Improving Care Transitions: Creating Your Evidence-Based Approach

Jack Chase, MD Director of Operations,

UCSF Family Medicine Inpatient Service San Francisco General Hospital

Assistant Clinical Professor UCSF Dept. of Family and Community Medicine

Elizabeth Davis, MD

Medical Director of Care Coordination, San Francisco Health Network Primary Care

San Francisco General Hospital Assistant Clinical Professor

UCSF Dept. of General Internal Medicine

Disclosures

Outline • Readmissions vs Care Transitions

• Quality Improvement Drivers

• Connecting the Best Case Models

• Our Work in Progress

• Current Understanding and Vision

Readmission Basics • In 2011: 3.3 million 30 day readmissions among adults in US

• Medicare cost: $15 to $17 billion per year

• SFGH all cause readmission rate 2013-2014: 12.6%

Medicare national average 18% COPD 17-25% Myocardial Infarction 20% Pneumonia 18% Heart Failure 25%

Readmissions: A Complicated Metric

• Definition: is 30 days an appropriate timeframe?

• Data: no comprehensive source, easier to get subgroup data • Universal access leads to increased utilization (esp. among lower SES)

• Risk adjustment: similar %’s between systems if control for patient characteristics

• Preventable? 23-30% readmissions appear to be avoidable

• No national consensus on preventability or approach

Goals: • Identify patients at high risk of re-hospitalization and target

specific interventions to mitigate potential adverse events • Reduce 30 day readmission rates • Improve patient satisfaction scores and H-CAHPS scores related

to discharge • Improve flow of information between hospital and outpatient

physicians and providers • Improve communication between providers and patients • Optimize discharge processes Funding: >$2 million, via institutional, grant, federal and insurance-based funding

Can readmissions be prevented?

Results to date: Decreased readmissions by 13% (Absolute reduction = 2%: 14.7% to 12.7%)

Should readmissions be a focus? • ? Effect on morbidity & mortality

– Eg. COPD readmission = independent mortality predictor (OR 1.85)

– Other studies (eg. Krumholz, JAMA 2013) have found little to no correlation

• Lost income & time in community – Likely a negative psychosocial impact

• Hospital acquired risk

– ~10% risk of HAC/unnecessary inpatient day Krumholz JAMA 2013

But wait…Hot off the presses!!!

Readmissions as an accountability measure:

Patient and health system-centered benefit can be achieved through improved transitions of

care. Adapted from Health Policy blog of Ashish Jha MD, Harvard School of Public Health

Drivers of Care Transitions QI • National

– CMS penalty up to 3% of yearly hospital reimbursement

– HCAHPS Patient Satisfaction

• Community – SFHP P4P bonus to PCMH’s

• Hospital/Individual – Optimal, patient-centered care

From Reducing Readmissions, produced by US DHHS, Partnership for Patients

Comprehensive Patient Care

Biomedical

Mental Health

Health-Related

Behaviors

Family Systems Issues of

Cognition & Capacity

Housing and

Domestic Safety

Food Security/ Nutrition

External Guidelines & Regulatory

Requirement

Key Components of Ideal Transitions of Care

Hospital Community

K. Oza MPH, adapted from Burke et al JHM 2013

10 Building Blocks of High Performing Primary Care

Bodenheimer et al (2014)

• San Francisco’s only complete care system – Primary care for all ages – Dentistry – Emergency & trauma treatment – Medical & surgical specialties – Diagnostic testing – Skilled nursing & rehabilitation – Behavioral health

San Francisco Health Network

• San Francisco’s public hospital – Devoted to care of the city’s most

vulnerable residents – Sole provider of trauma and

psychiatric emergency services in SF

• Serves over 100,000 patients per year

• 16,000+ admissions/year – 20% of the city’s inpatient care

• Average LOS adult inpatients is 5 days

San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center

Readmissions at SFGH

11.6 11.8 12.2 11.3 11.8

12.9 13.1 12.8

02468

101214

Q1-13 Q2-13 Q3-13 Q4-13 Q1-14 Q2-14 Q3-14 Q4-14

SFGH All Cause 30-Day Readmission Rate

SFGH 30-Day Readm Rate (%)

Goal (10.6%)

Repatriation program begins

• 64% of readmitted patients have Medi-Cal coverage.

• 60% of readmitted patients have mental illness.

• 28% of readmitted patients have a substance use diagnosis.

• 16% of readmitted patients are homeless.

• 28% of readmitted patients are not empaneled with a PCP.

• 33% of readmissions occur within 7 days of discharge.

• 326 individuals accounted for 1734 hospitalizations & 764 readmissions (47% of all readmits).

Top 5 Discharge APR-DRG

SFGH 30-Day Readmit Rate (%, n)

AEH Public Hospitals 30-Day Readmit Rate

COPD* 25.8% (78) 20.8%

Heart Failure* 24.8% (103) 20.0%

Renal Failure 24.7% (44) 19.1%

Sepsis 13.6% (67) 16.6%

Cellulitis 11.3% (55) 10.2%

Data analysis by K. Oza MPH (SFGH Care Transitions Taskforce)

Team-Based Complex Care Planning

Morning multidisciplinary rounds on the UCSF Family Medicine Inpatient Service.

Brief, structured format for MD:nursing huddle and provider:patient discussion.

Cross-System Communication and Care Coordination

San Francisco Health Network

Homeless and MCAH

JH

Pharmacy Interventions and Medication Reconciliation

Improve the health of the patients we

serve

Ensure excellent patient

experience

Sustainable Patient- and

Family- Centered Care

Optimize access,

operations, and cost-

effectiveness

Build a foundation of a healthy, engaged, and sustained primary care workforce

Vision for SFHN

Primary Care

Improving Post-discharge care • Standardization of post-discharge visits

– Timing – Team based care

• Metrics for each health center – Monthly rates of follow up within 7 days of d/c – Readmission rates

• Services for high risk patients, such as case management, home health services, supportive housing, Bridge clinic, Respite, caregiver support

Communication of information

Follow-up appointments

Ambulatory & Community

Referrals

Team Oriented Care

Transition

UCSF Family Medicine Inpatient Service San Francisco General Hospital

Building 5 (Main Hospital) Office 4F53 Office Phone 415-206-8651 / Fax 415-206-6135

HOSPITAL ADMISSION NOTICE

Dear Dr. Chase, Your patient Jane Smith MRN 01234567 was admitted for COPD exacerbation. At admission, we found that she had run out of her inhalers and did not have any refills. She has been smoking cocaine every 2-3 days. She had hypercapnic respiratory failure in the SFGH ED and required urgent BiPAP. We plan to treat with steroids, bronchodilators, evaluate for pneumonia and provide cocaine cessation resources. We estimate that the patient will be discharged on: 5/1/2015 Primary care follow-up –please reply with date and time for a visit within 7 days after the expected discharge date. Primary care clinic pharmacist/medication reconciliation visit should be scheduled for medication literacy teaching. Specialty clinic follow-up –- please schedule appointment after the expected discharge date and reply with date and time: 1. Better breathing class Indication for referral: COPD 2. COPD NP Clinic Indication for referral: COPD To communicate with us, please (1) reply to this email and/or (2) page (before 7:30AM or after noon) using the table below. Sincerely, The FMIS team

Bundled, email-based care transitions communication.

39% 36% 36% 36%

39%

48% 51%

56% 55% 51% 52% 52%

34%

27% 32%

27%

35% 38%

43% 41% 44%

47% 48% 45%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2013-9 2013-10 2013-11 2013-12 2014-1 2014-2 2015-1 2015-2 2015-3 2015-4 2015-5 2015-6

Family Medicine Inpatient Service (FMIS) vs all other SFGH Adult inpatient Services - Patients Attending Any Follow-Up Within 7 Days of DIscharge

FMIS Attended % SFHN Incentive Goal All Other SFGH Services Attended %

Post-discharge phone calls

• Call within 72 hrs of discharge • HW, MA, or RN • Scripted

– Appts – Meds – Red flags – Primary care access

Complex Care Management

Patient Education and Supported Self-Management

Spanish language self-management guide produced by the UCSF Center for

Vulnerable Populations, 2007

Catheryn Williams RN

Richard Santana RN

Tip Tam RN

Tami Lenhoff PharmD

SFGH Transitional Care Nursing Program

• 5th to 8th grade reading level • Uses universal medication

scheduling language & pictograms

Can be translated into 18 different languages

Medication Instructions with Polyglot’s MeducationTM

Multilingual Heart Failure Education

Business Cards and Warmline

Building a Community of Support

Data Capture, Analysis and Metrics

SFGH Care Transitions Taskforce: a multidisciplinary QI workgroup aligning initiatives across continuum of care within and outside of SFGH and SFHN.

Care Transitions Discharge Worklist

SFGH 30-Day All-Cause Readmission Rate

30-Day Readmissions: SF Health Network (All clinic average)

• Readmissions are complex & costly for patients and health systems

• Outcomes involve a diverse set of contributing factors, variable by patient, health system and community

• No consensus on exact definition of readmission or prevention – Bigger win is to improve transitions of care

• Engage stakeholders, create high functioning teams, connect

through efficient EBM processes, track & distribute data

Current Understanding

1. Team-oriented, standard-work approach

for care transitions from hospital to community – critical to align hospital and primary care.

2. Reduce total readmissions by 15-20% (the preventable component)

Big Picture Goals

With thanks to the Moore Foundation, the SF General Hospital Foundation, the SFGH Care Transitions Taskforce,

& our partners from SFGH and SFHN.

References • Almagro P et al. Mortality After Hospitalization for COPD. Chest, 2002: 121(5): 1441-1448.

• Balaban RB et al. A Patient Navigator Intervention to Reduce Hospital Readmissions among High-Risk Safety-Net Patients: A

Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Jul;30(7):907-15.

• Bodenheimer T et al. The 10 Building Blocks of High Performing Primary Care. Annals of Family Medicine Vol 12(2): 166-171. Mar/Apr 2014.

• Burke RE et al. Contribution of Psychiatric Illness and Substance Abuse to 30-Day Readmission Risk. J Hosp Med Vol 8(8): 450-455. 2013

• Chen C et al. Readmission Penalties and Health Insurance Expansion: A Dispatch from Massachusetts. J Hosp Med: 2014 Nov 9(11).

• Hansen LO et al. Project BOOST: Effectiveness of a multihospital effort to reduce rehospitalization J Hosp Med: 2013 Aug 8 (8).

• Horwitz L. The Insurance-Readmission Paradox: Why Increasing Insurance Coverage May Not Reduce Hospital-Level

Readmission Rates. J Hosp Med: 2014 Nov 9(11).

• Jackson C et al. Timeliness of outpatient follow-up: an evidence-based approach for planning after hospital discharge. Ann Fam Med. 2015 Mar;13(2):115-22.

Even More References • Krumholz HM et al. Relationship Between Hospital Readmission and Mortality Rates for Patients Hospitalized With Acute

Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, or Pneumonia. JAMA. 2013;309(6):587-593.

• Lavenberg J et al. Assessing Preventability in the Quest to Reduce Hospital Readmissions. J Hosp Med: 2014 Sept 9(9).

• Lindquist, LA et al. Primary Care Physician Communication at Hospital Discharge Reduces Medication Discrepancies. J Hosp Med Vol 8(12): 672-677. 2013.

• Schnell K et al. The prevalence of clinically relevant comorbid conditions in patients with physician-diagnosed COPD: a cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 1999-2008. BMC Pulm Med. 2012 Jul 9;12:26.

• Walsh C et al. Provider to provider electronic communication in the era of meaningful use: a review of the evidence. J Hosp Med Vol 8(10): 589-596. 2013

• An Ounce of Evidence -- Health Policy. Blog by Ashish Jha MD, Harvard Scholl of Public Health. https://blogs.sph.harvard.edu/ashish-jha/

• 364 Hospitals Have High Rates Of Overall Readmissions, New Medicare Data Show: www.kaiserhealthnews.org

Institute for Healthcare Improvement www.ihi.org

America’s Essential Hospitals www.essentialhopitals.org

Society for Hospital Medicine BOOST www.hospitalmedicine.org/boost

ProjectRED (Re-Engineered Discharge)

www.bu.edu/fammed/projectred

Web Resources

More Web Resources US Dept of Health and Human Services Partnership for Patients www.healthcare.gov

Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems

www.hcahpsonline.org Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality www.ahrq.gov

San Francisco Health Network http://www.sfhealthnetwork.org/