In Praise of Stupas

7/28/2019 In Praise of Stupas

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Y A E L B E N T O R

I N P R A I S E O F ST(JPAS: T H E T I B E T A N E U L O G YA T C H U - Y U N G - K U A N R E C O N S I D E R E D

T h e C h i .i -y u n g -k u a n m o n u m e n t is l o c a t e d a t t h e G r e a t W a l l, s i xt y k i l o m e t e r sn o r t h w e s t o f P ek i n g. A n a r c h e d g a t e w a y c o n s t r u c t e d in c a . 1 3 4 3 C . E ., ito r i g ina l ly ha d t h ree st@as o n t o p. T h e s u r f a c e o f t h e w a l ls w i t h in t h e a r c his e n t i r e ly c o v e r e d w i th c a r v in g s o f m a n d a l a s , B u d d h a s a n d p r o t e c t o r s , a swel l as inscr ip t ions in s ix scr ip t s : Lantsha (Sanskr i t ) , T ibetan , 'Phags-pa(Mongo l i an ) , U ighur , Hs i -hs i a (Tangu t ) and Ch inese . Bes ides two dhdranisr e l a t ed t o st@as, t h e i n s c ri p ti o n s i n c l u d e e u l o g ie s to t h e B u d d h a a n d st@asi n g e n e r a l, t o t h e C h i i - y u n g - k u a n m o n u m e n t in p a r t ic u l a r , a n d t o t h e Y i ia nimper i a l house . These i n sc r i p t i ons have been t he sub j ec t o f s t ud i es s i nce a tl eas t 1871 (W yl i e 1871) . The T ibe t an ve r s i on o f t he eu logy was t r ans l a t edi n to F r e n c h b y L r v i i n 1 8 9 4 ; 1 i n to J a p a n e s e b y T e r a m o t o ( 1 9 0 9 ) a n d b yN a g a o ( 1 9 5 7 ) ; a n d i n t o E n g l is h b y N a g a o i n 1 9 8 5 . O u r c o n c e r n h e r e isc o n f i n e d t o t h e o p e n i n g v e r s e s o f t h e T i b e t a n e u l o g y d e v o t e d t o st@as (vv.2 - - 6 ) . B y c o n s u l ti n g e a r li e r T i b e t a n l a n g u a g e w o r k s ( b o t h c o m p o s i t io n s b yTibe t ans and t r ans l a t ed Ind i an works p rese rved i n T ibe t an ) on t h i s sub j ec t ,a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s e v e r se s c a n b e a c h i e v e d .

A cc ord ing t o t he i n sc r i p t i on i t s e l f (v . 16 ) , t he h ighes t r ank ing re l i g iouso ff ic ia l i n c h a r g e o f t h e m o n u m e n t , a n d t h e o n e w h o p e r f o r m e d t h econsec ra t i on r i t ua l , was t he Imper i a l P recep to r (T i - sh ih ) Kun-dga ' - rgya l -m t s h a n ( 1 3 1 0 - - 1 3 5 8 ) , a m e m b e r o f th e ' K h o n f am i ly , t h e le a d in g f am i l y o ft h e S a - s k y a - p a o r d e r , a n d o f t h e L h a - k h a n g B l a - b ra n g o f t h e S a - s k y a -p a . 2N a g a o h a s o b s e r v e d : " C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e o t h e r f o u r v e rs io n s , t h e T i b e t a nver s ion o f t he eu logy is by f a r t he r i ches t i n co n t en t . In s t y le it is h igh lyr e a d a b l e a n d a c c o m p l i sh e d ; t h e a u t h o r s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a n i n t e ll e c tu a lw h o p o s s e ss e d a n a c c u r a t e a n d e x te n s iv e k n o w l e d g e o f B u d d h i s m " ( 1 9 8 5 :8 3 8 ). I n t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f th e i n s c ri p ti o n t h e a u t h o r p a r a p h r a s e s f o u rsfttras o n t h e m e r i t o f c o n s tr u c t i n g st@as and a l l udes t o s t o r i e s abou tst@as f o u n d i n o t h e r B u d d h i s t s c ri p tu r e s .

The bas i s fo r t he fo l l owing d i s cus s ion wi l l be a work by Grags -pa - rgya l -m t s h a n ( 1 1 4 7 - - 1 2 1 6 ) , o n e o f th e e a r l y S a - sk y a - pa ( S a -s k ya G o n g - m a ) o ft h e ' K h o n f a m i ly . W e d o n o t a d v a n c e t h e c l a im t h a t th is w o r k w a s t h ei m m e d i a t e s o u r c e o f t h e a u t h o r o f t h e i n s c ri p ti o n , a l t h o u g h th is m i g h t v e r yw e l l b e t h e c a s e . T h e w o r k b y G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n is o n e o f t h e e a r li e stT i b e t a n - a u t h o r e d w o r k s o n t h e t o p i c p r e s e r v e d f o r u s t o d a y . It is e n t it l e dI n d o - l r a n i a n J o u r n a l 3 8 : 3 1 - - 5 4 , 1 9 9 5 .9 1 9 9 5 K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l is h e rs . P r i n t e d i n t h e N e t h er l a nd s .


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3 2 Y A E L B E N T O R

~ T ~ ) - - - - m o n a. ~ " _- , s l , ' ~ - - ~ ~ . . _ ~ _ _ . _ _ _ _ pm '-a.solor ra in covea"

~ . ~ : ~ ! ~ w h e e l s

= ~.~ ~ harmikd

~ r~ ,~ or ~ ,~ t~ o r ~ '~ , '~ ' - b a s e o f t h e v a s e~ ' r ~ r ~ ~ I t h e f o r m s t e p~ :'~ ,a r~ ,l,.r ~ - ~ - - th e th ird step' ~ " ~ "9 " ~ : i m e seceod tep* ~ ' ~ " W ~ _I me f i rs t te p1,~' = , ~ . _ _ ~ - -- ~ _ i ~ " - - b a se h e e n ighteousctions

F ig . 1 .A-rga7 Cho-ga dan g Rab-tu Gnas-pa D on Gsal -ba. The f i r s t th i rd of th i sw o r k i s d e v o t e d n o t t o t h e m a i n s u b j e c t a n n o u n c e d i n t h e t i t l e , t h e c o n -se c r a t ion r i t ua l (rab-tu gnas-pa, o r rab-gnas), bu t t o ge ne r a l e xp la na t ions o fr e l a t e d top i c s , i nc lud ing the ' r e c e p ta c l e s ' (rten) w h i c h r e q u i r e c o n s e c r a t io n ,n a m e l y stfipas a nd ima ge s . Gr a gs - pa - r gya l - mt sha n ' s d i s c us s ion o f sttipas ismor e o r l e s s pa r a l l e l t o ve r se s 2 t h r ough 6 in t he C h i i - yung- kua n T ibe t a ninsc r ip t ion . B u t t he s e que nc e i s , a t one po in t , d i f f e r e n t . The r e f o r e , weshou ld be g in w i th t he s e c ond pa r t o f ve r se 4 . Th i s ha l f - ve rse , a s e d i t e d a ndt r a n sl a t ed b y N a g a o ( 1 9 8 5 ) is a s f o ll o w s :

/spros da ng bral-bas lhung [bzed kh as] ph ub bdud-las rgyal-basrgyal-mtshan d ang/


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I N P R A I S E O F STUPAS 33~yon- tan kun- lda n khang -bu ' i rnam - ldan m chod-r t en ku n- laphyag ' tshal-lo/B e c a u s e i d le e l a b o r a t i o n (prapa~ca) w a s r e m o v e d , t h e r e a r e

[ o v e r t u r n e d b o w l s (pdta)]; b e c a u s e v i c t o r y w a s w o n o v e r t h emdras , t h e r e a r e b a n n e r s o f v ic t o r y (dhvaja):

E n d o w e d w i t h a ll s u c h v ir tu e s , a n d i n t h e f o r m o f s t o ri e db u i l d in g s , a r e t h e c a i ty a s ( c o n s t r u c t e d a t t h o s e s i te s ) - - t o a l lo f t h e m I b o w .

G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n ( p . 2 3 9 . 1 . 1 - - 4 ) h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g .de-la yang-dag-par rdzogs-pa' i sangs-rgyas-kyi r ten ni gsum-ste/[A] chos-kyi-sku dang/[B] longs-spyod rdzogs-pa' i sku dang/[C]sprul-pa'i sku ' i r ten -no/ [14] dang-po cho s-kyi sk u' i r ten-yangdky i l - 'khor ch en-po zhes-bya-ba'i rgyud-la brten-nas / s lob-d pon'phags-pa klu-sgrub-kyis mdzad-pa' i mchod-rten-gyi r tog-pa zhes-bya-ba-las 'byung-ba/ de-bzhin-gshegs-pa' i chos-kyi sku7 rten nigsum -s te / [1] lhun g-bzed kha -phu b-p a l tar yongs-su grags-pa dang/[2] khang-bu l tar yongs-su grags-pa dang/[3] rgyal-mtshan l taryongs-su grags-pa'o/ [1] dang-po ni gdan pa dm a dan g z la-ba' idkyi l -'khor-gyi l teng-du lhun g-b zed kha- ph ub -pa l tar yongs-suz lum-po -s t e / 'd i n i chos -ky i s ku mt shan -ma thams-cad dang bra l-ba m tshon-p a s te / b im ba zhe-bya-b a y in -no / [2] gny is -pa ni lkha ng-b u l tar gru bzhi -pa shin- tu m dzes-pa rkyang-pa'am br tsegs-pa- 'ang-rungoste/ 'd i n i chos-ky i sku y on- tan tham s-cad rdzogs-sh ing / mn yam -pa ny id mt shon -pa 7 r tags- te / khang -bu zhes br jod-pa y in-n o/ [3] gsum -pa hi~ mchod-r ten-gyi rnam -pa s te / 'd i -labrgyad yod -de /

T h i s m i g h t b e t r a n s l a t e d a s ,F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e t h r e e r e c e p ta c l e s o f t h e u t m o s t p e r f e c tB u d d h a : [ A 1 r e c e p t a c l e s o f t h e dharmakdya, [B] of thesambhogakdya, a n d [C ] o f t h e nirmdnakdya. [A] F i r s t , w i thr e g a r d t o r e c e p t a c l e s o f th e dharrnakdya, in d e p e n d e n c e o n t heT a n t r a c a l l e d Dkyi l - 'khor chen-po zhes-bya-ba' i rgyud i t e m e r g e sf r o m t h e Mchod-rten-gyi r tog-pa w r i t t e n b y t h e m a s t e r A r y a -Nf igf i r juna3 t h a t t h e r e a r e t h r e e r e c e p t a c l e s o f t h e dharmakdya o ft h e T a t h f i g a t a : [ 1 ] T h e o n e w h i c h i s w e l l k n o w n a s a n u p s i d ed o w n a l m s b o w l ; [ 2 ] t h e o n e w h i c h i s w e l l k n o w n a s a s m a l le d i f ic e ; [3] t h e o n e w h i c h i s w e l l k n o w n a s a b a n n e r o f v i c to r y .


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3 4 Y A E L B E N T O R[ 1 ] T h e f i r s t i s c o m p l e t e l y r o u n d l i k e a n u p s i d e d o w n a l m s b o w l[ a n d i s s i t u a t e d ] o n a l o t u s a n d a l u n a r d i s k . I t s y m b o l i z e s t h edharmakdya d e v o i d o f a n y m a r k a n d is c a l l ed bimba.4 [ 2 ] T h es e c o n d i s l i k e a s m a l l e d i fi c e , s q u a r e a n d v e r y b e a u t i f u l , e i t h e rs i n g le - o r m u l t i - s t o r i e d i s s u i ta b l e . 5 I t is a s y m b o l w h i c h i ll u s t ra t e st h e c o m p l e t i o n o f a ll t h e q u a l i ti e s o f t h e dharmakdya and [ i t s ]s a m e n e s s ; i t i s c a l l e d a s m a l l e d i f i c e . [ 3 ] T h e t h i r d h a s t h e f o r mo f st@a. A m o n g t h e m t h e r e a r e e i g h t .

B y c o n s u l ti n g w i t h G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n ' s e x p l a n a t io n , i t b e c o m e s c l e a rt h a t v e rs e 4 . 3 - - 4 . 4 o f t h e T i b e t a n e u l o g y e x p r e s s es h o m a g e t o th e t h r e et y p e s o f st@as, a n d m i g h t t h e r e f o r e b e t r a n s l a te d a s f o ll o w s :

I b o w d o w n t o a l l st@as e n d o w e d w i th t h e a p p e a r an c e o f[1] u p s i d e d o w n a l m s b o w l [ in d ic at in g ] f r e e d o m f r o m m e n t a le l a b o r a t i o n ; [2 ] b a n n e r o f v i c t o r y [ i nd ic a ti ng ] v i c t o r y o v e r M f t r a;a n d [3 ] s m a l l e d i f i c e e n d o w e d w i t h a ll q u a li ti e s . 6

S t@a s s h a p e d l i k e u p s i d e d o w n a l m s b o w l s s e e m t o r e f e r t o t h e e a r l i e rt y p e o f st@as f o r m i n g a l o w h e m i s p h e r e s u c h a s t h e o n e f o u n d a t S af ic i. 7St@as s h a p e d a s sm a l l e d if i c es m a y r e f e r t o th e l a t e r c o n f i g u r a t io n o f t h est@a r e s e m b l i n g a to w e r , 8 a n d t h o s e s h a p e d a s v i c t o r y b a n n e r s a r e t h eu s u a l e i g h t T i b e t a n st@as, a s G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n c o n t i n u e s t o ex p l a in( p . 2 3 9 . 1 . 4 - - 3 . 1 ) . 9

[0 ] 'di-la bryad yod-de/ tham s-cad-du-'ang gda n-'khri'i rnam -pa-lani nges-pa med-de/ gru b zhi- "am/zlum-po- 'am/padma-'am/zla-gam la-sogs-pa fi-ltar m dzes-pa-ste/ 'di ni rm ang dge-ba bcu zhes-bya-ba yin-no! mgur-chu zla-ba7 dkyil-'khor yan-chad ni thams-cad mthun-te/'on-kyang sgo-mangs-kyi bum-pa-la n i phyogsbzhir sgo-re 'byung-ste/'di-dag-gi rnam -par dag-pa ni 'og-tu brjod-par bya'o/[1 ] bar-gyi bang-rim thog-m a padm a brtsegs-pa ni zlum -popadma 'i 'dab-ma-can bzhi-'am bdun phyogs bzhir brtsegs-pa'o/'dini s er-skya 7 grong-'khyer-du bltams-p a b stan-pa'i mch od-rten-te/bde-gshegs mc hod-rten zhes-bya-b a yin-no![2 ] gnyis-pa byang-chub chen-po'i mchod-rten zhes-bya-ba nibang-rim bzhi-pa-ste/ 'di ni rdo -rje'i gdan -du byang-chu b-kyirten-du gyur-ba'i mchod -rten zhes-bya-ba yin-no![3 ] gsu m -pa bkra-shis sgo-mangs chos-kyi 'khor-lo'i mchod-


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I N P R A I S E O F STUPAS 3 5rten-ni / phyogs-re- la sgo bz hi- 'a m brgyad-dam bcu-gnyis-sambcu-drug- tu yod-pa -s te / bden-pa bzh i - 'am / rna m -par thar-pabrgya d-dam / rten-'brel bcu-gn yis-sarn/ stong-pa-n yid bcu-dru g-ste/mdor - na chos - ky i sgo du- ma s ton- pa ' i m t shon byed- de / vdrdnas i rye - shes - ky i mchod- r t en zhes - bya- ba y in - no /[4] bzhi -ba cho - 'phrul chen -po bs tan-ba'i m cho d-r ten hi~ phyo gsbzhi -na "bur bzh i yod -pa bang-rim bzhi -pa-s te / 'd i n i mny an-d u-yod- pa- na mu- s t egs pham- mdzad- gy i mchod- r t en zhes - bya- ba y inn o /[5] nga-pa lha-las babs-pa' i mc ho d-r ten ni phyo gs bz hi nas skas-gdang l ta-bu yod-p a-ste/ de bde-bar-gshegs-pa-rnam s sems-can-gyidon- la byon -par m tshon -pa-s te / 'd i n i grong-khyer gsal- ldan-du/sum- cu ' i l has mchod- pa ' i mchod- r t en zhes - bya- ba y in no /[6] drug-pa dge-bdun-gy i db yen- 'du m -pa' i m cho d-r ten ni / bang-rim bzhi-pa de-dag-gi zur-yang bcad-pa l ta-bu-ste/ bang-rimre-re- la zur brgyad dang logs brgyad yod-par mngon-pa-s te / rnam-par ' phru l - pa du- mas sems- can- gy i don mdzad- par m t shon- pa- s t e /'di ni rgyal-po' i-khab-tu byam s-dngos m ch od -rten zhes-b ya-b ay i n - n o /[7[ bdun-pa sku- tshe by in-gy is br labs-pa ' i mchod-r ten-ni / rnam-pa r thar -pa 'i sgo gsum mtsho n- pa bang-r im gsum - pa z lum - po- s t e /'di ni yangs-pa-can-du sku - tshe ' i 'du-by ed byin-gyis brlabs-pa' iby in-r labs mchod-r ten zhes-bya-ba y in-no/[8] brgyad-pa chos-rgyal mya -ngan m ed-pa ni / gda n-khr i gang-yang rung-ba'i s teng-du m gur-ch u yan -cha d bzhugs-pa-ste/ 'd i n ispros-pa thams-cad nye-bar zhi -ba ' i mtshon byed-de / 'd i n i grong-khy er r tswa-mchog-tu mya-ngan-las 'das-pa 'i m cho d-r ten zhes-bya-ba y in-no/[0] A m o n g t h e m t h e r e a r e e ig h t. T h e f o r m o f th e t h r o n e i s n o tf i x e d f o r t h e m . T h e r e a r e s q u a r e s , r o u n d s , l o t u s e s , s e m i - c i r c l e se t c . , w ha t e ve r i s be a u t i f u l . H e r e , [ be l ow ] t he ba s e c a l l e d t he t e nr i g h t e o u s a c t i o n s [a nd ] a b o v e t h e l u n a r d i s k o f t h e b a s e o f t h eva se 1~ a l l [e ight s t@as[ a c c o r d . 11 H o w e v e r , i n t h e v a s e o f t h e[s t@a] o f m a n i f o l d d o o r w a y s ( n o . 3 b e l o w ) t h e r e i s a d o o r i ne a c h o f t h e f ou r d i r e c t i on s . 12 T h e p r e c i s e 13 a c c ou n t o f t he s e w i l lb e t o l d b e l o w . TM


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3 6 Y A E L B E N T O R[1] As for the f i r s t , S ts o f t h e S t a c k e d U p L o t u s e s , t h e s t ep s( b a n g - r i m ) i n t h e m i d d l e is a r e r o u n d a n d t h e r e a r e f o u r o r s e v e nlo tu s pe t a l s s t a c ke d up in t he f ou r d i r e c t ions . Th i s i s t he s t 6 p awhich ind ica tes the b i r th in Kapi la (vas tu) -nagara . I t i s ca l led theS uga ta s t t~pa .16[2] The second i s ca l led the S t t i p a o f t h e G r e a t E n l i g h t e n m e n ta nd ha s f ou r s t e ps . I t i s c a l l e d the s t t ipa of tu r n ing in to ar e c e p t a c l e o f e n li g h t e n m e n t i n B o d h g a y a .[3] The third is [ the S ts o f A u s p i c i o u s M a n i f o l d D o o r w a y s - -th e s ts o f t h e w h e e l o f d h a r m a . A t e a c h d i r e c t i o n t h e r e a r ef o u r d o o r s o r e i g h t o r t w e l v e o r s i x t e e n w h i c h s y m b o l i z e t h e f o u rnob le t r u th s o r t he e igh t de l ive r a nc e s 17 o r t he twe lve in t e r -de pe nd e n t o r ig ina t ions o r t h e s ix t e e n e mpt ine s se s ; 18 in sho r t t hed i s p l a y i n g o f t h e m a n i f o l d d o o r w a y s o f d h a r m a . I t i s ca l led thes t S p a of comple te knowledge in Vf i rS_nas i .[4] The four th i s the St t~pa of D i sp l a y ing the G r e a t M i r a c le . I nthe f ou r d i r e c t ions t he r e a r e f ou r p r o j e c t ions [ i n t he c e n te r o feach of ] the four s teps . I t i s ca l led the s t s p a of de f e a t ing theheret ics in grgtvast i .[5] The f i f th is the S ts o f t h e D e s c e n t F r o m t h e G o d s . O n t h ef ou r d i r e c t ions i t ha s some th ing l i ke a s t a i r c a se . I t symbo l i z e s t hec oming o f t he S uga ta s f o r t he s a ke o f s e n t i e n t be ings . I t i s c a l l e dth e s t S p a o f t h e o f fe r in g s m a d e b y t h e g o d s o f t h e t h i rt y t h r e e i nthe c i t y o f K a s i ( .9 ) . 19[6] The sixth is the S t S p a o f R e c o n ci li n g D i s s e n si o n A m o n g t h eSa t igha . The c o r ne r o f [ e a c h o f ] t he f ou r s t e ps i s a s i f a ga in c u to f f [ t o f o r m oc t a gons ] . Ea c h s t e p a c tua l ly ha s e igh t c o r ne r s a nde igh t s ide s . I t sym bo l i z e s t he [ B uddha 's ] a c t ing f o r t he s a ke o fse n t i e n t be ings t h r ough ma ny mi r a c u lous t r a ns f o r ma t ions . I t i sc a l l e d the s t S p a of t r ue c om pa s s ion in R f ij a gr ha. 2~[7] The seventh i s the S ts of S upe r na tu r a l ly C on t r o l l ing theL i f e - S pa n . I t ha s t h r e e r o un d s t e ps wh ic h sym bo l i z e t he t h r e edo or s o f de l ive r a nc e . 21 I t i s c a l l e d the b l e s s e d s ts o f s u p e r -na tu r a l ly c on t r o l l i ng the c o m pos i t i on a l f a c to r s o f l i fe - spa n inVaigl~tli.22[8] The e ighth is [ the St f ipa] o f t h e N i r v d n a o f th e K i n g o f


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IN PR AISE OF ST(JPAS 37Dharma. The base of the vase rests on top of a suitable throne[there are no steps in between[. It symbolizes the completepacification of all mental elaborations. It is called the stfipa ofnirvdna in KuginagaraY

This corresponds to verses 2.3--4.2 of the Chii-yung-kuan, edited andtranslated by Nagao as follows:

[2.3--4]/dus-gsum rgyal-ba'i bltam dang byang-chub chos-kyi 'khor-loXXX24//mya 'dasa5 zhes-bya spyi7 md zad-p a 26 bzhi-po dag-la phyag

'tshal-lo/During the three periods (of past, future, and present) he enacted

princely birth, enlightenment, [turning of] the Dharma-wheel,And nirvdna, the four deeds common (to all the Buddhas). To

him I pay homage.[3] /sha-kya7 rgyal-po sha-kya seng-ge7 dgos-kyi mdzad-pa rmad-byung gang//yurn-kyi do n dang dge-'dun dbyen 27 -'dum rnu-stegs ph am

md zad cho-'phrul dang//sku-tshe byi . . . . . . [bsdus] bya tshul [chen]-po ste//bkra-shis sgro-mangs 28 la-sogs mtshan-ldan chos-sku'i rang-bzhin kun-la 'dud/

His needful and wondrous acts as the ~fikya-lion, king of the~fikya, were

(To preach) for the benefit of (his) mother, to reconcile the dis-cord in the sam.gha, to defeat the heretics, to exhibit miracles,

[To control[ ]~is own lifetime [by supernatural power] . . . . . . theway of perfor ming [in att rac tin g] . . , was [great];(Therefore) he had the marks of the auspicious manifold-

doorways (of learning), and others, and the essential nature ofDharma-body: to him, (the doer of) all these, I bow.

[4.1--2]/ser-skya rag-. . . . . . . . . lrgya]l-po'i khab//[yangs-pa-can] dang (?) mnyan-du-yod-par mdzad-pa mdzad-pa'ignas brgyad dang/Kapila(vastu), Maga[dha . . . . . . . . . Rfija]grha,[Vaigfill-], and ~rfivasti are the eight plac es wh ere (the B ud dh a)

performed (Buddha) acts.


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3 8 Y A E L B E N T O RN a g a o m a k e s t h e f o l lo w i n g r e m a r k o n t h e s e v e rs e s: " V a r io u s e v e n t s in

t h e B u d d h a ' s l if e a r e m e n t i o n e d i n th is v e r s e; a c c o r d i n g t o t h e C h i n e s eve r s ion , t he r e a r e ' e igh t e ve n t s ' i n a ll , bu t t he y c a nn o t be f u l ly i de n t i fi e d"( 1 9 8 5 : 8 4 5 ) . T h e I n d o - T i b e t a n t r a d i t i o n c l e a r l y e m p h a s i z e s e i g h t i m p o r t a n te v e n t s in t h e l if e o f th e B u d d h a a s a l re a d y p o i n t e d o u t w i t h r e f e r e n c e t os t6pas b y T u c c i (1 9 3 2 / 1 9 8 8 : 2 1 - - 2 4 ) , B a g c h i ( 1 9 4 1 ), M a u e a n d R 6 h r b o r n( 197 9) , N a k a m ur a ( 198 0) , e t c ? 9 Th e r e i s a l so a t ra d i t i ona l l is t o f twe lve a c tso f t h e B u d d h a w h i c h d o e s n o t c o n c e r n u s h e r e ? ~ T h e f o u r m a j o r e v e n t s 31a p p e a r i n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f v e r s e 2 , w h i c h c a n n o w b e t r a n s l a te d as :

H o m a g e t o t h e f o u r g e n e r a l a c t s o f t h e V i c t o r i o u s O n e [ t h eB ud dha ] 32 o f t he t h r e e t ime s , na m e ly : b i r t h , e n l igh t e nm e n t ,[ turning] the wheel of d h a r m a a n d nirvdna.

T h e f o u r s e c o n d a r y e v e n t s in t h e l if e o f t h e B u d d h a a r e l is t ed i n v e r s e 3 . 1 - -3 .3 . I t shou ld be no te d tha t mu- s t egs pham mdzad cho- ' phru l , t r a ns l a t e d byNa ga o a s two se pa r a t e a c t s : " to de f e a t t he he r e t i c s , t o e xh ib i t mi r a c l e s , "( 1985 : 845 ) i s r e f e r r ing to on ly one a c t , H i s e xh ib i t i ng o f mi r a c l e s f o rde f e a t ing the he r e t i c s . 33 Th e o th e r t h r e e s e c o nd a r y a c t s o f t he B u dd ha a r e( 1 ) p r e a c h ing f o r t he be ne f i t o f H i s m o th e r i n H e a ve n , 34 ( 2 ) r e c onc i li ngd i s s e n s i o n a m o n g t h e sahgha, a nd 3 ) supe r na tu r a l ly c on t r o l l i ng H i s l i f e -spa n . P a r t o f t he ve r se r e f e r r ing to t he l a s t a c t i s mi s s ing in t he i n sc r ip t ionw h i c h h a s o n l y s k u t s h e b y i . . . A c c o r d i n g t o G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n ( n o . 7 ,a bove ) , t h i s l a c una c ou ld be f i l l e d a s : sku tshe byin-brlabs o r sku tshe byin-gyis brlabs-pa. T h e e x p r e s s i o n sku- tshe ' i 'du-byed byin-gyis brlabs-pa w h i c ha p p e a r s i n G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n (ibid.) i s a l so t he t it le o f c ha p te r 23 o fth e Bud dha carita. 35 Thi s e ve n t i n t he l i f e o f t he B uddha i s r e l a t e d to t hep r o b l e m a t i c s o f H i s d e a t h a n d e m p h a s i z e s H i s a b il it y t o c o n t r o l H i s l if e-spa n . 36 I n c o nc lus ion , t he f i r s t pa r t o f ve r se 3 un t i l t he l a c una m a y b er e n d e r e d a s ,

A l l t h e o b l i g a t o r y 37 wonde r f u l de e ds o f t he k ing o f g f ikya , t hegS .kya l ion : [ act ing] for th e sake o f His m oth er , r econc i l ingd i s s e n s i o n a m o n g t h e sat~gha, exhib i t ing mirac les for de fea t ingthe he r e t i c s , a nd [ supe r na tu r a l ly c on t r o l l i ng ] H i s l i f e - spa n . . .

The l a s t l i ne o f ve r se 3 c ou ld be t r a ns l a t e d ,I b o w d o w n t o a ll [sttipas, whic h a r e ] t he na tu r e o f dharmakdya,e n d o w e d w i th t h e c h a r ac t er i st i cs o f a u s p i c io u s m a n i fo l dd o o r w a y s a n d s o fo r th .

W hi l e Na ga o took th i s ve r se a s r e f e r r ing to t he B uddha , he nc e t r a ns l a t i ng


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IN P R A IS E O F ST(JPAS 39bkra-shis sgo-mang la sogs mtshan- ldan chos-sku ' i rang-bzhin as " he hadt h e m a r k s o f t h e a u s p i c io u s m a n i f o l d - d o o r w a y s ( o f l e ar n in g ) , a n d o t h e r s ,a n d t h e e s s e n t ia l n a t u r e o f D h a r m a - b o d y " ( 1 9 8 5 : 8 4 5 ) , a f te r re a d i n g G r a g s -pa - rgya l - rn t shan ' s exp l ana t i on i t is c l ea r t ha t t h i s l ine r e fe r s r a t he r t o stfzpas,t h e s y m b o l s o f t h e dharm akdya. 3s T h e s e stEtpas a r e e n d o w e d w i th v a r io u scharac t e r i s t i c s , such as " ausp i c ious man i fo ld doorways" o f t he stftpa o ft u r n i n g t h e w h e e l o f d h a r m a (no . 3 i n Grags -pa - rgya l -mt shan , a s above) , a sw e l l a s o t h e r f o r m s c h a r a c t e r i z in g e a c h o f t h e o t h e r s e v e n s t rpas .

Th e f i r s t pa r t o f ve r se 4 r e fe r s , a s Nag ao i nd i ca t es , to t he e igh t p l acesw h e r e t h es e stftpas w e r e l o c a t e d . T h r e e n a m e s a r e c o m p l e t e l y m i s si ng in t h eT i b e t a n i n sc r ip t io n . A c c o r d i n g t o G r a g s - p a - r g y a l -m t s h a n , t h e s e p la c e s a r eVar~nas i (no . 3 ) , Gsa l - l dan (K~i? , no . 5 ) and R t sa -mchog (Ku~inagara , no .8 ). 39 N o te t ha t t he se sho r t e r fo rm s o f t hese n am es f i t the s ize o f t he l acun ain t he i n sc r i p t ion be t t e r t ha n t he L ha-y u l -nas -ba b (D evav a t a ra o r S ~ mkasya)a n d K u - s h a ' i G r o n g - k h y e r ( K u ~ i na g a ra ) su g g e s te d b y N a g a o ( 1 9 8 5 : 8 4 6 ) .T h e n a m e o f th e p l a c e o f t h e s e c o n d stftpa, th e sttipa o f E n l i g h t e n m e n t ,appear s i n on ly a pa r t i a l fo rm in t he i n sc r i p t i on . On ly t he l e t t e r s "m " a n d"g " a p p e a r . N a g a o r e c o n s t r u c t e d th is a s M a g a d h a , a r e a d i n g p r o v i d e d a l soby Bo -do ng- pa (p. 295 ) . 4oTh e f i f th ve r se o f t he in sc r i p t i on , a s ed i t ed a nd t r ans l a t ed by N agao , i s a sfo l lows:

/srog-shing ye-shes bcu' i rang-bzhin dmang (?) ni dge-ba' i las kyil a m //dran-pa nyer-bzhag gs um dan g s tobs bcu ' i ' khor- los nye-bar

m d z e s - p a - c a n // 'gro-ba kun-la gcig- tu khyab-pa' i thugs-rje ' i gdugs-kyis tab brgyanp a //bde-bar gshegs-pa' i mchod-r ten zhes-bya mchod [pa mchog] pakun- la 'du/T h e i r p o l e s h a v e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t e n k n o w l e d g e s ; t h e i r th r o n e s

a r e t h e ( t e n f o ld ) g o o d p a t h o f a c ti o n ;T h e y a r e o r n a m e n t e d w i t h w h e e ls th a t a r e t h e t h r e e m i n d f u l

app l i ca t i ons and t he t en powers ,A n d a d o r n e d w i th t h e p a r a s o ls o f c o m p a s s i o n w h i c h u n iv e r sa ll y

embrace a l l l iv ing beings :T o a ll th e s u p r e m e o b j e c ts o f w o r s h i p c e l e b r a t e d a s c a i ty a s o f

t h e W e l l - g o n e (sugata), I b o w d o w n .N a g a o ' s r e m a r k s o n t his: " T h e w o r d ' t h r o n e ' a p p e a r s i n t h e C h i n ., w h i c h


10/24

4 0 Y A E L B E N T O RI fo l low ed , bu t I d o n o t kn ow to w h ich pa r t o f a s t fi pa i t r e fe r s . Th ecor respond ing T ib . i s dub ious ; In sc . s eems to g ive dmang n i , dmar n i , damrin, o r dmangs n i , n o n e o f w h i c h m a k e s e n s e " ( N a g a o 1 9 8 5: 8 4 7 ) . G r a g s -p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n (p . 2 3 9 . 3 . 1 - - 4 ) m a k e s g o o d s e n s e o u t o f t hi s in h ise x p l a n a t io n w h i c h i m m e d i a t e l y f o ll o w s t h e p r e v i o u s ly c i t e d p a s sa g e .

de l ta bu ' i mchod-rten-gy i rnam -par dag-pa ni / rmang dge bcudang/bang-r im dang-po ni dran-pa nye-bar gzhag-pa bzhi dang/gny is-pa ni yang-dag-par spong-ba bzh i / gsum -pa ni rdzu- 'phrul-gy i rkang-pa bzh i / bzhi -pa ni dbang-po lnga/ bum -r ten m gur-chuni s tobs lnga/ bu m -pa ni byang-chub-ky i yah- lag bd un / pu-shu -s tebre ni / 'phags-pa' i lam yan-lag brgyad/ srog-shing n i shes-pa bc u/'khor-lo brtsegs-ma bcu-gsum -las/ bcu ni s tobs bcu- lhag-m agsum ni dran-pa nye-bar gzhag-pa gsum-mo/ char-khebs- te gdugsn i t hugs- rj e chen-po 'o / t og n i m nyam -pa med -pa chos -ky i sku ' irang-bzhin-te / 'di -dag ni mchod-rten-gyi ngo-bo yin-no/A s f o r t h e p r e c is e a c c o u n t o f s u c h a s t @ a , t he base i s t he t enr igh t eous ac t i ons (daia-kugala, M v y . 1 6 8 5 - - 1 6 9 8 ) ; t h e f ir s ts t ep 41 is t he fou r app l i ca t i ons o f mind fu lnes s (catvdri-smr.ty-upasthdna, M v y . 9 5 2 - - 9 5 6 ) ; t h e s e c o n d is t h e f o u r p e r f e c ta b a n d o n m e n t s (catvdri-sam. ak-prahdn,a, M v y . 9 5 7 - - 9 6 1 ) ; t h et h i rd i s t h e f o u r b a s e s o f s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r s (catvdri-r.ddhi-pdda, Mvy. 966- -970) ; t he fou r th i s t he f i ve f acu l t i e s (pafica-indriya, M v y . 9 7 6 - - 9 8 1 ) ; t h e b a s e o f t h e v a s e is t h e fi v e p o w e r s(pahca-bala, M v y . 9 8 2 - - 9 8 7 ) ; t h e v a s e is t h e s e v e n li m b s o fe n l i g h t e n m e n t (sapta-bodhy-ahga, M v y . 9 8 8 - - 9 9 5 ) ; t h e p h u -shu 42 o r t h e bre (harmikd) is t he e igh t fo ld nob l e p a th (ast.drya-marga, M v y . 9 9 6 - - 1 0 0 4 ) ; t h e li f e -w o o d is t h e t e n k n o w l e d g e s(dada-j~dna, M v y . 1 2 3 3 - - 4 3 ) . F r o m a m o n g t h e t h i rt e e n s ta c k e dup whe e l s the [ fir st] t en a re t he t e n po we rs (dada-bala, M v y .1 1 9 - - 1 2 9 ) a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e a r e t h e th r e e a p p l i ca t io n s o fm i n d f u l n e s s (tri-smr.ty-upasthdna, M v y . 1 8 8 - - 1 9 0 ) ; t h e r a i n c o v e ro r p a r a s o l is g r e a t c o m p a s s i o n (mahd-karund, Mvy. 154) ; t he t opis t h e n a t u r e o f t h e u n e q u a l l e d dharmakdya. T h e s e a r e t h ee s s e n c e o f t h e s t u p a . 43

T h e s y m b o l i s m o f th e v a r i o u s p a r ts o f th e s t @ a h a s b e e n d i s cu s s e d inw e s t e r n l a n g u a g es b y T u c c i ( 1 9 3 2 / 8 8 : 4 0 - - 4 3 ) ; B 6 n is ti ( 1 9 6 0 ); a n de s p e c ia l ly b y R o t h ( 1 9 8 0 ) w h o c o m p a r e d t h e d i f f e r e n t a c c o u n t s in t h eM chod-rten-gy i Cha Dbye-ba 'Dul -ba- las Byung-ba'i M do (Toh . 3078) ;


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I N P R A I S E O F STlfJPAS 41Stftpa-laksan.a-kdrikd-vivecana a n d t h e Kriyd-samgraha ( T o h . 2 5 3 1 , t w oa c c o u n t s ) . 44 T o t h e s e c a n b e a d d e d a l so t h e w o r k s o f Z h i - b a ' i - s n y i n g - p o a n dA t i g a d i s c u s s e d b e l o w , a s w e l l a s B o - d o n g - p a ( p p. 3 0 6 - - 7 ) , e tc . 45 T h e stVtpaa s a w h o l e i s c o n c e i v e d a s t h e dharmak6ya i n it s m e a n i n g o f ' c o r p u s o f th eT e a c h i n g s' . E a c h p a r t o f t h e stfipa is r e g a r d e d a s a c o m p o n e n t o f t h et e a c h in g s w h i c h t o g e t h e r c o n s t i tu t e t h e dharma i n i t s e n t i r e t y . F u r t h e r m o r e ,t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e t e ac h i n g s c o m p r i s e t h e p a t h t o e n l i g h t e n m e n t . T h ec o n s e c r a t i o n r i t u a l o f A t i g a f o u n d i n t h e T i b e t a n T a n j u r ( T o h . 2 4 9 6 , p .5 1 4 ) i n c l u d e s t h e b l e s s i n g o f e a c h o f t h e stftpa's l a y e rs a s a f o u n d a t i o n o ft he t e a c h i ngs , a s f o l l ow s .

byin-brlabs sa-gzhi chos-kyi dbyings/seng-khri mi-Jigs bzhir byin-brlab!rmang ni dge bcu khri-'pang h i/dang-po d ran-pa n yer gzhag-bzhi/gnyis-pa yang-dag spong-ba bzhi/gsum-pa rdzu-'phrul rkang-ba bzhi/bzhi-pa snang-ba'i dbang-po lnga/bum -rten sto bs lngar byin-gyis-brlab/bum-pa byang-chub yah-lag bdun/kha-khyer 'phags lam yah-lag brgyad/de-dag-rgyu-chos byin-brlab-ste/'bras-bu7 chos-su 'di-ltar brlab/srog-shing mk hyen bcu bre-legs hi~ye-shes bzhi dang rnam-thar bzhi/'khor-lo bcu-gsum sa bcu d ang/dran-pa nyer-gzhag gsum-ru brlab/char-kheb s gdugs ni thugs-rje'i skyabs/tog ni chos-dbyings ngo-bo nyid/phyi ni sku gsum nang gzhal-yas/T h e b l e s s i n g s a r e : b l e s s t h e f o u n d a t i o n a s dharma-dhdtu; t h e l i o nt h r o n e a s t h e f o u r f e a r l e s s n e s s , t h e b a s e a s t h e t e n r i g h t e o u sa c t i ons ; a s f o r t he t e r r a c e s , 46 t he f i r s t a s t he f ou r a pp l i c a t i ons o fm i n d f u l n e s s , t h e s e c o n d a s t h e f o u r p e r f e c t a b a n d o n m e n t s , t h et h i r d a s t h e f o u r b a s e s o f s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r s , t h e f o r t h a s t h ef i ve f a c u l t i e s ; b l e s s t he ba s e o f t he va s e a s t he f i ve pow e r s , t hev a s e a s t h e s e v e n l i m b s o f e n l i g h t e n m e n t ; t h e kha-khyer a s t hee i g h t f o l d n o b l e p a t h . T h e s e a r e t h e b l e s s in g s o f t h e c a u s edharma. T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e b l e s s e d a s t h e r e s u l t dharma. T h el if e - w o o d a s t h e t e n k n o w l e d g e s , th e g o o d bre a s t h e f o u r


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4 2 Y A E L B E N T O Re n l igh te ne d w i sdoms a nd the f ou r de l ive r a nc e s ; b l e s s t he th i r t e e nwhe e l s a s t he t e n bodhisattva gr ounds , a nd the th r e e a pp l i c a t ionso f m i n d f u ln e s s e s ; t h e p a r a s o l [ o r] t h e r a i n c o v e r a s t h e p r o t e c t i o no f c o m p a s s i o n ; t h e t o p a s dharmadhdtu, the essence ; [ the stftpaa s a who le ] ou t s ide a s t he th r e e bod ie s , i n s ide a s a d iv inepa lace . 47

Also , Zh i - ba ' i - sny ing - po ( Toh . 2652 , p . 607 .1 ) i n s t r uc t s t hose who bu i l t astftpa t o a c c o m p l i s h (grub-pa ) 48 i ts c o m p o n e n t s a s t h e f o ll o w i n g d o c tr i n a lf o u n d a t i o n s .

yang-na gzugs 'di-ltar grub-pa ni sku gsum-gyi tshul yin-te rmangdge-ba bcu da ng/ba ng-rim dang-po nas kha-khyer-gyi bar-dubyang-chub-kyi phyogs-kyi ch os sum -cu rtsa-bdun dang/srog-shing shes-pa bcu'i bar-du rgyu'i cho s bsod -nam s-ky i tshogs yin-tesprul-pa' i sku yin-pa dang/khor-lo bcu-gsum stobs bcu dang/ma"dres-pa7 dran-pa nye-bar gzhag-pa gsum dan g/cha r-khe bs thugs-rje ch e n -p o d a n g . . . /O r t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f t h e f o r m l ik e t h at i s i n t h e m a n n e r o ft h e t h r e e b o d i e s . T h e b a s e i s t h e t e n r i g h t e o u s a c ti o n s; f r o m t h ef i r s t s tep unt i l the kha-khyer - - the t h i r ty - se ve n dharmas o f t h el im b s o f en l ig h t en m e n t ; t h e l i f e - w o o d - - t h e t e n k n o w l e d g e s .U n t i l h e r e t h e s e a r e t h e c a u s e dharma, t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o fme r i t , t he nirmdn,akdya. T h e t h i r t e e n w h e e l s a r e t h e p o w e r s a n dth r e e a pp l i c a t ions o f mind f u lne s s ; t he r ain c ov e r - - g r e a t c om -p a s s i o n . . . 4 9

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e w o r k s , a s p a r t o f t h e c o n s e c r a t i o n r it ua l, t h e v a r i o u sc o m p o n e n t s o f t h e sttipa a r e b l e s se d a s , o r t r a ns f o r me d in to , t he s t a ge sl e a d ing to e n l igh te nme n t .

T h e ' l i f e - w o o d ' (srog-shing , yast.i) i s t he c e n t r a l po le o f t he stftpa. A ni n sc r ip t ion da t e d to the se c ond c e n tu r y B .C .E . a l r e a dy r e c o r ds the g i ft o f ayasti f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a stgtpa ( S c h o p e n 1 9 8 9 : 9 7 ) . Stftpa-poles h a v eb e e n f o u n d i n a la r g e n u m b e r o f a r ch a e o l o g i ca l e x c a v a t io n s o f e a rl ysttipas, s~ T h e yasti a ppe a r s a l so in r el a t ive ly e a r ly l it e r a ry sou r c e s , i nc lud ingth e Vinaya-ks..udraka-vastu, l th e Divydvaddna,52 a nd the Adbhuta -dharma-parydya ( B e n t o r 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e s y m b o l i s m o f t h e stftpa-pole h a s b e e n d e b a t e din r e c e n t s c ho la r ly w or ks . 53 S om e , l e d b y I r w in , f i nd c o sm olog ic a l a ndc o s m o g o n i c a l s y m b o l is m i n t h e sttipa-pole. R e la t ive ly l at e l i t e r a ry sou r c e s ,inc lud ing the M chod-rten-gyi Cha D bye-ba 'Dul-ba-las Byung-ba'i M do, 54Zhi - ba ' i - sny ing - po ' s Mchod-rten Sgrub-pa'i Cho-ga,5s At iga ' s c onse c r a t ion


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IN PRAISE OF S T U P A S 4 3wor k, 56 G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n ' s c o n s e c r a t i o n wor k, 57 B o - don g- pa , 58 a s we l la s th e C h i i - y u n g - k u a n i n s cr ip t io n , o n l y m e n t i o n t h e m e a n i n g o f th e ' te nk n o w l e d g e s ' .

T h e ' b a s e ' (dmang o r rmang) i s l o c a t e d a b o v e t h e t h r o n e o f t h e stt;pa,a nd be lo w i ts s t e ps ( s e e i ll u s tr a tion ). I t sym bo l i z e s the t e n r igh te ous a c t ions(dge bcu) whic h a r e the ba s i s f o r t he th i r ty - se ve n l imbs o f e n l igh te nme n t a st h e b a s e (rrnang) s u p p o r t s t h e sttipa, whic h in i t s t o t a l i t y symbo l i z e s thepa th to e n l igh te nme n t ( s e e be low) .

T h e t w o o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e stftpa a ppe a r ing in the in sc r ip t ionb e l o n g t o t h e u p p e r p a r t o f th e stftpa. As At iga a nd Zh i - ba ' i - sny ing - po sa idi n t h e a b o v e q u o t e s , w h i l e t h e l o w e r p a r t o f th e stftpa c o r r e l a t e s w i thd o c t r in a l t e r m s p e r t ai n i n g t o t h e c a u s e o f e n li g h te n m e n t , i n o t h e r w o r d sth e bodhisattva pa th , t he uppe r pa r t o f symbo l i z e s the r e su l t , t he qua l i t i e so f a n En l igh te ne d B e ing . 59 Th e th i r t e e n w he e l s ( ' kh o r - lo ) on top o f t heharmikd s y m b o l i z e t h e t e n p o w e r s a n d t h e t h r e e a p p l ic a t io n s o fmind f u lne s s , wh i l e t he pa r a so l (gdugs) w h i c h c o v e r s t h e w h e e l s s y m b o l i z e sg r e a t c o m pa ss ion . 6~ Th e se qua l it i es a r e f o u r t e e n ou t o f t he e igh te e n c h a r a c -t e r i s t i c s un ique to a B uddha (sangs-rgyas-kyi chos m a 'dres-pa bco-brgyad,o r astdda~dven, kdh. buddhadharm gth. ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Abhidharma-koda.61A s T u c c i ( 1 9 3 2 / 1 9 8 8 : 4 3 ) p o i n te d o u t, m o s t o f t h e d o c tr in a l t e rm ss y m b o l i z e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e stftpa a r e c ommon to non - Ma hf iyS _nasc hoo l s a s we l l .

Th e s ix th ve r se o f t he C h / i - yung- kua n in sc r ip t ion a s e d i t e d a nd t r a ns l a t e db y N a g a o i s a s fo l lo w s :

/ 'phags-pa rgyun-zhug[s lan-cig-phyir]- ong m a-'ong dgra-bco mrang-rgyal-gyi//mchod-rten-rnam -kyi gdugs-kyi rim-pa rim-bzhin g cig danggsum-dag dang//Inga dan g bdun-te steng dan g 'og dan g bar-[ba] phyogs dangphyogs-' tshams d ang/sku-gdung bca s da ng med-kyang rung-ste mchod -rten 'di-la- 'angph[yag 'tshal-lo]/

S t r e a mwinne r , [ Onc e - r e tu r ne r ] , Ne ve r - r e tu r ne r , Ar ha t , a ndP r a t y e k a - b u d d h a - - t h e s e s a g e s '

C a i tya s , w i th pa r a so l s a r r a nge d in t i e r s - - one , t h r e e tw ic e ,F ive , a nd se ve n in numbe r r e spe c t ive ly , ( a r e ) a bove , be low , a ndbe twe e n , a nd a t t he c a r d ina l a nd in t e r me d ia t e po in t s ;And whe the r t he y c on ta in r e l i c s o r no t , t o t he se c a i tya s too [ Ibow].


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4 4 Y A E L B E N T O RT h i s t r a n s l a t i o n m i g h t b e r e a r r a n g e d a s t h e f o l l o w i n g :

H o m a g e to t h e stf~pas a b o v e , b e l o w , a n d i n b e t w e e n , 62 i n t h ec a r d i n a l a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e d i r e c t i o n s , w i t h o n e , t h r e e t w i ce , 63 f iv e ,a n d s e v e n r o w s o f p a ra s o l s [ a c c o rd i n g to w h e t h e r t h e y a re ]stl tpas o f t h e S a i n ts , S t r e a m - e n t e r e r s , ( O n c e - r e t u r n e r s ) , N e v e r -r e t u r n e r s , A r h a t s [ o r] P r a t y e k a b u d d h a s , r e s p e c ti v e l y ; w h e t h e rt h e y c o n t a i n r e l ic s o r n o t i t is s u i ta b l e .

T h e t e r m ' p a r a s o l ' (gdugs) i s u s e d h e r e i n a d i f f e r e n t s e n s e t h a n i n t h ep r e v i o u s v e r se . N a g a o c o m m e n t s o n t h is , " I n t h e p r e v i o u s v e r s e , th e T i b .'khor-lo ( w he e l ) i s i n Ch i n . lu n ( w he e l ) , bu t gdugs ( pa r a s o l ) i n t h i s ve r s ea l s o c o r r e s p o n d s t o C h i n . lu n ( w h i le in t h e p r e v i o u s v . gdugs i s g i ve n a slun-san o r w h e e l - p a r a s o l ) . T h i s u s a g e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e C h i n e s e a u t h o r h a di n m i n d s o m e t h i n g l i k e a p o l e w i t h n i n e r i n g s , a f e a t u r e p e c u l i a r t o C h i n e s et o w e r s b u t d i f f e r in g f r o m b o t h I n d i a n a n d T i b e t a n stF~paso r c a i t y a s " ( 1 9 8 5 :8 4 7 ) . G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n (p . 2 3 9 . 3 . 4 - - 6 ) o p e n s h is e x p o s i t io n o f t h ist o p i c w i t h a m o r e c o n v i n c i n g e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e u s e o f th e t e r m ' p a ra s o l 'h e r e .

de- 'ang lung-las 'khor-lo-rnams-la ni gdugs zhes-bya-ste / sangs-rgyas-kyi m cho d-rten -la ni gdugs-bcu-gsum-m o/ rang-sangs-rgyas-la ni bdun-no/ dgra-bcom-pa-la ni lnga'o/ lan-cig-phyir- 'ong-badang phy ir-mi -'ong-bala ni gsu m -m o/ rgyun-du-zhugs-pa-la nigc ig-go/ so-so skye-bo-rna m s-ky i n i mch od-r ten by i-po y in-nozh es gsungs-so/ de-yang c ho s-kyi sk u' i r ing-bsrel zhes-bya-ba/gzungs bzhugs-na ni sangs-rgyas-kyi m cho d-rte n-d u 'gyur-ba' iph y ir thams-cad- la- 'ang 'khor- lo bcu-gsum thob-pa y in-no/F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s c r i p t u r e s c a l l t h e w h e e l s p a r a s o l s . A stitpa o ft h e B u d d h a h a s t h i r te e n p a r as o ls ; o f a P r a t y e k a b u d d h a - - s e ve n ;o f A r h a t s - - f iv e; o f O n c e - R e t u r n e r s a n d N o n - R e t u r n e r s - -t h r e e; o f S t r e a m - E n t e r e r s - - o n e ; a n d a stitpa o f a n o r d i n a r yp e r s o n i s a b a l d s t i tpa. S t il l i f on e de p os i t s dhdran, s, t h e s oc a l l e d r e l i c s o f t he dharmakdya, t h e r e i n i t w o u l d t u r n i n t o astitpa o f t h e B u d d h a . T h e r e f o r e a l l sti tpas h a v e t h i r t e e n w h e e l s . 64

T h e s c r i p t u r al a u t h o r i t y t o w h i c h G r a g s - p a - r g y a l -m t s h a n m a k e s r e f e r e n c eh e r e i s t h e Vinaya-ksudraka-vastu w h o s e t e r m i n o l o g y is d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h et ex t s e x p la i n in g t h e s y m b o l i s m o f th e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e st~par e f e r r e d t o i n v e r s e 5 . W h a t t h e Vinaya c a ll s ' p a r a s o l ' (gdugs) i s t e r m e d i nt ho s e o t h e r t e x t s ' w he e l s ' ( ' kho r - l o , a s de p i c t e d i n t he i l lu s t r a t i on ) . 65 T h i s


15/24

IN PR AISE OF S T U P A S 4 5p a s s a g e o f t h e Vinaya d i s cu s s in g t h e n u m b e r o f p a r a s o l s ( o r w h e e l s ) o fs t @as of the va r ious non - Ma hf iy f ina sa in t s wa s a l r e a dy s tud ie d by LaV a l l 6 e P o u s s i n ( 1 9 3 7 ) ; B a r e a u ( 1 9 6 2 : 2 3 6 ) ; R o t h ( 1 9 8 0 : 1 8 4 ) , e t c . T h eVinaya-ks.udraka-vastu has the fo l lowing:

A st~pa of the Ta th f iga t a shou ld be c omple t e i n a l l i t s a spe c t s ;t h e P r a t y e k a b u d d h a ' s s h o u l d h a v e t h e r a i n c o v e r le f t o u t ; t h eA r h a t ' s s h o u l d h a v e f o u r p a r a s o l s ; t h e N o n - R e t u r n e r ' s t h r e e ; t h eO n c e - R e t u r n e r ' s t w o ; t h e S t r e a m - E n t e r e r ' s o n e ; f o r v i r t u o u so r d i n a r y p e o p l e , a b a l d st@a s h o u l d b e m a d e . 66

W hi l e t he la s t pa r t o f ve r se 6 o f t he C hf i - yung- kua n in sc r ip t ion e xp r e s se sh o m a g e t o s t @as whe the r t he y c on ta in r e l i c s o r no t , Gr a gs - pa - r gya l - mtsha nm e n t i o n s r e l i c s f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s . H i s p u r p o s e s e e m s t o b e t o p r o v i d e a ne x p l a n a ti o n f o r t h e f a c t t h a t i n T i b e t m o s t st~pas ha d th i r t e e n whe e l s . B yde pos i t i ng dhdran, s, t he r e li c s o f t he dharmakdya ( c f . Gya lz u r & Ve r we y1 9 8 3 ; B e n t o r 1 9 9 2 ) i n a st@a o f a n y s ai nt , it w o u l d b e c o m e a st@a o f t h eB u d d h a w o r t h y t o h a v e t h i r t ee n w h e e l s i n i ts s p i re .

A pa r a l l el i de a i s e xp r e s se d by S ta g - t sha ng L o- t s f i -ba who , a f t e r e xp lain -ing the va r ious sttipas of ~ f ikya mun i B uddha , s a ys the f o l lowing :

A l s o n o w a d a y s , e v e n t h o u g h [ a s t @a] i s c ons t r uc t e d f o r t he sa keo f a ny pe r son , i f r e l i c s o f t he Ta th f iga t a a r e de pos i t e d the r e i t i sn e c e s s a r y t o m a k e a l l t h e e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r m o f a n y o n e a m o n gthe e ight wh ich i s su i tab le . 67

H e n c e a l l st@as bu i l t ha T ibe t a r e c ons ide r e d to be s t @as o f t h e B u d d h awhe n His r e l i c s a r e de pos i t e d the r e . The se r e l i c s a r e no t r e s t r i c t e d tophys ica l r e l ic s . Re l ic s of the dharma o r t h e dharmakdya m a y s e r v e th isf unc t ion a s we l l ( c f . B e n to r 1992) .

C O N C L U S I O N

T h e o p e n i n g v e r s e s ( w . 2 - - 6 ) o f t h e T i b e t a n C h ( i - y u n g - k u a n in s c r ip t io np r a i s e t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f st@as. The r e a r e th r e e ba s i c c l a s s i f i c a t ions o fst@as, o n e o f th e m f u r t h e r i n c lu d e s t h e e i g h t st@as a ssoc ia t e d w i th thee i g h t f o r e m o s t d e e d s o f t h e B u d d h a . W h i l e t h e s e d e e d s t o o k p l a c e i n I n d i a ,the e igh t st@as, c ha r a c t e r i z e d by d i f f e r e n t f o r ms , s e r ve to t r a ns f e r t hes a c r e d g e o g r a p h y o f In d i a t o o t h e r B u d d h i s t c o u n t ri e s. A p i lg r im a g e t o s u c ha s t@ a c a rr ie s s o m e o f th e p o w e r a v i si t t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p l a c e i nI nd ia wou ld ha ve . The C h i i - yung- kua n T ibe ta n in sc r ip t ion f u r the r p r a i se sth e s t @a a s the dharma b o d y o f t h e B u d d h a . T h e v a r io u s t e a ch i n g s o f t h e


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46 Y A E L B E N T O R

B u d d h a a r e c o n c e i v e d a s e m b o d y i n g d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s o f t h es t@a. T h e c o n s e c r a t i o n o f s t@as came t o i n c l u d e a r i t u a l o f b l e s s i n g o re m p o w e r i n g e a c h p a r t o f t h e s t@a w i t h s p e c i f i c t e a c h i n g s . F i n a l l y , t h e C h i i -y u n g - k u a n e u l o g y a l l u d e s t o a n i m p o r t a n t s c r i p t u r a l s o u r c e o n t h e s t@a,w h i c h r e la t es t h e n u m b e r o f w h e e l s it p o s s e s s e s t o v a r i o u s n o n - M a h f i y ~ n as a i n t s . T h i s r e l a t i o n s e e m s t o h a v e l e s s r e l e v a n c e i n T i b e t w h e r e t h e g r e a t e rn u m b e r o f st i tpas, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e c o n s t r u c t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y a s a r e l i q u a r y f o ra c e r t a i n l a m a , a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s t@as o f t h e B u d d h a a s w e l l , b y v i r t u eo f H i s r e li cs d e p o s i t e d w i t h i n t h e m . T o c o n c l u d e , t h e C h / i - y u n g - k u a nT i b e t a n i n s c r i p t i o n i s a r i c h a n d s o p h i s t i c a t e d e u l o g y w h i c h r e f l e c t si m p o r t a n t e le m e n t s i n th e I n d o - T i b e t a n c o n c e p t o f t h e st i tpa. I t i s i t se l f ac u lt u r a l m o n u m e n t o f g r e at s i g n if ic a n c e f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e e a r ly r e l ig i o u sa r c h i t e c t u r e o f A s i a .

N O T E S1 L i g e t i ( 1 9 7 8 ) h a s i n v e s ti g a t e d v e rs e s 9 a n d 1 3 o f th e e u l o g y ( a c c o r d in g t o t h e n u m e r a t i o ni n t h e T i b e t a n v e r s i o n ) a s t u d y w h i c h s h o u l d b e r e a d t o g e t h e r w i t h d e J o n g 1 9 8 1 .2 C f . N a g a o 1 9 8 5 : 8 5 5 ; T u c c i 1 9 4 9 / 8 0 : I 2 5 3 , n . 5 3 ; R u e g g 1 9 6 6 : 1 0 9 ; D p a ' - b o I I G t s u g -l a g - ' p h r e n g - b a ( li v e d 1 5 0 4 - - 1 5 6 6 ) v o l . 2 , p . 6 0 3 . 3 .3 Th is c i t a t ion o f N figf ir juna i s found in va r ious w o rks on stapas, i n c l u d i n g B o - d o n g P h y o g s -l a s - r n a m - r g y a l ( l i v e d 1 3 0 6 - - 1 3 8 6 ; p . 2 9 3 ) ; P a d m a - ' p h r i n - l a s ( l i v e d 1 6 4 1 - - 1 7 1 7 ; p . 2 9 2 ) ;' J a m - d b y a n g s - b z h a d - p a I I ( l iv e d 1 6 4 8 - - 1 7 2 1 / 2 ; p . 8 6 3 ) , G u n g - t h a n g - p a ( l i v e d 1 7 6 2 - - 1 8 2 3 ;p . 446) . I have no t been ab le , des p i t e my bes t e f fo r t s , to loca te the o r ig ina l con tex t s o f a r .4 I t s name , bimba, m e a n s ' s p h e r e ' o r ' r e f l e c t i o n ' ( M W 7 3 1 ) . T h e s p h e r i ca l s h a p e , l ik e th em a n d a l a i n T a n t r i c B u d d h i s m , s y m b o l i z e s t h e u n i t y o f t h e dharmakdya, d e v o i d o f a n y m a r k .T h e a l t e r n a t i v e m e a n i n g o f ' r e f l e c t i o n ' m a y r e f e r t o a r e f l e c t io n o f t h e dharrnakdya ( n o d o u b tm o r e l i k e a c o m p l e t e s p h e r e ) i n t h e p h e n o m e n a l w o r l d i n t h e s h a p e o f a h e m i s p h e r e . T h eT i b e t a n l o a n w o r d f r o m birnba, t h e w o r d 'bi-'bi ( p r o n o u n c e d ' b i m b i ' ) i s u s e d i n T i b e t a nw o r k s f o r s m a l l s p h e r i c a l p i e c e s o f c la y o u t o f w h i c h tsha-tshas i n t h e s h a p e o f st@as arem a d e w i t h t h e h e l p o f m o u l d s ( cf . T o h . 3 1 0 7 , a w o r k b y P a d m a - l c a g s - k y u , D e r g e v o l . 7 4 , p.4 0 1 ; G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n , p . 2 4 0 . 3 ) . I n m o r e c o m p l e x st~pas, s u c h as t h o s e c o m m o n i nT i b e t , t h e v a s e o f t h e st@ a (bum-pa, kumbha) i s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e dharm adhdtu. Ine x p l a i n in g t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e st@a, Bodh is a t tva s ays , " the round vas e i s the dharma-dhdtu, f r e e o f m e n t a l e l a b o r a t i o n s " (chos-dbyings spros-med bum -pa zlum -po-la, T o h . 3 0 6 9 ,D e r g e v o l . 7 4 , p . 3 1 8 ) .s F o r m u l t i - s t o r ie d e d if i c e s (khang-b u brtsegs-pa, kfttdgdra) s e e , d e V r e e s e 1 9 4 7 ; F r a n z1 9 8 1 ; a n d B o l l e e 1 9 8 6 .6 A c c o r d i n g t o G r a g s - p a - r g y a l- m t s h a n ' s e x p l a n a t i o n , t h e ' q u a l i ti e s ' h e r e r e f e r s t o q u a l i t ie s o fth e dharmakdya.7 C f . L a m o t t e 1 9 5 8 ; 3 4 1 - - 3 4 2 . A c c o r d i n g to H s i ia n - t s a n g ( I 4 7 - - 4 8 ) t h e B u d d h a i n s t r u c t e dh i s d i s c ip les how to cons t ruc t the f i r s t stupa b y p l a c i n g h is g a r m e n t s f o l d e d a s a s q u a r e o nt h e g r o u n d , " . . . o v e r t h e s e h e p l a c e d a s a c o v e r h is b eg g i n g - p o t , o n w h i c h h e e r e c t e d h i sm e n d i c a n t ' s s ta ff . T h u s h e p l a c e d t h e m i n o r d e r , m a k i n g t h e r e b y ( t h e f i g u r e o f ) a s t f ip a "(ibid.). A c c o r d i n g t o B o - d o n g P h y o g s - la s - r n a m - r g y a l (p p . 2 9 2 - - 2 9 3 ) , S t a g -t s h an g L o - t sf i -b a( b o r n 1 4 0 5 ; f o l s . 1 0 - - 1 1 ) , P a d m a - ' p h r i n - l a s ( p . 2 9 2 ) , G u n g - t h a n g - p a ( p . 4 4 6 , w h o s e a c c o u n t


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I N P R A I S E O F S T ( J P A S 47i s s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t ) s u c h a s ~ p a b e l o n g s t o a ~rdvaka. " A sttipa o f a grdvaka i s l ikef o l d in g t h e m o n k ' s g a r m e n t i n t o q u a r t e r s , p l ac i n g o n t o p o f i t t h e a l m s b o w l u p s i d e d o w n a n don i t t he s t a f f . A stg~pa o f a P r a t y e k a b u d d h a h a s o n t o p o f a s q u a r e b a s e tw e l v e s q u a r e o rr o u n d s t ep s a n d a w h e e l w i th e i g h t s p o k e s . W i t h r e g a r d t o M a h a y f i n a st~pa, N ~ g a r j u n a s a i d :[1 ] a r o u n d v a s e l i k e u p s i d e d o w n a l m s b o w l a n d [ 2] l ik e a s m a l l e d i f a c e a n d [3 ] e i g h t stgtpasl i k e v i c t o r y b a n n e r s e t c . " Nyan-thos-kyi mchod-rten chos-gos bzh i b l tab-gyi [ G u n g - t h a n g - p a :l tab byas-pa'i] steng-du lhung-bzed spub-pa-la 'khar-gsil btsugs-pa lta-bu dang/rang -rgyal-gyimchod-r ten rmad [S t a g - t sha ng : rmang; B o - d o n g : dm ang] gru-bzhi' i s teng-du ngos gru-bzhi[ S t a g - ts h a n g a d d s ' a m ; B o - d o n g : dngos-gzhi' i zlum-po. B o - d o n g ' s t e x t m a y b e t r a n s l a t e d a s :" o n t o p o f a s q u a r e b a s e a r o u n d m a i n p a r t w i t h 1 2 s t e p s a n d a w h e e l w i t h e i g h t s p o k e s ? ' ]z lum -po bang-rim bcu-gnyis-pa 'khor- lo r ts ibs brgyad-pa can dang/theg-chen-gyi mchod-rtenklu-sgrub-kyis / [Bo-dong: theg-pa chen-po 'i mchod-rten dkyi l - 'kho r chen-po bk od pa ' (s ic){ The Ma hg t y f ina sttipa i s a r r a n g e d a s a g r e a t m a n d a l a } ] lhung-bzed spub-pa ltar [S t a g - t sha ng :l ta-bft- 'am; B o - d o n g : l ta -bu] bu m-p a [S t a g - t sha ng : bim-pa'i; B o - d o n g o m i t s ] z lum-po dang /khang-bu l ta-bu [ B o - d o n g a d d s : gru-bzhi, ' s qua re ' ] dang/rgyal-m tshan Ita-bu'i mch od-rtenbrgyad-la sogs-pa gsungs/(Padma-'phrin-las, p , 2 9 2 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e T i b e t a n a u t h o r s , t h et h r e e t y p e s o f stg~pas l is te d i n t h e C h i i - y u n g - k u a n g i n s c r i p t io n a r e M a h f t y a n a stftpas, w h i l et h e t w o o t h e r sttipas m e n t i o n e d h e r e a r e c l a ss i fi e d a s b e l o n g i n g to n o n - M a b a y f i n a s ch o o l s.' J a m - d b y a n g s - b z h a d - p a I 1 p r o v i d e s y e t a d i f f e r e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . H e l i s t s f o u r k i n d s o f stlipasf o r o r d i n a r y p e r s o n s , ~rdvakas, P r a t y e k a b u d d h a s a n d T a t h f ig a ta s . T h e stfipas o f t h eT a t h f t g a t a s a r e f u r t h e r d i v i d e d i n t o t h o s e l i k e u p s i d e d o w n a l m s b o w l s , t h o s e l i k e m u l t i -s t o r i ed e d i f ic e s a n d t h o s e l ik e v i ct o r y b a n n e r s ( p p. 8 6 2 - - 8 6 3 ) .s T h i s e v o l u t i o n o f t h e sttipa i s d i s c u s s e d , f o r e x a m p l e , i n M i t r a 1 9 7 1 : 3 0 .9 C f . t h e s i m i l a r a c c o u n t o f t h e Vaid. rya g .ya'-sel ( T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 1 9 8 8 : 1 1 8 - - 1 2 1 , t r a n s l a t e dibid. 1 2 7 - - 1 3 2 ) .1 0 T h i s r e f e r s t o t h e l o w e r a n d u p p e r p a r t s o f a st(tpa, b e l o w t h e b a s e o f t h e f o u r s t e p s(bang-rim) [ca l led rmang , s e e b el o w ] a n d a b o v e t h e b a s e o f t h e v a s e (bum-r ten ) [seei l l u s t r a t i on ] .i1 In s e t s o f e i gh t stgtpas c o n s t r u c t e d n o w a d a y s t h e nirvdna s t f ipa (no . 8 ) ha s a l so a d i f f e re n tva se .12 T h i s i s n o t f o u n d i n s e t s o f e i g h t stt~pas c o n s t r u c t e d n o w a d a y s i n w h i c h t h e st~pa o fm a n i f o l d d o o r w a y s i n d e e d h a s m a n y d o o r s i n t h e f o u r d i r e ct io n s ; s ti ll , i ts u p p e r a n d l o w e rp a r t s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h e o t h e r st~pas (be s i de s no . 8 ) .13 L i t e r a l l y ' p u r e ' o r ' i m m a c u l a t e ' (rnam-pa dag-pa) .1 4 A s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e i g h t st~pas i s f o u n d i n B o -d o n g P h y o g s - l a s - r n a m - r g y a l ( p . 2 9 4 ) .1 5 B e t w e e n t h e b a s e o f t h e s t e p s (dge-bcu) a n d t h e b a s e o f t h e v a s e (bum-rten, s e ei l l u s t r a t i on ) .16 T h e l o t u s e s sy m b o l i z e t h a t " e v e n t h o u g h t h e V i c t o r i o u s O n e s a r e b o r n f r o m t h e m u d o fsam.sdra, t h i s m u d o f samsdra d o e s n o t c l i n g [ t o t h e m ] " (rgyal-ba-rnams 'khor-ba~ 'dam-nas'khrungs-kyang/ 'khor-ba'i 'dam-gyis m a gos-la. B o - d o n g , p . 3 0 8 ) .17 Skt: vimoks.a, c f . M v y . 1 5 1 1 - - 8 .18 Skt: so d aga-~gmyatd.~9 T h e s t a ir c a s e d e n o t e s t h e B u d d h a ' s a s c e n t t o a n d d e s c e n t f r o m t h e H e a v e n o f t h e 3 3g o d s w h e r e h i s d e c e a s e d m o t h e r r e s id e d ( cL F a H s i e n 1 8 8 6 / 1 9 6 5 : 4 7 - - 5 3 ) . F o r a d es c r ip -t i o n o f t h i s st~pa a s i t e x i s t e d i n I n d i a i n t h e e i g h t h c e n t u r y , s e e t h e a c c o u n t o f H y e C h ' o( 1 9 8 ? : 4 2 ) . F o r v a r i o u s r e l i e f s d e p i c t i n g t h i s e v e n t , s e e P a r i m o o 1 9 8 2 ; f i g s . 7 2 - - 7 5 . M o s to f t e n t h e s i t e f o r t h i s e v e n t i s g i v e n a s S -a qa k~ gya (cf . M a n e a nd R 6h rb o r n 197 9 , e t c .) .20 T h e c u t t i n g o f f o f t h e c o r n e r s t o f o r m o c t a g o n s s y m b o l i z e s th e c u t t i n g o f f o f d i s s e n s i o n ,o r t h e c u t t i n g o f f o f t h e t h r e e p o i s o n s a n d v i e w s w h i c h a r e c a u s e s o f d i s s e n s i o n (dbyen-gyirgyu dug gsum bl ta-ba dang bcas-pa 'i gra-zur bcad-nas/ z i l-gnon-nas, B o - d o n g , p . 3 0 8 ) .


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21 Empt ines s , s ign les s nes s and w is h les s nes s ( c f . R igz in 1986 : 236) .22 T h is w i l l be d i s cus s ed be low .23 Th e roun d s ha pe o f th i s snipa w hich l acks s t eps (bang-rim), s y m b o l i z e s nirvdn,a, pac i f i ca -t ion o f a l l men ta l e l abo ra t ions ( c f . Bo-dong , p . 308) .24 N o te by N agao : " the th ree mis s ing s y l l ab les can be con jec tu red as rab-tu-skor".25 N o t e b y N g a o : " A s i n s c r ib e d , b u t p r o b a b l y t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f myang- 'das o r mya-ngan-'das-pa".26 For mdsad ( s i c ) .27 For dben (s ic) .2s N o te by N agao : "The in s e . r eads sgro-mangs. I have t aken i t a s sgo-mang ( m a n y -d o o r w a y s ) i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e C h i n e s e chi-hsiang-men ( aus p ic ious ga te ) " .29 The c las s i f i ca t ion o f thes e e igh t st t~pas i s no t s ys temat ized in the ea r l i e r s ou rces . Theya r e , h o w e v e r , d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e e i g h t st~pas b u i l t o n t h e r e l ic s o f t h e B u d d h a a c c o r d i n g t ot h e Mahdparinirvdna Sgttra. O u r g r o u p o f e i g h t stapas s e e m t o h a v e b e e n k n o w n t o I T s i n ge v e n t h o u g h t h e y a r e n o t l i st e d in h i s tr a v e l r e c o r d s ( 1 8 9 6 : 1 0 8 ). T h e y a p p e a r a l so i n I n d i a na r t ( P a r i m o o 1 9 8 2 ) . F o r f u r t h e r m e n t i o n s s e e t h e w o r k s j u s t l is t e d i n t h e t e x t o f th i s a rt ic l e .F o r o n e o f t h e e a r l ie s t p a in t i n g s o f t h e s e e i g h t stfipas, s e e K l i m b u r g - S a l t e r 1 9 8 8 : F i g s. 1 6 - -1 9. A m o n g t h e l is ts o f t h e e i g h t stftpas f o u n d i n t h e T i b e t a n T e n j u r a r e T o h . 1 1 3 3 , 1 1 3 4 ,1168 , 3069 (D erge , vo l . 74 , p . 311) .30 The vas t ma jo r i ty o f s ou rces r e la te a s e r i e s o f e igh t sttipas to e igh t even t s in the l i f e o ft h e B u d d h a . A n e x c e p t i o n a l e x a m p l e f o r c o r r e l a t i n g stftpas w i t h t h e t w e l v e e v e n t s i n t h e l i f eo f t h e B u d d h a i s f o u n d i n M k h a s - p a - l d e ' u , p . 7 4 .31 Cf. Mahdparinirvdna Sti tra W a l d s c h m i d t 1 9 5 1 : I I I 3 8 8 - - 3 9 0 ; Mahdparinibbhdna Sut ta ,D?gha Nikdya I I 1 4 0 - - 1 4 1 ( W a l s h e 1 9 8 7 : 2 6 3 - - 2 6 4 ) ; t h e T i b e t a n V i n a y a (c f. W a l d s c h m i d t1 9 5 1 : I I I 3 9 1 ); F a H s i e n 1 8 8 6 / 1 9 6 5 : 9 0 ( n o te t ha t o n p . 6 8 t h e d e s c e n t f r o m t h e h e a v e n o ft h e t h i r t y - t h r e e r e p l a c e s t h e b i r t h o f t h e B u d d h a ) ; Divydvaddna 2 4 4 ; B 6 n i s t i 1 9 6 0 : 7 3 - - 8 1 ;etc .3z N a gao ' s t r ans la t ion o f dus gsum rgyal -ba i s m i s t a k e n . H e t a k e s d u s g s u m ( ' t h r ee t imes ' )adverb ia l ly , "du r ing the th ree pe r io ds (o f past , f u tu re , and p res en t ) " a nd rgyal-ba as anad jec t ive , "p r ince ly" , fo r bltam, ' b i r th ' ; in f ac t, it is a com m on ep i the t o f the Bud dha . L6v i1 8 9 4 : 3 6 9 i s c o r re c t .33 L 6 v i 1 8 9 4 : 3 6 9 h a s t h e c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e ta t i o n . S e e a ls o Buddhacari ta , c a n t o 2 0 . 5 4 - - 5 5( J o h n s t o n 1 9 3 7 : 9 8 - - 9 9 ) ; T o h . 1 1 3 3 , p . 1 6 2 ( t r a n sl a t e d b y N a k a m u r a 1 9 8 0 : 2 6 4 ) ; G r a g s - p a -rgya l -mts han , no . 4 , e t c . V ar io us m i rac les a r e s a id to have occu r red in g r f ivast i ( s ee F o uc her1 9 1 7 : 1 4 7 - - 1 8 4 ; P a r i m o o 1 9 8 2 : 4 4 - - 5 1 ; L a w 1 9 3 5 ; e tc .) . Y e t , t h e t r a d i t io n o f th e e ig h tstftpas r e la tes the s t @ a of g r f ivas t i to the mi rac les exh ib i t ed fo r de fea t ing the he re t i c s .34 S ee no te 18 abov e and Buddhacarita c a n t o 2 0 . 5 7 - - 5 8 ( J o h n s t o n 1 9 3 7 : 9 9 ) .35 P ek ing # 5656 , vo l . 129 , pp . 160 .5 .6 - -162 .2 .4 ; J o hns t on 1937 : 231 - -2 38 ; s ee es p . vv .6 3 - - 7 5 .36 T h e r e a r e v a r y i n g v e r s i o n s o f th i s e v e n t. M o s t a c c o u n t s r e l a t e t h a t a f t e r A n a n d a , u n d e rt h e i n f l u e n c e o f M f i ra , h a d f a i le d t o r e q u e s t t h e B u d d h a t o r e m a i n i n t h e w o r l d , t h e B u d d h ac o m p l i e d w i t h M f ir a 's w i s h a n d a n n o u n c e d H i s d e a t h i n t h r e e m o n t h s . S e e MahdparinibbdnaSut ta , Digha Nikdya I I 1 0 6 - - 1 0 9 ( W a l s h e 1 9 8 7 : 2 4 6 - - 2 4 8 ) ; Buddhacarita ( s ee p r e v i o u sno te ) ; Divydvaddna 2 0 3 . 7 - - 8 d i sc u s se d i n B H S D p p . 1 3 & 5 4 2 ; F a H s i e n 1 8 8 6 / 1 9 6 5 : 7 4 ;H s i i a n T s a n g 1 8 8 5 , 2 , 6 9 - - 7 0 ; A b h i d h a r m a - k o g a I I 10 .a ; S de- s r id S angs - rgyas - rgya mts ho( li v e d 1 6 3 5 - - 1 7 0 5 , i n T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 8 8 : 1 1 8 - - 1 1 9 & 1 2 8 ); P a d m a - 'p h r in - l as , p . 2 9 5 ; e tc .37 A l l Bud dhas nee d to man i f es t thes e ac ts .38 S ee a l s o Toh . 1133 ; D erge Ten ju r , vo l . 1 , p . 163 .89 S imi la r names a r e l i s t ed a l s o by o th e r au tho r s w r i t ing on the e igh t s ~ p a s , s u c h a s B o -d o n g - p a ( p p. 2 9 4 - - 6 ) , S t a g -t s h a ng L o - t s f i- b a (f ol s. 1 2 - - 1 3 ) a n d ' J a m - d b y a n g s - b z h a d - p a I I(p. 878) . Th e p ra i s e o f the e igh t stftpas i n c l u d e d i n t h e T i b e t a n T e n j u r ( T o h . 1 1 3 3 , D e r g e ,


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I N P R A I S E O F S T f 2 P A S 4 9v o l . 1 , p . 1 6 2 ) h a s K u - s h a ' i g r o n g f o r R t s a - m c h o g . T h e F i f t h D a l a i L a m a ( l i v e d 1 6 1 7 - - 1 6 8 2 ;f o l. 3 a - - b ) a n d P a d m a - ' p h r i n - la s ( p p . 2 9 3 - - 7 ) h a v e Y a n g s - p a - c a n i n p l a c e o f G s a M d a n . F o ro t h e r s o u r c e s s e e t h e c h a r t i n M a n e & R 6 h r b o r n 1 9 7 9 : 3 1 3 .40 T h e r e a d i n g f o u n d i n B o - d o n g - p a i s " M a g a t a " , p r o b a b l y a w r o n g r e a d i n g f o r M a g a d h a .U n l i k e t h e s e v e n o t h e r p l a c e n a m e s , t h e r e i s i n c o n s i s t e n c y in t h e v a r i o u s a c c o u n ts o f th e 8st@as w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d st@a. Stag- tshang Lo- ts f i -ba ( fo l . 12b) , theF i f t h D a l a i L a m a ( f ol . 3 b) , S d e - s r id S a n g s -r g y a s -r g y a - m t s h o ( T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 8 8 : 1 1 8 ) ; P a d m a -' ph r in - l as (p. 293) , a nd ' J am -dby angs -bzh ad-pa I I (p . 878) g ive Rg ya l -po ' i K h ab (Rfi jag rha),l i s t ed aga in fo r st@a n o . 6 . T o h . 1 1 3 3 c a l l s t h e p l a c e t h e N a i r a f i j a n a R i v e r ( C h u - b o N a l -r anydzan , p . 162) and adds , ' i n f ron t o f the bodhi t r e e o f M a g a d h f i (Ma-ga-dhd-yi byang-chub shing drung-du). G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n h a s R d o - r j e - g d a n ( B o d h g a y a ) , a r e a d i n g s h a r e da l s o b y B o d h i s a t tv a ( T o h . 3 0 6 9 ; D e r g e , v o l . 7 4 , p . 3 1 1 ) a n d T s h e - m c h o g - g l i n g Y o n g s - ' d z i nY e - s h e s - r g y a l m t s h a n ( l iv e d 1 7 1 3 - - 1 7 9 3 ; p . 30 9 ) .41 Beg inn ing w i th the f i r s t s t ep up un t i l the harmikd (bre) t h e e q u i v a l e n c e a r e t h e 3 7 l i m b so f e n l i g h t e n m e n t byan g-ph yogs-so -bdun (sapta-trim.~at-bodhi-paks.aka-dharma).42 C f . T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 8 8 : 4 0 ; R o t h 1 9 8 0 : 1 8 8 .43 F o r a q u i t e d i s ti n c t e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f th e st@a b a s e d o n T a n t r a s , s e eS tag - t s hang Lo- t s f i -ba ( fo ls . 10 - - 11 ) ; P ad ma - ' ph r in - l as (p. 290) , e t c .44 S e e a l s o H a r v e y 1 9 8 4 : 6 9 - - 8 1 ; S n o d g r a s s 1 9 8 5 : 3 6 6 - - 3 6 9 , e t c.45 T h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e st@a are d i s cus s ed in mchod-rten-gyi Dbye-ba'Dul-ba-las Byung-b a'i M do (Toh . 3078) ; Kriyd-samgraha ( s ee B6n is t i 1960) ; Bu- s ton ; S tag -tshang Lo- ts f i -ba, fo ls . 25 f t . , e tc .46 F r o m t h e c o n t e x t h e r e i t s e e m s t h a t A t i g a u s e s t h e t e r m khri- 'pang to r e f e r to thet e r r a c e s o r s t e p s a t t h e b o t t o m o f a st~pa. A s imi la r t e rm (rmang-gi khri- 'phang) i s u s ed a l s ob y B o d h i s a t t v a ( T o h . 3 0 6 9 , p . 3 1 8 .3 ) . A m o r e c o m m o n T i b e t a n t e r m f o r th i s c o m p o n e n t o fth e st@a is bang-rim ( t r ans la ted he re as s t eps , s ee Bodh is a t tva , ibid.; G r a g s - p a r g y a l - m t s h a ni n t h e p a s s a g e a b o v e ; Mchod-rten Cha Dbye-ba, T o h . 3 0 7 8 , p . 3 4 6 . 7 ; Mcho d-rten Sgrub-pa'iCho-ga, T o h . 2 6 5 2 , p . 6 0 7 .1 ; T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 1 9 8 8 : 1 4 ; e tc .) . T h e S a n s k r i t t e r m m a y h a v e b e e nvedf ( s ee Bdn is t i 1960 : 90 ; Ro th 1980 : 194 ; e tc ., bu t no te tha t the T ibe tan t r ans la t ion o f theKriydsamgraha f o r vedi is stegs-bu). M o s t o f t e n t h e f i r s t khri- 'pang o r bang-rim s y m b o l i z e st h e f o u r a p p l i c a t i o n s o f m i n d f ul n e s s.47 O n the w ho le , A t iga ' s equ iva len t s a r e s imi la r to thos e o f G rags -pa- rgya l -mts han . A t igar e l a te s t h e e i g h t fo l d n o b l e p a t h t o t h e kha-khyer a n d a d d s t h e s y m b o l i s m o f t h e bre(harmikd) a s t h e f o u r e n f i g h t e n e d w i s d o m s a n d f o u r d e l i v e r a n c e s ; h e a l s o e x p l a i n s t h e t e nf i r s t w hee l s a s the t en bodhisattva g r o u n d s (bhumi), w h i l e G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n c a ll s t h e mt h e t e n p o w e r s , a s d o e s Mchod -rten-gyi Cha Dbye-ba 'Dul-ba-las Byung-ba'i Mdo (Toh .3 0 7 8 ) . T h e Kriyd-samgraha ( B 6 n is t i 1 9 6 0 : 9 1 a n d s e e a ls o R o t h 1 9 8 0 : 1 9 6 ) c a l ls t h e m t h et h i r t e e n g r o u n d s .48 T h is i s f rom the s am e roo t a s sgrub-thabs, sddhan a. I t d o e s n o t m e a n s i m p l y t o ' m a k e ' .49 N o t e t h a t f o u r o f t h e f i v e e l e m e n t s m e n t i o n e d b y Z h i - b a ' i - sn y i n g - p o a p p e a r i n t h e C h i i -y u n g - k u a n i n s c r i p t i o n a s w e l l. T h e s e a r e t h e b a s i c c o m p o n e n t s o f th e st@a w h i c h a p p e a r i nth e Vinaya-ks.udraka-vastu a s w e l l ( e x c e p t t h e rmang -- dge-bcu).50 S u c h e v i d e n c e w as c o l l e c t e d b y I r w i n 1 9 7 9 . T h e a r g u m e n t m a d e t h e r e s h o u l d , h o w e v e r ,b e r e a d t o g e t h e r w i t h d e J o n g 1 9 8 2 a n d F u s s m a n 1 9 8 6 .51 T og P a lace , vo l . 9 , p . 732 . S ee a l s o La V a l l6e P ous s in 1937 : 2 76 - -2 79 .52 K u i p e r 1 9 5 9 ; L a V a l l 6 e P o u s s i n 1 9 3 7 ; d e J o n g 1 9 8 2 .53 I n c l u d i n g I r w i n 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 7 9 , 1 9 8 0 ; d e J o n g 1 9 8 2 ; H a r v e y 1 9 8 4 ; S n o d g r a s s 1 9 8 5 ;F u s s m a n n 1 9 8 6 .54 Toh. 3078, p . 347.6 .55 Toh . 2652 , p . 607 .1 .56 Toh . 2496 , p . 514 .5 , w here the t en know ledges a r e t r ans la ted as mkhyen bcu.


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57 p . 239.3 .3 , e tc .28 B o - d o n g - p a a l s o li st s 8 a m o n g t h e 1 0 k n o w l e d g e s , p . 30 6 . S e e a l s o R o t h 1 9 8 0 ; T u c c i1 9 3 2 / 8 8 : 4 0 - - 4 3 . A c c o r d i n g to t h e Sti tpa-laksan. a-kdrikd-vivecana, h o w e v e r , t h e yastir e p r e s e n t s t h e e i g h t f o l d N o b l e P a t h ( R o t h 1 9 8 0 : 1 9 4 ), w h i l e t h e Kriydsam.graha o m i t s t h eyasti (Ro th 1980 : 205 , n . 54 ) .5 9 S e e a l s o B o d h i s a t t v a , T o h . 3 0 6 9 ; D e r g e , v o l . 7 4 , p . 3 2 3 . 4 - - 5 ; T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 1 9 8 8 : 4 4 , e t c .6 0 T h e w h e e l s a n d t h e p a r a s o l a p p e a r i n t h e Vinaya-ksudraka-vastu a s w e l l. H o w e v e r , t h et e r m s u s e d f o r t h e s e p a r ts o f th e stftpa a r e d i f fe r e n t. W h a t i s c a ll e d h e r e 'khor-lo i s cal led int h e Vinaya gdugs a n d w h a t i s c a l l e d h e r e gdugs i s ca l l ed in the Vinaya char- khebs - - ' r a inc o v e r ' ( s e e b e l o w ) . T h e varsa-sthdla ( ' ra i n c o v e r ' ) a p p e a r s i n o t h e r s o u r c e s s u c h a sDivydvaddna (244 , 7 i f ) a s we l l . Accord ing to the Stltpa-laks..an.a-kdrika-vivecana, t h e w h e e l sc a r r y t h e s a m e s y m b o l i s m a s i n t h e C h i i - y u n g - k u a n i n s c r i p t i o n , b u t t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h ep a r a s o l i s l o c a t e d a b o v e t h e w h e e l s w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s g r e a t c o m p a s s i o n i s c a l l e d w n ~ a ( R o t h1980 : 194) .61 F or o the r l i st s o f thes e 18 qua l i t i e s , s ee Ben to r 1988 : 25 - -6 . Th e fou r add i t iona l qua l i t ie sa r e t h e f o u r f e a r l e ss n e s s e s (catvdri-vaisf tradya, M v y . 1 3 0 - - 1 3 4 ) w h i c h a r e c o r r e l a t e d t o t h epi l lars (rdo-ring), o n e o f t h e s e c o n d a ry e l e m e n t s o f t h e stapa ( c f . Grags -pa- rgya l -mts han , p .2 3 9 . 4 . 1 ; R o t h 1 9 8 0 : 1 9 1 ; T u c c i 1 9 3 2 / 1 9 8 8 : 4 3 ) .62 T ha t i s to say , in the th ree w or lds ( c f. M W 906) .63 No te tha t fou r types o f stitpas ( w i th o n e , t h r e e , f iv e a n d s e v e n p a r a s ol s ) c o r r e s p o n d h e r et o f i v e ty p e s o f S a i n ts . A c c o r d i n g t o G r a g s - p a - r g y a l - m t s h a n ' s t e x t ( p r o v i d e d b e l o w ) t h est~pas o f b o t h O n c e R e t u r n e r s a n d N o n - R e t u r n e r s a r e e n d o w e d w i th t h re e p a r as o ls . H e n c edag in gsum-dag h e r e m i g h t b e a p a r t i c l e o f d u a l i ty . T h e r e f o r e , I f o l lo w N a g a o i n t r a n sl a ti n gg s u m - d a g as ' t h r ee tw ice ' .64 D a d - p a M k h a n - p o ' s m u c h l a t e r a c c o u n t ( h e li v e d c a . 1 7 7 0 - - c a . 1 8 3 5 ) i s s o m e w h a td i f f e r en t : "A s ~ p a o f a n o r d i n a r y p e r s o n i s b a l d , a stitpa o f a S t r e a m - e n t e r e r h a s t w odharm a-wheels, a st~pa o f a O n c e - r e t u r n e r h a s t h r e e dharm a-wheels, a st i tpa o f a N o n -r e t u r n e r h a s f o u r dharm a-wheels, a st t ipa o f a n A r h a t h a s f i v e dharma-wheels , a n d a stitpaof a Ta thhga ta h as th i r t ee n whee l s . " (p. 67 .4 )65 Th is i s exp la ined a l s o by Bo-d ong -pa (p . 293) ; S tag - t s hang Lo- t s f i -ba ( fo l. 11 .2) , e t c .66 de-bzhin-gshegs-pa7 mc hod -rten n i rnam -pa tham s-cad rdzogs-par bya 'o / rang-sangs-rgyas-kyi n i cha r-kha b m i gzhag-par bya 'o! dgra-bcom-pa 'i n i gdugs bzhi 'o / phyir-mi- 'ong-ba 'i n igsu m -m o! phyir-'ong-ba ' i n i gnyis-so/ rgyun-du-zhugs-pa ' i n i gcig-go/ so-so ' i skye-po dge-pa-rnams-kyi n i mchod-rten n i byi -bor bya 'o! Vinaya-ks . .udraka-vastu Tog Pa lace , vo l . 9 , p . 733 .Th is pas s age i s a l s o quo ted by Bu- s ton (p . 553) . A no te in h i s t ex t exp la ins tha t a stltpa o fa n o r d i n a r y p e r s o n s h o u l d n o t h a v e a st~pa p o l e (srog-shing) as we l l. A p a rap hras e o f th i spas s age i s found a l s o in S tag - t s hang Lo- t s f i -ba ( fo l . 11 ) who a l s o adds c las s i f i ca t ionsa c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o u r d i f f e re n t c la s se s o f T a n t r a . S e e a l s o B o - d o n g ( p . 2 9 3 ) a n d P a d m a -' p h r in - l a s ( p p . 2 9 2 - - 2 9 3 ) . T h e l a t t e r r e li e s o n S t a g - ts h a n g L o - ts f i- b a . A l s o G u n g - t h a n g - p ap a r a p h r a s e s t h is p a s s a g e f r o m t h e V i n a y a ( p p. 4 4 5 - - 4 4 6 ) . F o r a s t il l d i f f e re n t a c c o u n t o f th en u m b e r o f p a r a s o l s o f sttipas fo r the va r ious s a in t s s ee Kriyd-samuccaya (Pek ing 5012 , vo l .86 , p . 135 .1 .1 - -2 , c i t ed in Gung- thang -pa , p . 447 ; s ee a l s o Ro th 1980 : 198) .67 deng-sang yan g de-bzhin-gshegs-pa7 r ing-bsrel bzhugs-na ni gang-zag su7 ch ed-du bzhengskyang/ brgyad-po gang rung-gi rnam-pa-can rnam -pa thams-cad-pa bya dgo[s-]so/ ( fo l . 13b) .

B I B L I O G R A P H YA t i ~ a ( D p a l M a r - m e - m d z a d - y e - s h e s , 9 8 2 - - 1 0 5 4 ) : ' S k u d a n g g s u n g d a n g t h u gs r a b - tu g n a s - p a

zhe s-by a-b a - - K~ya-vS_k-cit ta-su prat is .thfi -nS_ma' (To h. 24 96 , D erge , vol . 53 , pp . 5 08 --519 ; P . vo l . 70 , # 3322) .


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Bagchi, P . C.: 1941, 'T he Eig ht Gre at Caityas and their Cult ' , Indian Historical Quarterly 17 ,p p . 2 2 3 - - 2 3 5 .

Bareau , And r r : 1962 , 'La cons t ruc t ion et l e cu re des s t f ipa d ' ap r~s le s vinayapitaka', Bulletinde l 't~cole fran faise d 'Extr~m e-Orien t 5 0 , p p . 2 2 9 - - 2 7 4 .Brn is t i , Mire i l le: 1960 , 'E tude su r le s t f ipa dans l ' Inde anc ienne ' , Bulle t in de l 'l~cole franfa ised 'Ex tr~me-Orien t 5 0 , p p . 3 7 - - 1 1 6 .Ben to r , Yae l : 1988 , 'The R edac t ions o f the Adbhutadharmaparydya f rom Gi lg i t ' , TheJournal o f the International Assoc iat ion of Buddhist S tudies 1 1 .2 , p p . 2 1 - - 5 2 .Ben to r , Yae l : 1992, 'The C on ten t o f Stitpas a n d I m a g e s a n d t h e I n d o - T ib e t a n Co n c e p t o fRe l ics ' , A pap er de l ive red a t the Con fe rence o f the In te rna t iona l Assoc ia t ion fo r T ibe tanS tud ies (Fagernes AuguslL 21- -2 8) .Bo-do ng Phyogs- las - rnam-rgya l (130 6- -13 86) : 1969, 'R ten gsum bzhengs- tshu l bs tan -bcoslugs bshad -pa ' , Collected Works (T ibe t House , De lh i ) , vo l. 2 , pp . 26 5- -34 2 .

Bodh isa t tva : "Phag s-pa kun-nas sgor ' jug -pa ' i ' od -ze r g t sug- to r d r i -m a reed-pa r snang-ba ' ig zu ng s b k l a g- c in g m c h o d - r t e n b r g y a - r t s a - b r g y a d - d a m /m c h o d - r t e n l n g a g d a b - p a ' i c h o -g amd o-sde- las bsdus-pa ' , Toh . 3069 , Derge , vo l. 74 , pp . 305- -3 35 .Bol l re , W i l lem B. : 1986 , 'Le kittdgdra o u d e l a m a i s o n d es h o m m e s a u m a n o i r d an s l ' I n d eor ien ta le e t l 'As ie du Sud-E s t ' , Bulletin d'dtudes indiennes 4 , pp . 189- -214 .Bu-s ton Rin -chen-grub (1290- -1 364) : 1969 , 'B yang-chub-ch en-mo ' i mch od- r ten -gy i t shad ' ,Collected Works ( In te rna t iona l Ac adem y of Ind ian C u l tu re , De lh i ) vol . 14 , pp . 551 - -557 .D a d - p a M k h a n - p o B lo - b z a n g -th u g s -r j e ( @ 1 7 7 0 - - @ 1 8 3 5 ): 1 97 6, ' Ra b - g n a s c h e n - m o ' i s k ab s -k y i b s h a d - p a b y a - ts h u l ' d o d - r g u ' i d p a l - s t e r' , Collected Works ( N e w D e lh i ) p p . 6 5 d - - 7 3 d .D a la i L a m a V N g a g - d b a n g - b lo - b z a n g -r g y a - m t s h o ( 1 6 1 7 - - 1 6 8 2 ) : 1 97 3, ' G z u - g n a s b lo - ld a nngo-m tshar sky ed-byed gzungs- ' bu l -gy i lag - len ' kh ru l - spong ny in -mo r byed-pa ' , Ri tua ls o fRdo-rfe-brag (Leh) vol. 1 , pp. 3 89 --4 37 (missing fol io 3 and par t of fo l io 12 and 25. Ac o m p le t e v e rs io n is f o u n d i n t h e L ib r a r y o f t h e T ib e t a n W o r k s a n d A r c h iv e s i nDharamsa la , Acc . no . pa 1053) .D a l l a p i c c o l a , A n n a L i b e r a et a l . eds . : 1980 , The S tapa: i t s Re l ig ious , His to r ica l andArch itectural S ignificance (F ranz S te ine r Ver lag , Wiesbaden) .de Jong, J . W.: 1981, Rev iew of Louis L iget i (ed .) , Proceedings o f the Cso ma de KOrdsM emoria l Sympos ium. H e ld a t M ~ t r a f ii r ed , H u n g a r y 2 4 - - 3 0 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 76(Bib l io theca Or ien ta l i s Hun gar ica , vo l. XXII I ) . Budap es t , Aka drm ia i Kiad6 , 1978 , inIndo- l ran ian Journa l 2 3 , p p . 7 5 - - 7 9 .de Jong, J . W.: 1982, Review of Irwin 1980, in Indo-Iranian Journal 2 4 , p p . 3 1 6 - - 3 1 8 .de Vreese, K.: 1947, 'Skr. Kfitfiggra' , India An tiqua, A volum e of Oriental S tudies 0E.J. Br ill,L e id e n ) p p . 3 2 3 - - 3 2 5 .D p a ' - b o I I G t s u g - la g - ' p h re n g - b a ( 1 5 0 4 - - 1 5 6 6 ) : 1 98 0, Ch o s - ' b y u n g M k h a s - p a ' i D g a ' - s t o n(Delhi) 2 vols.Fa H s ien : 1886, A Reco rd o f Buddh ist ic Kingdoms, translated by Jam es Legge ( C la r e n d o nPress , Oxford ; rep r in ted Paragon , New York 1965) .Fouc her , A. : 1917 , The Beginnings of Bud dhist Ar t , r e v i se d b y t h e a u th o r a n d t r a n s la t e d b yL . A. Thomas and F . W. Thomas (Pau l Geu thner , Pa r i s ) .F ranz , He in r ich G erhard : 1981 , 'The O r ig ins o f the Tow er-Tem ple in Ind ia ' , S o u th A s ia nArchaeology 1981, ed . , Br idge t Al lch in (Ca mb r idge Univers i ty P ress , Cam br idge) pp .2 8 0 - - 2 8 4 .F u s s m a n , G r r a r d : 1 9 86 , ' S y m b o l is m o f t h e Bu d d h i s t Sttipa' , The Journ al of the InternationalAssoc iat ion o f Bud dhist S tudies 9 .2 , p p . 3 7 - - 5 3 .Grag s-pa- rgya l -m tshan (1147 - -121 6) : 1968 , 'Arg a ' i cho-ga dang rab - tu gnas -pa don gsa l -ba ' ,The Com ple te Works o f the G rea t Masters o f the Sa Skya S ec t o f the T ibe tan B uddh ism(The Toyo Bunko , Tokyo) vo l . 4 , pp . 237- -252 .Gun g- thang-pa Dkon -mchog . -bs tan -pa 'i - sg ron-me (1762 - -1823 ) : 1975 , 'B de-b ar gshegs-pa ' i


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I N P R A I S E O F S T U P A S 53M W -- Mo nier Monier-Wil liams, Sir : 1899, Sanskrit-English Dictionary (reprinted:Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951).Nagao, Gadjin M.: 1955--57, in Jiro Murata, Chii-yung-kuan. The Buddh is t Ar ch o f theFourteenth Century A.D. at the Pass of the Great W all Nor thwest o f Peking, 2 vols.(Kyoto University, Kyoto) [in Japanese with English summary].Nagao, Gadjin M .: 1985, 'The Tibetan Eu logy at Chfi-yung-kuan Text and Translation' , inM. Strickmann, ed., Tantric & Taoist Studies (Institut Belge des Hautes l~tudesChinoises, Bruxelles) vo l. 3, pp. 8 35 --8 61 .Nfig~rjuna (Klu-sgrub): 'Gnas-ehen-po brgyad-kyi mchod-rten-la bstod-pa (Asta-mahfi-sthfina-caitya-stotra) ' , Toh. 1133, Derge Tenjur, vol. 1, pp. 162--163.Nfig~rjuna (Klu-sgrub): 'Gn as-e hen -po brgyad-kyi mehod-rten-la bsto d-p a (A.sta-mahfi-sth~na-eaitya-stotra) ' , Toh. 1134, Derge Tenjur, vol. 1, pp. 163--164.Nakam ura, H ajime: 1980, 'Th e Astamahfisth~aacaityastotra and the Chinese and Tibetan

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Nikfiya) (Wisdom Publications, London).Wylie, Alexander: 1871, 'On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung-kwan, in NorthChina', Journa l o f the Roya l As ia t ic Soc ie ty 5, pp. 14--44.


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Z h i - b a ' i - sn y in g - p o [ g~n tiga rb h a ]: ' M ch o d - r t en sg r u b - p a ' i ch o - g a - - C i ty a - v id h i [ C a i ty a - v id h io r C a i t y a - s ~ d h a n a - v i d h i ] ' ( T o h . 2 6 5 2 ) D e r g e , v o l . 6 8 , p p . 6 0 3 - - 6 1 2 ( P . v o l . 7 7 ,# 3 4 7 6 ) .

H ebr ew Univers ity o f Jerusalem,Facult y o f Huma ni ti e s ,I ns ti tu t e o f As ia n and A f r i can S tud ie s,Dept . o f Indian Studies ,Mt . Scopus ,Jerusalem 91905, Israel.

In Praise of Stupas

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