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Improving Productivity in Feed Mixing MachineManufacturing in Nigeria

Engr,Benedict.N Ugwu MNSE MNimechE Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu, Enugu State Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACTThe idea of mixing various feed materials such as grains, feed supplements and other animal feeds to produce ahomogenous mix ready for dispensing for animal consumption had being part of man’s activities since the creation ofman. This has always been done using crude method such as hands, sticks etc. in this recent time, the advancement intechnology has brought about the use of machines to perform the same function much faster, accurate and less energyconsuming. It is for this purpose that the feed mixing machine has been designed. The scope of this project are to design asmall feed fixing machine, to model and simulate the machine before production, to fabricate component of feed mixingmachine based on design specifications and to test the machine after fabrication , while in designing and in materialselection consideration was given to the tech-economic status of the micro scale industries who are intended users of themachine. Feed mixing machines are used in feed mills for the mixing of feed ingredients. The machine plays a vital role inthe feed production process, with efficient mixing being key to good feed production. If feed is not mixed properly,ingredients and nutrients will not be properly distributed within a précised time. This means that the feed will not haveeven nutritional benefit would be bad for the birds that are feeding on the feed. Feed mixing machine comprises of aframe structure, the mixing chamber (a cylinder and cone structure) where other components such as electric motor, shaftand hopper are mounted on. The mixing of feed to form a uniform ration is a regular need on large stock poultry purposes.The mixing is performed by a vertical shaft which revolves continuously in a cylindrical cone suspended by an iron bar.The relative motion of the shaft about the frame (body) is achieved by the use of knuckle bearing. Mixing is done in themixing chamber. The mixer is constructed to take a capacity of 30kg, but the excess capacity of 40kg was provided to takecare of overloading .this machine was powered by 3hp power motor.Product Lifecycle manufacturing (PLM) is redefining the use of information throughout the product lifecycle andspecifically, as discussed here, in the manufacturing phase of the product’s lifecycle. Product manufacturers need toconsider manufacturing two products: the physical products that they have always produced and the virtual productthat is the information about the physical product. This virtual product can provide manufacturers with a new sourceof value. After thoroughly researching, designing and experimenting with soft ware’s final machine was developedoptimizing the process, the product time was successfully reduced from several hours to 5 minute. All otherengineering and customer design requirement were met, through the success of the design

Key words: Design process. Sustainability. Productivity and Management

Engr.Rufus Ogbuka Chime ,MNSE , MNimechE,Institute of Management and Technology (IMT)Enugu, Enugu.E-mail;[email protected]

Engr.Samuel I.Ukwuaba, FNSE FNIMechE,Petroleum Training InstituteEffurun Delta State.E-mail,[email protected]

Prof.Abdulrahim Abdulbaqi Toyin, MNSE University of Maiduguri Maiduguri,Borno. E-mail;[email protected]

Anthony Igwe PhD,MSc,MNIMDepartment of managementFaculty of Business AdministrationUniversity of NigeriaEnugu campusE-mail;[email protected]

Benjamin Ibe ChukwuPhD,MIRD,FIIADepartment of ManagementFaculty of business AdminstrationUniversity of NigeriaEnugu CampusE-mail;[email protected]

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2015 ISSN 2229-5518

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LITERATURE REVIEWThe beginning of industrial scale production of animalfeeds can be traced back to the late 1800s, this is aroundthe time that advance in human and animal nutrition wasable to identify the benefits of a balanced diet, and theimportance or role the processing of certain rawmaterials played in this. Corn gluten feed mixer was firstmanufactured in 1882, while leading world feedproducer Purina feeds was established in 1894 byWilliam H Danforth. Cargill which was mainly dealingin grains from its beginning in 1865, started to deal infeed mixer production at about 1884. The feed industryexpanded rapidly in the first quarter of the 1900s with“Purina” expanding its operations into Canada andopened its first feed mill in 1927. In 1908 HerbertJohnson, an engineer for the Hobart manufacturingcompany, invents an electric standing mixer. Hisinspiration came from observing a baker mixing breaddough with a metal spoon; soon he was toying with amechanical counterpart. By 1915, his 80-quart mixerwas standard equipment. In 1908 the feed industry wasrevolutionized by the introduction of the first feed mixerused for mixing pelleted feeds. Farmers still employcrude techniques for processing their products, forexample, they still use hands to mix already crushedfeeds, these crude techniques are not only labourintensive but also lead to slow level production of smallquantities of feed.. It could be cited that the poor quality products of feedcould be as a result of improper mixing of feed. Again,large quantities of feed will be very difficult to mix byhand if not impossible, thereby producing poor qualityproducts and reducing production rate. This lowers theprofits margin of the products. On the other hand, thecost of importation of foreign machine for mixing feed isvery high compared to the producer’s mega resources.Generally, this affects the country’s foreign reverse.Also it tends to bring down the cost of the machine tothe reach of the small scale producers. Besides it createsemployment opportunities for the farmers, this designwas chosen for reliabilities..

Long product development,Countless trial and error,AccountabilityLimited Profitability

The cost of machine of this type could be high whenproduced under small scale production. But the otheradvantages are that it does not require any specialist skillfor its operation and it does not call for any elaborateproduction environment before it becomes operational

and so many others. The advantages of this designoutweigh the disadvantages. In fact it can be used wheremass production is necessary with high efficiency. Theprincipal of operation is very simple one. The feedingredient are placed between stationery drum and therotating blades agitates the feeds which mixes thevarious feed ingredient as a result force betweenneighbouring feeds. Investigation shows that the fewavailable small scales processing equipment are not veryefficient This lack of efficient small scale processingequipment to farmers has increased the inability of theirfarming activities. It is general knowledge that thosewho are engaged in agriculture are poor in thecomparison with those engaged in other sector of theeconomy in Nigeria that is to say their standard of livingis so low. That shortage of funds to enable thempurchase modern facilities has been a major handicap inthe development of agriculture. Means of alleviating thisproblem is the provision of modern facilities madelocally at cheaper rates This will lead to increasedproductivity in agriculture which could enablemanufacturer and consumers to benefit from the supplyof relatively cheaper and better produce at the right timeand in sufficient quantity .For these demands to be metto maintain a sustainable economic growth in Nigeria amuch higher production level in the agricultural sector isnecessary through these use of design, modelling ,simulation ,sustainability and Engineering management.

COMPONENT AND MATERIAL SELECTIONMost machine and tools are constructed from metallicand non-metallic materials. The metals are divided intotwo groups’ ferrous metals: are those which have theiron as their main constituent such as cast iron, wroughtiron and steel. Non-ferrous metals: are those which havea metal other than iron as their main constituent such ascopper, aluminium, brass, tin, zinc etc.The selection of a proper material, for engineeringpurposes, is one of the most difficult problems for thedesigner. The best material is one which serves thedesired objective at the minimum cost. The followingfactors are considered while selecting the material:

Availability of the materials.Suitability of the materials for the workingconditions in service.The cost of the materials.

The machine (feed mixing machine) which has beenproduced from the assembly of various componentswere designed based on the properties of materials,including the frame, shaft, knuckle bearing, pulley and


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belt, mixing chamber (cylinder and cone structure) andelectric motor. The design considerations for eachcomponent are discussed below:-FRAME: This component is the primary made up ofmild steel fig; 15. The reason for this is that the materialBELT AND PULLEY: possessed the requiredproperties as ductility, plasticity and also considerablestrength which are capable of being fabricated to therequired degree of functional tolerance. Also theselection factors are being cheap and most abundant inthe market in case of replacement, machine ability orworkable are other consideration.they exist as standard components. The pulley can bemade up of aluminium, cast iron and mild steel etcowing to the weight consideration of these materialsmentioned above; we selected the cast iron pulley. Thiswould help to reduce vibration of the shaft. On the otherhand, the belt will be Vee-shaped fig4&,10. We choosethe Vee-belt for our design with the followingconsideration:-It is because of the pulley groove. It does not jump outwhile in motion. The vee-belt drive gives due to thedistance between centres of pulleys. It provides longerlife, 3 to 5 years. It can be easily installed and removed.The operation of the pulley and v-belt is quiet. Also, weprefer belt to chain because of alignment.

MIXING CHAMBER (CYLINDER AND CONESTRUCTURE): This is the mixing chamber of themachine. Fig 12 It is required to use mild steel metalsheet which are of considerable strength and which arecapable of being fabricated to the required degree offunctional tolerance are preferable used for reliability ofoperation and lessened frequency maintenance. Anotherreason for its use is because of its abundant in the marketand weld ability.ELECTRIC MOTOR: This is the source of power forthe design. It exists in a standard component. It hassingle phase and three phase but for our design, we usethe three phase. It has a three horse power (3hp) and thespeed of the electric motor is 1500 rpm fig;2.SHAFT: this is also made of mild steel besides theconsiderations mentioned above, we consider itstoughness properties which can be improved throughheat treatment.fig;7BEARING: It exists as a standard component, it is ofvarious types- cone bearing, roller, knuckle bearing andfrom steels-chromium steel. Among these types mentionabove, some are sealed while some are not. For ourdesign, we opt for the knuckle bearing with sealed ballbearing to avoid grease contamination on the feed fig.11.The selection of knuckle bearing is that it balances itselfand possesses the required hardness and toughness.

DESIGN PROCESS

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF THE MACHINE / THE COMPONENTS

Fig.1 Final Design Fi:2 Electric motorFig :3. cover


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Fig :4 pulley fig: 5 shaft fig: 6 shaft under

stress

Fig .12 bucketFig.11 Bearing

Fig.7 simulation process Fig .8 deform shape Fig: 9 factor of safety

Fig.10 pulley


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CUSTOMER AND ENGINEERINGREQUIREMENTSRequirementIn product development and process optimization, arequirement is a singular documented need that aparticular design, product or process must be able toperform. It is most commonly used in a formal sense insystems engineering, software engineering or enterpriseengineering It is a statement that identifies a necessaryattribute, capability,characteristic,or quality of a systemfor it to have value and utility to acustomer,Organization,internal user,or other stakeholder.A requirements specification (often imprecisely referredto as the spec. Because there are different sortsspecification) refers to an explicit set of requirements tobe satisfied by a,design,product or services. In theclassical engineering approach, sets of requirements areused as inputs into the design stages of productsdevelopemt.requirements are also an important input intothe verification process,since tests should trace back tospecific requirements. Requirement show what elementsand functions are necessary for the particular project. Thisis reflected in the waterfall model of the software life-cycle. However, when iterative methods of softwaredevelopment or agile methods methods are used, thesystem requirements are incrementally developed inparallel with design and implementationGathering Customer RequirementsIn the mid-1980’s managers began to recognize that beingtechnology-driven –the practice of creating newtechnologies and then trying to find markets for them –was an inefficient approach to managing innovation and

led to many failed efforts. As a result, momentum shiftedto the customer-drive movement, which requiredmanagers to first understand what the customer wantedbefore investing in the creation of a new product orservice. As part of this movement, managers soughtneeded inputs from customers and these inputs becameknown as “customer requirements”. As the process forgetting these inputs evolved, it became popular –and isstill today – to capture just what the customer says and touse that information as an input into the innovationprocess. This approach is often referred to as capturingthe “voice-of-the-customer”. Logically, focusing on the“voice-of-the-customer” makes good sense, as it requirescompanies to listen closely to customers

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENTEngineering managers oversee 4-P’s people, projects,products, and processes. Overseeing manufacturing andproduction standards, working with creative engineersand generating technical documentation are just some ofthe responsibilities. Specialized knowledge andmanagement practices geared toward the engineeringenvironment help to enrich an engineering managers’toolbox to deal with the 4- P’s with as much savvy astechnical issuesProjectEvery project has people in several different roles. Thecentral person is the project manager. He or she plans theproject, pulls the team together, communicates witheveryone, and makes sure that the job gets done right.Part of the project manager ’s job is to explain to

Fig 13.Detailed Drawing Fig; 14 multiply views Fig 15 frame


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everyone else what his or her role on the project is andhow it is crucial to project success The project managermust communicate with everyone and persuade eachperson to do his or her part

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Project management Tasks for the project were dividedequally among the six team members. Modeling andSimulation was completed by Rufus and Ben, whileSamuel , Toyi others managed the tasks and deadlines ofthe project. Many of the experiments were conductedwith at least two members present and each team memberwas responsible for taking observations and developingdesign ideas. Online Regular team meetings were held todiscuss shortcomings and progress of the project. AHenry Gantt chart can be found in Appendix A displayingthe Individual task assignments and deadlines. This chartwas used to guide the team and assure timely completionof the project. Each experiment provided insight for theproject and so Gantt chart was updated regularly withnew tasks to accomplish

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNCAD began as an electronic drafting board, a replacementof the traditional paper and pencil drafting method. Overthe years it has evolved into a sophisticated surface andsolid modeling tool. Not only can products be representedprecisely as solid models, factory shop floors can also bemodeled and simulated in 3D. It is an indispensable toolto modern engineers. Engineers use CAD to create twoand three dimensional drawings, such as those forautomobile and airplane parts, floor plans, and maps andmachine assembly While it may be faster for an engineerto create an initial drawing by hand, it is much moreefficient to change and adjust drawings by computer. Inthe design stage, drafting and computer graphicstechniques are combined to produce models of differentparts. i. Using a computer to perform the six step’art to part’ process: The first two steps in this processare the use of sketching software to capture the initialdesign ideas and to produce accurate engineeringdrawings. Next, engineers use analysis software to ensurethat the part is strong enough. Step five is the productionof a prototype, or model. In the final step the CAMsoftware controls the machine that produces the part,during the design of the machine and the drafting,software was used to draw the orthogonal views,Isometric views, exploded drawings fig; 1 shows thedetailed drawing of the machine, modeling andsimulation was done before the commencement of thefabrication processes.

MODELINGModeling is the process of producing a model; a model isa representation of the construction and working of somesystem of interest fig;2-7, 10-13.A model is similar to butsimpler than the system it represents. One purpose of amodel is to enable the analyst to predict the effect ofchanges to the system. On the one hand, a model shouldbe a close approximation to the real system andincorporate most of its salient features. On the other hand,it should not be so complex that it is impossible tounderstand and experiment with it. A good model is ajudicious tradeoff between realism and simplicity.Simulation practitioners recommend increasing thecomplexity of a model iteratively. An important issue inmodeling is model validity. Model validation techniquesinclude simulating the model under known inputconditions and comparing model output with systemoutput. Generally, a model intended for a simulationstudy is a mathematical model developed with the help ofsimulation software. Mathematical model classificationsinclude deterministic (input and output variables are fixedvalues) or stochastic (at least one of the input or outputvariables is probabilistic); static (time is not taken intoaccount) or dynamic (time-varying interactions amongvariables are taken into account). Typically, simulationmodels are stochastic and dynamic

SIMULATIONSimulation technology can provide a highly effectivemeans for evaluating the design of a newmanufacturing system or proposed modifications toexisting systems. This technology can be especiallyuseful in supporting agility, sustainability, supply chainintegration, as well as the development of new advancedprocesses. Manufacturing simulations are often used asmeasurement tools that predict the behavior andperformance of systems that have not yet beenimplemented, or to determine theoretical capabilities ofexisting systems. Simulations are essentially experiments.As defined in Jerry Banks Handbook of Simulation, asimulation is: “…the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. Simulation involvesthe generation of an artificial history of the system andthe observation of that artificial history to draw inferencesconcerning the operational characteristics of the realsystem that is represented. Simulation is an indispensableproblem-solving methodology for the solution of manyreal-world problems. Simulation is used to describe andanalyze the behavior of a system, ask what-if questionsabout the real system, and aid in the design of real


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systems. Both existing and conceptual systems can bemodeled with simulation.” figure 7-9

PRODUCTAll products start out as virtual products fig1. That isideas and information about what the physical productshould be . These virtual products are then realized inphysical form through the manufacturing process. Themanufacturing of products can be divided into threephases: making the first one, ramp-up, and making therest. “Making the first one” entailed getting a physicalproduct that embodied the ideas of what the virtualproduct was required to accomplish. Ramp-up andproduction (“making the rest”) relied on the premise thatthese products would be close enough to the first one soas to be functionally and physically equivalent. Theaccuracy of that premise varies widely even today, whichis why expensive quality audit inspection processes arerequired of the actual product instances themselves

VIRTUAL PRODUCTSThere are a myriad number of uses that can be made ofthe virtual product created through PSM(ProductSpecification Management consists).. In themanufacturing or build phase, the “as-built” virtualproduct is immediately available and can be transmittedto customers and other parties in the supply chain whoneed the information about the product to assurethemselves that the product is actually being created tothe required specifications and Customer requirements

SUSTAINABILITY –Simulation technology has been a significant tool forimproving manufacturing operations in the past; but itsfocus has been on lowering costs, improving productivityand quality, and reducing time to market for newproducts. Sustainable manufacturing includes theintegration of processes, decision-making and theenvironmental concerns of an active industrial system toachieve economic growth, without destroying preciousresources or the environment. Sustainability applies to theentire life cycle of a product . It involves selection ofmaterials, extraction of those materials, of parts, assemblymethods, retailing, product use, recycling, recovery, anddisposal will need to occur if simulation is to be appliedsuccessfully to sustainability. Manufacturers will need tofocus on issues that they have not been concerned withbefore ,.

PRODUCTIVITY

Business Managers, see productivity not only as ameasure of efficiency, but also connotes effectiveness andperformance of individual organizations. For them,productivity would incorporate quality of output,workmanship, adherence to standards, absence ofcomplaints, customer satisfaction, etc (Udo-Aka, 1983).The administrator is more concerned with organizationaleffectiveness, while the industrial engineer focuses moreon those factors which are more operational andquantifiable, work measurement and performancestandards (Adekoya, 1989). Productivity can be computedfor a firm, industrial group, the entire industrial sector orthe economy as a whole. It measures the level ofefficiency at which scarce resources are being utilized.Higher or increasing productivity will, therefore, meaneither getting more output with the same level of input orthe same level of output with less input. Let us look at thesub-concepts.

TOTAL-FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY: This is the ratioof output to the aggregate measure of the inputs of all thefactors of production. Theoretically, this is the truemeasure of productivity as it incorporates the contributionof all the factor inputs. Factor Productivity is oftenseen as the real driver of growth within an economyand studies reveal that whilst labour and investmentare important contributors, Total Factor Productivitymay account for up to 60% of growth withineconomies Technology growth and efficiency areregarded as two of the biggest sub-sections of TotalFactor Productivity, the former possessing "special"inherent features such as positive externalities andnon-rivalness which enhance its position as a driverof economic growth

MANUFACTURINGManufacturing is the means by which the technical andindustrial capability of a nation is harnessed to transforminnovative designs into well-made products that meetcustomer needs. This activity occurs through the action ofan integrated network that links many differentparticipants with the goals of developing, making, andselling useful things. Manufacturing is the conversion ofraw materials into desired end products. The word derivesfrom two Latin roots meaning hand and make.Manufacturing, in the broad sense, begins during thedesign phase when judgments are made concerning partgeometry, tolerances, material choices, and so on.


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Manufacturing operations start with manufacturingplanning activities and with the acquisition of requiredresources, such as process equipment and raw materials.The manufacturing function extends throughout a numberof activities of design and production to the distributionof the end product and, as necessary, life cycle support.Modern manufacturing operations can be viewed ashaving six principal components: materials beingprocessed, process equipment (machines), manufacturingmethods, equipment calibration and maintenance, skilledworkers and technicians, and enabling resources. Thereare three distinct categories of manufacturing:• Discrete item manufacturing, which encompasses themany different processes that bestow physical shape andstructure to materials as they are fashioned into products.These processes can be grouped into families, known asunit manufacturing processes, which are used throughoutmanufacturing.• Continuous materials processing, which ischaracterized by a continuous production of materials foruse in other manufacturing processes or products. Typicalprocesses include base metals production, chemicalprocessing, and web handing.• Micro- and nano-fabrication, which refers to thecreation of small physical structures with acharacteristic scale size of microns (millionths of a meter)or less. This category of manufacturing is essential to thesemiconductor and mechatronics industry. It is emergingas very important for the next-generation manufacturingprocesses.Modern ManufacturingManufacturing technologies address the capabilities todesign and to create products, and to managethat overall process. Product quality and reliability,responsiveness to customer demands, increased laborproductivity, and efficient use of capital were theprimary areas that leading manufacturing companiesthroughout the world emphasized during the past decadeto respond to the challenge of global competitiveness.As a consequence of these trends, leading manufacturingorganizations are flexible in management and laborpractices, develop and produce virtually defect-freeproducts quickly (supported with global customerservice) in response to opportunities, and employ asmaller work force possessing multidisciplinary skills.These companies have an optimal balance of automatedand manual operations. To meet these challenges, themanufacturing practices must be continually evaluatedand strategically employed. In addition, manufacturingfirms must cope with design processes (e.g., usingcustomers’ requirements and expectations to develop

engineering specifications, and then designingcomponent

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONIt is general knowledge that those who are engaged inagriculture are the poor in comparison with those whoengaged in other sector of the economy in Nigeria that isto say their standard of living is so low that shortage offunds to enable them facilities has been a major handicapin the development .Investigation shows that the few available small scaleprocessing equipment are not very efficient..This lack ofefficiency small scale processing equipment to farmershas increased the inability of their farming activities.Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio ofagricultural outputs to agricultural inputs. Whileindividual products are usually measured by weight, theirvarying densities make measuring overall agriculturaloutput difficult. Therefore, output is usually measured asthe market value of final output, which excludesintermediate products such as corn feed used in the meatindustry. This output value may be compared to manydifferent types of inputs such as labour and land (yield).This measure of agricultural productivity was establishedto remedy the shortcomings of the partial measures ofproductivity; notably that it is often hard to identify thefactors cause them to change. Changes in Total Factorproductivity are usually attributed to technologicalimprovements. Today It is rare to find an engineeringdesign, or architectural firm of any size without aworking CAD system, running on a personal computer orworkstation. Many of the individual task within theoverall design process can be performed using acomputer. As each of these tasks is made more efficientthe efficiency of overall process increases as well.Computer aided design uses the mathematical and graphicprocessing power of the computer to assist the engineer inthe creatoion,modification,analys, and designs manyfactors have contributed to CAD technology becomingthe necessary tool in the engineering technical data base,CAD combines the characteristic of designer andcomputer that are best applicable to the design process,the combination of human creativity with computertechnology provides the design efficiency that has madeCAD such as popular design tool. CAD Has allowed thedesigner to by pass much of the Manuel drafting andanalysis that previously required, making the designprocess flow more smoothly and much more efficiently.Simulation tools enable us to be creative and to quicklytest new ideas that would be much more difficult, time-


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consuming, and expensive to test in the lab. (Jeffrey D.Wilson, Nasa Glenn Research Center) It also help usreduce cost and time-to-market by testing our designs onthe computer rather than in the field. It is against thisbackground that our research theme was derived and theadvantages are as followingCOST EFFECTIVE: The cost of this machine is verylow and can be affordable by both poor and rich, itrequires little or no frequent maintenanceINCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY (level) increasedproductivity lead to increases in wealth of a nation.Productivity of feed mixing will help in no small measureto increase in productivity level of a nation which willincrease value addition to GDPPOVERTY REDUCTION AND JOB CREATION: Ithelp to create job for people since it is affordable and thisreduce in rural –urban migrationENCOURAGE DIRECT AND INDIRECTINVESTMENT: It will help in the expansion ofdomestic and international trade. It will equally increaserapid national economic growth and development.ENCOURAGE INNOVATION THROUGH USAGEAND OBSERVATION BY LOCAL FABRICATORS .Since the machine is fabricated locally, the usage willhelp local fabricator to innovate or improve in theirfabrication. By so doing, it will help in the living standardof rural people Customer and Engineering Requirements.REDUCTION IN UNEMPLOYMENT. The reductionof unemployment is of two fold which includes thosefabricating machine and those using the machine will bethe beneficiariesENCOURAGE DIRECT AND INDIRECTINVESTMENT, It will help in no small measure in thecreation of industries for oil processing manufacturingand other processing ventures. It will equally increaserapid national economic growth and development.ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ANDINDUSTRIALIZATION. It will help in economicdevelopment and industrialization because it will lead tothe creation of a new investment culture, wealth creationand increased economic and social welfare.

CONCLUSIONMany of the individual tasks within the overall designprocess can be performed using a computer. As each ofthese tasks is made more efficient, the efficiency of theoverall process increases as well. The computer is wellsuited to design in four areas, which correspond to thelatter four stages of the general design process.Computers function in the design process throughgeometric modeling capabilities, engineering analysis

calculations, testing procedures, and automated drafting,from the result of testing and affordability in term ofcost,it can be concluded that the project is successful,therefore software design should be encouraged in ourinstitution of higher learning base on the following facts,long product development, countless trial and error, andaccountability and limited profitability

REFERENCE

[1] Osokam Shadrach Onygu,Ogbanga Ibifuro,MondayNsikan Idung and Thompson Aguheva,,Design andfabrication of an Industrial Poultry feed Tumble mixerLeonardo Electronic Journal of Practices andTechnologies Issue 20,January 2012[2] Engr. R. O. Chime,Engr.S.I.Ukwuaba,Engr. UkwuNwachukwu(2013) Design Modelling and Simulation of aScrew press Expeller for palm kernel oil extraction[International Engineering Conference, Exhibition andAnnual General meeting] NSE Proceedings,[3] R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta; Theory Of Machines, S.Chand and Company Ltd.[4] R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta; Machine Design, S.Chand and Company Ltd.[5] http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feedmixer

[6] Ashby F.M.jones R.B.H.,Engineering materials; AnIntroduction to Their properties and Application, SecondEdition, Butterworth Heinemann, oxford 2002

[7]Olaoye,J.O. and Babatunde O.O;(Development andTesting of a milled Shea Nut mixer)Journal Food ScienceTechnologyVol.38 N.5pp.475,2001[8] Law, A. M., and M. G. McComas. 1991. Secrets ofSuccessful Simulation Studies, Proceedings of the1991Winter Simulation Conference, ed. J. M.Charnes, D.M. Morrice, D. T. Brunner, and J. J.Swain, 21 27.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Piscataway, New Jersey[9] Koya O.A and Faborode M.O(2005) Mathematicalmodelling of palm fruit cracking based on Hertzs Theory˜Bios stems Engineering, Vol.91 No.4 pp 471 7[10] Fishwick, P. A. 1995. Simulation Model Design andExecution: Building Digital Worlds, Hall.Freund, J. E.1992. Mathematical Statistics, Fifth Edition,[11]http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_mater.htm.Mass,Weight,Desity or specific Gravity of bulk material[12] Shigley J. E. and Mischke C. R., “MechanicalEngineering Design,” McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. 6th

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[13] Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 2nd ed., EditedBy Myer Kutz.[14] Ashok Kumar Gupta Dr.Vandana Somkuwar (2014)Spiral Gevel Gear And Development Generation AndSimulation Of Meshing And Too Th Contact Analysis(TCA)[15] Mark T.Holtzapple W.Dan Reece “Fundamental ofEngineering”Taxas A&M University[15] Amber Beck, Nick Dalbec, James Zoss(2005)Design of a manually operated mixing Machine for SheaButter application[16] Productivity in Nigeria, Proceedings of a NationalConference, Edited by Osoba, A.M., Page 75[17] Project management for small business made easy /by Sid Kemp. p. cm. ISBN 1-932531-77-7 (alk. paper)[18] Akinlo, E. A. (1996), Improving the Performance ofthe Nigerian Manufacturing Sub-Sector after Adjustment,The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies,Page 9.[19]Maynard’s Industrial Engineering Handbook

[20] Babyak, Rechard J.(2003) Visionary Design.Appliance Manufacturer[21] Dr. Michael Grieve.(2009) Dual Manufacturing BothReal and Virtual Products, NASA MSFC/University ofLowa

[22] C.M.Anyanwu. (1983)Production in the NigerianManufacturing Industry[23] Oloko, O. (1983), Factors in Labour Productivity,Proceeding of a National Conference on Productivity,Edited by Osoba, A.M. Page 7.[24] Udo-Aka, U. (1983), Measuring productivity: Issuesand Problems in Productivity in Nigeria, Proceedings ofa National Conference, Edited by Osoba, A.M., Page 75.[25] Requirement Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[26]Anthony W. Ulwick[2002] Turn Customer Input IntoInnovation, Candace Carlson (2010) ImprovingProductivity in Mold Design and Fabrication[27] Industrial Engineering handBook fifth EditionEdited by KJELL B. zandian Co-sponsors by JMA ,INC.[28] Bliumin, I. G. Kritika burzhuaznoi politicheskoiekonomii, vol. 1. Moscow, 1962.[29] Nikitin, S. M. Teorii Stoimosti I Ikh Evoliutsii.Moscow, 1970 [30] The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. [31] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


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Appendix A

Tracking Gantt


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APPENDIX B

Network APPENDIX C

Gantt Chart


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