Imprinting of Hatchery-reared Salmon to Targeted Spawning Locations
Transcript of Imprinting of Hatchery-reared Salmon to Targeted Spawning Locations
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Imprinting of Hatchery-reared Salmon to Targeted Spawning Locations: A New Early Imprinting
Paradigm for Supplementation Programs?
Andrew Dittman Todd Pearsons David Noakes Ryan Couture Joseph O’Neil
Darran May Michelle Havey Thomas Quinn
M. Gorman
2012 NW Fish Culture Conference December 12, 2012
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Millions of hatchery salmon are transported and released annually into Northwest Rivers
Keri Wiginton
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Smolt acclimation is the primary tool for imprinting salmon to release locations.
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Smolt acclimation is the primary tool for imprinting salmon to release locations.
Issues: -Cost -Permitting -Logistics -Multiple locations -Inappropriate locations
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An Alternative (Complementary) Approach: Larval Imprinting to “natal” sites
M. Gorman
1. The concept 2. Background 3. Set-up 4. Experiments -Larval learning -Water handling -Real world testing
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Sequential Imprinting hypothesis
From Keefer and Caudill 2012
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Larval Imprinting Scenario
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Spawning site A
Spawning site B
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-Collect broodstock from spawning populations -Spawn and fertilize at Central hatchery
Hatchery Acclimation
pond
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Larval Imprinting Scenario
S
Spawning site A
Spawning site B
C
-Collect broodstock from spawning populations -Spawn and fertilize at Central hatchery -Collect natal site water and transport to hatchery -Incubate in natal water during hatching and emergence
Hatchery Acclimation
pond
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Larval Imprinting Scenario
S
Spawning site A
Spawning site B
C
-Collect broodstock from spawning populations -Spawn and fertilize at Central hatchery -Collect natal site water and transport to hatchery -Incubate in natal water during hatching and emergence -Transport to acclimation site and release
Hatchery Acclimation
pond
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Larval Imprinting Scenario
S
Spawning site A
Spawning site B
C
-Collect broodstock from spawning populations -Spawn and fertilize at Central hatchery -Collect natal site water and transport to hatchery -Incubate in natal water during hatching and emergence -Transport to acclimation site and release -Adult returns to targeted spawning area
Hatchery Acclimation
pond
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An Alternative (Complementary) Approach: Larval Imprinting to “natal” sites
M. Gorman
1. The concept 2. Background 3. Set-up 4. Experiments -Larval learning -Water handling -Real world testing
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Experimental evidence for imprinting hypothesis
Scholz et al. 1976
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Imprinting is associated with thyroid hormone surges that occur during smolting
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ATPase
Plasma T4
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Smolt PresmoltUninjected
PresmoltSaline
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Treatment
PEA
Morpholine
Hasler and Scholz 1983 (Dittman et al. unpublished)
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Salmon experience T4 surge as smolts and as embryos
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Developmental Stage of Odor Exposure (Time period in days post fertilization) Tilson et al. 1994
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Developmental Stage of Odor Exposure (Time period in days post fertilization)
PEA
Morpholine
Salmon imprint to natal site as smolts and as embryos
Tilson et al. 1994
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T4 surges are associated with imprinting
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Fertilizedegg (0-
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Eyed egg(30-60d)
Hatch(53-63d)
Alevin(60-90d)
Emergence(88-93d)
Fry(94-125d)
Fry(126-155d)
Fry(156-185d)
Fry(186-227d)
Smolt(481-541d)
Perc
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f mat
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fish
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trac
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to Im
prin
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odor
Developmental Stage of Odor Exposure (Time period in days post fertilization)
PEA
Morpholine
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Fry(400 d)
Smolt(541 d)
Plas
ma
T4 (
ng/m
l)
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Fertilizedegg (0-
30d)
Eyed egg(30-60d)
Hatch(53-63d)
Alevin(60-90d)
Emergence(88-93d)
Fry(94-125d)
Fry(126-155d)
Tota
l T4
(ng/
g bo
dy w
eigh
t)
Tilson et al. 1994
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An Alternative (Complementary) Approach: Larval Imprinting to “natal” sites
M. Gorman
1. The concept 2. Background 3. Set-up 4. Experiments -Larval learning -Water handling -Real world testing
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Lake Sammamish Kokanee
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Re-circulating Incubation System Concept and Design by S. Schroder, E. Sanborn & E. Jouper. WDFW
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Recirculating incubation system for natal imprinting
S. Schroder, E. Sanborn & E. Jouper. WDFW
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An Alternative (Complementary) Approach: Larval Imprinting to “natal” sites
M. Gorman
1. The concept 2. Background 3. Set-up 4. Experiments -Larval learning -Water handling -Real world testing
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atch
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Water Choices
Incubated in lake water
Incubated in hatchery water
Salmon learn natal waters during embryonic exposure
Dittman, Havey,and Quinn
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Fall Creek Well water Carnes Creek
Y-maze testing of emergent fry
Clackamas Spring Chinook
Can larval Chinook and steelhead learn tributary waters?
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Spring Chinook embryonic learning?
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Incubated in Carnes Creek (CC vs. WW)
Dittman, Couture, O’Neil, and Noakes
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Perc
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Incubated in Fall Creek (FC vs. WW)
Incubated in Carnes Creek (CC vs. WW)
Incubated in Well Water (WW vs. FC)
Spring Chinook embryonic learning?
Dittman, Couture, O’Neil, and Noakes
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Perc
ent a
ttra
cted
to In
cuba
tion
Wat
er
Incubated in Fall Creek (FC vs. WW)Incubated in Carnes Creek (CC vs. WW)Incubated in Well Water (WW vs. FC)Incubated in Fall Creek (FC vs. CC)Incubated in Carnes Creek (CC vs. FC)
Spring Chinook embryonic learning?
Dittman, Couture, O’Neil, and Noakes
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An Alternative (Complementary) Approach: Larval Imprinting to “natal” sites
M. Gorman
1. The concept 2. Background 3. Set-up 4. Experiments -Larval learning -Water handling -Real world testing
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Wenatchee River outlet (release) Lake Wenatchee
net pens (acclimation)
Bridge Site White River rm 2
Chiwawa
Tall Timber Ranch White River rm 11.5
White River Spring Chinook acclimation/release sites
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White River Experiments
Assess different strategies for collecting and storing imprinting waters to retain chemical properties that are critical for olfactory discrimination.
Electro-olfactogram analysis (EOG) -Assess olfactory sensitivity to spawning target site waters -Using cross-adaptation studies, identify differences between olfactory signature of different spawning target site water. -Using cross-adaptation studies, assess different strategies for collecting and storing imprinting waters. -Control water (Bridge site (BS), collected and tested same day) -BS water held 12-72 hr at 4° C (~40°F) and 50° F (ambient hatchery) -BS water frozen at -20° C -BS water UV-treated -BS water lyophilized
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EOG apparatus for measuring olfactory sensitivity to imprinted odors
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Typical EOG responses of coho salmon to increasing concentration of amino acids
5.0
1.0
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10-6 M
10-4 M
10-7 M
10-5 M
Time (s)
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EOG response to White River water (Bridge site)
Dittman, May, and Pearsons
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Dittman, May, and Pearsons
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Representative EOG traces in salmon pre-adapted to treated water A) Frozen water, B) UV-treated water, and then pulsed with BS water.
EOG Cross Adaptation Studies
Dittman, May, and Pearsons
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Dittman, May, and Pearsons
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Conclusions
• Water at proposed acclimation sites are chemically distinct
• Freezing or holding BS water at 40° and 50° for up to one week did not compromise the olfactory integrity of the water
• UV treatment and lyophilization did alter the olfactory properties of BS water
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Future Directions -Importance of incubation in well vs. surface water. -Chemical analysis of tributary olfactory signatures. -Assess physiological correlates of early imprinting. -Explore the use of “artificial” imprinting odors. - Program level field test of early imprinting strategies