Improved Crop Quality by Nutrient Management

Reviewed papers from the Improved Crop Quality by Nutrient Management Workshop, Sept. 28 - Oct. 1998, Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY

Reviewed by

D. ANAC Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Sciences 35100 Bornova-Izmir-Turkey

E.J. GALLAGHER

Department of Crop Science, Horticulture and Forestry, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

R MARTIN-PREVEL

3 rue, St. Hubert, 34820 Teyran, France

A.E. JOHNSTON

Soil Science Department I.A.C.R., Rothamsted Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ United Kingdom

D.K.L. MAC KERRON

Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergrowrie, Dundee, DD2, 5DA, United Kingdom

M.L. REILLY

Environmental Resource Management Department University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

N. ERYUCE

Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Sciences 35100 Bornova-Izmir-Turkey

M.M. EL-FOULY

National Research Center El-Tahrir Str Dokki-Cairo, Egypt

Improved Crop Quality by Nutrient Management

Edited by

D. ANAC Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Sciences, Izmir, Turkey

and

p. MARTIN-PREVEL Teyran, France

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 0-7923-5850-3

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CONTENTS

Preface by the Editors ix Improved Crop Quality by Nutrient Management Workshop

Steering committee / scientific conunittee / workshop assistants xii International Association for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition

Board / Standing Committee xiii

PART l:Crop quality - nutrient management by conventional fertilization

1- Factual background for improving quality through nutritional management (short version) 3 by P. Martin-Prevel

2- Organic manures and mineral fertilizers 7 by A.E. Johnston

3- Use of potash fertilizers through different application methods for high yield and quality crops 13 by M. Marchand and B. Bourrie

4- Citrus and tomato quality is improved by optimized K nutrition 19 by O. Achilea

5- Evaluation of different fertilization strategies on orange 23 by F. Intrigliolo and G. Roccuzzo

6- Effect of KNO3 applications on fruit yield and N, P, K content of leaves in Vitis Vinifera 27 grapes by §. Ceylan and I.Z. Atalay

7- TTie effect of NK fertilization on growth patterns and leaf nutrient concentration of carob- 31 trees (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by P.J. Correia; I. Anastacio; M.A. Martins-Lou9ao

8- Effect of mineral fertilizers on leaf nutrients, yield, and quality properties of Fi hybrid 35 tomatoes grown in plastic house by i. Doran , S. Kesici, A. Aydm , A. Nizamoglu

9- Effect of combined N and K nutrition on yield and quality of spinach 39 by D.Anac, N.Eryiice, O.Gurbiiz, B.Eryuce, C.K1I19, M.Tutam

10- The effect of different amounts of N-fertilizers on the nitrate accumulation in the edible parts 43 of vegetables by M. J. Malakouti, M. Navabzadeh and S. H. R. Hashemi

11 - Effects of different forms and rates of nitrogen on yield and quality of Colona spp. 47 by T. Demirer, N.M.Muftiioglu, C.Oztokat

12- Influence of the supply and uptake of nitrogen on the quality of potato tubers 51 by D K L MacKerron and M W Young

13- Effect of nitrogen and iron sources applied to calcareous soil on the growth and elemental 55 content of wheat by M.S.A. Dahdoh; B.I.M Moussa; A.H.El-Kadi & A.M.M. Abd El-Kariem

14- Analysis of economic efficiency of top dressing by nitrogen of soil sown by wheat 59 by B. Petrac, 1. Juric, M. Cmjac

15- Application of N-min method at top-dressing of winter wheat 63 by 1. Juric, 1. Zugec, B. Petrac, M. Cmac, B. Stipesevic

16- Nitrogen utilization in spring barley genotypes 67 by A. Ozturk, O. Qaglar, §. Akten

17- TTie effect of nitrogen doses on nitrogen uptake and translocation in spring barley genotypes 71 by O Caglar, A. Ozturk

PART 2- Crop quality - nutrient management by foliar lertilization

18- The effect of KNO3 application on the yield and fruit quality of olive 77 by U. Dikmelik, G. Puskiilcii, M. Altug, M.E. Irget

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19- Effects of foliar potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate application on nutrient content and fruit 81 quality of fig by M.E. irget, §. Aydm, M. Oktay, M. Tutam, U. Aksoy , M. Nalbant

20- Influence of foliar fertilization on quality of pear (pyrus communis 1.) cv. 'williams' 87 by M. Hudina, F. Stampar

21- Influence of foliar fertilization on yield quantity and quality of apple (Malus domestica borkh.) 91 by F. Stampar, M. Hudina, K. Dolenc, V. Usenik

22- The recovery of citrus from iron chlorosis using different foliar applications. Effects on fruit 95 quality. by M. Pestana, D.A. Gon9alves, A. De Varennes, E.A. Faria

23- The effect of foliar fertilization with KNO3 on quality of dry wines 99 by H. Kalkan, M.E. Irget, A. Altmdi§li, S. Kara , M. Oktay

24- Effect of foliar applied KNO3 on yield, quality and leaf nutrients of Carignane and Colombard 103 wine grapes by A. Altmdi§li, M. E. Irget, H. Kalkan, S. Kara, M. Oktay

25- Effect of foliar applied Epsom Salt on sugar beet quality 107 by A. Kristek, V. Kovacevic, E. Uebel and Rastija M.

26- Effect of micro-element application on mineral composition and yield of spinach (spinacia 111 oleracea) grown in soils with different lime contents by A.Aydin, M. Turan , A. Dursun

27- Effects of N-fertilizers on wheat grain protein through foliar application 115 by M. LotfoUahi and M.J. .Malakouti

PART 3-Crop quality - nutrient management under stress conditions

28- Effect of saline conditions on nutritional status and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin cv. 121 Owari by S. Hepaksoy, U. Aksoy, H. Z. Can, B. Okur, C. C. K1I19, D. Ana?, S. Ana?

29- Effects of a temporary water and nitrogen deficit in the soil on tomato yield and quality 127 by F. Montemurro, R. Colucci, V. Di Bari, D. Ferri.

30- Solute losses from various shoot parts of field-grown wheat by leakage in the rain 131 by N. Debrunner, F. Von Lerber, and U. Feller

31- The effect of drought in different growth stages on uptake, translocation and utilization of N in 135 winter wheat by A.Oztiirk and 6. (Jaglar

32- Nutrient balances in cropping systems in a soil at risk of salinity 139 by G. Convertini, D. Ferri, N. Losavio, P. La Cava

33- Electrogenic acid extrusion by nutrient deficient barley seedlings 143 by C. E Lee and M L Reilly

PART 4- Crop quality - nutrient management by the diagnosis of crop nutrition

34- Relationships between nutrition of Ayvalik olive variety and its oil quality 149 by S. Seferoglu and H. Hakerlerler

35- Influence of magnesium deficiency on chestnut (castanea sativa mill.) yield and nut quality 153 by E. Portela, J. Ferreira-Cardoso, M. Roboredo and M. Pimentel-Pereira

36- Soil fertility and plant nutritional status of strawberry in the Basilicata Region, Southern Italy 159 by G. Lacertosa, V. Lateana, N. Montemurro, D. Palazzo , S. Vanadia

37- Carbonhydrate fractions and nutrient status of watermelon grown in the alluvial soils of Ku9uk 163 Menderes Watershed, Turkey by H. Hakerlerler, B. Okur, E. Irget and N. Saat9i

38- Relations between nutrient status and quality properties of (̂ e§me Muskmelon 167 by H. Hakerlerler, N. Saat9i, B. Okur, E. Irget

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39- Spinach and heavy metal relations 171 by N. SaatQi and M. Ya§ar

40- Plant analysis as a basis for nitrogen fertilization decisions in winter wheat production. 175 by R. Byrne; T. McCabe; EJ. Gallagher

PART 5- Crop quality - nutrient management in soilless culture

41- Evaluation of a sewage sludge based compost for the production of container tree seedlings 181 by H. Ribeiro, D. Ribeiro, E. Vasconcelos, F. Cabral, V. Louroand J. Q. dos Santos

42- Study of the substrate and fertilisation effects on the production of essential oils of Rosmarinus 185 officinalis L. cultivated in pots by G. Miguel, C. Guerrero, H. Rodrigues, J. Brito, F. Venancio, R. Tavares, A. Martins and F. Duarte

43- Effect of different Fe-chelates on yield and nutrient uptake of butterhead lettuce in hydroponic 189 vegetable growing by A. Demeyer, N. Ceustermans, F. Benoit & M. Verloo

44- Relationships between fruit quality characteristics and leaf nutrient contents of cucumber 193 plants by 6. Tuncay, M.E. Irget, A. Gul, N. Budak

45- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa sp,) responses to shared aquaculture media 197 by P.A.. Chaves; L.M. Laird; A.V. Machado; R.M. Sutherland; J.G. Beltrao

46- Study of the substrate and fertilization effects on the production of essentials oils by Thymus 201 mastichina (L.) L. ssp. Mastichina cultivated in pots by G. Miguel, C. Guerrero, H. Rodrigues and J. Brito, F. Venancio, R. Tavares, A. Martins and F. Duarte

47- Sewage sludge as a horticultural substrate 205 by J. M. C Brito, R. Lopes, A. M. V Machado, C.A.C Guerrero, L. Faleiro. and J.Beltrao

PART 6- Crop quality - nutrient management by alternative sources

48- Citrus nitrogen nutrition within organic fertilization in Corsica 211 by P.Berghman , M. Crestey , G. de Monpezat, P. de Monpezat

49- Effects of some organic biostimulants on the quality of table grapes 215 by C. Kose and M.Giileryiiz

50- Effects of compost material on yield and quality of glasshouse tomatoes grown in different 219 textured soils by B.Okur, Y.Tuzel, S.Toksoz, D.Ana9

51- Soil pollution by nitrates using sewage sludge and mineral fertilizers 223 by J.M.C.Brito, D.Ferreira, C.A.C.Guerrero, A.V.Machado, and J. Beltrao

52- Macro and micro nutrient contents of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant 229 (Solanum melongena var. Esculentum) seedlings and their effects on seedling growth in relation to humic acid application by A. Dursun, I. Guven9, M. Turan

53- Calcium cyanamide - a unique source of nitrogen promoting healthy growth and improving 233 crop quality of vegetables by H.-J. Klasse

54- Effect of manure doses and growth media on the productivity and mineral composition of 237 rocket leaves {eruca sativa) by D.E§iyok' B.Okur, S.Delibacak, t.Duman

55- Sugar beet and durum wheat quality characteristics as affected by composted urban waste 241 by G. Convertini, D. De Giorgio, D. Ferri, P. La Cava, L. Giglio

56- Leachability of phosphorus and mineral nitrogen of the soils amended with solid phase from 245 pig slurry by E. Vasconcelos, F. Cabral and C.M.d.S. Cordovil

viii Contents

57- Effect of fulvic+humic acid application on yield and nutrient uptake in sunflower (fleliantus 249 annuus) and com (Z^a mays) by A.Aydm, M. Turan, Y. Sezen

58- Response of com to bio-and organic fertilizers in a newly reclaimed sandy soil 253 by S.M.A. Radwan and M. Saber

59- The effects of GA3 and additional KNO3 fertilisation on flowering and quality characteristics 259 of gladiolus grandiflorus 'eurovision' by O. Karaguzel S. Altan I. Doran Z. Sogiit

60- Grass response to municipal wastewater reuse as compared to nitrogen and water application 263 by J. Beltrao, P. Gamito, C. Guerrero, A. Arsenio and J.C. Brito

61- TTie influence of wastewater treatment on irrigation water quality 267 by P. Gamito, A. Ars6nio, M. L. Faleiro, J.C. Brito and J. Beltrao

PART 7- Crop quality - nutrient management in general

62- S.I.Mul.Fer. - A Multimedia information system for citrus fertilisation 273 by G. Lacertosa, G. Basile, R. Crudele, G. Storelli, F. Intrigliolo, C. Mennone, D. Palazzo

63- Effects of Cu and Zn added to an agricultural soil in laboratory open system and in Mitcherlich 277 pots by F.A. Biondi, C. Di Dio, L. Leita, S. Socciarelli and A. Figliolia

64- Suitability of Mehlich III method for assessing the plant nutrients in Erzurum plain and acid 281 soils by N. Yildiz, O. Aydemir, A. Aydm, F. Ulusu

65- Microbial biomass and activity in soils under different cropping systems 285 by N. Okur, M. ^engel and H.S. U9kan

66- Effects of different parent materials on some plant nutrients and heavy metals in the arid 289 regions of Turkey by S. Irmakand A. K. Suriicii

67- Roots distribution, yield and protein content of broad bean (Viciafaba L. major) treated with 293 different tillage methods in southern Italy. by D. De Giorgio, G. Convertini, D. Ferri, L. Giglio, P. La Cava

68- Effects of simulated erosion and amendments on grain yield and quality of wheat 297 by S.S. Malhi, E.D. Solberg, R.C. Izaurralde and M. Nyborg

69- Effects of town waste on some plant nutrient levels, physical and chemical properties of soils 301 in Harran plain by S Irmak, Y. Kasap and A.K. Siirucii

70- Relationship of available nutrients with organic matter and microbial biomass in MSW 305 compost amended soil by C. Mondini., P. Cantone., L. MarchioL, I. Franco., A. Figliolia. and L. Leita.

Author Index 309

PREFACE

Dilek ANAg^ and Pierre MARTBSF-PREVEL^ ' Convener of the r^ lAOPN International Workshop on Improved Crop Quality by Nutritient Management - Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Sciences, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey

E-mail: danac&ziraat.ege. edu. tr

^ President lAOPN - 3 rue StMubert, 34820 Teyran, France - Phone/fax: +33 4 6770 2295 - E-mail: pimp(fl)cirad.fr

Present global population which is roughly 5.7 billion is expected to increase at an annual rate of 80-85 million and over 90% of this increase will be in developing countries. Despite the fact that world food production has grown faster than the population, more than 800 million people in the developing world were undernourished in the early 1990's and millions more suffered from diseases related to micro nutrients and contaminated food and water. After all, irrational fertilizer use and inefficient use of irrigation water are the main agricultural mismanaged uses. Rapid population growth and continuous urbanization which exhausts the natural resources will result in an increased demand for food in general and for high grade and quality crops as well. In fact, the purchasing power of man in the exporting countries will rise if they will not satisfy the quality requirements of the importing countries. Practical experience and scientific investigations have shown that of the various cultural measures, balanced fertilization above all exerts a considerable influence on the quality of agricultural products. Balanced crop nutrition increases crop quality, safeguards natural resources and brings benefit to the farmer. These were the major topics of the 1** lAOPN Workshop on ^Improved Quality by Nutrient Management'. The meeting was attended by 99 participants and 15 accompanying persons from 18 different countries. The scientific progranune covered a wide range of subjects related to crop quality and nutrient management. These proceedings consist of the 72 refereed oral and poster paper presentations. In order to elaborate Workshop conclusions, the present overall status of quality achievements and possible strategies were debated during a closing session. Three major issues were pointed out: / . What is quality ? As far as edible produces are concemed, markets tend presently to pay only for external quality characters such as: D keeping ability, D resistance to transportation hazards, D absence of visible defects,

ix

X Preface

D parameters contributing to the appeal (colour, size, shine, firmness.. .)• Criteria concerning internal quality and especially its expected benefits for the consumer's health start to be also considered by the sellers and buyers. But at the moment they rely mostly on two considerations : D a wish for more tasty produces ; n an uncontrolled fear for toxicities by pollutants, heavy metals, nitrates, etc. Nobody takes care that for instance, as reported to the audience by Dr. J. Jonhston, hospitals are sometimes facing new diseases due to nitrate deficiency in the diet. Nor anybody at the moment would accept to pay more for a produce of which the composition (e.g. in essential amino-acids) would be certified as highly superior from a dietetic point of view. However, in developed countries a fraction of the consumers agrees to pay more for produces qualified as 'natural' (originated from the so-called 'organic' or 'biological' farming), because they consider them as more tasty and/or better for their health. 2. How to deal with the ^organic farming' ideology ? Although scientists cannot agree to any external postulate, statements about a claimed better quality cannot be either rejected or accepted without careful check. The reconmiended general policy was : D to comparatively assess the objective quality of organically vs. conventionally grown produces under the same soil and climate conditions ; D in that view, due to the very strict regulations adopted by the organic farmers unions, to urge developed countries to set up experimental farms specially designed for the organic/conventional comparisons, i.e. with large fully comparable sectors permanently devoted to one production system ;

D

CONSUMERS MEDECINE human nutrition)

iTransformers Producers

AGRICULTURE = ^

Agricultural RESEARCH

knowledge transfer

feedback I » « « » » I

efficient influence

wished influence

Figure 1 - Actual and wished relationships for achieving quality of edible produce.

XI

D on the other hand, to pursue researches in view of achieving similar or higher standards of 'true' quality by means more compatible with the quantitative food demand by the world population in the coming decades. 3. How to improve quality at the markets scale whereas the quantitative increase of production is still required to continue ? Of course a first step is to intensify the research on the qualitative effects of all agricultural practices, especially nutritional management, with more focus on the most crucial issues, and more reciprocal cooperation between the concerned teams. This is why lAOPN proposes to set up a permanent Working Group aiming to prolong and extend the links created during this Workshop. Any interested scientist is heartily invited to apply. However, even excellent research results are inefficient if they are not put into application. Figure 1 was proposed by the second author to help defining an adequate strategy. All participants agreed on the scheme. As information exchanges between agricultural and medical scientists appeared insufficient, invitation of some of the latter to the next fertilization/quality workshops was considered. The extreme importance of the mass media (mostly press and TV) was stressed, whilst they tend to be much more influenced by fashions or pressure groups than by sound scientific evidences ; thus scientists were highly recommended to conmiunicate more with the 'great press' and the TV.

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6i Improved Crop Quality by Nutrient Management" Workshop

STEERING COMMITTEE

Dilek Ana9 Convener Nevin Eryiice Biilent Okur Secretariat

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Dilek Ana9 Ege University (Izmir-TURKEY) Nevin Eryiice Ege University (Izmir-TURKEY) Biilent Okur Ege University (Izmir-TURKEY) Pierre Martin-Prevel President, I.A.O.P.N Teyran-FRANCE

WORKSHOP ASSISTANTS B. Eryuce C.C. K1I19 6 . Giirbiiz E. Irget H. (̂ akici S. Delibacak L. Tuna B. ^okuysal G. Yolcu G. Yonter B. Yagmur

Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Sciences 35100 Bomova-lzmir-Turkey

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International Association for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition as at 1 July 1997

BOARD

P. Martin-Prevel, President M.M. El-Fouly, Vice Presented M. Braud, Secretary and Treasurer A. Boudonnou , Assistant Secretary G. de Monpezat, Assistant Treasurer

STANDING COMMITTEE

D. Ana9, Turkey J. Baier, Czech Republic B. Braud, France A. Boudonno, Italy G. de Monpezat, France M.M. El-Fouly, Egypt M.U. Gaviton, Spain D.K.L. MacKerron, United Kingdom P. Martin-Prevel, France L. Mansson, Sweden E. Portela, Portugal N. Rossi, Italy V. Romheld, Germany G.W. Welkie, United States of America