Impression on the Use of Water-free Urinals

8/2/2019 Impression on the Use of Water-free Urinals

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IMPRESSION ON THE USE OF WATER-FREE URINALS AMONGSELECTED ESTABLISHMENTS IN DAVAO CITY

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of theCollege of Business AdministrationHotel and Restaurant Management

University of Mindanao

In partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsIn Business 6

(Business Research)

Milven Karlo C. Caintic (4703)Alexis P. Revamonte (6811)

Dennis Orcenado (6811)

March 2011


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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

The constant rising of water waste represents a burden to the world to the

industries as a whole and in particular to hotels and tourism. The conservation of

water has become a requirement for many facilities, cities and countries. This need

is driven by three main reasons: the availability of water, current sewer capacity and

rising costs. Commonly, toilet and urinals are still flushed with potable water and it is

estimated that up to 20% of the available drinking water in the world is flushed down

drain, wastefully. In addition, leakage of water delivery lines may add an additional

8% to the above. According to the research, a water free urinal saves an average of

20,000 to 45, 000 gallons of water a year. Moreover, it is stated that if an

establishment has a twenty-two water free urinals it can save up to 1,000,000

gallons of water per year. Waterless.com (2011)

According to UCLA water free urinal study conducted in the Philippines the

current national standard for new low consumption urinals specifies a maximum flush

volume of 1.0 gallons of water. Innovative technologies led to the development of the

Water free Technologies urinals in which no water is required. Water free urinals

require no water supply and, thus, no flush valve plumbing, thereby saving on the

initial costs of purchase and installation, water and sewer expense and reduced

maintenance. Furthermore they drain to a standard waste line. The Water free urinal

technology uses a recyclable cartridge that contains a special biodegradable liquid.

The special liquid is lighter than other liquids and, therefore, floats on and seals the

urine from the room atmosphere. The cartridge has a design duty life of 7,000 uses,


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at which time the manufacturer recommends replacement. Falconwaterfree.com

(2003)

Business in various parts of the country are strengthening its corporate social

responsibility, Davao City has beefed up its responses in protecting the environment.

During the Davao Business Forum, MediSpa of SM said that they find it very fast of

putting in place that would make the mall more environmental-friendly. With the

technology now, it is easier to set up facilities that would cut excessive use of our

resources like water. Water free urinal is a very useful technology, making it an ideal

alternative to conserve water considering the worsening effects of the water crisis

and the climate change. The use of water free urinal is efficient, eco-friendly and

requires very little maintenance. The equipment, water free urinals used to conserve

water as well as to eliminate the spread of bacteria because it is touch free can

however be expensive, but cost effective in the long run. Thus, the study will

determine the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected

establishments in Davao City.

Statement of the Problem

The study will be conducted to determine the impression on the use of

water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender: and

1.3 Status?


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2. What is the level of the impression on the use of water free urinals among

selected establishments in Davao City in terms of:

2.1 Water Conservation System;

2.2 Hygiene and Sanitation; and

2.3 Eco-friendly?

3. Is there a significant difference in the impression on the use of water free urinals

among selected establishments in Davao City when analyzed according to age,

gender, and status?

Hypothesis

The null hypothesis will be formulated and tested that there is no significant

difference on the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected

establishments in Davao City when analyzed according to its profile.

Review of Related Literature

Shown in this section are the related literatures that provide additional insightsto the present study.

Water Conservation. Water is a resource used in many different ways

around the home: for drinking, in food preparation, for sanitation (cleaning people,

clothes and the home itself) and to maintain lawns and gardens. Water has other

uses including industrial, commercial, transportation, hydroelectric power, and

agricultural uses. The overall quality of life for humans, animals and plants is

therefore linked to the quality and quantity of water resources (Wisconsin 2002).

About 70 percent of the Earths surface is covered by water (Emerging Global

Water Issues 2005); it is plentiful. However, 97.2% (Table 1) of the water is found in

oceans and this water is too salty to use for most purposes and the salt is very costly


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conservation. However, as the worlds population increases, water consumption

increases, making conserving water important to assure supply of water for future

generations.

Most hotels have estimated that only a small percentage of the water is

consumed by the guest. The remainder is used by the chambermaids during

cleaning. As with the energy, the approach toward decreasing water consumption is

to regularly train staff on how they can contribute with simple measures towards

decreased water consumption. In contrast, Webster (2000) warns that the water

policies should not have a negative effect on a hotels hygiene and cleanliness.

Water cannot be conserved each week if a toilet or urinal is not functioning properly.

While more than half of water consumption in a hotel takes place in guestrooms

(guest shower, sink and toilets), kitchen operations, laundry and public areas

represent the remainder of total consumption. Water conservation in hospitality

operation is achieved if the management consistently implements waste reductions,

reuse, and recycle. The water management system in a hotel should never affect

customers satisfaction.

Save water, save life, save money is one of the key slogans used by the

utility (Water Utility Corporation 2010). Despite the campaign, some residents act as

if the country has an unlimited supply of water for one can see leaking water pumps

and pipes, and toilets where the water runs all day and night (Pendley2010).

Modern flush urinals are equipped with passive infrared sensor that ensures

an economic amount of water is used to flush the urinals after each use. Even better

are urinals that do not need to be flush at all, they are coated with nano-particle

creating a hygienic film. A cartridge placed at the bottom of the urinals acts as a


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funnel directing flow through the liquid sealant, preventing any odors from escaping.

This cartridge collects sediment and allows the remaining waste pass freely down

the drain. This urinal is a low maintenance fixture. It has no valves or water

connections to leak. (Land, 1994)

Water-free Urinals.The Energy Policy Act of 1992 mandated the use of low

flush urinals (which use no more than 1 gallon of water per flush) to conserve water

resources. Newer technologies include ultra low-flow urinals, which use only

gallon per flush is available, andthe most efficient alternativewaterless urinals.

Thousands of waterless urinals are now in use in commercial, Federal, and DOD

facilities, and save millions of gallons of water annually. Annette L. Stumpf (2007)

Waterless urinals do away with the requirement of water for flushing and

result in saving of between 56,800 litres to 170,000 litres of water per urinal per year.

Also, it results in the saving of infrastructure such as water arrangement and also

energy consumed to manage the system. Waterless urinals can be installed in urban

and rural areas to conserve water, minimize waste water generation and energy

conservation. Waterless urinals can facilitate collection of urine from homes and

public buildings for productive industrial and agricultural applications, a new

paradigm in waste management being promoted in the recent years. Moist

environment in the rest rooms caused by conventional water flush urinals provide

favorable conditions for germs to thrive. Dry operation of waterless urinals between

uses makes them hostile to bacteria and viruses. In addition, because there is no

handle, waterless urinals are touch-free, reducing the spreading of communicable

diseases. Odour trap mechanism fitted to waterless urinals assist in preventing

odour developed inside the drainage lines connected to urinals entering rest rooms.

The first waterless urinal trap using sealant liquid method was patented by Mr. Beetz


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of Austria in 1894, and it was commercially exploited by the company F. Ernst

Engineerin Zurich, Switzerland, who was the sole supplier of waterless urinals

worldwide for approximately 100 years. Since then, apart from sealant liquid traps,

odour prevention methods using microbial control and membrane /curtain valve have

been developed across the globe for odour control in waterless urinals. Chariar et. Al

(2011)

The dual barrier systems provided in the Falcon Waterfree Technologies

urinals are predicted to be 500 times more effective against the back migration of

sewer gases as compared to conventional P-trap water barriers. Dr. Michael

Hoffman, Ph.D. (2010)

Replacement of a standard water-flushing urinal with the waterfree urinal by

Falcon Waterfree would yield a competitive rate of return and would not result in any

increase in rest room odor or bacterial growth. Dr. Birgitte K. Ahring, Ph.D. (2010)

Waterless urinals do not represent any increased health risk when compared

with conventional automatic flush urinals and are clearly superior to manual flush

urinals. Furthermore, waterless urinals may reduce the risk of bacterial and viral

exposure. They are clearly more economical to install and maintain and save

considerable water and are therefore better for our environment. Edward L.

Schnieder, M.D. (2010)

The current national standard for new low consumption urinals specifies a

maximum flush volume of 1.0 gallons of water (Reichardt, 2004). Innovative

technologies led to the development of urinals which no water is required.

Waterless urinals appear and work like conventional urinals, except that they

do not flush and, therefore, require no water. Like ordinary urinals, waterless types


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are plumbed to a standard drain line but do not use a conventional water-filled trap.

They utilize proprietary sealant liquids that act as a vapour trap. These are

composed primarily of natural oils that are lighter than water. Urine passes through

this liquid and goes down the drain. The liquid, except a minuscule amount that

escapes with each use, remains in place to trap odors and prevent them from

escaping into the restroom.

Using waterless urinals saves time and money, conserve tremendous

amounts of freshwater and create more hygienic and odor-free restrooms. These

urinals were first invented by a Canadian named Klaus Reichardt.

A single urinal is typically used several times per day per person and that the

number of urinals per location is regulated by building codes to make that average

quite accurate. A conservative annual usage rate is 28,000 per year (approximately

75 per day). Flush urinals consume at least 1.5 gallons of water per use. Multiply 1.5

times 28,000 and you get 42,000 gallons. The savings are much greater when

comparing against older, high water use urinals and in situations of higher usage

rates. Of course, each situation is different and usage rates do vary.

Waterless urinals can offer a viable alternative to conventional flush-type

urinals. Potential advantages include odor control and improved restroom

cleanliness, water savings, reduced maintenance, and environmental friendliness.

Widespread use of waterless urinals can produce a domino effect of conservation.

Because no water is required, water utilities will not need to treat and pump as much

water. Furthermore, the absence of flushing means that less wastewater is

generated. Smaller quantities of water pumped leads to energy savings. Therefore,

water is conserved, as are resources needed to generate electricity for treatment.

According to Dr. William S. Comanor, Ph.D. of University of California Santa


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Barbara, The amount of water that could be saved by adopting the new [water-free]

technology could easily approach three-quarters of a billion to a billion gallons

annually (Kirsten, 2011).

Design and Application. Waterless urinals are suitable for both new

construction and retrofits. In both applications these urinals are installed essentially

like conventional ones, except that no water hookup is needed. Waterless urinals are

an especially practical option where facilities are not connected to a sanitary sewer

system. Because there is no flushing, septic systems or on-site treatment facilities do

not fill with water from urinals. No-flush urinals may also be attractive in locations

such as parks and rest areas where heating is not provided in the winter, because

freeze protection is not required. Resembling a common wall-mounted urinal, minus

the flush valve, no-flush urinals contain a unique drain cartridge that is the key to

their success. Gravity pulls the urine below the sealant level and eventually down the

drain. (Hunn, 2011)

How does it work?Waterless urinals look like regular urinals without a pipe

for water intake. Men use them normally, but the urinals don't flush. Instead, they

drain by gravity. Their outflow pipes connect to a building's conventional plumbing

system. In other words, unlike a composting toilet, which leaves you to deal with your

waste, these urinals send the urine to a water treatment plant. (Nasr, n.d.)

The design of the urinal bowl and use of nonporous materials ensure that all

urine passes into the cartridge. That's all there is no flush valve assembly, no water

supply hook-up, and no waste. Replacing water with a more viscous liquid, waterless

urinals don't need any water at all to "flush," which makes a lot of sense since you're

getting rid of liquid waste (a lot of which is water). (Dunn, 2009)


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The function of the various types of waterless urinal is to allow urine to flow

through the urinal into the sewer or storage system without allowing odour to escape

into the room. The rubber seal system uses a rubber tube that is flat on the bottom

when not in use, serving as a block, but opens up when urine is flowing through. The

curtain valve seal works similarly, except that its design employs hydrodynamic laws

that give it "self-cleaning properties." A small pressure difference causes the urine to

wet the whole inner surface between the curtains, flushing them clean instead of

allowing urine precipitates or sludge to build up. (Moore, 2011)

The heart of the technology is the cartridge, which provides odor-free

operation and easy maintenance. The pleasant-smelling sealant liquid inside the

cartridge provides an airtight barrier between the drain and the restroom to prevent

odors from escaping. Other types of water-free urinals require frequent

replenishment of costly sealant liquid and regular maintenance that can keep a urinal

out of commission for up to 20 minutes.

The cartridge also acts as a trap for uric sediment, which could otherwise

contribute to drain pipe clogs. This results in a hygienic and odor-free environment,

clean pipes, and no water waste. The only maintenance is routine spray-and-wipe

cleaning of the fixture and an easy change of the cartridge approximately two to

three times per year.

Eco-friendly.Dry composting toilets and urinals are the most water efficient

toilets on the market, using no water at all. They use biological process to deal with

the disposal and the processing of human excrement into organic compost material.

Waste is transformed into a composting chamber below the toilet by gravity; vacuum

flush system can flush horizontally or upward. There are also commercial systems

that use a small amount of water micro flush, usually about 0.51 per use. All work


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on the same principle: waste material in the toilet is composted in a separate

chamber with no interruption of the process, no unpleasant smell and minimal

exposure to unprocessed material. Compost toilets systems are beginning to

compete with and replace conventional toilets in public facilities. One example is in

the University of British Columbia, Canada, in the C.K. choi building which contains 5

compost chambers with 12 toilets for 300 full-time employees. Additionally, they

produce nutrient rich compost for use in the establishments garden. Webster (2000)

Hygiene and Sanitation.According to Siyoum (2010) although HIV/AIDS is

not water and sanitation related disease, the issues are closely linked. Many of the

opportunistic infections like diarrhea that cause high morbidity and mortality in

people living with HIV/AIDS are transmitted through contaminated water and

unsanitary living conditions. Therefore, a reliable water supply and good sanitation

facilities are indispensable to assist in the task of bathing, washing, cleaning and

disinfecting the home environment, providing water for taking drug, using latrine to

avoid contamination. Access to Water and sanitation services can help home based

care clients to live longer in good health, facilitate care for ill patients, improve the

quality of life and increase their dignity. However, this is poorly recognized by either

organizations working on HIV/AIDS or water and sanitation sector.

Almost fifty per cent of the developing worlds population 2.5 billion people

lack improved sanitation facilities, and over 884 million people still use unsafe

drinking water sources. Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services,

coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands of children every

day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands more .

UNICEF (2010)


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Poor sanitation, water and hygiene have many other serious repercussions.

Children and particularly girls are denied their right to education because their

schools lack private and decent sanitation facilities. Women are forced to spend

large parts of their day fetching water. Poor farmers and wage earners are less

productive due to illness, health systems are overwhelmed and national economies

suffer. Without WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), sustainable development is

impossible. UNICEF (2010)

A lot of people would think that urine is an unclean substance. However, it is

generally a sanitary liquid, composed mainly of dissolved metabolic waste and

excess water. Urine is a blood byproduct and though it contains some body waster,

urine is non toxic. In a healthy person, the toxins in urine constitute a very small

percentage of the total volume (Lara, 2009). Unlike flush urinals, water-free urinals

are touch-free, which virtually eliminates the spread of bacteria. According to Dr.

Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D of The University of Arizona, "Water-free urinals would result

in a significant improvement in public restroom hygiene. Flush type urinals are far

more likely to be colonized by bacteria because of the greater presence of moisture,

to serve as reservoirs of diseases causing microorganisms, and to cause the

widespread dissemination of microorganisms in a restroom because of the

generation of aerosols during flushing." The cleaning regime utilizing specialist

cleaning products complements the cartridge and hygiene seal and provides a day to

day solution for the urinal services and the hygiene of the surrounding areas.

Water used by conventional urinals gives germs in the moist environment they

need to grow. Manufacturers design waterless urinals to dry out between uses. This

makes them hostile to bacteria and viruses. Without flushing water, there are no

bacteria-spreading flush plumes with waterless urinals. This means that the area


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around water-free urinals and the entire restroom is cleaner and more hygienic.

Although waterless urinals dont need water to operate, there are procedures specific

to their maintenance and cleaning. There are some differences depending on the

manufacturer, cleaning a waterless urinal follows most of the same steps and

procedures as a conventional urinal. Since the surface is dry, it helps inhibit bacteria

growth and odor, and makes the unit easier to clean. Additionally, there are no water

deposits or rust stains and water to build up as with a water-based urinal. (Reichardt,

2006)

A study was completed by UCLA's Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering about water-free urinals being more hygienic than the one that flushes

away urine. Their team found that because water provides a breeding ground for

bacteria, water-free urinals actually prevent the harboring and growth of bacteria. No

water means no bacteria and, therefore, a more hygienic operation. These findings

were confirmed by a study conducted by a German government agency,

Ladesgewerbearmt of Bavaria, in a school, an office building, a hospital, and a

service station. Also consider that urinals are touch-free so there is little chance of

bacteria transfer possible with manual flush systems. The touch less feature of

waterless urinals can help reduce the risk of cross-contamination because users

aren't required to pull a lever that may harbor more bacteria. (Bennett, 2011)

Odor-free. Urine is essentially odorless. A "urine odor" is caused when urine

reacts with water to cause ammonia oxide. No water means no reaction. Next,

consider that the materials of the Falcon fixture are non-porous and designed to

funnel virtually every drop of urine through the sealant layer in the cartridge and

down the drain. Next, remember that the sealant liquid is lighter than water and


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creates an airtight seal, so the urine passes through it and becomes trapped

beneath it. Any urine in the bottom of the cartridge or drain is sealed from the

restroom's atmosphere. This has been proven in highly controlled comparative tests

by UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles). Plus, testing conducted by the

California Institute of Technology concluded that "the dual barrier systems provided

in the Falcon Waterfree Technology urinals are predicted to be 500 times more

effective against the back migration of sewer gases as compared to conventional P-

trap water barriers. The mechanism to keep the restroom odorless relies on a liquid

that is lighter than urine, the urine passes through it and no odor can come back up.

(Anonymous, 2010)

Environmental Impact. Waterless urinals contribute positively to the

environment. First, the absence of water for flushing reduces the demand for water.

Also, because no water goes down the drain, additional wastewater requiring

treatment is not generated. Next, the special drain cartridges and inserts used in

some models are recyclable. Finally, the sealant liquid composed of natural oils is

biodegradable. Klaus Reichardt (2004)

Waterless urinals reduce the Armys environmental burden by saving water

and energy, and reduce sewage and maintenance expenses. They divert fewer

Army resources from the mission (e.g., for emergency repairs of flush urinals). The

use of waterless urinals is consistent with Federal Executive water and energy

conservation requirements, and helps projects earn SPiRiT (Sustainable Project

Rating Tool) or LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) credits.

Moreover, waterless urinals are strongly encouraged in drought-prone locations such

as Arizona, where the state requires them to be installed in all state buildings.


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Products listed below are available in the United States; many similar products are

available for use in other countries. Annette L. Stumpf (2007)

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This theory is anchored to the theory of Motivation-Hygiene Theory developed

by Herzberg (2010). He found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and

presumably motivation) were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. He

developed the motivation-hygiene theory to explain these results. He called the

satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene

in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to

avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction.

The waterless urinal can be a cost-effective investment for businesses and

households looking to reduce their water bills while also conserving the worlds most

precious natural resource in the long run. (Kirsten, 2011)

As added by Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D. (2010) Waterfree urinals would result in

a significant improvement in public restroom hygiene. Flush type urinals are far more

likely to be colonized by bacteria because of the greater presence of moisture, to

serve as reservoirs of diseases causing microorganisms, and to cause the

widespread dissemination of microorganisms in a restroom because of the

generation of aerosols during flushing.

In figure 1, conceptual framework is shown consisting of the main variable

benefits of the impression on the use of water free urinal with indicators water

conservation system, hygiene and sanitation, and eco-friendly. The moderator

variables are age, sex, and status.


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Main Variable

Moderator Variable

Figure1. The Conceptual Framework Showing the Variables of the Study

IMPRESSION ON THE USEOF WATER FREE URINALS

y Water ConservationSystem

y Hygiene and Sanitation

y Eco-friendly

PROFILE

y Age

y Sex

y Educational Attainment


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Significance of the Study

The findings of the study would benefit the following:

Selected Hotel Administrators. The findings of the study will provide the

selected hotel administrators in Davao City a baseline data to initiate green

hospitality programs particularly the usage of water free urinals for water

conservation and hygiene practices.

Guests and Visitors. The findings of the study will give the guests and

visitors of the selected establishments in Davao City an idea to follow the rules and

regulations and participate in environmental programs set by the establishments to

help the environment.

HRM Students. The findings of the study will provide the HRM students a

basis to be environmentally concern so as to choose and practice green activities for

the benefits of everybody.

Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as the basis in

conducting a related study, particularly in the study of the impression on the use of

water free urinals.

Definition of Terms

The term used in the study are defined conceptually and operationally as

follows:

Hygiene. Conceptually, it comes from the Greek word Neuter plural of

hygieinos which means healthful. Moreover, it is a science of the establishment and


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maintenance of health. Operationally, this refers to the conditions or practices (as of

cleanliness) conducive to health.

Water. Conceptually, this refers from a clear, colorless, odorless, and

tasteless liquid, H2O, essential for most plant and animal life and the most widely

used of all solvents. Freezing point 0C (32F); boiling point 100C (212F); specific

gravity (4C) 1.0000; weight per gallon (15C) 8.338 pounds (3.782 kilograms).

Operationally, we use water to drink, to do the dishes, to take a shower, to flush the

toilet, to cook and for many other purposes. But water is not only used for domestic

purposes, humans also use water in the industries and in agriculture.

Urinal. Conceptually, this refers to a fixture, typically one attached upright to a

wall, a specialized toilet for urinating and generally intended for use by males.

Operationally, it is used by men for urinating.

Establishments. Conceptually, this refers to an economic unit that produces

and/or sells goods or services, and operates from a single physical location. If a firm

has several such locations, each is termed an establishment. Operationally, this

refers to an establishment found in Davao City where travelers, holiday makers, etc.

that may receive food, lodging, and other services in return for payment.


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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Presented in this chapter are the research design, research subjects,

research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The researchers will use the descriptive-survey method for the study.

The objective in employing descriptive-survey design is intended to describe

the nature of a situation involving two or more variables, as it exists at the time of the

study and determine the existing relationships or differences from among them. It

was an appropriate design to use in determining the impression on the use of water

free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City.

Research Subject

. The researchers will use the simple random sampling technique wherein the

status and responses of the participants will be carefully considered. There are 30

respondents will be taken for the study who are guests on the selected


Research Instrument

The researchers will prepare the questionnaire that is based on book

references and reliable websites. The first draft will be submitted to the adviser for

corrections and then the panel of experts to ensure the questionnaires validity. The

questionnaire deal with the impression on the use of water free urinals among

selected establishments in Davao City with indicators water conservation system,


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Hygiene and Sanitation and eco-friendly. There will be 15 questions for the variable

of the study with 5 questions for each indicator.

The variable of the study was scaled as follows:

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will observe the following steps in conducting the study:

1. A letter of permission to conduct a study will be forwarded to the office

of the management of the selected establishments in Davao City.

2. Upon approval, the researchers will distribute the questionnaire to the

respondents for completion.

Range ofmeans

Verbal Description Meaning

4.50-5.00 Highly Impressive The impression on the use of waterfree urinals among selectedestablishments in Davao City is veryhigh.

3.50-4.49 Impressive The impression on the use of waterfree urinals among selected

establishments in Davao City is high.

2.50-3.49 Fairly Impressive The impression on the use of waterfree urinals among selectedestablishments in Davao City ismoderate.

1.50-2.49 Slightly Impressive The impression on the use of waterfree urinals among selectedestablishments in Davao City is low.

1.00-1.49 Not Impressive The impression on the use of water

free urinals among selectedestablishments in Davao City verylow.


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3. The questionnaires will be retrieved by the researchers for

consolidation of the results.

4. Afterwards, the data collected will be tallied for statistical analysis.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The researchers will use the following statistical tools in analyzing the data.

Percentage Frequency. This will used determine the relative frequency of

survey responses on the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected


Mean. This will used to determine the impression on the use of water free

urinals among selected establishments in Davao City.

T-test. This will used to determine the significant differences on the

impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao

City when analyzed according to its profile.

ANOVA. This will used to determine the significant differences on the

impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao

City when analyzed according to its profile.

Impression on the Use of Water-free Urinals

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