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IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY IN
NORTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
Siope Vakataki ‘Ofa
ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division
United Nations ESCAP
Отдел ИКТ и снижения рисков стихийных бедствий ЭСКАТО ООН
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Presentation Outline
2
1. The digital divide in North and Central Asia
2. Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway
3. E-resilience in North and Central Asia
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Information & Communications Technology (ICT)
3
ICT “enabling tool”
Transport
Energy
Financial Sector
TradeOther
Services Sector
etc.
Education
GOV Services
Sustainable
Development Goals
(SDGs):
• SDG 4 (Quality
Education),
• SDG 5 (Gender
Equality),
• SDG 9
(Infrastructure);
• SDG 17 (Means
of
Implementation)
• Other SDGs&
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Recent ESCAP Findings
• Asia and the Pacific region is one of the most digitally-
divided regions in the world.
• Digital divide – lack of access to affordable and resilient
broadband connectivity, between countries (between
urban and rural, by gender, by age etc).
• Use of two indicators (ITU) (Fixed-broadband
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants & Mobile-broadband
subs. per 100 inhabitants) to demonstrate increasing
digital divide.
4
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide between AP sub-regions�Fixed broadband
5
0.3 0.91.6
2.63.8
4.96.1
7.28.4
10.011.5
13.514.6
15.5 16.2
21.0
23.8
0.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.30.30.30.30.30.3 0.60.60.60.60.60.6 1.01.01.01.01.01.0 1.61.61.61.61.61.6 2.12.12.12.12.12.1 2.72.72.72.72.72.7 3.43.43.43.43.43.4 4.14.14.14.14.14.14.94.94.94.94.94.9
5.75.75.75.75.75.76.76.76.76.76.76.7 7.37.37.37.37.37.3 7.87.87.87.87.87.8 8.38.38.38.38.38.3
10.310.310.310.310.310.311.511.511.511.511.511.5
0
10
20
30
Fix
ed-b
road
ban
d s
ubsc
ripti
ons
per
100 i
nhabit
ants
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Year
East & North-East Asia ESCAP
Pacific Developing Countries Pacific
South-East Asia North & Central Asia
South & South-West Asia
Trends in fixed broadband adoption in ESCAP, by sub region
Развитие фиксированной широкополосной связи в субрегионах ЭСКАТО
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
Фикс
ированны
е ш
ироко
пол
осны
е п
од
клю
чения н
а 1
00 ч
ел.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central AsiaFixed broadband
6
0.00.10.10.10.10.10.20.20.30.60.80.91.21.41.41.61.91.9
2.83.0
3.83.94.14.1
5.57.27.6
8.38.79.1
9.910.110.110.7
11.613.613.7
15.818.6
19.419.5
22.925.4
30.030.4
31.532.4
35.541.1
0 .0 50.0
AfghanistanMyanmarTajikistan
TurkmenistanKiribati
Timor-LesteSolomon Islands
Papua New GuineaLao P.D.R.Cambodia
NepalPakistanSamoa
FijiIndia
VanuatuMarshall Islands
IndonesiaTonga
MicronesiaBangladesh
BhutanKyrgyzstanSri Lanka
PhilippinesMaldivesMongolia
Brunei DarussalamMalaysia
UzbekistanViet Nam
TuvaluArmeniaThailandIran (I.R.)
TurkeyKazakhstan
GeorgiaAzerbaijan
French PolynesiaRussian Federation
ChinaSingapore
Macao, ChinaAustralia
JapanNew Zealand
Hong Kong, ChinaKorea (Rep.)
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2016
Число фиксированных широкополосных подключений на 100 чел. в 2016 году
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central Asia
Fixed broadband
7
0 5 10 15 20Fixed-Broadband Sub. per 100 Inhabitants
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
Box and whiskers plot of the North and Central Asia sample of 9
countries, fixed broadband, 2010-2016
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
Year N Mean Standard
deviation
Minimum Median Maximum Interquartile
range
Coefficient
of variation
2010 9 3.3 3.6 0.0 3.2 10.9 4.8 1.1
2011 9 4.7 4.7 0.0 5.4 12.3 6.9 1.0
2012 9 6.6 6.2 0.0 7.1 14.7 9.9 0.9
2013 9 7.8 7.2 0.0 8.2 18.2 10.9 0.9
2014 9 8.8 7.6 0.0 9.1 19.9 11.1 0.9
2015 9 9.6 7.6 0.1 9.6 19.8 11.0 0.8
2016 9 10.1 7.4 0.1 10.1 19.5 11.7 0.7
Диаграмма размаха по
развитию фиксированной
связи в 9 странах
Северной и Центральной
Азии, 2010-2016
Фиксированные широкополосные подключения на 100 чел.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central AsiaFixed-broadband affordability
8
Tajikistan
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Georgia
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Russian Federation05
10
15
Fix
ed-b
roadban
d s
ub-b
asket
as
a %
of
GN
I per
capit
a
0 5 10 15 20Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
Fixed broadband affordability and subscriptions in North and Central Asia, 2015
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
«К
орзи
на» с
тоим
ости
фикс
ированной с
вязи
как
проц
ент
вал
ового
нац
ионал
ьного
прод
укта
Фиксированные широкополосные подключения на 100 чел.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central AsiaMobile broadband
9
0.0 2.310.1 13.4
20.027.4
31.7
50.1
62.6
72.7
0.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.90.90.90.90.90.9 4.14.14.14.14.14.18.48.48.48.48.48.4
12.412.412.412.412.412.416.316.316.316.316.316.3
20.620.620.620.620.620.6
31.031.031.031.031.031.039.539.539.539.539.539.5
48.748.748.748.748.748.7
0
50
100
150
Act
ive
mobil
e-bro
adban
d s
ubsc
ripti
ons
per
100 inhab
itan
ts (
Aver
age)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
East & North-East Asia ESCAP
Pacific Developing Countries Pacific
South-East Asia North & Central Asia
South & South-West Asia
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
Trends in mobile broadband adoption in ESCAP, by subregion
Развитие мобильной широкополосной связи в субрегионах ЭСКАТО
Числ
о а
ктивны
х м
обил
ьны
х ш
ироко
пол
осны
х п
од
клю
чений н
а 1
00 ч
ел
. (в
сред
нем
)
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central AsiaMobile broadband
10
0.00.00.00.9
9.2
12.914.214.314.3
16.817.818.1
18.320.1
22.326.6
29.330.8
33.834.736.4
46.146.346.647.6
47.950.2
53.954.355.956.0
57.457.7
64.666.866.867.3
71.0
72.775.0
82.091.7
94.7101.3
105.9111.5
116.6130.2131.9
144.6
0 160
Marshall IslandsMicronesia
TuvaluKiribati
Papua New GuineaSolomon Islands
Turkmenistan
D.P.R. KoreaAfghanistan
IndiaBangladesh
TajikistanSri Lanka
PakistanVanuatuSamoa
French PolynesiaNepal
Iran (I.R.)Lao P.D.R.
NauruKyrgyzstanPhilippinesViet NamMyanmarBhutan
CambodiaArmenia
FijiUzbekistan
TongaAzerbaijan
Georgia
Timor-LesteTurkeyChina
IndonesiaKazakhstan
MaldivesRussian Federation
MongoliaMalaysiaThailand
New ZealandHong Kong, China
Korea (Rep.)
Brunei DarussalamAustralia
JapanSingapore
Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2016
Число мобильных широкополосных подключений на 100 чел. в 2016 году
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central AsiaMobile broadband
Year N Mean Standard
deviation
Minimum Median Maximum Interquartile
range
Coefficient
of variation
2010 7 13.7 11.9 0.5 11.9 34.5 18.2 0.9
2011 7 21.5 16.9 4.8 18.1 47.7 32.1 0.8
2012 7 28.5 15.1 7.8 28.5 52.7 23.1 0.5
2013 7 38.2 15.6 22.2 31.0 60.1 33.0 0.4
2014 7 43.9 17.6 25.0 35.0 65.8 34.8 0.4
2015 7 53.0 16.0 31.0 50.5 73.1 30.9 0.3
2016 7 59.6 10.0 46.1 57.4 75.0 17.1 0.2
11
0 20 40 60 80Mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017).
Box and whiskers plot of the North and Central Asia sample of 7
countries for mobile broadband, 2010-2016
Диаграмма размаха по
развитию мобильной
широкополосной связи в
7 странах Северной и
Центральной Азии, 2010-
2016
Мобильные широкополосные подключения на 100 чел.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The digital divide in North and Central AsiaBroadband affordability
12
12.44
8.58
3.84
3.78
2.5
2.19
1.54
0.88
0.6
0 5 10 15
Tajikistan
Kyrgyzstan
Georgia
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Turkmenistan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Russian Federation
Price as % of GNI p.c.Цена как процент от ВНД на д.н.
12.29
5.74
4.47
2.5
1.28
0.62
0.45
0.43
0.3
0 5 10 15
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Armenia
Turkmenistan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Russian Federation
Price as % of GNI p.c.Цена как процент от ВНД на д.н.
Broadband and affordability in the North and Central Asia sub region, 2016
Доступность связи и широкополосный доступ в Северной и Центральной Азии в 2016 году
Fixed broadband
Фиксированная связь
Mobile broadband
Мобильная связь
Sources: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU Measuring the Information Society Report,
Available from http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/mis2016.aspx.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Drivers of Digital Divide
• Insufficient international bandwidth – missing or lack of access to
international fibre-optic cables.
• Lack of e-government services;
• Lack of conducive regulations for development of ICT infrastructure;
• Poor internet traffic management;
• Lack of resilient ICT infrastructure (E-resilience);
• Lack of access to affordable and reliable energy source;
• Income (economic levels) of countries, among other factors%
13
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Online Service Index and Telecommunication
Infrastructure Index
14
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
0.2
.4.6
.8
On
line S
erv
ices I
nd
ex
0 .2 .4 .6
Telecommunications Infrastructure Index
2010 2016
ESCAP North & Central Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (I.R.)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
.2.4
.6.8
On
line S
erv
ices I
nd
ex
0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Telecommunications Infrastructure Index
2010 2016
ESCAP South & South-West Asia
Инд
екс
онл
айн
-усл
уг
Индекс телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры
ЭСКАТО, Северная и Центральная Азия ЭСКАТО, Южная и Юго-Восточная Азия
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Regulatory quality and fixed broadband
adoption in 2015
15
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
-2-1
01
2R
egula
tory
Qual
ity
Ind
ex
0 10 20 30 40 50Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
World ESCAP
Sources: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators
Database (accessed July 2017); and Regulatory Quality Index sourced from World Governance Indicators,
World Bank.
Note: Estimates for regulatory quality ranges between -2 (poor regulatory quality) and +2 (very good regulatory
quality); 95% confidence interval shaded in grey.
Инд
екс
качеств
а р
егу
лирования
Фиксированные широкополосные подключения на 100 чел.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Forecasted international bandwidth in North and Central Asia
Прогноз емкости соединения в Северной и Центральной Азии
16
5306
216433
7431
318037
10280
467343
14449
6831
51
20224
9843
58
28106
13796
67
39403
19152
78
54982
25879
90
76703
34976
104
107155
47341
119
149909
64194
136
209980
87167
158
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
Gbps
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Forecasted international bandwidth in North and Central Asia, 2015-2026
Internet Corporate data
Voice
Source: ESCAP 2016.
Гб
ит/
с
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Forecasted international bandwidth in
North and Central AsiaProjected
annual
growth
2016-2020
Projected
Total growth
2016-2020
Share of
corporate data
in
international
bandwidth
demand
2016
Share of
corporate data
in
international
bandwidth
demand
2020
Share of
Internet in
international
bandwidth
demand
2016
Share of
Internet in
international
bandwidth
demand
2020
Azerbaijan 45.7% +350.2% 11.3% 12.5% 88.7% 87.4%
Kazakhstan 49.6% +399.5% 16.6% 16.7% 83.2% 83.3%
Kyrgyzstan 51.4% +423.3% 2.2% 5.1% 97.8% 94.9%
Russian Federation 38.0% +263.1% 34.5% 40.2% 65.2% 59.6%
Tajikistan 102.5% +1562.5% 12.5% 8.3% 87.5% 91.7%
Turkmenistan 132.7% +2700.0% 7.5% 8.9% 75.0% 91.2%
Uzbekistan 57.5% +508.0% 8.0% 11.5% 88.0% 87.5%
Region 40.9% +294.1% 29.9% 32.9% 69.8% 67.0%
17
Source: ESCAP 2016.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Presentation Outline
18
1. The digital divide in North and Central Asia
2. Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS)
3. E-resilience in North and Central Asia
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
What is the Asia-Pacific information
superhighway (AP-IS)?
• A regional broadband connectivity initiative
supported by ESCAP;
• Intergovernmental platform for governments,
telecom operators, regulators, financiers, and
other stakeholders to discuss priority missing
links in each sub-region;
19
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
• Bridging digital divides
• Promoting affordable access
to underserved areas
• Policy and technical support
to Governments
• Ensuring efficient and effective
Internet traffic and network
management at regional, sub-
regional and national levels
• Resilient ICT networks
• Support to disaster
management systems
• Ensuring last-mile disaster
communication
Four Pillars of AP-IS
20
• Physical network design,
development, management
at regional level
• Intergovernmental negotiation
• Improving regulations based
on open access
CONNECTIVITY
СВЯЗЬ
E-RESILIENCE
ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ
TRAFFIC /NETWORKMANAGEMENT
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ТРАФИКОМ И СЕТЬЮ
BROADBANDFOR ALL
ШИРОКОПОЛОСНАЯ СВЯЗЬ ДЛЯ ВСЕХ
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
AP-IS Initiatives
21
Identification, coordination, deployment, expansion and
integration of the regional backbone network
Establish a sufficient number of IXPs at the national and
sub-regional levels and set out common principles on
Internet traffic exchange
Regional social and economic studies
Enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience
Policy and regulations for leveraging existing
infrastructure, technology and inclusive broadband
initiatives
Capacity-building
AP-IS funding mechanism based on public-private
partnerships
Strategic Initiatives 2016-2018
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Map
(ESCAP-ITU collaboration)
22
Interactive Map, visit <http://www.itu.int/itu-d/tnd-map-public/>
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Implementation of the AP-IS Master Plan
• Resolution 69/10: Member States recognized the need to promote the exchange of best practices and experiences related to the development of ICT infrastructure, including in-depth analysis of the policy and regulatory barriers that could impede efforts to synchronize the deployment of ICT infrastructure across the region in a seamless manner;
• Resolution 71/10: Commission decided to establish the open-ended Working Group on the AP-IS to agree on principles and norms, and develop a Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework;
• First Meeting of Working Group in Incheon, Korea in September 2015;
• Private Sector Consultative Meeting organized in April 2016;
• Second Meeting of Working Group in Guangzhou, China in August 2016;
• Establishment of Steering Group, which started discussion on Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document in June 2016.
• Resolution 73/6: Member States adopt the resolution to push forward the implementation of AP-IS through regional cooperation (May 2017).
23
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Implementation of the AP-IS Master Plan
• 1st Session of the AP-IS Steering Committee: To be
held on 1-2 November 2017, Dhaka, Bangladesh to
establish sub-regional AP-IS governance structures,
members and update on the work of the secretariat and
implementing partners.
• East Asia Sub-regional Steering Group meeting: To be
held on 12-13 December 2017, Xi’an, China. The sub-
regional meeting will discuss sub-regional challenges on
ICT connectivity and priorities for implementation.
24
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Presentation Outline
25
1. The digital divide in North and Central Asia
2. Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS)
3. E-resilience in North and Central Asia
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
E-resilience in North and Central Asia
26
Flood
43%
14%
Extreme
temperature
10%
Landslide
10%
Storm
9%
Others
9%
Drought
5%
Earthquake
Share of disasters in North and Central Asia by number of occurrences, 2000-2016Доля Северной и Центральнoй Азии в мировых стихийных бедствиях, 2000-2016
Source: ESCAP based on data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology
of Disasters, "EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database", 2017.
247.7
61
19.7
9.4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Earthquake Flood Landslide Drought
Ave
rag
e a
nn
ua
l lo
ss i
n U
SD
(m
illio
n)
Predicted Average Annual Losses in SPECA countriesПрогноз по среднему годовому ущербу в странах СПЕКА
Source: ESCAP based on calculations from Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Disaster Risk
Management Programs for Priority Countries (Washington D.C., 2009). Available from
http://www.unisdr.org/files/14757_6thCGDRMProgramsforPriorityCountrie.pdf.
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
E-resilience and SMEs • Pervious research from ESCAP for Central Asia shows that ICT is a key enabler for SMEs
• ICT enhances competitiveness and spurs SMEs’ integration into global value chains.
• Emerging and future usage include e-commerce, e-payment, cloud computing, online labor markets
• SMEs contribute to a significant share of GDP in countries of the Central Asia region.
Problem:
• SMEs are vulnerable to natural disasters due to direct and indirect damage (e.g. supply chain and production issues)
• Business continuity plans (BCPs) among SMEs are lacking
• Lack of awareness among employees and management, a lack of resources, expertise and information about managing disaster risks
Solutions:
• Micro-Level Practices: (1) backing up data, (2) maintaining power supply (e.g. autonomous power supply technologies), (3) web applications for disaster risk management (for early warnings, alerts, risk assessment)
• Macro-Level Solutions: (1) infrastructure redundancy (e.g. more terrestrial links in fiber optic networks) and reliability, (2) requirements on data centre service providers, (3) ensuring that critical infrastructure are robust (roads, electricity supply) as they are highly interdependent
Reference: ESCAP (2017), Building a Resilient Digital Economy: Fostering SMEs in Central Asia. http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/SMEs%20in%20SPECA%20final.pdf
27
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Policy recommendations and the Way Forward
• Enabling ICT policy and regulatory framework.
E.g. minimum standards on critical ICT infrastructure
such as data centers;
• Ensuring availability of redundant power sources and
adequate equipment protection;
• Improving redundancy in broadband networks:
Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS)
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IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Navigate to the ICT & DRR Gateway
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Access the Gateway on
www.drrgateway.net
Ряд статей доступны на русском языке
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
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