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Improving Animal Well-being Through Facilities Management, PPT
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Transcript of Improving Animal Well-being Through Facilities Management, PPT
![Page 1: Improving Animal Well-being Through Facilities Management, PPT](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051211/55406456550346786d8b4aca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr. Peter Krawczel
Southern Dairy Conference
January 24, 2012
Improving Animal Well-Being Through
Facilities Management
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Stocking density: Basic concepts
• Overstocking improves economic returns on facility investments (Bewley et al., 2001)
• Overstocking reduces cow’s ability to practice natural behaviors (Wechsler, 2007)
• Facilities and group dynamics influence response to stocking density
• Question: “What is optimal stocking density to promote “natural” behaviors, health, and productivity?”
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Typical time budget for lactating dairy cow
• Basic behavioral needs:
• 3 to 5 h/d eating
• 10 to 14 h/d lying (resting)
• 2 to 3 h/d standing/walking in alley
(grooming, agonistic, estrous activity)
• ~0.5 h/d drinking
• 20.5 to 21.5 h/d total needed
• 2.5 to 3.5 h “milking” = 24 h/d
Grant, 2008
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Assessment of within and between herd
variation in lying time
Ito et al., 2009
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Importance of rest to dairy cows • Deprivation of lying = cortisol and
GH (Munksgaard and Simonsen, 1996)
• Priority over other resources (Munksgaard et al., 2005)
• Rest
• Feeding
• DMI
• Social behavior
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As stall width increases,
lying time increases
Tucker et al., 2006, 2009 and Bernardi et al., 2009
Neckrail alters stall use Brisket board can reduce
lying time and increase
lameness
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Effect of bedding type on hock
lesions
Bedding Cows with lesions, % Mean hock score
Mattress 91.7 (84.9 – 93.5) 1.9
Sand 23.8 (6.4 – 59.5) 1.3
Sawdust 69.7 (51.9 –97.6) 1.7
Greatest percentage of lesions
found on the tarsal joint of cows
on mattresses
(Weary and Taszkun, 2000)
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What is the effect of overcrowding
on the productivity of dairy cows?
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Biological effects of stocking
density
R2=0.32
Milk yield = 20.4 + 7.5 x stall/cow
Bach et al., 2008
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Relationship between resting time and milk
yield
Resting time (h)
Milk
yie
ld (
lb/d
)
60
70
80
90
100
110
7 10 13 17
y = 49.2 + 3.7x R2 = 0.30
(Grant, 2005)
~3.7 lb/d
more milk for
each extra
hour
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Impact of stocking density on rumen
function and udder health
100% 113% 131% 142%
Milk fat, % 3.84 3.77 3.77 3.67
SCC, x 1000/ml 135 114 169 236
Overstocked cows eat faster (25% increase),
ruminate less (1 h/d less)
Overstocked cows experience greater pathogen
load in the environment; greater teat end exposure;
experience immune suppression?
(Hill et al., 2006)
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Clinical mastitis events per 305-day
lactation: Preliminary Results
-Not statistically different! -Similar hygiene score (<2)
(Krawczel et al., 2008)
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What is the effect of
overcrowding on the lying
behavior of dairy cows?
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Basic research design
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Overstocking and lying behavior
Variable 100% 109% 120% 133% 150%
Lying, h 12.9 12.1 12.0 11.5 11.2
Latency to lie, min
39 34 38 28 26
Displacements, n/5 h
0.7 0.9 1.6 2.1 1.9
Overstocking creates illusion of good stall comfort
May represent increased risk of environmental mastitis
(Fregonesi et al., 2007)
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Relative response of stocking density
on resting time: Suggests max of 120%
(Winkler et al., 2003; Fregonesi et al., 2007; Wierenga and Hopster, 1990; Matzke and Grant, 2002; Hill et al., 2009; Krawczel, 2008; 2009; 2010)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
60 80 100 120 140 160
Stocking density (%)
Rela
tiv
e r
esp
on
se
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
Exp 4
Exp 5
Exp 6
Exp 7
Exp 8
y = -0.0038x + 1.36 R2 = 0.51
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Resting posture and association
with REM sleep (Girard et al., 1993)
1.8% of resting
time
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What is the effect of stall
maintenance on the lying
behavior of dairy cows?
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Recently groomed sand-bedded stall and sawdust-bedded stall in need of cleaning
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Effect of maintenance on sand bedding
depth
Depth below curb; darker = less bedding
Lying time decreases as depth of sand decreases
Drissler et al., 2005
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Amount of bedding affects lying and
standing behavior
Bedding Amount, lbs
Behavior 0 2.2 16.5
Lying bouts, n/d* 8.5 9.3 10.0
Bout duration, h 1.5 1.4 1.4
Lying, h/d* 12.3 12.5 13.8
Standing, min/d* 106 85 70
* Significant linear contrast
(Tucker and Weary, 2004)
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Effect of bedding quality on lying time
No Choice Phase Choice Phase
Fregonesi et al., 2007
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Effects of stocking density on
feeding behavior
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Cows have aggressive feeding drive …
• Cows willingly exert
>500-lb pressure
against feed barrier
while eating
• 225 lb causes tissue
damage
• Defines “aggressive
feeding drive”
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Delivery of fresh TMR stimulates feeding
behavior
DeVries and von Keyserlingk, 2005
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Portion of cows feeding during 3× milking,
and 1× feeding
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Port
ion o
f fo
cal cow
s
feedin
g
Time, h
CON FH
FHA GRP
Milking Milking Milking and TMR
Krawczel et al., 2012
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Effect of increasing competition at the feed
bunk
• Stocking densities of 75, 100,
150, 300%
• Headlocks and post-and-rail
• As stocking density increased:
• Feeding time decreased curvilinear
• Aggression increased curvilinear
• Inactive standing increased linearly
• Shift in feeding times
• Greater effect for post-and-rail
(Huzzey et al., 2006)
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Stocking density alters behavior but not DMI
Collings et al., 2011
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y = 5.5x + 18.0
R2 = 0.05
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Manger space (m/cow)
DM
I (k
g/d
)
Relationship between stocking density
and DMI
Weak short-term relationship between stocking density or manger space
and DMI
24”
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Relationship between stocking density
and eating rate
y = -80.9x + 134.5
R2 = 0.43
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Manger space (m/cow)
Ea
tin
g r
ate
(g
DM
/m
in)
Eating rate increases with increased stocking density, reduced feeding
space
24”
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What are the effects parity and
stocking density on behavior
and productivity?
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Territoriality: Stocking density from heifer’s
perspective
• Cows displayed territoriality in use of free stalls • Social rank determines location
• Stalls nearest the feed alley preferred (Gaworski et al., 2003)
• Subordinate cows avoided free stalls previously occupied by dominant cows
• Overcrowded conditions (from subordinate perspective) may exist even at lower stocking densities (Friend and Polan, 1974)
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Changes in productivity for heifers vs cows
and at increased stocking density
100% 113% 131% 142%
Cows vs heifers
Milk, lb/d +5.9 +13.8 +21.1 +14.9
Sound vs lame
Milk, lb/d -9.4 +1.9 +16.7 +13.9
8 pairs commingled in 4 pens
Milk losses reflect reductions in resting and
rumination activity.
(Hill et al., 2006)
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Relationship of stocking density and
DMI by parity in mixed groups
Interaction between parity and stocking density Component of future models
y = -90.9x2 + 109.0x - 8.6
R2 = 0.85
y = -76.4x2 + 79.2x + 4.5
R2 = 0.82
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Manger space (m/cow)
Dry
matt
er
inta
ke (
kg
/d
)
MP
PPy = -90.9x2 + 109.0x - 8.6
R2 = 0.85
y = -76.4x2 + 79.2x + 4.5
R2 = 0.82
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Manger space (m/cow)
Dry
ma
tter
inta
ke (
kg
/d
)
MP
PP
24”
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Take-home messages
• Relationship between productivity and
stall availability/resting time evident
• Facilities management and design have
significant effects on the lying/feeding
behaviors of lactating dairy cows
• Detrimental effects on behavior may
explain impact of stocking density
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