ERA 2: 1585-1763ERA 2: 1585-1763

Colonization and Colonization and SettlementSettlement

Native American tribes Native American tribes lived throughout North lived throughout North America long before America long before Europeans came to Europeans came to explore and settleexplore and settle

These tribes had fully These tribes had fully developed societies developed societies with political, with political, economic, and cultural economic, and cultural practices of their ownpractices of their own

Native Americans

Native Americans in Native Americans in TennesseeTennessee

Map of Cherokee Map of Cherokee Country drawn by a Country drawn by a British Army British Army officer during the officer during the French and Indian French and Indian War, 1762War, 1762

Native American Native American villages, including villages, including the village of the village of Tanasi, which gave Tanasi, which gave the state its name, the state its name, are listedare listed

Characteristics Characteristics of Native of Native American/Colonial American/Colonial

relationsrelations Europeans took advantage of divisions within Europeans took advantage of divisions within Native American groups, playing one tribe against Native American groups, playing one tribe against anotheranother

The Spanish set up numerous Catholic missions in The Spanish set up numerous Catholic missions in the New World. In general Catholics were more the New World. In general Catholics were more successful than Protestants converting Native successful than Protestants converting Native Americans to their religionAmericans to their religion

Rum and guns had a very damaging effect on Rum and guns had a very damaging effect on natives, who came to depend on manufactured goods natives, who came to depend on manufactured goods rather than things they used to produce for rather than things they used to produce for themselvesthemselves

If Native Americans initially believed that If Native Americans initially believed that Europeans were gods, that concept changed Europeans were gods, that concept changed quickly, and the Europeans were incorporated into quickly, and the Europeans were incorporated into their political and economic systems. (See below their political and economic systems. (See below for an example)for an example)

EncountersEncounters

Many of the changes that took place in the Many of the changes that took place in the New World were the result of encounters New World were the result of encounters between Europeans and Native Americansbetween Europeans and Native Americans

Beginning in the fifteenth century, Beginning in the fifteenth century, Europeans were able to cross the ocean Europeans were able to cross the ocean more effectively because of better ships, more effectively because of better ships, such as the Spanish caravel, the compass, such as the Spanish caravel, the compass, and the astrolabe. The astrolabe helped and the astrolabe. The astrolabe helped them find their bearings on the open sea. them find their bearings on the open sea.

Native Americans clash with Native Americans clash with EuropeansEuropeans

Warfare frequently Warfare frequently took place between took place between Europeans and Native Europeans and Native AmericansAmericans

These two completely These two completely alien cultures often alien cultures often clashed; the Native clashed; the Native Americans were Americans were usually (but not usually (but not always) on the always) on the losing sidelosing side

Native American customsNative American customs

Europeans were Europeans were fascinated by Native fascinated by Native American customs, American customs, and hired artists to and hired artists to create and create and distribute drawings distribute drawings documenting their documenting their lifestylelifestyle

These prints are not These prints are not always a reliable always a reliable source for learning source for learning about their about their traditionstraditions

Native American cultural Native American cultural differencesdifferences

The diets of Native The diets of Native Americans were Americans were sometimes different sometimes different from what Westerners from what Westerners were accustomed to were accustomed to at homeat home

Smoking meat was a Smoking meat was a common way for common way for Native Americans to Native Americans to prepare game and prepare game and prevent its spoilageprevent its spoilage

De Soto & the ConquistadorsDe Soto & the Conquistadors The Spanish The Spanish

conquistadors were the conquistadors were the first to invade the first to invade the Continental U.S, Continental U.S, beginning in the early beginning in the early 1616thth century. century.

Hernando De Soto came Hernando De Soto came to America from 1539-to America from 1539-1542 seeking gold & 1542 seeking gold & richesriches

He left a wake of He left a wake of destruction and destruction and brought European brought European diseases that diseases that devastated Native devastated Native American tribesAmerican tribes

Early Settlements and Early Settlements and ExpansionExpansion

De Soto was the first De Soto was the first European to claim (for European to claim (for Spain) the region Spain) the region around the Mississippi around the Mississippi River; the area was a River; the area was a part of the 1803 part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana extended Louisiana extended from the Mississippi from the Mississippi River to the Rocky River to the Rocky Mountains; this map is Mountains; this map is one of the first to one of the first to show the Mississippi show the Mississippi River in an accurate River in an accurate fashionfashion

New Spain (Mexico, New Spain (Mexico, Central America, Central America, Southwestern Southwestern United States)United States)

New France New France (Quebec, Montreal, (Quebec, Montreal, Nova Scotia)Nova Scotia)

New England New England (Massachusetts)(Massachusetts)

New Netherlands New Netherlands (New York)(New York)

European Settlements

The Colonies The Colonies in Americain America• Each region was a unique blend of European Each region was a unique blend of European traditions, the local environment, Native traditions, the local environment, Native American culture, and African culture American culture, and African culture

• In part, new colonies were established In part, new colonies were established because European countries were trying to because European countries were trying to build their empiresbuild their empires

• Colonization encouraged the rapid exchange Colonization encouraged the rapid exchange of plants, animals, and diseases of plants, animals, and diseases

• Relations between Native Americans and Relations between Native Americans and Europeans frequently began with peace but Europeans frequently began with peace but often disintegrated into violence. often disintegrated into violence.

• Many colonists sought religious freedom and Many colonists sought religious freedom and new landnew land

VirginiaVirginia

• Virginia was home of some Virginia was home of some of the first settlements of the first settlements in America, including in America, including Jamestown and Jamestown and WilliamsburgWilliamsburg

• After hopes that Virginia After hopes that Virginia could provide England could provide England with gold were dashed, it with gold were dashed, it was discovered that was discovered that tobacco could serve as a tobacco could serve as a valuable cash crop; the valuable cash crop; the image on the right was image on the right was produced by European produced by European merchants advertising the merchants advertising the new commodity by showing new commodity by showing exotic natives with a exotic natives with a hogshead of tobacco.hogshead of tobacco.

1590 Map of Virginia, 1590 Map of Virginia, showing the region around showing the region around the Roanoke Colonythe Roanoke Colony

JamestownJamestown• Founded in 1607 by the Founded in 1607 by the

Virginia Company of LondonVirginia Company of London• Captain John Smith asserted Captain John Smith asserted

himself as leader himself as leader • Most of the settlers were Most of the settlers were

““gentlemengentlemen”” without skills without skills who simply sought gold and who simply sought gold and riches; most eventually died riches; most eventually died of disease and starvationof disease and starvation

• Upon his departure in 1609 Upon his departure in 1609 the colony fell into disarray the colony fell into disarray

• An influx of new residents, An influx of new residents, the discovery of tobacco as the discovery of tobacco as an ideal crop for the region, an ideal crop for the region, and cessation of warfare and cessation of warfare against the Native Americans against the Native Americans helped save Jamestown.helped save Jamestown.

JamestownJamestown

• Pocahontas (or Matoaka) Pocahontas (or Matoaka) was captured in 1613 by was captured in 1613 by VirginiansVirginians

• She is famous for her She is famous for her intervention to save intervention to save Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith’’s life s life after local Native after local Native Americans captured him and Americans captured him and appeared to prepare to appeared to prepare to execute him. execute him.

• She converted to She converted to Christianity, acquired the Christianity, acquired the name Rebecca (her baptized name Rebecca (her baptized name), and married John name), and married John Rolfe in 1614. She later Rolfe in 1614. She later died in England of died in England of smallpox at age 22.smallpox at age 22.

Virginia MapVirginia Map

• Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith ’’s map of s map of Virginia, published in Virginia, published in 16121612

• He provides the first He provides the first reasonably accurate reasonably accurate rendering of the rendering of the Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

• He includes the location He includes the location of nearly two hundred of nearly two hundred Indian settlementsIndian settlements

• Powhatan is pictured on Powhatan is pictured on the top left, and the the top left, and the large figure on the right large figure on the right is a Susquehanna chiefis a Susquehanna chief

• Importance of such Importance of such accounts and maps as accounts and maps as publicity for prospective publicity for prospective settlers in Europesettlers in Europe

Jamestown Massacre of Jamestown Massacre of 16221622• Early print of Early print of Powhaten Powhaten confederacyconfederacy’’s s attempt to wipe attempt to wipe out the English on out the English on March 22, 1622. March 22, 1622.

• The Native The Native Americans were Americans were ultimately ultimately subdued, but only subdued, but only after much after much bloodshedbloodshed

Virginia MoneyVirginia Money

• The punishment for The punishment for conterfeiting conterfeiting colonial money was colonial money was death, although death, although the problem still the problem still occurredoccurred

• Colonies began to Colonies began to shift from barter shift from barter economy to a more economy to a more complex system complex system that used moneythat used money

Virginia Passport/Letter Virginia Passport/Letter of Introductionof Introduction

• Passport/Letter Passport/Letter of introduction of introduction dates from dates from October 18, 1765October 18, 1765

• Document granted Document granted Robert Cartwright Robert Cartwright permission to permission to travel to North travel to North Carolina, and Carolina, and vouched for his vouched for his good charactergood character

New EnglandNew England

• Includes New Hampshire, Includes New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut Connecticut

• The The Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact was was established in 1620 by the established in 1620 by the Pilgrim leaders; about 102 Pilgrim leaders; about 102 people, or twenty-four people, or twenty-four families, were on the ship. families, were on the ship. All men were required to sign All men were required to sign and establish themselves as and establish themselves as the official civic government the official civic government of the Plymouth plantation of the Plymouth plantation under King James I. under King James I.

• The Puritans dominated The Puritans dominated Massachusetts and sought to Massachusetts and sought to build a godly communitybuild a godly community

• The Puritans rejected the The Puritans rejected the Church of England (the Church of England (the Anglican Church) in favor of Anglican Church) in favor of their stricter religious their stricter religious beliefsbeliefs

Plymouth Land Record Plymouth Land Record (1730)(1730)

• This is a land deed This is a land deed from Plymouth, from Plymouth, Massachusetts, signed Massachusetts, signed on October 8, 1730on October 8, 1730

• Although the record Although the record dates much later than dates much later than the 1620 founding of the 1620 founding of Plymouth by the Plymouth by the Pilgrims, it pertains Pilgrims, it pertains to the same areato the same area

• Separatist Puritans, Separatist Puritans, known as Pilgrims, known as Pilgrims, left England in left England in search of religious search of religious freedomfreedom

Chesapeake ColoniesChesapeake Colonies

• The region included The region included the modern-day states the modern-day states of Maryland and of Maryland and VirginiaVirginia

• Tobacco was the Tobacco was the primary crop of the primary crop of the region; prices plunged region; prices plunged in the 1620s but in the 1620s but remained profitable remained profitable until about 1660until about 1660

• This image on the This image on the right pictures the right pictures the slaveslave’’s role in growing s role in growing tobacco and his tobacco and his obligation to serve obligation to serve his white masterhis white master

The CarolinasThe Carolinas

• The Colony of Carolina was established by The Colony of Carolina was established by West Indian planters in the 1670s West Indian planters in the 1670s (notably, Charles Town); only in 1729 (notably, Charles Town); only in 1729 were two royal colonies created, North were two royal colonies created, North and South Carolina. and South Carolina.

• For fear that they might collaborate, the For fear that they might collaborate, the leaders pitted Indians and slaves against leaders pitted Indians and slaves against each other. each other.

• Settlers were offered religious Settlers were offered religious toleration, political representation, and toleration, political representation, and large grants of landlarge grants of land

• Slaves were used to cultivate rice Slaves were used to cultivate rice beginning in the early eighteenth centurybeginning in the early eighteenth century

One Carolinian: his One Carolinian: his mathbookmathbook• Math book used in 1742 Math book used in 1742 by John Walker, a 16-by John Walker, a 16-year old North year old North CarolinianCarolinian

• The math problem asks The math problem asks how many days, hours, how many days, hours, and minutes have passed and minutes have passed since Christsince Christ’’s births birth

• Religion was integrated Religion was integrated into all facets of into all facets of everyday life, including everyday life, including learninglearning

• Map was published Map was published in Germany to in Germany to promote emigration promote emigration to Virginiato Virginia

• Illustration in Illustration in lower right corner lower right corner promoted the idea promoted the idea of endless New of endless New World bounty and World bounty and wealthwealth

Map for Immigrants

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

• Includes modern-day New York, Pennsylvania, Includes modern-day New York, Pennsylvania, New JerseyNew Jersey

• The Dutch established New Amsterdam (New The Dutch established New Amsterdam (New York), which was conquered and formally York), which was conquered and formally turned over the British in 1667turned over the British in 1667

• Pennsylvania attracted William Penn and the Pennsylvania attracted William Penn and the Society of Friends, known as Quakers, as Society of Friends, known as Quakers, as well as others. The importance placed on well as others. The importance placed on religious tolerance attracted these religious tolerance attracted these settlers.settlers.

• Quakers were non-violent, anti-slavery, and Quakers were non-violent, anti-slavery, and believed that the Holy Spirit (or believed that the Holy Spirit (or ““Inner Inner LightLight””) inspired each soul, without the ) inspired each soul, without the assistance of a preacher or formal serviceassistance of a preacher or formal service

West IndiesWest Indies

• A small but rich planter A small but rich planter elite was sustained by a elite was sustained by a slave economyslave economy

• Rice and sugar were the Rice and sugar were the primary crops in the West primary crops in the West Indies, in addition to Indies, in addition to tobaccotobacco

• The image on the right The image on the right pictures slaves feeding pictures slaves feeding sugar cane into rollers sugar cane into rollers (L), which crushed out (L), which crushed out the juice that flowed in the juice that flowed in a tank (E) for ladling a tank (E) for ladling into coppers (K). The into coppers (K). The juice was then boiled. juice was then boiled. The process was extremely The process was extremely labor-intensive and labor-intensive and technically complicated. technically complicated.

Slavery in the New Slavery in the New WorldWorld

Slaves endured terrible conditions on slave Slaves endured terrible conditions on slave ships during the so-called Middle Passage from ships during the so-called Middle Passage from Africa.Africa.

Some of the worst conditions for slaves were in Some of the worst conditions for slaves were in the West Indies, although slaves perished from the West Indies, although slaves perished from disease, abuse, and neglect throughout the disease, abuse, and neglect throughout the colonies. colonies.

The journey from AfricaThe journey from Africa

In the early 17In the early 17thth century, as many century, as many as 20% of slaves perished on their as 20% of slaves perished on their journey across the Atlantic; this journey across the Atlantic; this image shows captured Africans in the image shows captured Africans in the hold of a slave shiphold of a slave ship

The Atlantic Trade The Atlantic Trade ““TriangleTriangle””

The Slave EconomyThe Slave Economy Slaves worked on Slaves worked on tobacco fields in tobacco fields in Maryland, Delaware, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and parts Virginia, and parts of North Carolina, of North Carolina, and rice and indigo and rice and indigo in Georgia, South in Georgia, South Carolina, and parts Carolina, and parts of North Carolinaof North Carolina

Slaves in the West Slaves in the West Indies farmed sugarIndies farmed sugar

Slave Bill of SaleSlave Bill of Sale

This bill of This bill of sale records the sale records the sale of a slave, sale of a slave, Pomp (short for Pomp (short for Pompey) from a Pompey) from a tailor to a tailor to a shipwrightshipwright

The document was The document was signed in 1763signed in 1763

Slaves as chattelSlaves as chattel

Slaves were Slaves were treated as a form treated as a form of property, kept of property, kept in place by a in place by a system of legal system of legal coercion coercion

This notice for a This notice for a runaway slave was runaway slave was published in the published in the Knoxville GazetteKnoxville Gazette

Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Many of those working in Virginia and Many of those working in Virginia and Maryland under conditions similar to Maryland under conditions similar to slavery were white indentured servants slavery were white indentured servants from Europefrom Europe

The only way they could secure their The only way they could secure their passage to the New World was through passage to the New World was through indentured servitude or temporary indentured servitude or temporary bondagebondage

Many were required to work for a period Many were required to work for a period of five or more years before they were of five or more years before they were granted their freedomgranted their freedom

Looking ahead

King George III’s royal proclamation of 1763 forbade colonial settlers from moving West of the Appalachian Mountains

This order was widely ignored. Colonists were constantly seeking new land to the West despite the threat of Native American resistance

Tennessee and the expansion west

Settlers went west, seeking land, as much of the land in the thirteen colonies were unavailable to them

Many went by way of the Wilderness Road, which cut though the Cumberland Gap

Natural resources in the area, such as abundant game and cheap land, were an attraction for settlers