Improved post harvest and food

safetyFen Beed (IITA), Adebayo Abass, Martin Kimanya, Omari Mponda, Happy Daudi, Gabriel Ndunguru, Grace

Michael, Emmanuel Koyano, Chacha Nyangi, Simon Boniface

Africa RISING ESA Review and Planning MeetingArusha, Tanzania, 9-11 September 2014

Price difference between harvest and after storage (6-8 months)

 Harvest (US$/ton)

After storage (US$/ton) P-value

Beans 315 606 0.001Sesame 261 579 0.001

Groundnuts 280 462 0.004

Green grams 303 441 0.02

Pigeon peas 326 429 0.001

Cowpeas 260 403 0.22

Sunflower 289 297 0.509

Pearl millet 260 295 0.415Sorghum 245 268 0.317Maize 238 248 0.211

Economic gain from storage

70 % of farmers storing maize                   suffer persistent losses

Flour beetle Tribolium confusum

Larger grain borer (LGB)(Prostephanus truncatus)

Grain weevil Sitophilus granarius

Lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica

Storage insect pests

Damaged grains eliminated when insects controlled using impermeable bags

Aug-1

3Sep

-13Oct-03Nov-1

3Dec-1

3Jan

-14Feb

-14Ma

r-14Apr-14

May-1

40

50

100

150

200

250Insect population/kg-grain

Polypropelene bags

Moisture & Oxygen impermiable bags

Storage months

Pest

pop

ulati

on/k

g m

aize

Hermetic bags

Mycotoxins – aflatoxin and fumonisin

Hermetic bags reduced contamination during storage (but did not eliminate toxins accumulated in field)

High incidence in harvest samples for maize and beans

Low concentrations for cassava and beans so focused on maize

Sorted maize reduced contamination in stores but increased risk to feed (& food)

Market samples significantly contaminated – sorting? storage?

Key is to eliminate mycotoxins in field through:

• tillage • early planting• water management • biological control• integrated agronomy – incl. improved varieties but none

resistant!

Aflatoxin

acuteacute hepatic necrosis, cirrhosis, carcinoma

chroniccarcinogenic, anti-nutritional, immune-suppressive  

AF-free diet 500 ppb AF diet

inci

denc

e of

str

ains

(%) 100

75

50

25

0

natural biocontrol

non-

aflat

oxin 

aflat

oxin 

Competitive exclusion

Biological control is a cost effective and durable technology suitable for farmers, consumers and trade and chosen option in USA

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Strain Selection

In the laboratory (~5,000 strains):

• Does not produce aflatoxin

• VCG/SSR group with

Wide geographic distributionNo toxigenic member

• Defective in >2 aflatoxin & CPA genes

• Outcompetes toxigenic strainsAfter field application:

• Superior capacity to colonize, multiply and survive in soil

• Superior frequency of isolation from grains

• Superior capacity to reduce aflatoxin

8-12 native strains selected for field tests

4 native strains formulated into

the final product

= Aflasafe

MAFSC

TPRI& IITA

SUA

TFDA

Survey teams

AflasafeTanzania

510 samples (260 maize grain and 250 groundnut kernel) samples from Tanzania

5017 isolates obtained from these samples. Happy Daudi (ARI-Naliendele) trained

818 atoxigenic isolates identified 690 isolates characterized by SSR and 136 by CAPs 20 atoxigenic isolates belonging to 12 haplotypes; 6 also occur in Kenya

Testers developed for these 20 atoxigenic isolates Being complemented with 444 toxigenic and 284 atoxigenic nit- mutants

Tanzania Haplotypes

Haplotype

Number of SamplesTanzania

(239 samples)

Kenya

(357 samples)

Mozambique

(38 samples)

Zambia

(97 samples)BOWAGA 40 4 0 0BAQEGA 31 0 1 0BOHEZI 16 0 0 0BOPAJI 13 1 0 1

BOHAMA 11 1 0 0BAQIFO 14 0 0 0BOHEGI 7 8 0 1BAQEZE 8 2 0 1BOHAJU 6 0 0 1BOHIPO 4 0 0 1BAQALE 6 4 0 1BAQESO 13 0 0 0

www.iita.org

Field trials

12 isolates selected for first field trials in Tanzania

To be conducted in  120 farmers’ fields in Mtwara, Dodoma and Manyara in 2014/15 season

Samples will be analysed in IITA-Dar and IITA-Ibadan

4 most efficient isolates selected to constitute Aflasafe TZ01

Large-scale evaluation of Aflasafe TZ01 in 2015 and 2016

Registration, business plan, manufacturing from 2016 onwards

National Steering Committee for Mycotoxins in Tanzania (ministries of Health, Livestock, Trade and Agriculture)

Agricultural Research Institutes

NM-AIST, SUA

TFNC, TFDA

TPRI (Tropical Pesticides Research Institute)

USAID mission

Africa RISING

University of Arizona and USDA

PACA – Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa

Commercial traders e.g. BRITZ

Aflasafe TanzaniaPartners:

www.iita.org

Awareness

Next steps – led by TFNC

Asanteni

Questions?