _____-_______________ drugs can make it dangerous for a user to drive

Alcohol and Driving Alcohol is a ________________:

› _______ reaction time› _________ co-ordination› Makes the drinker __________

Alcohol is absorbed from the __________ directly into the _____________

Body recognizes the alcohol as a _______

Liver can convert _____________into less harmful substances, but is soon ________________

Blood Alcohol Concentration It is difficult for a person to know if they

have consumed too much alcohol and should not drive.

Law enforcement use a BAC – ____________ _________________________

If a person’s BAC is 0.08, they have _______ of alcohol for each mL of blood

BAC is measured in __________________in a ____________________

Blood Alcohol and the Law In Canada, ______________ is generally

considered the _______________ A police officer can charge drivers who

have ______________ on their breath when they are pulled over – the charge is ____________________

Drivers are considered to be impaired when their _____________________ than normal:› _______________________________› ___________________________________________

__________any one person can drink before exceeding the legal limit of 0.08 mg/mL ______________:› _________________ consumed› ________________› ___________

Other factors that can affect ability to drive:› Amount of ________ consumed› About of _________ person has had

13.3 – Collision Injuries Individuals involved in vehicle collisions

may sustain _________ and ______________ injuries

Physical and emotional stress is referred to as ___________› Physical trauma: cuts, scrapes, broken

bones, whiplash, metal injury› Emotional trauma: grief, regret, fear of

driving

Physical Trauma Some injuries can be healed __________

________ ________________ or ____________________

required to correct some damage Some injuries cannot be healed:

› Major _________________› ______________› _____________ injuries

Mental Trauma Emotional trauma is not “_________” Emotional ____________ can assist

individuals

Whiplash Whiplash occurs when the ______________

___________ of the neck are ____________ Common injury for the people in the

_______ ___ of a _________________

Properly ___________________ prevent the head from flying backward beyond the back of the seat

Chiropractic or massage therapy can be helpful in treating whiplash

Grief How would you feel?

Talking to a professional who understands sadness helps many people deal with emotional pain

13.4 – Protection and Prevention ______________are built into ________ and _____ to protect you in case of a road accident

_____ concerning proper driving procedures

_________________________designed to make us aware of specific traffic dangers

Safe Vehicles In Alberta, the law says that every person

must ______________________; small children and babies are restrained using specially designed seats

Does this law keep you safe? What has happened to the number of

fatalities since the seal belt laws were passed in 1987?

Other Safety Features Seatbelts work ______________ to restrain

passengers. Other safety features are designed to

work only when ________________________:› Air bags› Anti-lock braking systems› Crumple zones› Side impact beams

Air bags _________ when a collision occurs _________ drivers and passengers

against impact

Anti-lock Braking Systems Provide better _______________ in

slippery conditions

Crumple Zones Located on the outer parts of the car

near the bumpers _____________________ of the collision so

the passengers feel less effect

Side Impact Beams Steel beams in the doors Prevent the doors from _____________ Protect the people inside the vehicle

Vehicle Maintenance Maintenance or continual care is

important for all safety features on your vehicle:› ________ – poor tread causes vehicles to

skid easily, affect time for vehicle to slow down

› __________ – steering mechanism should be checked to make sure vehicle steers when you need it to

› ______________________ – poor condition of wipers makes it hard to see the road ahead

Safe Roads Roads are designed to be as safe as

possible:› _____________ – remind people to slow down

before intersections or school zones› ______________ - protect cars from falling

over steep edges› ______________________________ – warn of

pedestrian crossing or intersections› ___________________________ – fall apart on

impact to reduce force of a collision

Chapter 13 Summary Most collisions are preventable and due to

driver error The use of alcohol and medications,

distractions, and fatigue are often factors in vehicle collisions

There are many types of injuries caused by vehicle collisions

Accident victims use different methods to heal

There are many regulations and road safety features that protect drivers and passengers

Chapter 14 – The Nature of SpeedPages 250 - 267

What you will learn about…

What is velocity? How to create and interpret a

distance/time graph To calculate the velocity of an

object using the formula What effect does increasing

velocity have on stopping distance and following distance

14.1 – Defining Velocity How do you know how fast you are going?

› By foot?

› Bike?

› Car?

Setting a Limit Why are speed limits set?

Why do school and playground zones have a limit of 30 km/hr?

What is Velocity? Car speedometers use __________ and

_____ to determine the speed or velocity of an object› Distance is a change _____________› Change in position occurs over a

period of _____

Velocity is the ___________________ by an object during a ___________________________

Vehicles travelling at 100 km/h cover a distance of ____km in _____ hour

Vehicles travelling 50 km/h cover half that distance

All descriptions of velocity include _______ (i.e. km/h or m/s)

You can calculate the velocity or any object if you know its change in __________, and the period of _______ over which the change occurred.

This is the formula that is used:

or

d = _______ in ___________ (km) or ________ (m)

t = ______ in _______ (h) or ____________ (s)

v = __________ in ______ or _____

Try this:1. A cue ball travels two meters toward the

8-ball. It takes one second for the cue ball to reach the 8-ball, how fast is the cue ball moving?

2. A snowboarder makes it down a 1000 m run in 60 seconds. What is the snowboarder’s velocity?

14.2 - Graphing Velocity It is difficult to make sense of a table full

of numbers that show distance and time

Distance (m)

Time (s)

0 0

2 1

4 2

6 3

8 4

10 5

Distance versus Time Graphs Called _________________ graphs for

short In distance/time graphs:

› ______ describes the object being studied and what variables are being studied

› ______ is plotted on ______ (horizontal)› __________ is plotted on the _______

(vertical)› The line of “_______” joins the data

points and gives us information about the __________

Constant Velocity, Changing Velocity The ______ of the line represents the

________ of the object A _______ line shows a _________ velocity A ____________________ line shows a

velocity that ___________ over time

The data below was collected by timing a running student for 10 seconds. Create a labeled graph from the data.

Time (s)

Distance (m)

1 5

2 10

3 15

4 20

5 25

6 30

7 35

8 40

9 45

10 50

Calculating velocity from a d/t graph You can use a distance/time graph to

determine the _________ of an object Describe the motion of both of these

objects Object A:

Object B:

The ____ on a distance/time graph shows the ________________ between ____ points

The ____ shows the _______________ between ____________ two points

Calculating velocity from slope The “______________” of a line is referred to

as its slope You can use the slope of a line to calculate

exactly __________ an object is moving ___________ = ___________

or

To find the slope:› Choose _____________along the slope;

identify the _________________; (x,y)› Determine the _____, the __________

interval between the 2 points› Determine the ____, the _______

interval between the 2 points› ____________ the rise and run values

into the __________:

What is the slope of the distance/time graph for Granny’s car?

14.3 – Calculating Distance If you know the _________ of an object and

the _______________it was travelling for, you can determine ________ it travelled

or

Sample problem: You ride your stationary bike for 30 mins (.5 hours) and pedal 15 km/h. What is the odometer reading?

Sample problem: Fearing that her students would be lost without her, Miss Acorn braves a treacherous winter snowstorm to get to school. Miss Acorn travels with an average velocity of 18 km/h and it takes her 90 minutes to get to school. What is the distance between Miss Acorn’s house and the school?

14.4 – Distance travelled during Reaction Time

Why are speed limits different for different roads?

When driving, reaction time is the time it takes between the driver recognizing the _______________and ______________________

The distance travelled by a vehicle during a driver’s reaction time ______________ as the velocity of the vehicle increases.

If you have a reaction time of 0.25 seconds, calculate how many meters your vehicle would travel during reaction time if:› You are driving 50 km/h

› You are driving 110 km/h

Reaction time and stopping distance The distance that a vehicle travels after

the driver applies the brakes is called the __________________

The distance travelled during ______________ plus the ________________ is called _________ __________

Velocity and stopping distance

Yellow traffic lights are set to last different lengths of time depending on the speed limit of the road.

Why is this important?

Following Distance Cars that follow too closely are at a

_______ of having a collision. No matter how _____ your ______________,

a vehicle takes a certain distance to stop. The faster a vehicle is moving, the

________ it will take to stop.

For safety, you should keep a ____________ following distance behind the vehicle in front of you.

_____________ is illegal, police can give you a ticket for following too closely!

Chapter 15 – The Physics of Collisions

What you will learn: Why collisions with small objects cause

less damage than collisions with large objects

Why is takes larger objects a longer time to stop than smaller objects

Why collisions are less severe at slower velocities

Why braking over a longer distance is easier than braking sharply

What happens to objects after they collide

15.1 – Momentum and Mass Momentum is:

› the measure of an _________________› __________________ it is that the object will

remain in motion

Force is:› A __________________on an object

The size of the force required to move an object depends on:› _____________ the force is applied› _____________ of the object› _____________ you want the object to go

General laws related to force› Objects not moving will not move until

they are __________________› Objects moving will

____________________until enough force is added in an _____________ ______________ to stop them

› Objects with a lot of _______________ will take ____________and ____________ to stop

Calculating Momentum Momentum is calculated by ___________

the ______ of an object times the ___________ it is travelling

___________ and __________ objects have more momentum

The formula for momentum is:

Momentum = mass x velocity

Mass in ______________ (kg)Velocity in _____________________(m/s)Momentum in kg•m/s

A 3 ton (3000 kg) African elephant runs with a velocity of 3 m/s. An African Rhino weighing 2.00 tons (2000 kg) runs with a speed of 4.5 m/s. Which animal has more momentum?

A 60 kg girl jogs at a pace of 4 m/s. What is her momentum?

If a penny weighing 3.10 grams (0.00310 kg) reaches a terminal velocity of 105 km/h (29 m/s) when dropped off the Empire State Building. What is the penny’s momentum?

Would a penny dropped from the Empire State Building kill a pedestrian below?

Slowing Momentum Brakes apply a force that stops vehicles

by _____________ their momentum Brakes work by using

__________:› Force that two objects

exert on each other when they press against each other

During braking friction decreases the vehicles momentum.

Braking uses friction in two ways:› Applying brake petal presses the _____________

against the __________› Friction between the _______________ and the

surface of the ________.

15.2 – Changing Momentum is Related to Force

_______________when approaching an intersection decreases your velocity slowly; body moves forward __________

When velocity decreases slowly so does ______________ (mass x velocity = momentum)

Forces, like __________, can be large or small; you can brake ________________

Impulse Forces can either act for a ______ time

or a ______ time.› If you brake gradually for a long time

(______ force x ______ time)› If you brake hard, the car stops quickly and

you would feel a ____________(large force x short time)

The result is the same either way, the car goes from a _________________(and momentum) to ______________(and zero momentum)

Impulse is the combination of the ___________ _____ and the _____ during which the force acts

Impulses __________ momentum (increase or decrease)

The _________ the impulse, the _________ the change in momentum

Impulse = force x time

Impulse is measured in __________Force is measured in __________ or Newtons (N)Time is measured in ____________ (s)

A football player collides with another player. The force of the collision is 1000 kg•m/s2. The collision lasts 1 second. What is the impulse?

What would the impulse be if the same force of tackle was experienced over two seconds?

How is impulse effected when a force is applied over a longer period of time?

How else can impulse be increased?

A force of 500 N over 2 seconds will have a ________________ than a force of 50 N over 2 seconds › __________ changes, _______ stays the same

A force of 50 N for 5 seconds will have a ______________ than a force of 50 N for 2 seconds› _________ changes, _______ stays the same

You can change momentum by:› Applying a _________ force› Applying a force for a longer __________________

Which method of changing momentum would you use if you wanted to avoid a collision?

15.3 – Changing Momentum Quickly

Drivers frequently drive 100 km/h (28 m/s) and stop safely

If your vehicle was travelling 100 km/h and came to a stop in less than one second, the force would be ______________

In a car crash a fast moving vehicle comes to a _______________:› Metal crumples› Glass shatters› Bones splinter

How is the force of a collision related to the time it takes for a change in momentum?

Scenario A Scenario B

15.4 – Is Momentum Lost? When an object _____________, momentum

__________ to be lost. Where does it go? The energy from the collision is changed

into other forms of _________:› _________ in the brakes and between the tires

and the road is converted to ______________› Energy is lost in the __________ of metal and

___________ of glass

Conservation of Momentum Two vehicles are travelling along a road in

the _________________, each vehicle has its own momentum.

What happens to the momentum of the vehicle in the front if it gets hit by the vehicle behind?

During a collision, one vehicle will gain momentum at the _______________the other vehicle is losing it.

______________________________________states that the _____________________of two colliding objects ___________________after their collision.

Head-on Collisions Two vehicles are travelling along a highway

in opposite directions and have the same momentum. They hit head on. What happens?› The motion is in the

____________________› The forces would _______ each other out› Their total ____________________would

be _____, so velocity would be _____› They would ________________(with a lot

of crumpling and injury to those inside

Calculate the final momentum of the two vehicles.

momentum1 + momentum2 = final momentum

What would happen if one vehicle had a greater momentum than the other? Which direction would the two vehicle move in after the collision?

momentum1 + momentum2 = final momentum

Chapter 16 – The Technology of Safety

What you will learn How safety features use the laws of

physics to protect you from harm during collisions

About advances in seat belt and air bag design

About new advances in technology that could lead to even safer vehicles in the future

How child safety seats are designed to protect differently than adult seats

16.1 – How Safety Features Work Remember that when two objects collide

that the ____________ of the faster vehicle is ______________ to the slower vehicle.

The occupants of the vehicles experience various _________ as their velocities change

Remember that if the change in momentum (_______) occurs over a _______ period of time, the force will not be as severe

Safety feature serve to slow down the collision:› Change in momentum occurs over a _________

__________________› Occupants feel ______________› Occupants receive _________________

Engineers use ________________________ to determine what will happen to people during a collision

Crash test dummies are used to help engineers determine how well the ________ _______ in vehicles work

Crumple zones:› made of crushable ___________ or

__________› Usually include __________________________› ____________ when the vehicle is hit

Why use crumple zones?› __________________ the collision felt by the

occupants of the vehicle› Increase the amount of ____ over which

the collision occurs Remember that impulse = force x time

› Increasing the time means that a _________ _______ is experienced by the vehicle occupants

› This reduces the __________ experienced by the occupants of the vehicle

Crash test 1959 Bel Air vs 2009 Chevy MalibuSmart Car crash test

Types of Safety Features 3 types of safety features:

› ______________ features› ______________ features› ______________ features

Restraining features:› ________ occupants in one place› __________ occupants from hitting dash,

windshield, sides or roof of car› Prevent someone from being __________ from

a vehicle Examples:

› ____________› ____________› ____________› ____________

Operational features:› Operate _______________to keep you safe while

driving Examples:

› _______________ allow driver to see clearly and warn other drivers of vehicle’s approach

› Rear and side-view _________ assist driver in seeing all parts of the road

› Tail and _______________ warn other drivers of changes in speed and direction

› __________ all the vehicle to slow safely

Structural features (_____ and _________ zones)

Rigid features are built from materials that will ____________ or break under extreme pressure› Designed to protect people _______ of the vehicle› Examples: heavy frame, roll cage, side impact

beams

Road Safety Features Many roads have road safety features that

reduce the ________ of a collision by slowing the ___________

Examples:› _________________› _________________› _______________________________

Crash cushion:› Barrels filled with ________ or _________› _________ or ________ upon impact› Apply a slowing force to the vehicle› Less damaging than a solid barrier

Guardrails:› _____ to lower the momentum of a vehicle

and _________ force of the collision› Prevent vehicles from _____________› Prevent vehicles from __________________ into

traffic

Break-away light poles:› Designed with shear pins that ___________

under the force of collision› Vehicle hits post and is _______________

immediately› Force of impact is ___________

16.2 – Seat Belts Modern seat belts are designed to prevent

your body from moving forward in a collision

Original designs were 2-point lap belts› Did not prevent the _____________ from

moving forward Modern design is a 3-point shoulder harness

› Restrains ________________

How Seatbelts Work 2 Main components:

› ____________› ________________

Webbing› Made from webbed polyester› ____________ 10-15% of its normal length› How is this helpful?

Retractor Unit uses __________ and ________ technology

Ratchet:› Maintains ____________ in the webbing› Belt fits ___________ to your body

Pendulum:› ___________ stop of vehicle causes pendulum to

swing forward› Bar _________________and _________ more

webbing from coming out

TAC seatbelt campaign – KatieTAC seatbelt campaign – Head trauma

Child Restraints Children have ________ bones and

muscles along with their comparatively _________ ________

Devices are designed to provide the ______ ____________ that this type of body needs

Types of child seats differ based on the ______ of the child

The ______ seat of the car is recommended because there is no dashboard to hit and no chance of injury by an airbag

Rear facing:› _____________

upright for children who can not yet do so

Forward facing:› _______________

made for child’s narrow shoulders

Booster seat:› Allows regular

seatbelt to ________________

Seatbelt:› Used by children

who can comfortably fit seatbelt

16.3 – The Evolving Air Bag

How Air Bags Work Works similarly to a _______________; lower

velocity and momentum of vehicle occupants

A ___________________ inside the air bag causes it to inflate in 30-50 milliseconds

__________ cause sodium azide (NaN3(s)) to decompose; ________________of nitrogen gas _________ the airbag

Evolution of the Air Bag 1st generation: caused many problems 2nd generation: deployed at a safer

_______ and at a safer ________ (20-35% less than 1st generation)

3rd generation: seat sensors detect the ______ of the occupants and ________ the force of the air bag accordingly

Modern vehicles feature switches that can turn the passenger air bag off when a _____ is in the _____________