Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Financial Reform and Regulation in Asia

8/2/2019 Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Financial Reform and Regulation in Asia

1/296


2/296

Gepighdzgfmx f zlk Nifodi Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgxfr Agmdmhgdi _kfre dmj _kn{idzgfm gm Dxgd


3/296


4/296

Gepighdzgfmx f zlkNifodi AgmdmhgdiHrgxgx fr Agmdmhgdi_kfre dmj

_kn{idzgfm gm DxgdKjgzkj ow

Edxdlgrf Cd~dgJkdm dmj HKF) Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc Gmxzgz{zk) Zfcwf)

Bdpdm

Jdqgj N- EdwkxOMR Prfkxxfr f Agmdmhk) Jgrkhzfr K{rfpk Gmxzgz{zk dmj MRNfqkrmdmhk Hkmzrk) [mgqkrxgzw f D{hcidmj) Djb{mhz Prfkxxfr)[mgqkrxgzw f Hdmzkro{rw) Mk~ Rkdidmj dmj Qgxgzgmn Prfkxxfr)[mgqkrxgzw f O{hcgmnlde) [C

Pkzkr B- EfrndmXkmgfr Hfmx{izdmz fr _kxkdrhl) Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc

Gmxzgz{zk) Zfcwf) Bdpdm

D BFGMZ P[OIGHDZGFM FA ZLK DXGDM JKQKIFPEKMZ ODMC

GMXZGZ[ZK DMJ KJ^D_J KIND_ P[OIGXLGMN

Kj~drj KindrHlkizkmlde) [C Mfrzldepzfm) ED) [XD


5/296

Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc Gmxzgz{zk ?04?

Dii rgnlzx rkxkrqkj- Mf pdrz f zlgx p{oighdzgfm edw ok rkprfj{hkj) xzfrkjgm d rkzrgkqdi xwxzke fr zrdmxegzzkj gm dmw fre fr ow dmw ekdmx) kikhzrfmgh)ekhldmghdi fr plfzfhfpwgmn) rkhfrjgmn) fr fzlkr~gxk ~gzlf{z zlk prgfrpkregxxgfm f zlk p{oigxlkr-

P{oigxlkj owKj~drj Kindr P{oigxlgmn IgegzkjZlk Iwpgdzzx4; Idmxjf~m _fdjHlkizkmldeNifx NI;0 ?BD[C

Kj~drj Kindr P{oigxlgmn) Gmh-^giigde Prdzz Lf{xk7 Jk~kw Hf{rzMfrzldepzfmEdxxdhl{xkzzx 04010[XD

D hdzdifn{k rkhfrj fr zlgx offcgx dqdgidoik rfe zlk Orgzgxl Igordrw

Igordrw f Hfmnrkxx Hfmzrfi M{eokr2 ?04478?:

GXOM 7>< 0 78 :>4 0

Zwpkxkz ow Xkrqgx Agiexkzzgmn Izj) Xzfhcpfrz) HlkxlgrkPrgmzkj dmj of{mj ow EPN Offcx Nrf{p) [C


6/296

q

Hfmzkmzx

Igxz f an{rkx qggIgxz f zdoikx qgggIgxz f hfmzrgo{zfrx g|Prkdhk |gIgxz f doorkqgdzgfmx |gq

4 Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx fr amdmhgdixkhzfr rkfre dmj rkn{idzgfm gm Dxgd 4Jdqgj N- Edwkx dmj Pkzkr B- Efrndm

PD_Z G AGMDMHGDI X[_QKGIIDMHK DMJ _KN[IDZGFMZF P_KQKMZ H_GXKX

? Xzrkmnzlkmgmn xwxzkegh amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm ?7

Edxdlgrf Cd~dg dmj Eghldki Pfekrikdmf

8 Kmigxzgmn edhrfpr{jkmzgdi dmj edrckz rkn{idzfrw xzr{hz{rkxzf xzrkmnzlkm pr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqgxgfm ;0Idrrw J- ^dii

: Jwmdegh prfqgxgfmgmn2 xfek ikxxfmx rfe k|pkrgkmhk 17Xdmzgdnf Akrmmjk jk Igx dmj Dighgd Ndrhd%Lkrrkrf

; Xkh{rgzgkj prfj{hzx) amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm dmj xwxzkegh rgxc 7:Edrgcf A{bgg

1 Igokrdigdzgfm dmj rkn{idzgfm f hdpgzdi f~x2 ikxxfmx frkekrngmn edrckz khfmfegkx 44;_dckxl Efldm dmj E{mkkxl Cdp{r

PD_Z GG _KNGFMDI AGMDMHGDI EFMGZF_GMN DMJHFF_JGMDZGFM

> Zlk amdmhgdi hrgxgx2 d ~dck%{p hdii fr xzrkmnzlkmgmn rkngfmdi

efmgzfrgmn f amdmhgdi edrckzx dmj rkngfmdi hffrjgmdzgfm famdmhgdi xkhzfr pfighgkx6 48>Djdiokrz ^gmcikr


7/296

qg Hfmzkmzx

< _kngfmdi efmgzfrgmn f hdpgzdi f~x dmj hffrjgmdzgfm famdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm2 xzdckx dmj fpzgfmx fr Dxgd 4;>Eghldki N- Pi{eekr

PD_Z GGG AGMDMHGDI H_GXGX EDMDNKEKMZ DMJ_KXFI[ZGFM

7 Zlk rfik f xzdzk gmzkrqkmzgfm gm zlk amdmhgdi xkhzfr2 hrgxgxprkqkmzgfm) hfmzdgmekmz dmj rkxfi{zgfm 4>7Wffm Bk Hlf

40 Zlk rfik f zlk xzdzk gm edmdngmn dmj frkxzdiigmn xwxzkegh

amdmhgdi hrgxkx2 xfek gxx{kx dmj pkrxpkhzgqkx ?00Hldrikx Djdex

PD_Z GQ P_FEFZGFM FA DXGDM OFMJ ED_CKZX

44 Jkqkifpgmn Dxgdm ifhdi h{rrkmhw ofmj edrckzx2 ~lw dmj lf~6 ??4Edrc E- Xpgknki

4? Afrkgnm ofmj edrckzx dmj amdmhgdi edrckz jkqkifpekmz2gmzkrmdzgfmdi pkrxpkhzgqkx ?:4


8/296

qgg

Agn{rkx

:-4 Mfredi prfqgxgfmgmn hwhik >1:-? Jwmdegh prfqgxgfmgmn hwhik >>:-8 Xpdgm2 prfqgxgfmgmn zf hrkjgz dmj NJP ,+' >?-? Khfmfegkx ~gzl xgmnik) xkeg%gmzknrdzkj dmj xkhzfrdi

pr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqgxfrw dnkmhgkx) ?007 :0:-4 Hfk hgkmzx dppigkj zf jwmdegh prfqgxgfmgmn >7:-? Prfqgxgfmgmn r{ikx


10/296

g|

Hfmzrgo{zfrx

Hldrikx Djdex gx Qgxgzgmn Prfkxxfr) Ikk C{dm Wk~ Xhlffi f P{oighPfighw) Mdzgfmdi [mgqkrxgzw f Xgmndpfrk) Xgmndpfrk-

Bfmdzldm D- Odzzkm gx Prfkxxfr f Agmdmhk) Lfmn Cfmn [mgqkrxgzw fXhgkmhk dmj Zkhlmfifnw) Lfmn Cfmn) Hlgmd-

Wffm Bk Hlf gx Prfkxxfr) Nrdj{dzk Xhlffi f Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Xz{jgkx)Xfndmn [mgqkrxgzw) Xkf{i) _kp{oigh f Cfrkd-

Xdmzgdnf Akrmmjk jk Igx gx Jgrkhzfr) Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Jkpdrzekmz) Da,Dmdigxzdx Agmdmhgkrfx Gmzkrmdhgfmdikx') d hfmx{izdmhw dmj zlgmc%zdmcodxkj gm Edjrgj) Xpdgm-

Edrgcf A{bgg gx Prfkxxfr f Khfmfeghx dmj Agmdmhk) _kxkdrhl Hkmzkr frDjqdmhkj Xhgkmhk dmj Zkhlmfifnw) [mgqkrxgzw f Zfcwf) Zfcwf) Bdpdm-

Dighgd Ndrhd%Lkrrkrf gx Hlgk Khfmfegxz fr Kekrngmn Edrckzx) OdmhfOgiodf Qghdwd Drnkmzdrgd3 Qgxgzgmn Prfkxxfr) [mgqkrxgzw f LfmnCfmn3 dmj Djqgxfrw Ofdrj ekeokr) Lfmn Cfmn Gmxzgz{zk fr Efmkzdrw_kxkdrhl) Lfmn Cfmn) Hlgmd-

^drrkm P- Lfndm ~dx Prfkxxfr f Khfmfeghx) [mgqkrxgzw f Xwjmkw)D{xzrdigd rfe 471


11/296

| Hfmzrgo{zfrx

Xhlffi f Edmdnkekmz) Wdik [mgqkrxgzw) Mk~ Ldqkm) HZ) [XD- Lk gxdixf frekr Jkp{zw Nfqkrmfr) _kxkrqk Odmc f Gmjgd-

Pkzkr B- Efrndm gx Xkmgfr Hfmx{izdmz fr _kxkdrhl) Dxgdm JkqkifpekmzOdmc Gmxzgz{zk) Zfcwf) Bdpdm-

Eghldki N- Pi{eekr gx Jkqkifpekmz Jgqgxgfm Lkdj) Zrdjk dmj Dnrgh{iz{rkJgrkhzfrdzk) Frndmgxdzgfm fr Khfmfegh Hf%fpkrdzgfm dmj Jkqkifpekmz,FKHJ') Pdrgx) Ardmhk-

Eghldki Pfekrikdmf gx Djqgxkr) ^frij Odmc) ^dxlgmnzfm) JH) [XD-

Edrc E- Xpgknki gx Qghk%Prkxgjkmz) Gmzkrmdzgfmdi _kxkdrhl dmj Jgrkhzfrf zlk Hkmzkr fr Pdhgah Odxgm Xz{jgkx) Akjkrdi _kxkrqk Odmc f Xdm

Ardmhgxhf) HD) [XD-

Pkzkr N- Xgidnwg gx Ikhz{rkr gm Agmdmhk) B{jnk O{xgmkxx Xhlffi) [mgqkrxgzwf Hdeorgjnk) [C-

Idrrw J- dii gx Agmdmhgdi Khfmfegxz dmj Xkmgfr Pfighw Djqgxkr) _kxkdrhlJkpdrzekmz) Akjkrdi _kxkrqk Odmc f Dzidmzd) ND) [XD-

Djdiokrz gmcikr gx Prfkxxfr) Ardmc{rz Xhlffi f Agmdmhk ! Edmdnkekmz)Ardmc{rz) Nkredmw-


12/296

|g

Prkdhk

Zlk 477>477< Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx lgnlignlzkj xkqkrdi xlfrzhfegmnx gmDxgdm amdmhgdi edrckzx) efxz mfzdoiw zlk {mjkrjkqkifpekmz f jfekxzghofmj edrckzx dmj jkahgkmhgkx gm hfrpfrdzk nfqkrmdmhk) zrdmxpdrkmhwdmj amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm- Xgmhk zlkm) Dxgdm amdmhgdi edrckzx ldqk edjkhfmxgjkrdoik prfnrkxx gm ofzl jkqkifpekmz dmj rkn{idzgfm- Dxgdm edrckzx

ldqk mf~ rkdhlkj ikqkix f jkqkifpekmz hfeefm gm fzlkr khfmfegkx~gzl xgegidr gmhfek ikqkix- Edrckzx drk dixf okhfegmn efrk gmzknrdzkjrkngfmdiiw) dizlf{nl mfz mkdr zlk ikqkix prkqdgigmn gm K{rfpk- Xfek fzlkxk hldmnkx ldqk okkm zlk rkx{iz f gepfrzdmz gmgzgdzgqkx {mjkrzdckm zfrkekjw jkahgkmhgkx orf{nlz zf zlk frk ow zlk 477>477< hrgxgx) gmhi{jgmnzlk Dxgdm Ofmj Edrckzx Gmgzgdzgqk dmj zlk Dxgdm Ofmj A{mj prfbkhz-

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx f ?00>?007 pfxkj d mk~ xkz f hldiikmnkx frDxgdm khfmfegkx) ~lgik lgnlignlzgmn d idhc f prfnrkxx gm xfek drkdx xgmhkzlk Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx- Zlgx zgek zlk hrgxgx frgngmdzkj gm zlk jkqkifpkj

khfmfegkx prgedrgiw zlk [mgzkj Xzdzkx zldz ldj idrnk dmj xfplgxzghdzkjamdmhgdi xwxzkex) o{z mfmkzlkikxx diif~kj zlk o{gij%{p f xwxzkegh amdm%hgdi rgxcx- Dxgdm khfmfegkx) fr zlk efxz pdrz) ~krk mfz jgrkhziw gmqfiqkjgm zlk hrgxgx) dmj ~krk lgz edgmiw ow diix gm k|pfrzx dmj d ifxx f igt{gjgzw-Zlkgr khfmfegh dmj amdmhgdi {mjdekmzdix ldj geprfqkj x{oxzdmzgdiiwxgmhk zlk zgek f zlk Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx- Zlkgr amdmhgdi xwxzkex ~krkxzgii rkidzgqkiw {mjkrjkqkifpkj gm zkrex f zlkgr rkigdmhk fm xfplgxzghdzkjamdmhgdi prfj{hzx x{hl dx hfiidzkrdigkj jkoz foigndzgfmx dmj hrkjgzjkd{iz x~dpx) ~lgik zlkgr amdmhgdi rkn{idzfrx ~krk e{hl ikxx gm{kmhkj

ow mfzgfmx f xki%rkn{idzgmn edrckzx) dmj lkmhk e{hl efrk ~giigmn zfgepfxk pr{jkmzgdi mfrex fm ikmjgmn okldqgfr- Dxgdm amdmhgdi arex lkijrkidzgqkiw k~ zf|gh dxxkzx hfepdrkj ~gzl zlkgr Dekrghdm dmj K{rfpkdmhf{mzkrpdrzx- Dxgdm khfmfegkx dixf ldj e{hl ikxx k|pfx{rk zf xlfrz%zkrefrkgnm h{rrkmhw jkoz zldm gm zlk pkrgfj okfrk zlk Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx)dmj ldj o{giz {p x{oxzdmzgdi frkgnm k|hldmnk rkxkrqkx-

Zlk p{rpfxk f zlgx offc gx zf gjkmzgw zlk hldiikmnkx gepfxkj ow zlknifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj x{nnkxz pfighw rkhfeekmjdzgfmx fr djjrkxx%gmn zlke- Zlkxk hldiikmnkx dii gmzf f{r edbfr drkdx2 ,4' prkqkmzgmn

amdmhgdi hrgxkx3 ,?' rkxpfmjgmn zf amdmhgdi hrgxkx g zlkw jf fhh{r3 ,8'edmdngmn gmzkrmdzgfmdi hdpgzdi f~x3 dmj ,:' jkkpkmgmn dmj gmzknrdzgmn


13/296

|gg Hfmzrgo{zfrx

|gg Prkdhk

amdmhgdi edrckzx zf prfqgjk dm dizkrmdzgqk xf{rhk f {mjgmn zf frkgnmhdpgzdi f~x- Geprfqgmn rkngfmdi khfmfegh dmj amdmhgdi x{rqkgiidmhkdmj xzrkmnzlkmgmn rkngfmdi igt{gjgzw xdkzw mkz ekhldmgxex dndgmxz {z{rkamdmhgdi xlfhcx hdm xgnmgahdmziw hfmzrgo{zk zf dhlgkqgmn amdmhgdi xzdogigzwdmj x{ppfrzgmn jfekxzgh jkedmj nrf~zl- Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx gii{x%zrdzkx zlk gepfrzdmhk f gepikekmzgmn d rdek~frc fr edhrfpr{jkmzgdiamdmhgdi x{pkrqgxgfm dmj rkn{idzgfm zlrf{nl zlk hrkdzgfm f d pf~kr{ixwxzkegh xzdogigzw rkn{idzfr zldz gmhi{jkx kkhzgqk edmjdzkx dmj pr{%jkmzgdi zffix- Xzkpx zf geprfqk eghrfpr{jkmzgdi rkn{idzgfm dmj rkj{hkzlk prfhwhighdigzw f amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm drk dixf gepfrzdmz- Ardek~frcxfr efmgzfrgmn gmmfqdzgqk amdmhgdi prfj{hzx dmj xwxzkeghdiiw gepfr%zdmz amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx mkkj zf ok jkqkifpkj- Hrgxgx rkxpfmxk hdm ok

geprfqkj ow2 ,4' ldqgmn d hffrjgmdzkj xkz f amdmhgdi d{zlfrgzgkx zldz)okz~kkm zlke) hfqkr dii pldxkx f zlk hrgxgx3 ,?' kmx{rgmn zlkrk drk hrkjgoikk| dmzk ekdmx f ldmjigmn dgi{rkx gm dii amdmhgdi arex) pdrzgh{idriw zlfxkzldz fpkrdzk dhrfxx ofrjkrx3 ,8' gepikekmzgmn dm kkhzgqk jkpfxgz gmx{r%dmhk xwxzke3 dmj ,:' geprfqgmn rkxgigkmhk dndgmxz xlfhcx ow x{oxzdmzgdiiwkmldmhgmn rkngfmdi ekhldmgxex) defmn fzlkrx) zlrf{nl dm Dxgdm amdm%hgdi xzdogigzw jgdifn{k-

Edmdngmn qfidzgik gmzkrmdzgfmdi hdpgzdi f~x rkedgmx d ckw prfoikefr efxz kekrngmn Dxgdm khfmfegkx- B{jghgf{x {xk f hdpgzdi hfmzrfix hdm

hfmzrgo{zk zf xzdogiggmn x{hl f~x- D {rzlkr jkkpkmgmn dmj gmzknrdzgfmf gzx amdmhgdi edrckzx) kxpkhgdiiw ofmj edrckzx) hf{ij lkip x{ppfrz zlkrkngfmx ifmn%zkre nrf~zl ow lkipgmn zf rkhwhik Dxgdx lgnl xdqgmnx frgmqkxzekmz gm ~frzlw prfbkhzx gm zlk rkngfm) pdrzgh{idriw ~lkm hdpgzdif~x rfe fzlkr rkngfmx drk qfidzgik- Jkkpkr dmj efrk gmzknrdzkj amdmhgdiedrckzx hdm dixf prfqgjk dm k|zrd idwkr f prfzkhzgfm dndgmxz zlk ~gzl%jrd~di f frkgnm hdpgzdi rfe zlk rkngfm j{rgmn khfmfegh jf~mz{rmx-

_kngfmdi gmxzgz{zgfmx hdm hfmzrgo{zk zf amdmhgdi xzdogigzw dx ~kii- Zlkhfepikzgfm f zlk Hlgdmn Edg Gmgzgdzgqk E{izgidzkrdigdzgfm dnrkkekmz

dmj zlk kxzdoigxlekmz f dm Dxxfhgdzgfm f Xf{zlkdxz Dxgdm Mdzgfmx 48Edhrfkhfmfegh _kxkdrhl F hk hf{ij xgnmgahdmziw hfmzrgo{zk zf hrkdzgmndm Dxgdm efmkzdrw {mj zf efmgzfr gmzkrmdzgfmdi rgxcx dmj prfqgjk ldrjh{rrkmhw igt{gjgzw ~lkm mkkjkj- Zlk hrkdzgfm f dm Dxgdm amdmhgdi xzdogi%gzw jgdifn{k hf{ij dixf {rzlkr zlk hffpkrdzgfm f axhdi) efmkzdrw dmjamdmhgdi d{zlfrgzgkx gm zlk rkngfm- A{rzlkr jkqkifpekmz f Dxgdm ofmjedrckzx ,zlrf{nl zlk Dxgdm Ofmj Edrckzx Gmgzgdzgqk dmj Dxgdm OfmjA{mjx' dmj d mk~iw hrkdzkj Hrkjgz N{drdmzkk dmj Gmqkxzekmz Adhgigzwhf{ij prfqgjk gepfrzdmz x{ppfrz zf hf{mzrgkx xkkcgmn zf gmhrkdxk gmqkxz%

ekmz fr nrf~zl) ~lkzlkr fr gmrdxzr{hz{rk fr fzlkr zwpkx f prgqdzkgmqkxzekmz- Jkqkifpekmz f d edrckz fr ofmjx jkmfegmdzkj gm dm Dxgdmh{rrkmhw {mgz hf{ij dixf hfmzrgo{zk zf ~gjkmgmn zlk rkngfmdi ofmj edrckz-


14/296

Hfmzrgo{zfrx |ggg

Prkdhk |ggg

Dm Dxgdm gmrdxzr{hz{rk gmqkxzekmz {mj hf{ij dhgigzdzk rkngfmdi gmrd%xzr{hz{rk gmqkxzekmz-

Ekkzgmn zlkxk hldiikmnkx ~gii lkip zf p{z Dxgdm khfmfegkx fm d pdzl fx{xzdgmdoik nrf~zl zldz rkigkx efrk zldm prkqgf{xiw fm jfekxzgh xf{rhkx fxdqgmnx dmj amdi jkedmj- Ow hfmzrgo{zgmn zf xediikr nifodi geodidmhkx)x{hl pfighgkx hdm dixf prfefzk xzdoik nrf~zl dmj ikxx xwxzkegh rgxc gm zlk~frij dx ~lfik) mfz b{xz gm Dxgd- Agmdiiw) zlkw ~gii kmdoik Dxgdm khfmfegkxzf ldqk d nrkdzkr rfik gm zlk rkfre f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi drhlgzkhz{rk-

Kdriw qkrxgfmx f zlk hldpzkrx gm zlgx offc ~krk prkxkmzkj dz zlk hfmkr%kmhk fm Nifodi Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgx2 Agmdmhgdi Xkhzfr _kfre dmj _kn{idzgfm)lkij fm ?4?8 B{iw ?007) dmj frndmgkj ow zlk Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz OdmcGmxzgz{zk ,DJOG'- Zlk hldpzkrx okmkazkj rfe hfeekmzx edjk ow jgxh{x%

xdmzx dmj fzlkr hfmkrkmhk pdrzghgpdmzx- G nrkdziw dpprkhgdzk zlk kfrzx fzlk k|hkiikmz zkde f d{zlfrx dmj pdrzghgpdmzx- Prfkxxfr Jdqgj Edwkx fD{hcidmj [mgqkrxgzw) Jr Pkzkr Efrndm f DJOG dmj G prfqgjkj fqkrdiin{gjdmhk dx hf%kjgzfrx f zlk offc-

Edxdlgrf Cd~dgJkdm dmj Hlgk K|kh{zgqk F hkr

Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc Gmxzgz{zk


15/296

|gq

Doorkqgdzgfmx

DOHP dxxkz%odhckj hfeekrhgdi pdpkrDOA4 Dxgdm Ofmj A{mjx 4DOA? Dxgdm Ofmj A{mjx ?DOEG Dxgdm Ofmj Edrckzx GmgzgdzgqkDOX dxxkz%odhckj xkh{rgzw

DH_DD Dxxfhgdzgfm f Hrkjgz _dzgmn Dnkmhgkx gm DxgdDJO Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz OdmcDJOG Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc Gmxzgz{zkDKH DXKDM Khfmfegh Hfee{mgzwDAXJ Dxgdm amdmhgdi xzdogigzw jgdifn{kDGN Dekrghdm Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Nrf{pDEH dxxkz edmdnkekmz hfepdmwDE_F DXKDM48 Edhrfkhfmfegh _kxkdrhl F hkDXKDM Dxxfhgdzgfm f Xf{zlkdxz Dxgdm Mdzgfmx

DXP DXKDM X{rqkgiidmhk PrfhkxxOGX Odmc fr Gmzkrmdzgfmdi XkzzikekmzxOFK Odmc f KmnidmjOFC Odmc f CfrkdHDEKIX hdpgzdi djkt{dhw) dxxkz t{digzw) edmdnkekmz) kdrmgmnx)

igt{gjgzw dmj xkmxgzgqgzw zf edrckz rgxcHJF hfiidzkrdigkj jkoz foigndzgfmHJX hrkjgz jkd{iz x~dpHKK Hkmzrdi dmj Kdxzkrm K{rfpkdm

HNAX Hfeegzzkk fm zlk Nifodi Agmdmhgdi XwxzkeHEG Hlgdmn Edg GmgzgdzgqkHEGE Hlgdmn Edg Gmgzgdzgqk E{izgidzkrdigdzgfmH__ hdxl rkxkrqk rdzgfKO_J K{rfpkdm Odmc fr _khfmxzr{hzgfm dmj JkqkifpekmzKHO K{rfpkdm Hkmzrdi OdmcKH[ K{rfpkdm H{rrkmhw [mgzKEK kekrngmn edrckz khfmfewKEKDP K|kh{zgqkx Ekkzgmn f Kdxz Dxgd Pdhgah Hkmzrdi Odmcx

KX k|pkhzkj xlfrzdiiKX_O K{rfpkdm Xwxzkegh _gxc Ofdrj


16/296

Doorkqgdzgfmx |q

K[ K{rfpkdm [mgfmK[_FAGED K{rfpkdm Hfepdmw fr zlk Agmdmhgmn f _dgirfdj

_fiigmn XzfhcAH frkgnm h{rrkmhwAJG frkgnm jgrkhz gmqkxzekmzAEE Agmdmhk Egmgxzkrx EkkzgmnA_D fr~drj rdzk dnrkkekmzAXO Agmdmhgdi Xzdogigzw OfdrjAXH Agmdmhgdi X{pkrqgxfrw HfeegxxgfmAXA Agmdmhgdi Xzdogigzw Afr{eN> Nrf{p f XkqkmNJP nrfxx jfekxzgh prfj{hz

GDX gmzkrmdzgfmdi dhhf{mzgmn xzdmjdrjxGO_J Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Odmc fr _khfmxzr{hzgfm dmj JkqkifpekmzGAH Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Agmdmhk HfrpfrdzgfmGEA Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Efmkzdrw A{mjGZH gmqkxzekmz dmj zr{xz hfepdmwBOGH Bdpdm Odmc fr Gmzkrmdzgfmdi HffpkrdzgfmCDEHF Cfrkd Dxxkz Edmdnkekmz HfepdmwCJGH Cfrkd Jkpfxgz Gmx{rdmhk HfepdmwCGX DO Cfee{mgmqkxz G Xqkrgnk Dczgkofidn

IH ifhdi h{rrkmhwIHAG idrnk dmj hfepik| amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmINJ ifxx ngqkm jkd{izIGOF_ Ifmjfm Gmzkrodmc Fkrkj _dzkIFI_ ikmjkr f idxz rkxfrzEOX efrzndnk%odhckj xkh{rgzwEFAK Egmgxzrw f Agmdmhk dmj KhfmfewMOAG mfm%odmc amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmMPI mfm%pkrfregmn ifdm

PDGA Pdm%Dxgd Gmjk| A{mjP_H Pkfpikx _kp{oigh f Hlgmd_!G _gxc dmj Gmqkxzekmz Gmh-_AG _k{zkrx Ag|kj Gmhfek_EOX rkxgjkmzgdi efrzndnk%odhckj xkh{rgzwX!P Xzdmjdrj ! PffrxXOX X{pkrgmzkmjkmhgd jk Odmhd) Xkn{rfx w DAPXKH Xkh{rgzgkx dmj K|hldmnk HfeegxxgfmXKK Xf{zlkdxzkrm K{rfpkdm

XI^N Xt{de Idck ^frcgmn Nrf{pX_H xwxzkegh rgxc hf{mhgi[C [mgzkj Cgmnjfe


17/296

|qg Doorkqgdzgfmx

[XD [mgzkj Xzdzkx f DekrghdQd_ qdi{k dz rgxc

Mfzk2 Zlrf{nlf{z zlgx offc zlk zkre ogiigfm rkkrx zf 4000 egiigfm dmjzrgiigfm rkkrx zf 4000 ogiigfm-


18/296

4

4- Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzxgepighdzgfmx fr amdmhgdi xkhzfrrkfre dmj rkn{idzgfm gm DxgdJdqgj N- Edwkx dmj Pkzkr B- Efrndm

4-4 GMZ_FJ[HZGFM

Dizlf{nl Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx ldqk jfmk d nrkdz jkdi zf geprfqk zlkgr rkxgi%gkmhk zf amdmhgdi xlfhcx) dmj ldqk hfek zlrf{nl zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgxf ?00>?007 rkidzgqkiw ~kii dx d rkx{iz f zlkgr {mpikdxdmz k|pkrgkmhkx b{xzfqkr d jkhdjk dnf gm zlk Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx) zlkw ldqk mfz gm nkmkrdiokkm xkqkrkiw zkxzkj- Gm 477>477


19/296

? Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

4-: zlkm kqdi{dzkx ~ldz efrk hdm ok jfmk bfgmziw defmn zlk hf{mzrgkx gmzlk rkngfm gm ignlz f zlk hldmnkx zldz drk igckiw zf ok gepikekmzkj dz zlknifodi ikqki- Xkhzgfm 4-; fkrx xfek hfmhi{jgmn zlf{nlzx-

Zlk edgm fh{x gm kdhl xkhzgfm gx fm zlk hldmnkx zldz egnlz ok edjkgm zlk rkn{idzgfm f amdmhgdi edrckzx) ofzl gm zlk gmxzgz{zgfmx zldz zlkd{zlfrgzgkx {xk zf dhlgkqk zlkgr fobkhzgqkx) dmj gm zlk zffix dmj pfighgkxzldz drk {xkj gm gepikekmzdzgfm- Zlgx hrgxgx ldx rkqkdikj qkrw xldrpiw zldzdhzgfm gx rkt{grkj ofzl dz d xwxzkegh ,edhrfpr{jkmzgdi' ikqki dmj gm zlkldmjigmn f gmjgqgj{di amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx ,eghrfpr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqg%xgfm'- Zlgx offc gx zl{x hfepikekmzdrw zf ~frcx fm amdmhgdi xzdogigzw gmDxgd zldz jkdi prgedrgiw ~gzl edmdngmn dndgmxz k|zkrmdi xlfhcx- D nffjrkhkmz k|depik gx Ekmjfd ,?007') ~lghl prfqgjkx d igxz f xfek 8< gmxzr{%

ekmzx zldz hf{ij ok {xkj zf djqdmzdnk gm gmhrkdxgmn amdmhgdi xzdogigzw-Zlkrk gx xfek fqkridp gm drkdx x{hl dx zlk jkqkifpekmz f hdpgzdi edrckzx)o{z gm zlk edgm zlk jgxh{xxgfmx r{m gm pdrdiiki-

4-? ^DWX FA DQFGJGMN F_ EGZGNDZGMNA[Z[_K H_GXKX

Gz gx mfz pfxxgoik zf dqfgj hrgxkx dizfnkzlkr dmj) gmjkkj) zlkrk gx igckiw

zf ok d zrdjk%f okz~kkm rkj{hgmn zlk hldmhkx f d hrgxgx fhh{rrgmn dmjif~krgmn zlk fqkrdii rdzk f khfmfegh nrf~zl- Hdiqf ,?007' xkzx f{z zlkhfmjgzgfmx {mjkr ~lghl fhhdxgfmdi hrgxkx edw dhz{diiw ok zlkrdpk{zghdmj dhlgkqk zlk xzr{hz{rdi hldmnk zldz efrk nkmzik prkxx{rkx dgi zf- Zlkednmgz{jk f zlk f{zp{z ifxxkx rkx{izgmn rfe zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx{mjkrigmkx zlk jkxgrdogigzw f dqfgjgmn hrgxkx) o{z mfz dz zlk k|pkmxk fgmhrkdxgmn zlk rgxc f {z{rk hrgxkx- Zlkrk zl{x mkkjx zf ok d odidmhkokz~kkm hrgxgx dqfgjdmhk dmj hrgxgx edmdnkekmz) dizlf{nl zlk prkxkmzhrgxgx ldx ikj zf d nkmkrdi ~gxl zf jf efrk gm ofzl drkdx- Hrgxgx edmdnk%

ekmz zkhlmgt{kx) dmj zlk xzr{hz{rk f zlk xdkzw mkz gm pdrzgh{idr) hdmhfmzrgo{zk pfxgzgqkiw fr mkndzgqkiw zf zlk igckiglffj f {z{rk hrgxkx- Zlknrkdz ~giigmnmkxx gm xfek hf{mzrgkx zf dqfgj odmc dgi{rkx) dizlf{nl zlgxldx gmqfiqkj x{oxzdmzgdi {xk f zd|pdwkrx efmkw) ~gii f gzxki kmhf{rdnkodmcx dmj zlkgr xzdcklfijkrx zf zdck efrk rgxcx zldm zlkw egnlz fzl%kr~gxk- ^lgik Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx edw ldqk dqfgjkj zlgx zkepzdzgfm) zlkgrrkxfiqk ldx mfz okkm x{oxzdmzgdiiw zkxzkj fm zlgx fhhdxgfm- Dx d rkx{iz)odmcx egnlz ~kii gmkr zldz jkxpgzk ~ldz edw ldqk okkm xdgj gm djqdmhk)d{zlfrgzgkx gm zlkxk hf{mzrgkx edw dixf z{rm f{z zf ok ~giigmn zf zdck

dhzgfm zf dqfgj odmc dgi{rkx- Efrdi lddrj gx zl{x mfz xfekzlgmn zldzekrkiw fpkrdzkx ~gzlgm ofrjkrx) gz hdm ldqk dm gm{kmhk dhrfxx ofrjkrxdx ~kii-


20/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx 8

4-?-4 _dzgfmdigdzgfm fr [mgahdzgfm f _kn{idzfrw Xzr{hz{rk

Gm edmw hf{mzrgkx) rkn{idzfrw xzr{hz{rk gx dx e{hl d {mhzgfm f lgxzfrw dxgz gx f d hdrk{i diifhdzgfm f fobkhzgqkx dmj zdxcx zf gmjgqgj{di gmxzgz{zgfmxzldz kmx{rk mfz ekrkiw zldz dii dxpkhzx f zlk prfoike drk hfqkrkj ,Cd~dgdmj Pfekrikdmf) Hldpzkr ?') o{z zldz zlkrk drk mf hfm{xgmn fqkridpx dmjzldz zlk gmhkmzgqkx f dii zlfxk gmqfiqkj drk hikdriw dignmkj zf zlk zdxc fprkxkrqgmn amdmhgdi xzdogigzw- Dx ^dii ,Hldpzkr 8' pfgmzx f{z) zlk gxx{kxdrk pkrldpx okxz gii{xzrdzkj gm zlk [mgzkj Xzdzkx ,[X') ~lkrk) fm zlk fmkldmj) d pikzlfrd f rkn{idzfrw gmxzgz{zgfmx hfmzrgo{zkj zf zlk kekrnkmhkf zlk ~frxz amdmhgdi hrgxgx gm zlk ~frij gm fqkr ;0 wkdrx) wkz fm zlk fzlkrldmj) rkn{idzfrx ~krk doik zf ldmjik d idrnk m{eokr f prfoike odmcx

x~gziw dmj xeffzliw) ~gzl mf zlrkdz zf xzdogigzw) mf {xk f p{oigh efmkw)dmj ~gzl igegzkj ifxxkx zf zlk prgqdzk xkhzfr- Zlk prfoikedzgh rkxfi{zgfmxdmj zlk rkt{grkekmzx fr idrnk%xhdik odgif{zx f dgikj amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmxfhh{rrkj prgedrgiw gm zlk mfm%odmc xkhzfr ~lkrk zffix ~krk mfz dqdgidoik-

Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx hdm ikdrm rfe zlk egxzdckx f fzlkrx rkqkdikj gm zlkprkxkmz hrgxgx) dmj rfe zlkgr f~m k|pkrgkmhk f zlk Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgxf b{xz fqkr d jkhdjk dnf- Gmjkkj) pkrldpx zlk nrkdzkxz ikxxfm gx zldz kqkm~gzl jgrkhz k|pkrgkmhk f prfoikex) hf{mzrgkx ldqk okkm xif~ zf gepik%ekmz hldmnk- X~kjkm) fr k|depik) jkqkifpkj prfpfxdix fr ldmjigmn

prfoike odmcx dx ifmn dnf dx ?000) jrgqkm gm pdrz ow gzx f~m hrgxgx gm 477?-Mkqkrzlkikxx) gz jgj mfz gepikekmz zlke {mzgi gz jgxhfqkrkj zldz gz hf{ijmfz ldmjik jgxzrkxx gm fmk f zlk qkrw xediikxz odmcx gm zlk hf{mzrw gm ?001)okfrk zlk edgm hrgxgx orfck-

Zlkrk drk xg| edgm zdxcx f zlk rkn{idzfrw xzr{hz{rk2

pr{jkmzgdi rkn{idzgfm dmj x{pkrqgxgfm f gmjgqgj{di amdmhgdigmxzgz{zgfmx3

efmgzfrgmn f xwxzkegh rgxcx dmj dhzgfm zf edgmzdgm edhrfpr{jkm%

zgdi xzdogigzw3?

prfqgjgmn xlfrz%zkre igt{gjgzw dxxgxzdmhk zf xfiqkmz odmcx3 x~gziw ldmjigmn prfoikex gm zrf{oikj odmcx dz igegzkj hfxz3 igegzgmn zlk ifxxkx zf frjgmdrw pkfpik ~lf jf mfz ldqk zlk ekdmx f

prfzkhzgmn zlkexkiqkx3 dmj hffrjgmdzgmn zlk dhzgqgzgkx f zlk qdrgf{x pdrzgkx gmqfiqkj zf kmx{rk

hflkrkmhk dmj zlk dqfgjdmhk f ndpx gm zlk xwxzke-

Gz gx {mgqkrxdiiw dhhkpzkj zldz zlk hkmzrdi odmc gx zlk gmxzgz{zgfm zldz

xlf{ij prfqgjk igt{gjgzw dxxgxzdmhk zf zlk edrckz dmj zf xfiqkmz gmjgqgj{digmxzgz{zgfmx) o{z zf jf zldz gz mkkjx zf ldqk djkt{dzk gmfredzgfm rfezlk x{pkrqgxfrw d{zlfrgzw dof{z zlk xzdzk f x{hl odmcx xf zldz gz dqfgjx


21/296

: Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

ikmjgmn zf zlk gmxfiqkmz- Xgegidriw) gz gx idrnkiw dhhkpzkj zldz hkmzrdi odmcxxlf{ij ok zlk fh{x f edhrfpr{jkmzgdi pfighw) dizlf{nl) dx jgxh{xxkj gmxkhzgfm 4-?-8) zlkrk gx d ifz zf ok xdgj fr d hfiidofrdzgqk rfik gmqfiqgmnx{pkrqgxfrx dx ~kii-8 Hikdriw zlkrk drk xkqkrdi jgkrkmz ~dwx f prfqgjgmnzlk mkhkxxdrw gmfredzgfm) xzdrzgmn ~gzl zlk hkmzrdi odmc dixf okgmn zlkx{pkrqgxfr) jf~m zf xkpdrdzk frndmgdzgfmx ~gzl d hikdr j{zw zf k|hldmnkgmfredzgfm- Dx Lx{ dmj Igdf ,?040' pfgmz f{z) zlgx rdmnk f xfi{zgfmxgx dirkdjw okgmn dppigkj gm zlk Pkfpikx _kp{oigh f Hlgmd3 Lfmn Cfmn)Hlgmd3 Xgmndpfrk3 dmj Zdgpkg)Hlgmd) ~gzl dii efjkix dppkdrgmn zf okx{hhkxx{i) dizlf{nl zlkw ldqk mfz okkm xkqkrkiw zkxzkj- Zlk Pkfpikx_kp{oigh f Hlgmd fpkrdzkx ~gzl d hkmzrdi odmc dmj xkpdrdzk rkn{idzfrxfr odmcgmn) gmx{rdmhk dmj xkh{rgzgkx- Zdgpkg)Hlgmd dixf ldx xkpdrdzgfm

okz~kkm zlk hkmzrdi odmc dmj amdmhgdi x{pkrqgxgfm) o{z zlkrk zlk x{pkrqg%xgfm f zlk amdmhgdi xkhzfr gx {mjkrzdckm ow d xgmnik d{zlfrgzw- Gm LfmnCfmn) Hlgmd) zlk Lfmn Cfmn Efmkzdrw D{zlfrgzw gx dixf rkxpfmxgoik frodmcgmn x{pkrqgxgfm ,dizlf{nl mfz fr fzlkr amdmhgdi xkhzfrx'- Agmdiiw)Xgmndpfrk ldx d hfepikzkiw gmzknrdzkj xzr{hz{rk) ~gzl zlk EfmkzdrwD{zlfrgzw f Xgmndpfrk okgmn rkxpfmxgoik fr dii {mhzgfmx- Gz gx zl{x mfz xfgepfrzdmz ~lghl xzr{hz{rk gx {xkj) o{z zldz zlk hlfxkm xzr{hz{rk kmxlrgmkxhikdr rkidzgfmxlgpx okz~kkm zlk d{zlfrgzgkx-

Zlk edgm t{kxzgfm zf ok dmx~krkj gm zlgx hfmzk|z gx ~lkzlkr gz gx kdxgkr

zf rkxfiqk hfmghzx f gmzkrkxz gmzkrmdiiw ~gzlgm dm gmjgqgj{di gmxzgz{zgfm)fr k|zkrmdiiw defmn gmxzgz{zgfmx- G zlk gmzkrmdi rf{zk gx fiif~kj) zlkm gzgx gepfrzdmz zf edck x{rk zldz zlk hfmghzx drk rkxfiqkj zrdmxpdrkmziw owzlk zfp jkhgxgfm%edcgmn ofjw dmj mfz gmhfmxgxzkmziw dz d qdrgkzw f if~krikqkix- Zl{x) gz gx hfeefm zf dxxgnm rkxpfmxgogigzw fr efmkzdrw dmj amdm%hgdi xzdogigzw zf jgkrkmz jkp{zw nfqkrmfrx gm d hkmzrdi odmc- Lf~kqkr)dx zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx ldx jkefmxzrdzkj) d odxgh gmhkmzgqk fr rkn{idzfrx zf{mjkrzdck zlkgr zdxc kkhzgqkiw gx dixf rkt{grkj-

4-?-? ^dwx f Geprfqgmn Eghrfpr{jkmzgdi Efmgzfrgmn

Zlk geprfqkekmz f eghrfpr{jkmzgdi rkn{idzgfm dmj x{pkrqgxgfm ldxdzzrdhzkj ~gjkxprkdj dzzkmzgfm gm zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx okhd{xk) fm zlk fmkldmj) x{hl rkn{idzgfm ldx dgikj zf jkzkhz prfoikex fr dhz kdriw kmf{nl)dmj fm zlk fzlkr ldmj) gz ldx dhz{diiw hfmzrgo{zkj zf zlk prfoike owhrkdzgmn pkrqkrxk gmhkmzgqkx fr odmcx- Gz gx hikdr zldz zlk mfredi rdmnkf gmjghdzfrx f jg h{izw) dx gii{xzrdzkj ow zlk HDEKIX: rdzgmnx gm zlk[X) hdm ok f qdrgdoik k hdhw) o{z xfekzlgmn hfeprklkmxgqk f zlgx

zwpk zldz gx rkn{idriw {pjdzkj dmj rkqgk~kj prfqgjkx zlk okxz hldmhk fjkzkhzgmn d prfoike- Afr dmw x{hl rdmnk f gmjghdzfrx zf ok kkhzgqk) zlkwe{xz xfekzgekx gmjghdzk prfoikex ~lkm zlkrk drk mfmk g zlkw drk zf ok


22/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx ;

xkmxgzgqk kmf{nl zf hdzhl diefxz dii prfoike hdxkx kdriw- Zlk hfxz f d k~gmqkxzgndzgfmx zldz z{rm f{z zf ok {mmkhkxxdrw) lf~kqkr) gx d xedii prghk zfpdw-

[mzgi mf~) e{hl ~kgnlz ldx okkm pidhkj fm hdpgzdi o{krx) ofzl gmzlk djqghk f zlk Odxki Hfeegzzkk fm Odmcgmn X{pkrqgxgfm) dmj gm gzxgepikekmzdzgfm gm zlk Hdpgzdi _kt{grkekmzx Jgrkhzgqk f zlk K{rfpkdm[mgfm ,K['- Lf~kqkr) zlk {xk f hdpgzdi zrgnnkrx difmk fr kdriw gmzkrqkm%zgfm gx mfz lkip{i dx zlkw h{z gm dr zff idzk- Hdpgzdi zrgnnkrx ~frc ~kii dxd odhcxzfp fr prfepz hfrrkhzgqk dhzgfm) kmx{rgmn zldz zlk d{zlfrgzgkx jfmfz jkidw gm gepikekmzgmn xfi{zgfmx fr prfoike odmcx- Zlk gmhkmzgqkx frfrokdrdmhk drk xzrfmn) xf ~lgik hfmxgjkrdoik jgxhrkzgfm gx jkxgrdoik fqkr~lghl zkhlmgt{kx zf {xk gm dmw pdrzgh{idr xgz{dzgfm) hikdr r{ikx drk mkkjkj

fr lf~ rdpgjiw zlk d{zlfrgzgkx xlf{ij dhz) dx rkxfi{zgfmx zdck xkqkrdi~kkcx zf p{z gm pidhk- Ofzl xkzx f rkt{grkekmzx dmj zlk pf~krx zf dhzzlkrkfm drk rkt{grkj- Zl{x) x{ hgkmz gmfredzgfm gx mkkjkj zf ok doik zfdhz kdriw kmf{nl) dmj zlkrk e{xz ok d rkt{grkekmz zf gepikekmz dhzgfmx zfrkxfiqk zlk prfoike rdpgjiw okfrk gz jkqkifpx zff dr-

Zlk prgedrw hfmhkrmx ldqk okkm2 ,4' zldz odmcx xlf{ij lfij efrkhdpgzdi) dx prkqgf{x o{krx ldqk prfqkj gmdjkt{dzk zf diif~ odmcx zfrkhfqkr3 ,?' zldz odmcx xlf{ij dixf ldqk igt{gjgzw o{krx xf zldz zlkwhdm ~gzlxzdmj zlk jrwgmn {p f amdmhgdi edrckzx fr d xgnmgahdmz pkrgfj3

dmj ,8' zldz zlkw xlf{ij mfz okhfek xf ikqkrdnkj xf dx zf ikxxkm zlk mkkjfr jrdxzgh dxxkz xdikx ~lkm prghkx drk drzgahgdiiw jkprkxxkj gm d hrgxgx-Zlkxk ldqk dii okkm rkkhzkj gm zlk mk~ Odxki 8 rkhfeekmjdzgfmx ,OdxkiHfeegzzkk fm Odmcgmn X{pkrqgxgfm ?040'- Hikdriw) hkmzrdi odmcx ~giidi~dwx ok zlkrk dx ikmjkrx f idxz rkxfrz zf kmx{rk zldz hfmajkmhk gx edgm%zdgmkj gm zlk xwxzke dx d ~lfik gm zlk kqkmz f edrckz prfoikex) o{z zlkrdzgfmdik fr o{krx gx zf rkj{hk zlk rdngigzw f zlk xwxzke dmj o{w zgekfr xfi{zgfmx zf ok ~frckj f{z gm zlk kqkmz f jg h{izw- Zlk prkqdgigmnOdxki r{ikx kmhf{rdnkj odmcx zf xlgz prfoikex f zlkgr odidmhk xlkkzx)

o{z gm prdhzghk zlkrk ~dx xzgii k|pfx{rk zf rgxc) kxpkhgdiiw zf zlkgr rkp{zd%zgfmx g zlkgr f%odidmhk%xlkkz qklghikx dgikj) dmj lkmhk fmk hdm k|pkhzzldz d{zlfrgzgkx ~gii ok ckkm zf edck x{rk zldz zlgx egxikdjgmn xlgzgmn jfkxmfz fhh{r gm zlk {z{rk ,Pi{eekr) Hldpzkr


23/296

1 Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

xzdogigzw) kqkm g) dz zlk gmjgqgj{di gmxzgz{zgfmdi ikqki) zlk prfoike egnlzmfz ok xf hikdr- Afr k|depik) zlk nrf~zl dmj k|zkmz f hfiidzkrdigkjjkoz foigndzgfmx ,HJFx' gm zlk [X xlf{ij ldqk okkm xkrgf{xiw ~frrw%gmn) dx xlf{ij ldqk okkm zlk k|zkmz f zlk k|pfx{rk f mfm%[X amdmhgdigmxzgz{zgfmx zf HJFx- ^dii ,Hldpzkr 8' drn{kx zldz zlkrk gx d jdmnkr gmfqkrkxzgedzgmn ~ldz edhrfpr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqgxgfm hdm dhlgkqk) o{z zldz gze{xz dz ikdxz ldqk zlk zffix mkhkxxdrw zf dhz- H{rrkmziw) zlfxk rkxpfmxgoikfr edhrfkhfmfegh xzdogigzw hdm jf igzzik efrk zldm ~drm zlk nfqkrmekmzdmj zlk amdmhgdi xwxzke f kekrngmn jdmnkrx- Cd~dg dmj Pfekrikdmf,Hldpzkr ?') zlkrkfrk) p{z geprfqkj edhrfpr{jkmzgdi drhlgzkhz{rk dz diiikqkix nifodi) rkngfmdi dmj mdzgfmdi dz zlk zfp f zlkgr igxz fr dhzgfm-

Z~f edbfr drkdx fr dhzgfm mkkj zf ok djjrkxxkj- Zlk arxz gx zlk xzr{h%

z{rk f zlk amdmhgdi xwxzke- Gz mkkjx zf ok xzrkmnzlkmkj xf zldz gz hdm ~gzl%xzdmj edbfr xlfhcx) ofzl ow kigegmdzgmn ldqgmn gmxzgz{zgfmx ~lfxk dgi{rkhf{ij jgxr{pz zlk xwxzke) dmj ow hfepkiigmn gmxzgz{zgfmx zf p{z gm pidhkpidmx fr ldmjigmn zlk dgi{rk f hfrk x{ppigkrx gm d edmmkr zldz jfkx mfzjgxr{pz zlk xwxzke ,zlgx zlkek gx jkqkifpkj {rzlkr gm xkhzgfm 4-8-4'- Zlkxkhfmj gx zf edck dqdgidoik jgxhrkzgfmdrw zffix zldz hdm ok {xkj zf x{p%pikekmz zlk d{zfedzgh hf{mzkrhwhighdi xzdogigkrx ekmzgfmkj dofqk- X{hlzffix hdm zdck zlk fre f ifdm%zf%qdi{k rdzgfx fr ikmjgmn fr kqkm rkxkrqkrkt{grkekmzx ,Efldm dmj Cdp{r) Hldpzkr 1'-

Fmk gepfrzdmz xzkp zldz hdm ok zdckm gx zf dxxgnm xpkhgah rkxpfmxgogigzwfr ldmjigmn xwxzkegh rgxc- Djdex ,Hldpzkr 40' djqfhdzkx zlk kxzdoigxl%ekmz f d xwxzkegh rgxc hf{mhgi- X{hl d hf{mhgi ~f{ij ok f d qkrw lgnl ikqkidmj ~f{ij mfz fmiw ok rkxpfmxgoik fr efmgzfrgmn dmj hffrjgmdzgmn) o{zdixf fr kmx{rgmn zldz ofzl prk%kepzgqk dmj hfrrkhzgqk edhrfpr{jkmzgdiekdx{rkx drk {mjkrzdckm ow zlk rkxpfmxgoik dnkmhgkx- ^lgik x{hl d hf{mhgihf{ij ok jrgqkm ow fmk f zlk edgm dnkmhgkx) x{hl dx zlk hkmzrdi odmc)zlkrk drk djqdmzdnkx gm gz okgmn gmjkpkmjkmz xf zldz hfmghzx f gmzkrkxz drkrkj{hkj- Hlf ,Hldpzkr 7' edckx d xgegidr prfpfxdi) dmj gjkmzgakx fmk f

zlk edgm zdxcx f d hrgxgx edmdnkekmz zkde dx okgmn zrgdnk zlkrk mkkjxzf ok d hfeefm jgdnmfxgx dmj dm dnrkkj rkxpfmxk) kxpkhgdiiw rkndrjgmnhfee{mghdzgfm) dhrfxx dii dnkmhgkx- Cd~dg dmj Pfekrikdmf ,Hldpzkr ?'x{ppfrz zlk xdek mfzgfm) hgzgmn zlk Mdzgfmdi Khfmfegh Dhzgfm Hf{mhgigm Edidwxgd dx d x{hhkxx{i k|depik) ~lgik Hlf pfgmzx f{z zldz j{rgmnzlk Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx f 477>477< Cfrkd lkij dm kekrnkmhw khf%mfegh pfighw hffrjgmdzgfm ekkzgmn hldgrkj ow zlk Prkxgjkmz dmj hrkdzkjd Agmdmhgdi X{pkrqgxfrw Hfeegxxgfm zf hdrrw f{z dhzgfmx- Fmk djqdmzdnkf ldqgmn x{hl d hf{mhgi) rdzlkr zldm xgepiw dxxgnmgmn rkxpfmxgogigzw zf zlk

hkmzrdi odmc) gx zldz gz ikdqkx zlk odmc doik zf hfmzgm{k zf r{m dm gmjkpkmj%kmz efmkzdrw pfighw-


24/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx >

4-?-: ^dwx f _kj{hgmn Prfhwhighdigzw

Gz ldx okhfek hikdr zldz hdpgzdi djkt{dhw rkn{idzgfm) pdrzgh{idriw {mjkr Odxki?) hdm hfmzrgo{zk hfmxgjkrdoiw zf gmhrkdxgmn zlk depigz{jk f zlk amdmhgdidmj khfmfegh hwhik- Gm rgxgmn edrckzx) hdpgzdi qdi{kx gmhrkdxk dmj igzzik kfrzgx rkt{grkj zf ekkz hdpgzdi rkt{grkekmzx zldz drk hfmxzdmz zlrf{nl zlk hwhik-Lf~kqkr) gm jf~mz{rmx) mfz fmiw jf ifxxkx ekdm zldz mk~ hdpgzdi gx rkt{grkj)o{z hdpgzdi qdi{kx zlkexkiqkx dii dmj zlk hfxz f rdgxgmn hdpgzdi gmhrkdxkx- Zlgxekdmx zldz odmcx edw ldqk zf hfmzrdhz ikmjgmn gm frjkr zf prkxkrqk djkt{dzkhdpgzdi) zlkrkow djjgmn zf zlk jg h{izgkx fr zlk rkdi khfmfew dz d zgek ~lkmgz gx dirkdjw {mjkr prkxx{rk- Gm djjgzgfm) {mjkr Odxki ?) hrkjgz rdzgmnx) ~lkzlkrgmzkrmdiiw fr k|zkrmdiiw nkmkrdzkj) pidwkj dm kmldmhkj rfik gm jkzkregmgmn

hdpgzdi rkt{grkekmzx- Lf~kqkr) rdzgmnx dixf zkmj zf fiif~ d hwhighdi pdzl) gmpdrz okhd{xk zlk zrdhc rkhfrj f zlk rdzkj gmxzgz{zgfm pidwx dm gepfrzdmz pdrz gmzlk jkzkregmdzgfm f gzx rdzgmn-; Zdckm zfnkzlkr) zlkxk dhzfrx hdm depigw zlkhwhik- Zlgx ~dx hikdriw dm {mgmzkmjkj hfmxkt{kmhk f Odxki ?) wkz fmk zldz ldjokkm pfgmzkj f{z fr xfek zgek okfrk gz hdek gmzf kkhz ,Pk{rd dmj Bfcgq{fiik?008'-

Zlkrk drk dixf e{hl ifmnkr%xzdmjgmn rkdxfmx ~lw zlk amdmhgdi xwxzkezkmjx zf k|dhkrodzk hwhikx gm zlk rkdi khfmfew ,Akrmmjk jk Igx dmjNdrhd%Lkrrkrf) Hldpzkr :') dmj cmf~ikjnk f zlkxk xlf{ij ldqk ikj

rkn{idzfrw d{zlfrgzgkx zf gepikekmz d xwxzke zldz ~dx hf{mzkrhwhighdigm hldrdhzkr e{hl kdrigkr- Zlk rkdxfmx gmhi{jk zlk dhz zldz nffj zgekxdrk igckiw zf ikdj zf d efrk rkid|kj dzzgz{jk zf rgxc ,dx ekefrgkx djk zlkifmnkr gz ldx okkm xgmhk pkfpik ~krk k|pfxkj zf d jf~mz{rm') dmj zldz lkrjokldqgfr k|dhkrodzkx x~gmnx dmj kmhf{rdnkx fqkrikmjgmn- Dmfzlkr dxpkhzgx zldz ofm{x xwxzkex kmhf{rdnk rgxc zdcgmn gm zlk {p pldxk dx pkfpik edckprfqgxgfm fr zlk pfxxgogigzw zldz zlkw ~gii ifxk zlkgr bfox gm zlk hfmzrdhzgfm-

Hfmxgjkrdoik zlf{nlz ldx zlkrkfrk nfmk gmzf lf~ zlkxk prkxx{rkx egnlzok fxkz- Efmkzdrw pfighw dirkdjw zkmjx zf ikdm dndgmxz zlk khfmfegh

hwhik) fr k|depik- Zlk xgepikxz rkxpfmxk gx zf gmzrfj{hk d hf{mzkrhwhighdikikekmz gmzf zlk jkzkregmdzgfm f hdpgzdi rdzgfx) rdgxgmn zlke ~lkm nrf~zlpghcx {p dmj diif~gmn zlke zf jgegmgxl dx nrf~zl kdxkx- Ngqkm zldz zlgxgmqfiqkx gmhrkdxgmn hdpgzdi ~lkm gz gx hlkdp o{z mfz ldqgmn zf jf xf ~lkmgz gx xhdrhk) zlgx hfmqkwx dm geekjgdzk okmkaz- X{hl hldmnkx hdm prfodoiwok edjk ~gzlf{z zlk mkkj fr mk~ ikngxidzgfm gm edmw hf{mzrgkx- Odxki 8gmhi{jkx prfqgxgfmx fr x{hl o{krx) o{z zlkw jf mfz ldqk dm k|pighgz frefr nkmkrdi gepikekmzdzgfm dz prkxkmz- Akrmmjk jk Igx dmj Ndrhd%Lkrrkrf ,Hldpzkr :' jkxhrgok d jgkrkmz dpprfdhl) h{rrkmziw kepifwkj

gm Xpdgm dmj efrk rkhkmziw gmzrfj{hkj gm Pkr{ dmj Hfifeogd) ~lkrkowprfqgxgfmgmn fr odj ifdmx gx prfhwhighdi- Gm Xpdgm) ~lkmkqkr ikmjgmngmhrkdxkx efrk rdpgjiw zldm mfredi) prfqgxgfmgmn mkkjx zf gmhrkdxk efrk


25/296

< Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

zldm prfpfrzgfmdzkiw fm zlk nrf{mjx zldz rdpgj gmhrkdxkx drk igckiw zfok dhhfepdmgkj ow d jkhrkdxk gm zlk t{digzw f ikmjgmn- Gm d jf~mz{rm)x{hl prfqgxgfmx hdm zlkm ok {xkj dx jkd{izx gmhrkdxk) ~gzlf{z zlk mkkjzf gmhrkdxk hdpgzdi gm x{hl jg h{iz zgekx-1 Zl{x) zlk prfqgxgfmx rkkhz zlkokldqgfr f zlk gmjgqgj{di odmcx- Gm Pkr{) zlk prfhkxx gx rkidzkj zf hwhighdi{hz{dzgfmx gm nrfxx jfekxzgh prfj{hz ,NJP' dmj) zlkrkfrk) hfmxzgz{zkx dpdrz f edhrfpr{jkmzgdi xzdogigzw->

Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx ldqk edjk xfek {xk f xgegidr hf{mzkrhwhighdi prfqg%xgfmx gm zlk pdxz- Lfmn Cfmn) Hlgmd) fr k|depik) ldx {xkj ifdm%zf%qdi{krdzgfx zldz okhfek efrk hd{zgf{x zlk dxzkr zlk dxxkz prghk {mjkrpgmmgmnzlk ifdm gmhrkdxkx- Dmjrgzcw kz di- ,?007' x{nnkxz d ~gjk rdmnk f hf{mzkr%hwhighdi ekdx{rkx zldz hf{ij ok dppigkj) gm pdrzgh{idr zdcgmn gmzf dhhf{mz

zlk dxweekzrgh prfoikex f igt{gjgzw zldz fhh{r ~lkm zlk khfmfew z{rmxjf~m dmj jf{ozx dof{z ifdm t{digzw ikdj zf d ~gzljrd~di rfe edrckzxdmj zlk rkkgmn f{z f edrngmdi pdrzghgpdmzx- X{hl igt{gjgzw gxx{kx hdmefxz rkdjgiw ok djjrkxxkj xgepiw ow kmx{rgmn d x{oxzdmzgdi igt{gjgzwh{xlgfm dmj edzhlgmn {mjgmn xf{rhkx zf hdxl f~ mkkjx-< Zlgx dpprfdhlldx dirkdjw okkm gmzrfj{hkj gm Mk~ Rkdidmj ,_kxkrqk Odmc f Mk~Rkdidmj ?007'- Efrk rkdigxzgh xzrkxx zkxzx zldz zdck dhhf{mz f zlk rkkgmnf edrckzx ~gii lkip gm jkzkregmgmn zlk mkhkxxdrw ikqki f prkpdrkjmkxx-Ikqkrdnk rdzgfx ~gii dixf zkmj zf igegz prfhwhighdigzw-

D {rzlkr hfmhkrm rkidzkx zf dhhf{mzgmn ekzlfjx- Zlk {xk f dgr qdi{kdhhf{mzgmn hdm ok lgnliw prfhwhighdi g qdi{kx drk jkrgqkj rfe gepdgrkjedrckzx ~lkm zlk khfmfew z{rmx jf~m- Mfz fmiw jfkx zlkrk zkmj zf okfqkrqdi{dzgfm gm zlk efrk k{plfrgh pldxk) o{z dixf drzgahgdiiw if~ qdi{%dzgfm gm zlk jf~mz{rm- Gz ~f{ij ok lgnliw rkzrfnrdjk zf rkz{rm zf zlk {xkf lgxzfrghdi qdi{kx fr fzlkr xwxzkex zldz gnmfrk edrckz rkdigzgkx) dmjqdi{dzgfm ekzlfjx zldz fpkrdzk zlrf{nl zlk hwhik ,fr k|depik zlfxk {xgmnefjkix' edck dr efrk xkmxk- Lf~kqkr) dhhf{mzgmn r{ikx zlkexkiqkx zkmjzf edck gz efrk jg h{iz zf gmzrfj{hk prfqgxgfmgmn gm k|hkxx f ~ldz gx

cmf~m odxkj fm lgxzfrghdi qdi{kx ,gmh{rrkj ifxxkx' ,Akrmmjk jk Igx dmjNdrhd%Lkrrkrf) Hldpzkr :'-

4-?-; _kn{idzgfm f Gmmfqdzgqk Agmdmhgdi Prfj{hzx dmj Xpkhgah Gmqkxzfr

Nrf{px

Zlk Dxgdm rkngfm ldx mfz r{xlkj zf djfpz zlk xfrzx f jkrgqdzgqk gmxzr{%ekmzx) x{hl dx HJFx dmj hrkjgz jkd{iz x~dpx) zldz hd{xkj x{hl jg h{izgkxgm zlk [X ~lkm zlkrk ~dx jf{oz dof{z zlk qdi{k f zlk {mjkriwgmn ifdmx

,A{bgg) Hldpzkr ;'- Zlkrk drk) zlkrkfrk) k~ geekjgdzk hfmhkrmx fqkr lf~zlkw xlf{ij ok ldmjikj dx zlk idzkr xzdnkx f zlk hrgxgx {mfij ,Efrndm?007'- Lf~kqkr) edmw f zlkxk gmxzr{ekmzx drk qdi{doik ekdmx f lkjngmn


26/296


dmj xprkdjgmn rgxc) dmj zlkgr djfpzgfm gm zlk rkngfm) fmhk zlk prkxkmz hrgxgxgx fqkr) ~gii lkip gm zlk jkkpkmgmn f edrckzx dmj zlk edmdnkekmz f rgxc-Gm zlgx xkhzgfm) zlkrkfrk) zlk mkkj fr x{hl prfj{hzx dmj zlk gepighdzgfmxfr zlkgr rkn{idzgfm) difmn ~gzl fzlkr pfzkmzgdiiw jkxzdogiggmn edrckzdhzgfmx zldz lkip zf lkjnk dmj xprkdj rgxcx) ~gii ok hfmxgjkrkj-

Afr k|depik) efrzndnk%odhckj xkh{rgzgkx ldqk frekj d xzdoik xf{rhkf lf{xgmn amdmhk gm D{xzrdigd fr mkdriw 80 wkdrx-7 Ifdm pfrzfigfx drk diif d lgnl t{digzw dmj ldqk mfz xzrdwkj gmzf zlk x{oprgek drkd40 fr efqkjf odidmhk xlkkz- Fzlkr hf{mzrgkx zldz ldqk xzdwkj ~gzl zlk ikxx k|fzghdmj efrk zrdmxpdrkmz dxxkz%odhckj xkh{rgzgkx ldqk dixf kmbfwkj xzdoikedrckzx- Gm rkdhzgfm zf zlk hrgxgx) zlkrk ldx okkm d rkzlgmc zf kmx{rk zldz)gm {z{rk) zlk dxpkhzx f xkh{rgzgdzgfm zldz ldqk ikj zf gmxzdogigzw drk fxkz-

Gm zlk arxz pidhk) zlk hfmhkrm gx zldz dii f zlfxk gmqfiqkj xlf{ij rkzdgmprfpfrzgfmdzk k|pfx{rk {mzgi zlk prgmhgpdi {mjkriwgmn zlk xkh{rgzw ldxokkm pdgj odhc- Gm zlk pdxz) edmw f zlfxk gmqfiqkj ldqk hfiikhzkj zlkgrkkx {p rfmz dmj ldqk ldj mf k|pfx{rk zf dmw x{oxkt{kmz jkzkrgfrdzgfm gmt{digzw- Zl{x) dnkmzx) frgngmdzfrx dmj rdzgmn dnkmhgkx) fr k|depik) xlf{ijrkhkgqk zlkgr rke{mkrdzgfm dhhfrjgmn zf zlk pkrfredmhk f zlkgr pfrz%figfx ,Bfgmz Xldjf~ Agmdmhgdi _kn{idzfrw Hfeegzzkkx ?007'- Zlgx ~giilkip dii pdrzgkx zf kmx{rk zlk t{digzw f zlk dxxkzx- A{bgg ,Hldpzkr ;' mfzkxzldz gm ?007 zlk [X prfpfxkj zldz frgngmdzfrx dmj xpfmxfrx ok rkt{grkj zf

rkzdgm dm khfmfegh gmzkrkxz gm d edzkrgdi pfrzgfm f zlk hrkjgz rgxc f xkh{%rgzgkj hrkjgz k|pfx{rkx dmj zldz hfepkmxdzgfm f edrckz pdrzghgpdmzxxlf{ij ok dignmkj ~gzl ifmnkr zkre pkrfredmhk f {mjkriwgmn ifdmx ,[XZrkdx{rw ?0072 48'- Zlgx ~f{ij nf d ifmn ~dw zf dhlgkqgmn zlk rkt{grkjf{zhfek) kxpkhgdiiw gm hfeogmdzgfm ~gzl zlk xzdmjdrjgdzgfm f edmwprfj{hzx- Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx hf{ij) fr k|depik) dnrkk fm hfeefm kdz{rkxfr efrzndnk%odhckj xkh{rgzgkx ,A{bgg) Hldpzkr ;'-

Zlk dmfedif{x zrkdzekmz f dxxkz%odhckj xkh{rgzgkx {mjkr zlk Odxkirkngek dmj dxxfhgdzkj dhhf{mzgmn prfhkj{rkx zldz kmhf{rdnkj odmcx zf

efqk x{hl dxxkzx f zlkgr odidmhk xlkkzx xlf{ij ok kmjkj- ^lgik xfekdnkmzx ~krk doik zf hfiikhz zlkgr rke{mkrdzgfm {p rfmz) edmw odmcx jgx%hfqkrkj zldz rkp{zdzgfm rgxc ekdmz zldz zlkw ~krk k|pfxkj zf ifxxkx gm zlkxpkhgdi gmqkxzekmz qklghikx zlkw ldj xkz {p zf zdck efrzndnk%odhckj xkh{rg%zgkx f zlkgr odidmhk xlkkzx- D hfmhkmzrdzgfm ow amdmhgdi edrckzx fm xzdmj%drjgkj prfj{hzx ~f{ij edck zlkxk prfj{hzx efrk zrdmxpdrkmz dmj kdxgkrzf prghk- Gmjkkj) zlkw hf{ij okhfek efrk rkdjgiw zrdjkj fm k|hldmnkx dmjndgm xzdogigzw rfe zlk k|gxzkmhk f hkmzrdi hf{mzkrpdrzgkx- Lkmhk) g zlkxkxzrdgnlzfr~drj ekdx{rkx drk zdckm) efrzndnk%odhckj xkh{rgzgkx hf{ij

ok jkqkifpkj zf djqdmzdnk dhrfxx zlk rkngfm) dxxgxzgmn gm zlk amdmhgmn fxzdmjdrjgkj ifdmx dmj rkj{hgmn ofrrf~krx jkpkmjkmhk fm odmcx ~gzlf{zgmzrfj{hgmn dmw {m~kihfek gmxzdogigzw gmzf amdmhgdi edrckzx-


27/296


D{zlfrgzgkx drf{mj zlk ~frij ldqk ldj hfmhkrmx dof{z zlk pfzkmzgdiiwjkxzdogiggmn kkhzx f zlk xpkh{idzgqk dhzgqgzgkx f gmqkxzfr nrf{px x{hldx lkjnk {mjx- Zlkgr hfmhkrmx ldqk xzkeekj rfe z~f gxx{kx2 arxz) zldzx{hl frndmgdzgfmx drk idrnkiw {mrkn{idzkj dmj igzzik gx cmf~m dof{z zlke3dmj xkhfmj) zldz zlkw egnlz prkxkmz xgnmgahdmz rgxcx zf amdmhgdi xzdogigzw-Lf~kqkr) dx zlk hrgxgx ldx jkqkifpkj) gz ldx okhfek hikdr zldz lkjnk {mjxldqk prkxkmzkj k~ prfoikex dmj) gmjkkj) gmxfdr dx zlkw ldqk okkm lfijgmnxfek f zlk gepdgrkj dxxkzx zldz ldqk xlf~m edbfr ifxxkx) zlkw ldqk gm dhzldj d xzdogiggmn gm{kmhk dx zlkw ldqk okkm doik zf doxfro zlkgr ifxxkx dmjldqk mfz prfqkm zf ok d xf{rhk f hfmzdngfm zf zlk edrckz dx d ~lfik-

Hrkjgz rdzgmn dnkmhgkx ldqk xkkm zlkgr rkp{zdzgfmx okhfek xkqkrkiwjgegmgxlkj j{rgmn zlk hrgxgx- Hfmajkmhk hf{ij ok gmhrkdxkj ow nrkdzkr

zrdmxpdrkmhw) o{z dixf ow zlk gmhfek f rdzgmn dnkmhgkx okgmn igmckj zfzlk pkrfredmhk f zlk dxxkzx zlkw rdzk- Zlk edgm rdzgmn dnkmhgkx ldqkokkm xfek~ldz ikxx dhzgqk gm Dxgd zldm egnlz ldqk okkm k|pkhzkj rfezlk ikqki f amdmhgdi jkqkifpekmz gm Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx) dmj rkngfmdi rdzgmndnkmhgkx ldqk fmiw okkm kekrngmn xif~iw- ^lgik zlgx edw ldqk rkx{izkj gmDxgd ldqgmn okkm ikxx hd{nlz {p gm zlk egxrdzgmn f xkh{rgzgkx zldz ldx okkmjkefmxzrdzkj gm zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx) gz dixf ekdmx zldz Dxgdm amdmhgdi dxxkzxldqk okkm efrk jg h{iz zf qdi{k- Lkmhk) efqgmn fr~drj) Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx~gii ~dmz zf xkk rdzgmn dnkmhgkx jkqkifp) diokgz ~gzlgm d mk~ rdek~frc f

hfmajkmhk dmj ~gzlf{z zlk hfmghzx f gmzkrkxz zldz ldqk drgxkm rfe dnkm%hgkx dhzgmn dx ofzl djqgxkrx dmj rdzkrx ,Pi{eekr) Hldpzkr


28/296


xfek k|zkmz) zlkrkfrk) zlkxk f~x drk zlk hfmxkt{kmhk f zrwgmn zf kmx{rkhfepkzgzgqkmkxx dmj rdpgj k|pfrz nrf~zl- Lf~kqkr) zlk rdmnk f pfxxgoikrkxpfmxkx gx lkdqgiw dkhzkj ow zlk jknrkk f fpkmmkxx f kdhl hf{mzrw-Gmjgd) ~lghl gx mfz pdrzgh{idriw fpkm) ldx okkm doik zf edmdnk prkxx{rkxrdzlkr efrk k|zkmxgqkiw) {xgmn rkxkrqk rkt{grkekmzx) fr k|depik-

Zlkrk gx d t{kxzgfm f zlk fpzgedi xkt{kmhgmn f igokrdigdzgfm x{hl zldzdx e{hl f zlk okmkazx rfe jkkpkr hdpgzdi edrckzx dx pfxxgoik hdm okfozdgmkj ~gzlf{z zlk jf~mxgjk f {m~kihfek {hz{dzgfm gm hfepkzgzgqk%mkxx gm gmj{xzrgkx ~gzl mdrrf~ edrngmx- Gm edmw hdxkx) zlk edgm hfepkzg%zfrx zf Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx drk fzlkr hf{mzrgkx gm zlk rkngfm) xf zlk hfmhkrmgx zf xkk fmiw igegzkj {hz{dzgfmx gm hrfxx rdzkx- Gm zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx) dm{eokr f Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx ldqk gmzrfj{hkj ekdx{rkx zf jgxhf{rdnk xlfrz%

zkre hdpgzdi f~x gm dm dzzkepz zf gmhrkdxk xzdogigzw ~gzlf{z ldregmn zlkprfxpkhzx fr {z{rk ifmnkr%zkre gmqkxzekmz f~x- Dz ikdxz gm zlk r{m%{pzf zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx) Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx ldqk) fm zlk ~lfik) edmdnkj zfdqfgj zlk prfoike f k|zkmxgqk frkgnm h{rrkmhw ofrrf~gmn ow zlfxk ~lfxkgmhfekx drk idrnkiw gm jfekxzgh h{rrkmhw-

4-8 ^DWX FA GEP_FQGMN H_GXGX EDMDNKEKMZ

Gz gx hikdr zldz zlk xzdzk ldx dm gepfrzdmz rfik zf pidw gm zlk frndmgdzgfm fhrgxgx rkxfi{zgfm dmj zldz zlk prgqdzk xkhzfr gx ofzl {m~giigmn dmj {mdoik zfpkrfre e{hl f zlgx {mhzgfm k hgkmziw- Lf~kqkr) zlgx rfik gx qkrw jgkr%kmz rfe zlk xzdzk odgigmn f{z amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx ~gzl zd|pdwkrx efmkw-Fm zlk ~lfik) odgif{zx fhh{r okhd{xk zlk d{zlfrgzgkx ldqk mf rkdxfmdoikdizkrmdzgqk) kgzlkr okhd{xk f gmdjkt{dzk pf~krx fr gmdjkt{dzk prkpfxg%zgfmgmn-44 Zf ed|gegk zlk hldmhkx f edgmzdgmgmn amdmhgdi xzdogigzw) nfq%krmekmzx mkkj d odidmhk okz~kkm kkhzgqk hrgxgx dqfgjdmhk ekdx{rkx dmj~kii%frekj hrgxgx edmdnkekmz rkngekx- Lf~kqkr) gz gx kdxw zf fqkrjf zlk

hfmxzrdgmzx dmj hd{xk amdmhgdi rkprkxxgfm) {mjkr ~lghl zlk jkqkifpekmzf zlk khfmfew gx gmlgogzkj ,Hlf) Hldpzkr 7'-Zlkrk gx mf rkdxfm ~lw Dxgd xlf{ij rkt{grk dmw xpkhgdi ekdx{rkx fr

hrgxgx edmdnkekmz) kqkm zlf{nl zlk hfmxzgz{kmz xzdzkx dhk jgkrkmz prfo%ikex- Pkrldpx zlk efxz foqgf{x nkmkrdi rkt{grkekmzx drk zldz d{zlfrgzgkxmkkj zf ok doik zf gmzkrqkmk kdriw okfrk ifxxkx ef{mz3 zldz zlkw mkkj zfedck x{rk ifxxkx drk rkhfnmgkj xf dx zf rkj{hk zlk {mhkrzdgmzw zldz hd{xkxedrckzx zf rkkk {p3 dmj zldz zlkw mkkj zf ldqk d ~gjk rdmnk f zffix frkdriw gmzkrqkmzgfm) pdrzgh{idriw zf ok doik zf zdck fqkr dgigmn odmcx rfe

zlkgr xldrklfijkrx okfrk dii qdi{k gx ifxz- Jkidw dmj gmjkhgxgfm zkmj zfedck hrgxkx e{hl ~frxk-Zgek hfmxgxzkmhw zldz gx) jkigqkrgmn fm k| dmzk hfeegzekmzx gx


29/296

4? Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

gepfrzdmz- Pfighw rkqkrxdix drk zwpghdi gm amdmhgdi hrgxkx- Jkxpgzk prgfrdxx{rdmhkx zldz zlgx ~gii mfz ldppkm) d{zlfrgzgkx fzkm xlf~ d ~giigmnmkxxzf odgi f{z zlk arxz gmxzgz{zgfmx zldz nkz gmzf jg h{izw- G zlk hrgxgx z{rmx f{zzf ok ~frxk zldm k|pkhzkj) d{zlfrgzgkx fzkm jgxhfqkr zldz d x~gzhl odhc zfd ldrxl pfighw gx rkt{grkj g {mjx drk mfz zf r{m f{z- X{hl x~gzhlkx hdmldqk d jgxdxzrf{x kkhz fm rgxc zdcgmn) ~giigmnmkxx zf dhlgkqk prgqdzk xkhzfrxfi{zgfmx) dmj hfmajkmhk ,Hdiqf ?007'-

Djdex ,Hldpzkr 40' x{nnkxzx zldz hrgxgx edmdnkekmz xlf{ij ok hfmxgj%krkj gm zlrkk pldxkx2

xzdogigdzgfm dmj hfmzdgmekmz3 dxxkz ~rgzk%jf~mx dmj doxfrpzgfm3 dmj rkldogigzdzgfm dmj mfredigdzgfm-

Gm zlk arxz f zlkxk pldxkx) zlk d{zlfrgzgkx zwpghdiiw zrw zf o{w zgek- Zlkwdrk mfz x{rk dof{z zlk xgk f zlk prfoike) o{z ~gxl zf edck gz qkrw hikdrzldz zlk prfoike ~gii ok ldmjikj ~gzlf{z edbfr jgxr{pzgfm xf zldz hfma%jkmhk gx edgmzdgmkj- Zlgx gx dm k|zrkekiw jg h{iz zdxc dx x{hl xgz{dzgfmxdrk hldrdhzkrgkj ow {mhkrzdgmzw dmj) dx Djdex p{zx gz) amdmhgdi hrgxkxdrk ow zlkgr mdz{rk ekxxw dmj jgxfrjkriw dmj {mprkjghzdoik- Zlk prkxkmzhrgxgx ldx xkkm zlk gmzrfj{hzgfm f d e{izgz{jk f mk~ ekdx{rkx zldz hf{m%

zrgkx ~gii ~dmz zf djj zf zlkgr zffi cgzx) rkdjw zf ok jkpifwkj fm {z{rkfhhdxgfmx- Gm nkmkrdi) gz ldx prfqkm pfxxgoik zf ldmjik igt{gjgzw prfoikex-Zlk hrgxgx ldx dixf lgnlignlzkj zlk jgikeed f ~lkzlkr zf kepifw jrdxzghekdx{rkx kdriw fm dmj zlkm kdxk {p idzkr) fr zf xzdrz efrk nrdj{diiw) o{zrgxc amjgmn zldz fpzgfmx ldqk dirkdjw okkm frknfmk-

Lf~kqkr) gz gx mfz pfxxgoik zf x{nnkxz d xgmnik rkhgpk fr ldmjigmn hrgxkxdx mfz fmiw jf hrgxkx jgkr gm hldrdhzkr) o{z zlk gmxzgz{zgfmdi xzr{hz{rkx fhf{mzrgkx dixf jgkr- Dx jgxh{xxkj gm zlk hdxk f hrgxgx dqfgjdmhk) gz gx kxxkm%zgdi zldz zlk d{zlfrgzgkx ~frc hifxkiw zfnkzlkr gm zlkgr kfrzx ofzl zf orgmn

zlk hrgxgx {mjkr hfmzrfi dmj zf rkxfiqk prfoikex rdpgjiw-

4-8-4 Hffrjgmdzgfm Gxx{kx

Zlkrk gx ~gjkxprkdj dnrkkekmz zldz xfek frndmgdzgfm mkkjx zf ok gmhldrnk f dhzgfmx gm d hrgxgx g zlkw drk zf ok rdpgj) hikdr dmj kkhzgqk-Dmw x{hl frndmgdzgfm ~gii mkkj qkrw hifxk ~frcgmn igmcx ~gzl dii pdrzgkxgmqfiqkj2 hkmzrdi odmc) x{pkrqgxfrw dnkmhw) jkpfxgz gmx{rkr dmj egmgxzrwf amdmhk- Dm dizkrmdzgqk gx zldz kdhl pdrzw djjrkxxkx gzx f~m rkxpfmxg%

ogigzgkx dmj zlkrk gx d hffrjgmdzgmn hfeegzzkk zldz edckx x{rk zldz dii zlkgxx{kx drk djjrkxxkj gm d hflkrkmz edmmkr- Nfqkrmekmz ow hfeegzzkk{mjkr x{hl hgrh{exzdmhkx gx igckiw zf ok jg h{iz) o{z ldx okkm prdhzghkj


30/296


x{hhkxx{iiw ,dx pfgmzkj f{z ow Hlf) Hldpzkr 7' gm zlk hdxk f Cfrkd- O{zzlkrk drk jg h{izgkx ~gzl ngqgmn dmw fmk frndmgdzgfm xf e{hl pf~kr) dxjkhgxgfmx ~gii zkmj zf okhfek pfigzghgkj-

^ldz gx rkt{grkj zf fqkrhfek zgek gmhfmxgxzkmhw gx zf edck dx e{hl fzlk rkxfi{zgfm f zlk prfoike dx pfxxgoik x{obkhz zf r{ikx f okldqgfr zldzldqk okkm idgj jf~m f{zxgjk zgekx f hrgxgx- Zl{x) fr k|depik) gz ldx okkmpfxxgoik fr zlk Akjkrdi Jkpfxgz Gmx{rdmhk Hfrpfrdzgfm gm zlk [X zf ldmjikdii o{z zlk qkrw idrnkxz odmcx {mjkr k|gxzgmn r{ikx- Gmjkkj) gz ~f{ij ldqkokkm doik zf ldmjik efrk f zlk prfoike ldj zlk xpkhgdi rkxfi{zgfm rkngekfr odmcx k|zkmjkj zf zlk fzlkr amdmhgdi xkhzfrx ~lkrk prfoikex drfxk gmzlk prkxkmz hrgxgx- Zlk k|gxzkmhk f x{hl drrdmnkekmzx p{xlkx odhc zlk rfm%zgkr f ~lkrk pdmgh dmj hrgxgx xzdrz- Lkmhk) d edbfr ikxxfm rfe zlk prkxkmz

hrgxgx ,Djdex) Hldpzkr 40' gx zldz zlk d{zlfrgzgkx xlf{ij zrw zf edck x{rkzldz dx igzzik dx pfxxgoik igkx f{zxgjk zlkgr dogigzw zf zrkdz gz {mjkr mfredir{ikx- Zlgx gmqfiqkx zrwgmn zf dofigxl zlk gjkd f zff ogn) zff hfepik| frzff gmzkrhfmmkhzkj zf dgi) ~lghl ~gii ok jkqkifpkj gm zlk mk|z xkhzgfm-

4-8-? Odmc _khdpgzdigdzgfm dmj Jgxpfxdi Gxx{kx

Pkrldpx ~ldz gx efxz ~frrwgmn gm zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx gx zlk jknrkk zf ~lghledrckz jgxhgpigmk ldx dgikj zf ok kkhzgqk- Gm pdrz) zlgx gx okhd{xk zlk hfm%

hkmzrdzkj xzr{hz{rk f edmw odmcgmn xwxzkex edckx gz jg h{iz zf amj x{gz%doik p{rhldxkrx) o{z gm zlk edgm) gz gx okhd{xk dpprfprgdzk gmhkmzgqkx jfmfz k|gxz dmj okhd{xk edmw f zlk idrnkr odmcx ldqk okhfek zff hfepik|zf ok rkxfiqkj-

Zlkxk hgrh{exzdmhkx mkkj zf hldmnk dmj d{zlfrgzgkx mkkj zf p{z gmpidhk d pidm zldz hdm hfpk ~gzl prfoikex gm dmw f zlk odmcx gm zlkgr

b{rgxjghzgfm- Gm edmw rkxpkhzx) zlk fm{x gx fm zlk odmcx zlkexkiqkx zf ldqkxzr{hz{rkx zldz hdm ok rkxfiqkj- Zlk Nfqkrmfr f zlk Odmc f Kmnidmj ldxx{nnkxzkj zldz kdhl odmc mkkjx zf prkpdrk d igqgmn ~gii zldz xkzx f{z lf~

zlk gmxzgz{zgfm hf{ij ok rkxfiqkj gm d edmmkr zldz diif~x gzx qgzdi {mhzgfmxzf ckkp fpkrdzgmn xf zldz edrckzx drk mfz jgxr{pzkj dmj hfmajkmhk gm zlkxwxzke gx edgmzdgmkj-4? Hfmajkmhk rkt{grkx zldz jkpfxgzfrx okigkqk zldzkqkm zlf{nl d odmc edw nkz gmzf jg h{izw) zlkw ~gii mfz dhk dmw edzkrgdiorkdc gm dhhkxx zf zlkgr {mjx dmj mfredi dhzgqgzw ~gii mfz ok gmzkrr{pzkj-

E{hl f zlk prfoike rkqfiqkx drf{mj zlk jg h{izw f dxxgnmgmn ifxxkx~lkm d odmc gx rkxfiqkj- Gz mkkjx zf ok pfxxgoik zf ~rgzk jf~m zlk xldrk%lfijkrx dhhfrjgmn zf d qdi{dzgfm zf krf g mkhkxxdrw- Zlk odmc dixfmkkjx zf ok rkhdpgzdigkj- Gm xfek hf{mzrgkx x{ofrjgmdzkj jkoz hdm dixf

ok ~rgzzkm jf~m d{zfedzghdiiw) o{z dm dpprfdhl zldz ldx hfmxgjkrdoikekrgz gx zf kmx{rk zldz d x{ hgkmz def{mz f zlk odmcx jkoz gx lworgjhdpgzdi xf zldz gz hdm ok hfmqkrzkj rfe jkoz zf kt{gzw gm zlk kqkmz f d


31/296

4: Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

rkxfi{zgfm ~gzlf{z dmw mkkj fr fozdgmgmn zlk dnrkkekmz f jkozlfijkrx dzzlk zgek ,^dii) Hldpzkr 8'- Zlk ckw kdz{rk f zlgx drrdmnkekmz gx zldz gzkmdoikx zlk qgzdi {mhzgfmx f d odmc zf hfmzgm{k ~gzlf{z gmzkrr{pzgfm dxd nfgmn hfmhkrm kqkm g k|gxzgmn xldrklfijkrx drk ~gpkj f{z fr zlkgr lfij%gmnx drk lkdqgiw jgi{zkj ,L{krzdx ?040'- Mk~ Rkdidmj gx gm zlk prfhkxx fo{gijgmn gm x{hl d xhlkek ,zlk _kxkrqk Odmc f Mk~ Rkdidmjx Hrkjgzfr_khdpgzdigdzgfm Prfbkhz') ~lkrkow jkozlfijkrx) gmhi{jgmn jkpfxgzfrx)okhfek zlk mk~ f~mkrx f zlk odmc- X{hl d jkoz%fr%kt{gzw x~dp dppkdrxzf ok d xfek~ldz efrk pid{xgoik dpprfdhl zldm rkt{grgmn hfmzgmnkmzhdpgzdi) ~lkrkow dm gmx{rkr prfqgjkx zlk mkhkxxdrw hdpgzdi xlf{ij zlk odmcnkz gmzf d hkrzdgm jknrkk f jg h{izw-48 Zlk prfoike gm zlgx hdxk gx zldz gmd xwxzkegh hrgxgx zlk o{rjkm fm gmx{rkrx edw okhfek zff nrkdz okhd{xk f

xge{izdmkf{x jkedmjx rfe xkqkrdi odmcx- G kgzlkr f zlkxk dpprfdhlkxhdm ok gepikekmzkj) zlk mkkj zf rkiw fm zlk zd|pdwkr hdm ok nrkdziwrkj{hkj dmj mdzgfmdigdzgfm hdm dhz{diiw ok zlk idxz rkxfrz-

Zlkrk gx d hikdr igmc okz~kkm zlkxk hfmhkrmx fqkr rkxfi{zgfm dmj zlkgeprfqkekmzx gm eghrfpr{jkmzgdi rkn{idzgfm jgxh{xxkj gm xkhzgfm 4-?-?- Gzldx okhfek dppdrkmz zf xfek d{zlfrgzgkx dx d rkx{iz f zlk prkxkmz hrgxgxzldz zlkrk drk gepfrzdmz jgkrkmhkx okz~kkm zlk xf{rhkx f d odmcx hdpgzdizldz dkhz gzx dogigzw zf xzdogigk zlk gmxzgz{zgfm gm zlk kqkmz f d xlfhc- Gz gxrkdiiw fmiw kt{gzw zldz hdm ok {xkj ~lgik zlk odmc gx xzgii r{mmgmn- Lkmhk)

Odxki 8 ldx x{oxzdmzgdiiw gmhrkdxkj kt{gzw rkt{grkekmzx-Gz gx {x{diiw qkrw jg h{iz zf prfhkkj zf rkhdpgzdigdzgfm ~gzlf{z zlfr%

f{nliw djjrkxxgmn zlk t{kxzgfm f zlk qdi{dzgfm f gepdgrkj dxxkzx,Djdex) Hldpzkr 40'- Z~f zkhlmgt{kx drk mfrediiw kepifwkj- Fmk gx zfx{ppfrz k|gxzgmn frndmgdzgfmx xf zldz dxxkzx drk ckpz fm zlk odidmhk xlkkz)o{z x{obkhz zlke zf xfek ifxx%xldrgmn dnrkkekmz- Zlk fzlkr gx zf xzrgpdxxkzx dizfnkzlkr rfe odmcx zldz drk zrf{oikj dmj pidhk zlke gm dxxkzedmdnkekmz hfepdmgkx ,DEHx' fr odj odmcx-4: Zlk frekr rf{zk xzdmjxd okzzkr hldmhk f dqfgjgmn ldqgmn zlk DEH pdw fqkr zlk fjjx fr dxxkzx

zldz hdmmfz ok qdi{kj rdpgjiw) dmj gmhrkdxkx zlk hldmhkx zldz zlk dxxkzx ~giiok ~kii edmdnkj- Fzlkr~gxk) odmcx ~gii zrw zf f fdj dii zlkgr ~frxz dxxkzxdz gmdzkj prghkx dmj edw ldre ikmjgmn zf nkz zlk khfmfew rkxzdrzkj) dxDEHx drk ikxx igckiw zf rfii fqkr ifdmx dmj edw ok {mdoik zf fkr mk~ikmjgmn- Fm zlk fzlkr ldmj) ckkpgmn zlk prfoike dxxkzx gm k|gxzgmn odmcxedw ckkp zlfxk odmcx {mjkr prkxx{rk dmj mfz kmj zlk jdmnkrf{x hwhik fk|pkhzkj ifxxkx zldz rkx{iz gm zlk mkkj zf xkii dxxkzx) ~lghl {rzlkr jkprkxxkxzlkgr prghk) ~lghl zlkm rkt{grkx {rzlkr dxxkz xdikx- Zlk ckw zdxc gx zf jkhgjkrdpgjiw ~lghl odmcx jf mfz mkkj dxxgxzdmhk) ~lghl ldqk prfoikex zldz hdm

ok djjrkxxkj) dmj ~lghl xgepiw rkt{grk gmzkrqkmzgfm dmj rkxfi{zgfm-


32/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx 4;

4-8-8 Gxx{kx _kidzkj zf Jkpfxgz Gmx{rdmhk

Zlkrk ldx okkm gmhrkdxgmn {xk f jkpfxgz gmx{rdmhk gm Dxgd) dmj zlkEdidwxgdm d{zlfrgzgkx ldqk okkm defmn zlk ikdjkrx gm gepikekmzgmn xzdmj%drjx dmj prgmhgpikx fr ~ldz zlkgr xwxzkex drk zf dhlgkqk- Mkqkrzlkikxx) zlkk|pkrgkmhk gm K{rfpk gm zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx ldx kepldxgkj aqk edgm dgi%gmnx gm jkpfxgz gmx{rdmhk xwxzkex- Agrxz f dii) zlk xwxzke edw mfz ok doikzf fkr pkfpik x{ hgkmziw hfmzgm{f{x dhhkxx zf zlkgr dhhf{mzx- Lkmhk)zlkw r{xl zf ~gzljrd~ zlkgr jkpfxgzx b{xz dx zlkw ~f{ij ~gzlf{z gmx{r%dmhk) dmj nkmkrdzk zlk xfrz f rkzdgi r{m zldz jkpfxgz gmx{rdmhk gx jkxgnmkjzf dqfgj- Xkhfmj) hfqkrdnk ldx okkm f{mj zf ok gmdjkt{dzk dmj jkpfxgzgmx{rdmhk ikqkix ldqk okkm rdgxkj- Zlgrj) xfek {mjx ldqk okkm {mdoik

zf hfpk ~gzl zlk jkedmjx pidhkj fm zlke dmj) gm zlk hdxk f Ghkidmj) zlkhf{mzrw dx d ~lfik hf{ij mfz x{ppfrz gzx {mj x{ hgkmziw fr dii hidgex zfok ekz- Af{rzl) xfek hf{mzrgkx ldqk f{mj zldz zlkw mkkj zf fkr ~gjkrn{drdmzkkx zf hrkjgzfrx) xprkdjgmn ~kii okwfmj b{xz jkpfxgzfrx- Gm zlk hdxkf Grkidmj zlgx ldx rkx{izkj gm x{hl d idrnk pdwf{z zldz zlk nfqkrmekmzkii dmj zlk xfiqkmhw f zlk hf{mzrw dx d ~lfik ~dx zlrkdzkmkj xdqkj owd bfgmz K[GEA odgif{z- Idxziw) zlkrk ldqk okkm xkrgf{x prfoikex ~gzlzlk gmx{rdmhk f jkpfxgzfrx gm hrfxx%ofrjkr odmcx zldz ldqk fpkrdzkjzlrf{nl ordmhlkx gm fzlkr K[ hf{mzrgkx- Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx zlkrkfrk mkkj

zf hlkhc zlkgr drrdmnkekmzx dndgmxz h{rrkmz xzdmjdrjx dx xkz f{z ow zlkGmzkrmdzgfmdi Dxxfhgdzgfm f Jkpfxgz Gmx{rkrx ,?007'-

Zlk rkxfrz zf oidmckz n{drdmzkkx) ~lgik idrnkiw hfxzikxx dmj qkrw kkh%zgqk g d hrgxgx jfkx mfz jkkpkm dmj zlkw drk mfz gm dhz hdiikj {pfm) hdm dxGrkidmj ldx jgxhfqkrkj okhfek qkrw k|pkmxgqk dmj idhc hrkjgogigzw g dhrgxgx okhfekx qkrw xkrgf{x ,Djdex) Hldpzkr 40'- Zf xfek k|zkmz) hf{m%zrgkx edw amj gz jg h{iz zf rkxgxz zlk hdii fr x{hl n{drdmzkkx jkxpgzk zlkefrdi lddrj gmqfiqkj g zlkgr {xk gm fzlkr hf{mzrgkx okhfekx ~gjkxprkdj-Lkrk) d jknrkk f prgfr hffrjgmdzgfm defmn Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx xdw) dx pdrz

f zlk prfpfxkj Dxgdm amdmhgdi xzdogigzw jgdifn{k ,DAXJ' egnlz lkip)o{z x{hl hfeegzekmzx hdm fzkm prfqk qdi{kikxx gm zlk lkdz f d hrgxgx-

4-: BFGMZ _KNGFMDI HFMZ_GO[ZGFMX ZFOKZZK_ H_GXGX DQFGJDMHK DMJ H_GXGXEDMDNKEKMZ

^lgik gmjgqgj{di hf{mzrgkx hdm jf e{hl zf geprfqk zlkgr rkxgigkmhk zf

hrgxkx) edmw Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx drk rkidzgqkiw xedii dmj ~gii di~dwx ok q{i%mkrdoik zf k|zkrmdi xlfhcx- Zlkrk gx zl{x dm gepfrzdmz rfik fr gmhrkdxkjrkngfmdi hffpkrdzgfm- Lf~kqkr) zlgx gmhrkdxkj amdmhgdi gmzkrjkpkmjkmhk


33/296


fr e{z{di okmkaz ~gzl rkxpkhz zf hrgxkx ~gii dixf zkmj zf fkr okmkazxdz dmw zgek- Fmk k|depik gx zlk jkqkifpekmz f ofmj edrckzx zldz ~giilkip jkqkifp xf{rhkx fr amdmhgmn gmqkxzekmz ~gzlgm zlk rkngfm zf ikxxkmjkpkmjkmhk fm k|pfrzx- Xkhzgfm 4-:-4 hfmxgjkrx zlk jkqkifpekmz f ofmjedrckzx okfrk zlk hldpzkr efqkx fm zf hfmxgjkr zlk ~gjkr dxpkhzx f gmzk%nrdzgfm gm xkhzgfm 4-:-?- Xkhzgfm 4-:-8 hfmxgjkrx fmk xpkhgah prfpfxdi zldzldx okkm ~gjkiw fdzkj2 zlk gjkd f jkqkifpgmn dm DAXJ zldz ~f{ij lkiphf{mzrgkx jkqkifp d hfeefm dpprfdhl zf prfoikex- Zlk amdi x{oxkhzgfm)4-:-:) kqdi{dzkx gjkdx fr nrkdzkr rkn{idzfrw hffpkrdzgfm-

4-:-4 Jkkpkmgmn Dxgdm Ofmj Edrckzx

Gm zlk jkhdjk xgmhk zlk 477>477< Dxgdm amdmhgdi hrgxgx) Dxgdm ofmjedrckzx ldqk x{oxzdmzgdiiw k|pdmjkj gm xgk- Zlgx gx pdrziw okhd{xk fgmgzgdzgqkx x{hl dx zlk Dxgdm Ofmj Edrckzx Gmgzgdzgqk dmj zlk Dxgdm OfmjA{mjx) o{z dixf okhd{xk f xpkhgdi dhzfrx x{hl dx zlk ~gjkxprkdj gxx{dmhkf xzkrgigdzgfm ofmjx ow nfqkrmekmzx- Mkqkrzlkikxx) zlkxk edrckzx drkxzgii rkidzgqkiw {mjkqkifpkj hfepdrkj zf zlk rkngfmx xldrk f zlk ~frijkhfmfew) kxpkhgdiiw gm zlk hdxk f prgqdzk xkhzfr ofmjx- A{rzlkr jkkpkm%gmn hf{ij hfmzrgo{zk zf kmldmhgmn amdmhgdi xzdogigzw dmj prfefzgmn drkodidmhgmn f nrf~zl zf~drj jfekxzgh jkedmj ow lkipgmn zf hldmmki

zlk lgnl ikqki f rkngfmdi xdqgmnx zf gmqkxzekmz prfbkhzx ,ofzl p{oighdmj prgqdzk' dmj hfmx{epzgfm ~gzlgm zlk rkngfm- Dxgjk rfe prfoikexf xhdik) Kghlkmnrkkm dmj I{kmnmdr{kegzhldg ,?001' lgnlignlz xkqkrdifoxzdhikx zf zlk jkqkifpekmz f ofmj edrckzx gm zlk Dxgd dmj Pdhgahrkngfm dmj djqfhdzk qdrgf{x rkfrex zf x{ppfrz amdmhgdi edrckzx) x{hldx geprfqgmn odmcr{pzhw ikngxidzgfm) rkj{hgmn zlk jknrkk f hfrr{pzgfm)xzrkmnzlkmgmn xkh{rgzgkx edrckz rkn{idzgfm) rkefqgmn hdpgzdi hfmzrfix)dmj djfpzgmn gmzkrmdzgfmdi dhhf{mzgmn xzdmjdrjx- Zlk qkrw prkxkmhk fhdpgzdi hfmzrfix) ow ckkpgmn ofmj edrckzx {mjkrjkqkifpkj) rkj{hkx zlk

dppdrkmz gmhkmzgqk zf kmj zlfxk hfmzrfix- Gm djjgzgfm) zlkrk drk rkn{id%zfrw rkfrex mkhkxxdrw zf geprfqk hfrpfrdzk nfqkrmdmhk ,Mkxzfr dmjZlfepxfm 47773 Zlfepxfm dmj Pffm ?000' dmj qdrgf{x oi{kprgmzx framdmhgdi edrckz jkqkifpekmz zf ok edjk ,Bgdmn dmj EhHd{ikw ?00:3 Pdrcdmj Pdrc ?008'-

J{k zf xedii edrckz xgk) edmw ofmj gxx{krx gm Dxgd drk xzgii mfzhfqkrkj ow zlk edbfr nifodi hrkjgz rdzgmn dnkmhgkx- Zlgx rkj{hkx zlkgmqkxzfr odxk) dx edmw idrnk ^kxzkrm gmxzgz{zgfmdi gmqkxzfrx) x{hl dxpkmxgfm {mjx) rkt{grk zldz zlk ofmjx gmhi{jkj gm zlkgr pfrzfigfx ok

rdzkj ow gmzkrmdzgfmdi hrkjgz rdzgmn dnkmhgkx- Gm djjgzgfm) zlk prkxkmhk fd xgnmgahdmz nfqkrmekmz xkhzfr edw hrf~j f{z hfrpfrdzk gxx{krx- Zlgxgx hikdriw igmckj zf zlk {mjkrjkqkifpekmz f xfek prgqdzk ofmj edrckzx


34/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx 4>

,fr k|depik gm Gmjgd) Mk~ Rkdidmj) dmj Pdcgxzdm' ,Odzzkm) Lfndm dmjXgidnwg) Hldpzkr 4?'-

Dii zlkxk dhzfrx gmlgogz zlk xgk f zlk edrckz) ~lghl) gm z{rm) jgxhf{r%dnkx edrckz pdrzghgpdmzx) ikdjgmn zf d cgmj f if~%ikqki kt{gigorg{e zrdp-Kqkm gm hf{mzrgkx ~lkrk zlk nfqkrmekmz ldx dhzgqkiw xf{nlz zf jkqkifpedrckzx) x{hhkxx ldx okkm lgmjkrkj ow zlk idhc f prfdhzgqk gmqfiqkekmz fedrckz pdrzghgpdmzx- Afr k|depik) xkk Cfrkdx dgi{rk zf jkqkifp d qgdoikfrkgnm ofmj zrdjgmn dmj gxx{dmhk edrckz jkxpgzk zlk okxz kfrzx f pfig%hwedckrx ,Odzzkm) Lfndm dmj Xgidnwg) Hldpzkr 4?'-

Jkxpgzk zlk kfrzx dmj zlk prfnrkxx edjk gm jkqkifpgmn edrckzx) zlkrkgx x{oxzdmzgdi pfzkmzgdi zf k|pdmj Dxgdm ofmj edrckzx {rzlkr- Agrxz)kmhf{rdngmn frkgnm ofmj gxx{dmhk gm ifhdi edrckzx gx igckiw zf orgmn

rkngfmdi edrckzx hifxkr zf nifodi xzdmjdrjx- X{prdmdzgfmdi hfrpfrdzgfmx)x{hl dx zlk ^frij Odmc) hdm pidw d ckw rfik gm jkqkifpgmn zlk hfrpfrdzkofmj edrckz) dx zlgx edrckz gx diefxz kmzgrkiw f lgnl hrkjgz t{digzw) hfe%prgxgmn xfqkrkgnm) x{prdmdzgfmdi) dmj edbfr gmzkrmdzgfmdi odmc gxx{krx,Odzzkm) Lfndm dmj Xgidnwg) Hldpzkr 4?'- Dx mfzkj ow Lfxhlcd ,?00;')zlk prkxkmhk f lgnliw rdzkj e{izgmdzgfmdi hfrpfrdzgfmx gm d jfekxzgh ifhdih{rrkmhw ofmj edrckz edw dhz{diiw hrf~j gm ifhdi gxx{dmhk) okhd{xke{izgmdzgfmdix drk igckiw zf ok k|pkrgkmhkj gm rdgxgmn hdpgzdi zlrf{nlzlgx hldmmki dmj hdm jkkpkm zlk edrckzx fr zlkgr jfekxzgh hf{mzkrpdrzx

,Xpgknki) Hldpzkr 44'- Gm djjgzgfm) frkgnm arex zldz rdgxk {mjx gm Dxgdmedrckzx ~gzl zlk gmzkmzgfm f x~dppgmn zlkxk {mjx gmzf fzlkr h{rrkmhgkxhdm hfmzrgo{zk zf zlk jkqkifpekmz f hrfxx%h{rrkmhw x~dp edrckzx- Zlgx gxjkxgrdoik fr ifhdi gxx{krx zldz gxx{k dorfdj dmj ~gxl zf lkjnk zlkxk gxx{kxzf dqfgj k|pfx{rk zf h{rrkmhw egxedzhlkx ,Xpgknki) Hldpzkr 44'-

Xkhfmj) nfqkrmekmzx hdm geprfqk zlkgr jkoz edmdnkekmz- _gxc%rkkokmhledrcx drk dm gmzknrdi dmj mkhkxxdrw rkt{grkekmz fr prghgmn dmjlkjngmn gm zlk hfrpfrdzk ofmj edrckz- [izgedzkiw) zlk rgxc%rkk nfqkrm%ekmz ofmj prfqgjkx zlk okmhledrc fr hrkjgz xprkdjx- Zl{x) gz gx hrgzghdi zf

rkhfnmgk zldz djkt{dzk igt{gjgzw e{xz ok edgmzdgmkj) grrkxpkhzgqk f axhdirkt{grkekmzx ,Odzzkm) Lfndm dmj Xgidnwg) Hldpzkr 4?'-Geprfqgmn amdmhgdi gmrdxzr{hz{rk hdm dixf hfmzrgo{zk- Nifodiiw) zlk

nrkdz edbfrgzw f ofmjx ,


35/296

4< Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

ow kmhf{rdngmn rkngfmdi rdzgmn dnkmhgkx dmj prfefzgmn dhzgqgzgkx ow nifodirdzgmn dnkmhgkx ,Xpgknki) Hldpzkr 44'- Nifodi dmj rkngfmdi rdzgmn dnkmhgkxldqk zlkgr xzrkmnzlx dmj ~kdcmkxxkx) o{z zlk okxz xzrdzknw gx igckiw zf okfmk zldz kmhf{rdnkx djjgzgfmdi hfqkrdnk ow ofzl- Lf~kqkr) zlk hfmghzxf gmzkrkxz zldz ldqk hfeprfegxkj zlk gmjkpkmjkmhk dmj gepdrzgdigzw frdzgmnx e{xz ok djjrkxxkj-

Gz gx dixf gepfrzdmz zf jkqkifp d rfo{xz) xzdoik dmj xkh{rk jfekxzghamdmhgdi xwxzke zf kmhf{rdnk ofzl gxx{krx dmj gmqkxzfrx- Edmw edrckzgepkrkhzgfmx gm Dxgdm edrckzx drk xki%gmj{hkj- Afr k|depik) ~gzllfij%gmn zd|kx dmj ikndi hfmxzrdgmzx hfeogmk zf xknekmz edrckzx rfe nifodihdpgzdi ,Bgdmn dmj EhHd{ikw ?00:' dmj dppkdr zf ok d edbfr jkzkrrkmzzf gmqkxzfrx- _ki{hzdmhk ow xfek h{rrkmhw d{zlfrgzgkx zf pkregz fqkrxkdx

zrdmxdhzgfmx gm zlkgr h{rrkmhw gx dmfzlkr odrrgkr- F hf{rxk) amdmhgdijkrkn{idzgfm kmzdgix rgxcx) dmj mkkjx zf ok gepikekmzkj b{jghgf{xiw-

Afr edmw Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx) gmhrkdxkx gm ofmj edrckz xgk dx d xldrk fNJP drk {migckiw zf ok x{ hgkmz zf fozdgm zlk xhdik khfmfegkx mkhkxxdrwzf dhlgkqk zlk hfxz rkj{hzgfmx zldz drk djkt{dzk zf hfepkzk x{hhkxx{iiw~gzl fxlfrk ofmj edrckzx- Gmxzkdj) zlk dhlgkqkekmz f djkt{dzk xhdikkhfmfegkx gx igckiw zf rkt{grk hffpkrdzgfm dz zlk rkngfmdi ikqki- Zlkgr okxzprfxpkhz gx xfek cgmj f rkngfmdi h{rrkmhw odxckz zldz ~f{ij egzgndzk zlkh{rrkmhw k|pfx{rk f gxx{krx) dizlf{nl mfz kigegmdzk gz kmzgrkiw ,Xpgknki)

Hldpzkr 44'- Zlk k|depik f K{rfpkdm ofmj edrckzx gx gmxzr{hzgqk- Ldikdmj Xpgknki ,?007' f{mj zldz x{oxkt{kmz zf zlk id{mhl f khfmfegh dmjefmkzdrw {mgfm gm K{rfpk) zlkrk ~dx d 8;-8 pkrhkmz gmhrkdxk gm zlk prfo%dogigzw f gxx{gmn gm k{rfx rkidzgqk zf prk%{mgfm mdzgfmdi h{rrkmhgkx defmnmfm%amdmhgdi arex gm gmzkrmdzgfmdi ofmj edrckzx- Kqkm okfrk zlk djfp%zgfm f zlk k{rf) zlk jkqkifpekmz f zlk K{rfpkdm H{rrkmhw [mgz ikj zf drdpgj k|pdmxgfm f K{rfpkdm H{rrkmhw [mgz%jkmfegmdzkj ofmj gxx{kx gmK{rfpk- Zlk djfpzgfm f dm Dxgdm h{rrkmhw {mgz egnlz rkx{iz gm d xgegidrgmhrkdxk gm gxx{dmhk ~gzlgm zlk rkngfm-

Agmdiiw) Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx ~gii ldqk zf x{xzdgm prfnrkxx gm zlk rkngfmdildrefmgdzgfm f rkn{idzfrw xzdmjdrjx-

4-:-? Xf{rhkx f Ndgm rfe _kngfmdi Gmzknrdzgfm

Zlk k|pkrgkmhk f K{rfpk gm zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx ldx xlf~m zlkdjqdmzdnkx f zlk e{z{di x{ppfrz f hifxkr gmzknrdzgfm) o{z dixf zlk prfo%ikex fr dm gmjgqgj{di hf{mzrw drgxgmn rfe okgmn lgz ow d ldrxl gmjgqgj{dixlfhc- Zlk k{rf rkedgmkj xzdoik zlrf{nlf{z zlk edgm pdrz f zlk hrgxgx)

xf hf{mzrgkx dqfgjkj h{rrkmhw%gmj{hkj gmxzdogigzw zldz hf{ij fzlkr~gxkldqk djjkj zf zlkgr prfoikex- Zlfxk hf{mzrgkx zldz ldqk kmhf{mzkrkjxkrgf{x odmcgmn prfoikex ldqk idrnkiw xf~m zlk xkkjx f zlkgr jgxzrkxx


36/296


zlkexkiqkx) pdrzgh{idriw zlrf{nl pkregzzgmn fqkrikqkrdnk dmj zlrf{nlgmx{ hgkmz rkndrj fr kmx{rgmn igt{gjgzw- Zlk hf{mzrgkx f zlk k{rffmkzldz prkqgf{xiw ldj zf pdw ~gjk gmzkrkxz rdzk xprkdjx o{z ldqk mfz dhkjx{hl prfoikex ldqk idrnkiw okkm doik zf rkzdgm zlk ndgmx f okgmn pdrz fd idrnkr h{rrkmhw drkd- Lf~kqkr) efrk rkhkmz k|pkrgkmhk ldx xlf~m zldzhf{mzrgkx ~gzl axhdi ~kdcmkxx) x{hl dx Nrkkhk) Grkidmj dmj) gmhrkdxgmniw)Pfrz{ndi dmj Xpdgm) hdm xzgii ok q{imkrdoik zf edrckzx kqkm gm d efmkzdrw{mgfm- Mkqkrzlkikxx) zlk k{rffmk ekeokr xzdzkx ldqk okkm prkpdrkj zfp{z zfnkzlkr kekrnkmhw amdmhgmn f 0->; zrgiigfm k{rfx zf ngqk zlk xzrkxxkjhf{mzrgkx zgek zf rkxzr{hz{rk zlkgr amdmhkx-

^gmcikr ,Hldpzkr >' drn{kx zldz hifxkr khfmfegh rkidzgfmx gm zlk K[dmj okwfmj ldqk fkrkj hikdr okmkazx zf zlk jkqkifpekmz f zlk rkngfm-

Zlkxk okmkazx rkidzk mfz xgepiw zf dm geprfqkj rdzk f nrf~zl) o{z dixfzf dm dogigzw zf ~gzlxzdmj xlfhcx- Khfmfegh dmj amdmhgdi gmzknrdzgfm gmDxgd gx dz efxz dz zlk ikqki gz ~dx gm K{rfpk ?0 wkdrx dnf- Zlkrk gx) zlkrk%frk) d prged dhgk hdxk zldz hifxkr rkngfmdi rkidzgfmxlgpx ~f{ij dxxgxz Dxgddx ~kii ,Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc ?00:'- Lf~kqkr) gz gx gepfrzdmz mfzzf k|dnnkrdzk zlk okmkazx- Xfek hf{mzrgkx zldz ldqk kgzlkr djfpzkj zlkk{rf ,Grkidmj fr k|depik' fr ldqk k{rf%odhckj h{rrkmhw ofdrjx ,zldz gx)zlk Odizgh Xzdzkx' ldqk okkm pdrzgh{idriw ldrj lgz ow zlk prkxkmz hrgxgx dxzlkw ldqk mfz okkm doik zf jkprkhgdzk zlkgr h{rrkmhgkx gm rkxpfmxk zf idrnkr

zldm dqkrdnk djqkrxk xlfhcx) dmj ldqk lkmhk k|pkrgkmhkj x{oxzdmzgdi rkdif{zp{z jkhigmkx- A{rzlkrefrk) K[ dmj K{rfpkdm Khfmfegh Drkd hf{m%zrgkx ldqk rkdigkj zldz zlkgr edhrfpr{jkmzgdi prkpdrkjmkxx dx d rkngfm ~dx~kdc dmj zldz zlkgr pidmx fr ldmjigmn hrfxx%ofrjkr prfoikex) pdrzgh{idriw~lkrk odmcx r{m dhrfxx ofrjkrx) ~krk xkrgf{xiw jkahgkmz ,jk Idrfxgrk?007'- Gm ?040) prfpfxdix ~krk edjk ow zlk K{rfpkdm Hfeegxxgfm frK{rfpkdm rkxfi{zgfm {mjx zf prfqgjk d o{kr fr idrnk hrfxx%ofrjkrodmcx kmhf{mzkrgmn prfoikex- Dx d rkx{iz) zlk K{rfpkdm Hfeegxxgfmxkz {p zlk K{rfpkdm Xwxzkegh _gxc Ofdrj gm Bdm{drw ?044) ikj ow zlk

K{rfpkdm Hkmzrdi Odmc) dmj pidmx zf jkqkifp dm kmldmhkj K{rfpkdmxwxzke f amdmhgdi x{pkrqgxfrx- Zlkxk drk fmiw xzkpx difmn d rfdj) o{z zlkwdrk jkqkifpekmzx ~frzlw f mfzk gm zlk Dxgdm rkngfm) dx drk zlk kdriw xzkpxgm zlk prfhkxx f amdmhgdi gmzknrdzgfm- Zlkxk jkqkifpekmzx ~f{ij jfqkzdgi~gzl zlk prfpfxdi fr mdzgfmdi xwxzkegh rgxc hf{mhgix djqfhdzkj ow Djdex,Hldpzkr 40' ,xkk xkhzgfm 4-?-8 dofqk'-

4-:-8 DAXJ

Fmk f zlk efxz gepfrzdmz xzkpx gm rkngfmdi hffpkrdzgfm gx okzzkr gmfred%zgfm dmj dmdiwxgx) zf {mjkrxzdmj zlk k|zkmz f zlk amdmhgdi gmzkrjkpkmjkm%hgkx gm zlk Dxgdm rkngfm dmj zf dxxkxx zlk hldiikmnkx zlkxk pfxk dmj lf~


37/296

?0 Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

zlkw hdm okxz ok djjrkxxkj- K{rfpk ldx fmk ckw djqdmzdnk fqkr Dxgd gm zlgxrkndrj- Dz zlk f{zxkz) gm 47;1) zlk K{rfpkdm Hfee{mgzw xkz {p d hkmzrdifrndmgdzgfm) zlk K{rfpkdm Hfeegxxgfm) ~lfxk zdxc gz gx zf prfefzk zlkprfhkxx f gmzknrdzgfm- Fzlkr gmxzgz{zgfmx ldqk xgmhk okkm djjkj) gmhi{jgmnefxz mfzdoiw zlk K{rfpkdm Hkmzrdi Odmc- Hfrrkxpfmjgmn Dxgdm gmxzgz{%zgfmx) gmxfdr dx zlkw k|gxz) drk xedii dmj ldqk igzzik pf~kr ow hfepdrg%xfm- Lkmhk) zf edck x{oxzdmzgdi prfnrkxx gm geprfqgmn rkngfmdi amdmhgdixzdogigzw) zlkrk mkkjx zf ok d x{gzdoik jrgqgmn frhk- Pi{eekr ,Hldpzkr


38/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx ?4

~gzl edzhlgmn hfeegzzkkx f Dxgdm odmcgmn x{pkrqgxfrx) Dxgdm xkh{rgzgkxdmj {z{rkx x{pkrqgxfrx) dmj Dxgdm gmx{rdmhk dmj pkmxgfm x{pkrqgxfrx-Zlkw xkk zlkxk hfeegzzkkx dx gjkmzgwgmn drkdx ~lkrk hfeefm rkn{idzfrwdrrdmnkekmzx ~f{ij ok lkip{i- Lf~kqkr) ~lgik zlkw egnlz ok doik zfjkqkifp x{hl rkhfeekmjdzgfmx) gz ~gii xzgii ok {p zf zlk gmjgqgj{di hf{m%zrgkx zf gepikekmz x{hl hldmnk-

Pi{eekr ,Hldpzkr


39/296

?? Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

dhzgfmx {mjkrzdckm zl{x dr ow zlk gmzkrmdzgfmdi hfee{mgzw dx zlk hrgxgxldx kqfiqkj drk gmx{ hgkmz- ^lgik zlk mk~ Agmdmhgdi Xzdogigzw Ofdrj gx dmgeprfqkekmz fm gzx prkjkhkxxfr zlk Agmdmhgdi Xzdogigzw Afr{e) gz gx mfzigckiw zf ldqk zlk xzd zf {mjkrzdck dhzgfm fm zlk xhdik rkt{grkj- Mdzgfmdid{zlfrgzgkx ~gii rkzdgm pf~kr dmj) lkmhk) gz ~gii ok jg h{iz zf nkz zlkezf dhz ~gzlf{z kkhzgqk frex f hfep{ixgfm- Gmzkrmdzgfmdi dzzkepzx zfldmjik hrfxx%ofrjkr odmcx ldqk okkm x{hhkxx{i gm gjkmzgwgmn zlk prfo%ikex o{z mfz zlk xfi{zgfmx- Kqkm gm zlk K[) ~lkrk zlk gmzkrmdzgfmdigdzgfmf zlk amdmhgdi xwxzke gx dm k|pighgz fobkhzgqk) zlkw ldqk mfz wkz okkm doikzf djjrkxx zlk prfoike-

4-; HFMHI[JGMN _KED_CX

Dii hf{mzrgkx ldqk rkhkgqkj d ~dck%{p hdii rfe zlk prkxkmz amdmhgdihrgxgx- Afrz{mdzkiw) efxz gm zlk Dxgdm rkngfm ldqk fmiw okkm x{obkhz zfdm khfmfegh xlfhc) o{z zldz ldx okkm qkrw ldrxl fr hf{mzrgkx ~gzl idrnkk|pfrz xkhzfrx- Lf~kqkr) zlk jgxz{rogmn k|pkrgkmhk f fzlkr hf{mzrgkx zldzzlf{nlz zlkw ldj nffj xwxzkex fr hrgxgx dqfgjdmhk dmj edmdnkekmzxlf~x zldz gz gx kxxkmzgdi fr Dxgdm hf{mzrgkx zf zdck zlgx fppfrz{mgzw zfrkqgk~ zlkgr amdmhgdi rkn{idzfrw xwxzkex- Dx d rkx{iz f k|pkrgkmhgmn zlkgr

f~m hrgxgx fmiw b{xz fqkr d jkhdjk dnf) zlkw ldqk ofzl xzrkmnzlkmkj zlkgrxwxzkex dmj gmxzgz{zkj d rdmnk f o{krx zldz gmx{idzk zlke dr okzzkr zldm~dx zlk hdxk gm zlk 4770x- Mkqkrzlkikxx) ofzl zkhlmgt{kx dmj k|pkrgkmhkldqk efqkj fm dmj zlkrk drk mk~ ikxxfmx zf ikdrm- Edmw f zlkxk ikxxfmxhdm ok gepikekmzkj dz zlk mdzgfmdi ikqki) o{z xfek drk rkngfmdi gxx{kxdmj zlk k|pkrgkmhk f K{rfpk x{nnkxzx zldz zlkrk gx d rdmnk f ekdx{rkxzldz hdm ok gepikekmzkj zf geprfqk zlk dogigzw ofzl zf dqfgj hrgxkx dmjzf ~gzlxzdmj xlfhcx- Zlk jkqkifpekmz f rdek~frcx fr edhrfpr{jkm%zgdi pfighw) hffrjgmdzkj hrgxgx edmdnkekmz dmj rkxfi{zgfm) dmj rkngfmdi

hffpkrdzgfm) dx ~kii dx zlk jkkpkmgmn f ifhdi%h{rrkmhw ofmj edrckzx)rdmc lgnl defmn zlkxk- Lf~kqkr) x{hl ekdx{rkx ~gii mkkj zf ok hffrjg%mdzkj ~gzl zlk fmnfgmn ~frc f gmzkrmdzgfmdi gmxzgz{zgfmx) pdrzgh{idriw zlkOdxki Hfeegzzkk fm Odmcgmn X{pkrqgxgfm dmj zlk Gmzkrmdzgfmdi EfmkzdrwA{mj) mfz b{xz zf geprfqk edhrfpr{jkmzgdi dmj eghrfpr{jkmzgdi xzdogigzw)o{z zf prfqgjk hrfxx%ofrjkr gmx{idzgfm dmj dhzgfm dx ~kii-

MFZKX

4- Zlk hfmkrkmhk) kmzgzikj Nifodi Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgx2 Agmdmhgdi Xkhzfr _kfre dmj_kn{idzgfm) ~dx lkij gm B{iw ?007 gm Zfcwf-


40/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx ?8

?- Edhrfpr{jkmzgdi xzdogigzw gx d hfmhkpz zldz ldx kekrnkj gm rkhkmz wkdrx) ~lghl rkkhzxzlk ~gxl zf xkk zldz zlk khfmfew dx d ~lfik) dmj zlk amdmhgdi xwxzke ~gzlgm gz) fpkrdzkxgm d edmmkr zldz ~gii kmx{rk xzdogigzw- Gz gx d zfp%jf~m pkrxpkhzgqk zf hfepikekmz zlkifmnxzdmjgmn rkt{grkekmz zldz kdhl gmjgqgj{di amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfm xlf{ij ok fpkrdzkjpr{jkmziw gm d ofzzfe%{p hfmzrgo{zgfm zf zlk xzdogigzw f zlk xwxzke- Gz rkkhzx zlk qkrwfoqgf{x kqgjkmhk rfe rkhkmz k|pkrgkmhk zldz d ofzzfe%{p dpprfdhl difmk gx xkrgf{xiwjkahgkmz-

8- Dmj pfxxgoiw zlk nfqkrmekmz) dx gz ldx zlk edgm zffix zlrf{nl axhdi pfighw-:- HDEKIX gx dm doorkqgdzgfm fr hdpgzdi djkt{dhw) dxxkz t{digzw) edmdnkekmz) kdrmgmnx)

igt{gjgzw dmj xkmxgzgqgzw zf edrckz rgxc-;- [mzgi rkhkmziw) edmw hf{mzrgkx ldj kmbfwkj fqkr d jkhdjk ~gzlf{z d xkrgf{x jf~mz{rm

xf zlkrk ~dx igzzik fppfrz{mgzw zf b{jnk dhh{rdzkiw lf~ edmw dxxkzx ~f{ij drk gm x{hlhgrh{exzdmhkx-

1- [mfrz{mdzkiw) zlk ikmnzl f zlk Nrkdz Efjkrdzgfm ~dx x{ hgkmz zldz) ow ?00:) zlkrk~dx d xzrfmn drn{ekmz zldz prfqgxgfmgmn ldj okhfek k|hkxxgqk dmj zlk xwxzke ~dxkdxkj- Lf~kqkr) gz mf~ xkkex igckiw zldz zlkrk ~dx gmx{ hgkmz prfqgxgfmgmn fr zlk

prkxkmz hrgxgx dx d rkx{iz->- Akrmmjk jk Igx dmj Ndrhd%Lkrrkrf ,Hldpzkr :' drn{k xzrfmniw gm dqfr f odmc

dhzgqgzw%rkidzkj prfqgxgfmgmn) xgepiw okhd{xk zlgx) {migck NJP) gx xfekzlgmn zlk odmcxzlkexkiqkx hdm dkhz- A{rzlkrefrk) zlk d{zlfrgzgkx ldqk jgrkhz dhhkxx zf odmc%rkidzkjjdzd) ~lghl drk ikxx igckiw zf ok rkqgxkj zldm NJP dmj drk dqdgidoik efrk rkt{kmziw dmjt{ghciw-


41/296

?: Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

~gzlgm dm gmxzgz{zgfm- Zlkw hdm ok prgqdzkiw r{m fr f~mkj ow zlk xzdzk- Kdhl zkhlmgt{kldx gzx x{ppfrzkrx dmj hrgzghx-

4;- Ekeokr hf{mzrgkx drk Or{mkg Jdr{xxdide) Hdeofjgd) zlk Pkfpikx _kp{oigh f Hlgmd)Gmjfmkxgd) Bdpdm) Cfrkd) Idf Pkfpikx Jkefhrdzgh _kp{oigh) Edidwxgd) Ewdmedr) zlkPlgigppgmkx) Xgmndpfrk) Zldgidmj dmj Qgkz Mde-

_KAK_KMHKX

Dmjrgzcw) B-) B- Cg) I- Cfjrkx) P- Edjrgj) D- Edkhlikr) D- Mdrdgdm) M- Xdhdxddmj B- Xhdridzd- ?007- Pfighgkx zf Egzgndzk Prfhwhighdigzw- Pdpkr prkpdrkj fr dhfmkrkmhk fm Agmdmhgdi Xkhzfr _kfrex dmj _kn{idzgfmx) Dxgdm JkqkifpekmzOdmc Gmxzgz{zk ,DJOG') Zfcwf) ?4?8 B{iw-

Dxgdm Jkqkifpekmz Odmc- ?00:- Efmkzdrw dmj Agmdmhgdi Gmzknrdzgfm gm Kdxz Dxgd)? qfix) Odxgmnxzfck) [C2 Edhegiidm-

Odxki Hfeegzzkk fm Odmcgmn X{pkrqgxgfm- ?040- Zlk Odxki Hfeegzzkkx _kxpfmxkzf zlk Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgx2 _kpfrz zf zlk N?0- Odxki2 Odmc fr GmzkrmdzgfmdiXkzzikekmzx-

Hdiqf) N- ?007- Agmdmhgdi Hrgxkx2 Zdikx fr _kn{idzfrx dmj Hkmzrdi Odmckrx-Ckwmfzk xpkkhl dz d hfmkrkmhk fm Agmdmhgdi _kn{idzgfm2 Ikxxfmx rfezlk _khkmz Nifodi Hrgxgx) Odmhf Hkmzrdi jk Hlgik) Xdmzgdnf jk Hlgik) 4>D{n{xz-

Jrwxjdik) P- ?007- Nkzzgmn Kdxz Dxgdx Dhz Zfnkzlkr fr zlk N?0 X{eegz- Qf| ~koxgzk) ?8 Edrhl- lzzp2&&~~~-qf|k{-frn&gmjk|-plp6t;mfjk&88?8-

Kghlkmnrkkm) O- dmj P- I{kmnmdr{kegzhldg- ?001- ^lw Jfkxmz Dxgd LdqkOgnnkr Ofmj Edrckzx6 Gm OGX Pdpkrx Mf 80 Dxgdm Ofmj Edrckzx2 Gxx{kx dmjPrfxpkhzx- Odxki2 OGX-

Ldik) N- dmj E- Xpgknki- ?007- ^lf Jrfqk zlk Offe gm K{rf%Jkmfegmdzkj OfmjGxx{kx6 Akjkrdi _kxkrqk Odmc f Xdm Ardmhgxhf ^frcgmn Pdpkr ?007%?0- XdmArdmhgxhf) HD2 Akjkrdi _kxkrqk Odmc f Xdm Ardmhgxhf-

Lfxhlcd) Z-H- ?00;- Ifhdi H{rrkmhw Agmdmhgmn2 Zlk Mk|z Arfmzgkr frEJOx6 DJO Khfmfeghx dmj _kxkdrhl Jkpdrzekmz frcgmn Pdpkr 1


42/296

Zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx dmj gzx gepighdzgfmx ?;

lzzp2&&~~~-djog-frn&xpkkhlkx&?0010-hifxgmn-rkedrcx-c{rfjd-dxgd-nifodi-amdmhgdi-hrgxgx-hfmkrkmhk&-

jk Idrfxgrk) B- ?007- Zlk Lgnl Ikqki Nrf{p fm zlk Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgx2 _kpfrz-

Or{xxkix2 K{rfpkdm Hfeegxxgfm- lzzp2&&kh-k{rfpd-k{&gmzkrmdiVedrckz&amdmhkx&jfhx&jkVidrfxgkrkVrkpfrzVkm-pj-Ekmjfd) _-[- ?007- D _kqgk~ f Agmdmhgdi Xzdogigzw Gmxzr{ekmzx fr Kekrngmn

Edrckz Khfmfegkx- HKXgf Khfmfegh Xz{jgkx ;;,?'2 8;87>-Efrndm) P- ?007- [mrkn{idzkj Kmzgzgkx) Prfj{hzx) dmj Edrckzx2 Hldiikmnkx fr

Efmgzfrgmn dmj _kn{idzgfm- DJOG _kxkdrhl Pfighw Orgk 80- Zfcwf2 DJOG-lzzp2&&~~~-djog-frn&rkxkdrhl%pfighw%orgk&?007&040 B{iw-

Pk{rd) X- dmj K- Bfcgq{fiik- ?008- Xge{idzgfm%Odxkj Xzrkxx Zkxzgmn f Odmcx_kn{idzfrw Hdpgzdi Djkt{dhw- Odmc f Agmidmj Jgxh{xxgfm Pdpkr 0:&?008-Lkixgmcg2 Odmc f Agmidmj-

_kxkrqk Odmc f Mk~ Rkdidmj- ?007- Igt{gjgzw Pfighw- Pr{jkmzgdi X{pkrqgxgfmJkpdrzekmz Jfh{ekmz OX48- ^kiigmnzfm2 _kxkrqk Odmc f Mk~ Rkdidmj-

Xt{de Idck ^frcgmn Nrf{p- ?007- Dm K|pkjgzkj _kxfi{zgfm Ekhldmgxe frJgxzrkxxkj Agmdmhgdi Agrex2 _kn{idzfrw Lworgj Xkh{rgzgkx- ~~~-hr-frn&hfmzkmz&p{oighdzgfmx&dzzdhlekmzx&Xt{deVIdckV^frcgmnVPdpkr8-pj-

Zlfepxfm) K-_- dmj B-P- Pffm- ?000- DXKDM Dzkr zlk Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgx2 Igmcxokz~kkm Afrkgnm Jgrkhz Gmqkxzekmz dmj _kn{idzfrw Hldmnk- DXKDM KhfmfeghO{iikzgm 4>2 44;-

[mgzkj Xzdzkx Jkpdrzekmz f zlk Zrkdx{rw- ?007- Agmdmhgdi _kn{idzfrw _kfre DMk~ Af{mjdzgfm2 _ko{gijgmn Agmdmhgdi X{pkrqgxgfm dmj _kn{idzgfm- ^dxlgmnzfm)JH2 [X Zrkdx{rw-


43/296


44/296

PD_Z G

Agmdmhgdi X{rqkgiidmhk dmj _kn{idzgfm zfPrkqkmz Hrgxkx


45/296


46/296

?7

?- Xzrkmnzlkmgmn xwxzkegh amdmhgdirkn{idzgfmEdxdlgrf Cd~dg dmj Eghldki Pfekrikdmf

?-4 GMZ_FJ[HZGFM

^gzl d k~ mfzdoik k|hkpzgfmx) hkmzrdi odmckrx) amdmhgdi x{pkrqgxfrx dmjrkn{idzfrx) fzlkr pfighwedckrx) gmzkrmdzgfmdi frndmgdzgfmx) zlk prgqdzkxkhzfr dmj dhdjkegh khfmfegxzx dgikj zf prkjghz zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgxdmj {mjkrkxzgedzkj gzx xkqkrgzw- X{hl d jrdedzgh dgi{rk f zlk kmzgrk amdm%hgdi hfee{mgzw ~drrdmzx xf{i xkdrhlgmn2 gx gz pfxxgoik zf prkqkmz d xwxzkeghhrgxgx6 Gm zlgx hldpzkr) gz ~gii ok drn{kj zldz zlgx gx gmjkkj pfxxgoik dmj zldzzlk okxz ~dw zf prkqkmz d amdmhgdi hrgxgx gx zf gjkmzgw dmj dhz fm xwxzkeghrgxc fr xf{rhkx f amdmhgdi gmxzdogigzw-

Zlk jkqdxzdzgmn nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx f ?00>?007 fkrx d xkz f ikxxfmx-Zlk mk~ ikxxfmx ikdrmkj drk efrk x{oxzdmzgdi zldm zlfxk ikdrmkj gm zlk pdxz)dx ~ldz ~krk hfmxgjkrkj zlk okxz amdmhgdi xwxzkex zlfxk f zlk [mgzkjXzdzkx ,[X') zlk [mgzkj Cgmnjfe ,[C') dmj hfmzgmkmzdi K{rfpk dii ~kmz~rfmn- Zlk fobkhzgqk f zlgx hldpzkr gx zf k|pifrk lf~ zf xpfz xgnmx f xwx%zkegh rgxc dmj prkqkmz d amdmhgdi hrgxgx- Gz ~gii ok drn{kj zldz dm kkhzgqkrdek~frc fr xwxzkegh xzdogigzw rkn{idzgfm xlf{ij ok kxzdoigxlkj gm kdhlhf{mzrw) o{z zldz x{hl d mdzgfmdi kfrz ~f{ij mfz ok x{ hgkmz ~gzlf{z zlk[X dmj zlk [C lfxzx zf nifodi amdmhgdi hkmzkrx dmj ~lkrk zlk hrgxgx frgng%

mdzkj edcgmn d {ii pfigzghdi hfeegzekmz zf xwxzkegh xzdogigzw rkn{idzgfm-Zlk hldpzkr gx frndmgkj dx fiif~x- Xkhzgfm ?-? jgxh{xxkx zlk gepfrzdmhkf hrgxgx prkqkmzgfm dmj drn{kx zldz kkhzgqk edhrfpr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqgxgfm

d zfp%jf~m dpprfdhl hfepikekmzkj ow ofzzfe%{p eghrfpr{jkmzgdix{pkrqgxgfm hdm kkhzgqkiw xpfz dmj prkqkmz hrgxkx- Xkhzgfm ?-8 prfqgjkxodxgh prgmhgpikx gm kxzdoigxlgmn d xwxzkegh amdmhgdi rkn{idzfr rfe zlkpkrxpkhzgqkx f fobkhzgqkx dmj edmjdzkx) rkxf{rhkx) gepikekmzdzgfm dmjxzr{hz{rk- Xkhzgfm ?-: rkqgk~x rkhkmz rkfre jkqkifpekmzx mdzgfmdiiw dmjgmzkrmdzgfmdiiw zf djjrkxx xwxzkegh amdmhgdi rgxc) dmj rkhfeekmjx zldzkdhl hf{mzrw hrkdzk d rdek~frc fr xwxzkegh xzdogigzw rkn{idzgfm fr kqkmdm gmjkpkmjkmz amdmhgdi xzdogigzw rkn{idzfr- Xkhzgfm ?-; hfmhi{jkx ~gzlrkhfeekmjdzgfmx fr {z{rk dhzgfm-


47/296


?-? GEPF_ZDMHK FA H_GXGX P_KQKMZGFM

?-?-4 Pfighw Egxzdckx Oklgmj zlk Nifodi Agmdmhgdi Hrgxgx

Zlk rffz hd{xk f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx f ?00>?007 zrdhkx odhc

zf d o{gij%{p f k|hkxxgqk fpzgegxe hrkdzkj ow d ifmn pkrgfj f

~frij~gjk lgnl khfmfegh nrf~zl) if~ rkdi gmzkrkxz rdzkx dmj x{oj{kj

qfidzgigzw f amdmhgdi prghkx dx ~kii dx d ffj f igt{gjgzw- ^gzl zlkxk

okmgnm edhrfkhfmfegh dmj amdmhgdi kmqgrfmekmzx) gmqkxzfrx drf{mj

zlk ~frij ~krk prfepzkj zf xkdrhl fr wgkij dmj {mjkrkxzgedzkj zlk

rgxcx f gmqkxzekmz) kxpkhgdiiw zlfxk gm mk~ amdmhgdi prfj{hzx- Arfe

zlgx pkrxpkhzgqk) zlk Gmzkrmdzgfmdi Efmkzdrw A{mj ,GEA' ,?007d' x{e%

edrgkj zlk hd{xkx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx gm zlrkk jgekmxgfmx2d~x gm amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm dmj x{pkrqgxgfm3 dgi{rk f efmkzdrw pfighw

zf djjrkxx zlk o{gij%{p f xwxzkegh rgxc3 dmj d ~kdc nifodi amdmhgdi

drhlgzkhz{rk-

Aid~x gm zrdjgzgfmdi amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm dmj x{pkrqgxgfm

Xkqkrdi k|hkiikmz rkqgk~x f ~ldz ~kmz ~rfmn gm amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm,Nrf{p f Zlgrzw ?0073 Or{mmkrekgkr kz di- ?0073 jk Idrfxgrk Nrf{p?007' pfgmz zf zlk dhz zldz zlkrk ~krk rkn{idzfrw dmj x{pkrqgxfrw jkahgkm%

hgkx) gmhi{jgmn gmdjkt{dzk edhrfpr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqgxgfm-Kxxkmzgdiiw) mdzgfmdi amdmhgdi rkn{idzfrx dmj x{pkrqgxfrx dgikj zf xkk

zlk idrnk o{gij%{p f xwxzkegh rgxcx- Gm zlk [X) zlk rkn{idzfrw dmj x{pkrqg%xfrw rdek~frc ~dx lgnliw rdnekmzkj3 gzx xhfpk ~dx mdrrf~iw fh{xkj fmgmx{rkj jkpfxgz%zdcgmn gmxzgz{zgfmx dmj jgj mfz hfqkr dii amdmhgdi dhzgqgzgkxzldz pfxkj khfmfew%~gjk rgxcx- Dx d rkx{iz) zlk xldjf~ odmcgmn xwxzkenrk~ defmn gmqkxzekmz odmcx) efrzndnk orfckrx dmj frgngmdzfrx) xpkhgdigmqkxzekmz qklghikx) gmx{rdmhk hfepdmgkx dmj fzlkr prgqdzk dxxkz pffix) dxzlkw ldj ifmn okkm ignlziw rkn{idzkj ow d pdzhl~frc f dnkmhgkx dmj nkmkr%

diiw ldj mfz okkm x{pkrqgxkj pr{jkmzgdiiw-4

J{k zf zlk prfpkmxgzw zf fh{x fm gmjgqgj{di gmxzgz{zgfmx) x{pkrqgxfrxdrf{mj zlk ~frij dgikj zf rkhfnmgk gmzkrhfmmkhzgfmx dmj igmcx dhrfxxamdmhgdi arex) xkhzfrx dmj edrckzx j{k zf zlk idhc f d edhrfpr{jkmzgdidpprfdhl- X{pkrqgxfrx fmiw fh{xkj fm zlkgr f~m pgkhk f zlk p{ik) fqkr%iffcgmn zlk idrnkr prfoike- Xlgm ,?007' pfgmzkj f{z d diidhw f dnnrknd%zgfm2 egx%kj{hdzkj x{pkrqgxfrx dmj k|degmkrx ~krk fh{xkj fm gmjgqgj{digmxzgz{zgfmx) ~gzlf{z rkndrj zf zlk gepdhz fm zlk xwxzke- Zlkrk gx zl{x dnrf~gmn rkdigdzgfm zldz d edhrfpr{jkmzgdi dpprfdhl zf x{pkrqgxgfm dmj

dm kkhzgqk xwxzkegh xzdogigzw rkn{idzfr drk mkkjkj zf hfepikekmz eghrf%pr{jkmzgdi ekdx{rkx-


48/296

Xzrkmnzlkmgmn xwxzkegh amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm 84

Adgi{rk f efmkzdrw pfighw zf hfmzdgm amdmhgdi geodidmhkx

Zlk GEAx dmdiwxgx ,GEA ?007o' pfgmzx f{z zldz d ckw dgi{rk j{rgmn zlkoffe ~dx zlk gmdogigzw zf xpfz zlk ogn pghz{rk zlrkdz f d nrf~gmn dxxkzprghk o{ooik- Kt{diiw) efmkzdrw pfighw jgj mfz zdck gmzf dhhf{mz o{gij%gmn xwxzkegh rgxcx- Hikdriw) zlk [X Akjkrdi _kxkrqk {mjkrkxzgedzkj zlko{gij%{p f amdmhgdi geodidmhkx hfegmn rfe lf{xgmn prghk o{ooikx) zlklgnl ikqkrdnk f amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx) dmj gmzkrhfmmkhzgfmx okz~kkm amdm%hgdi edrckzx- Zlk [X Akjkrdi _kxkrqk edw ~kii ldqk dxx{ekj zldz kqkm gzlk dxxkz prghk offe hfiidpxkj) zlk gepdhzx fm zlk amdmhgdi xwxzke dmj zlkkhfmfew hf{ij ok egzgndzkj ow if~kr gmzkrkxz rdzkx-?

Gm zlkfrw) zgnlzkr pr{jkmzgdi rkn{idzgfm hf{ij ldqk okkm efogigkj zfhfmzdgm xwxzkegh amdmhgdi rgxc) o{z gm prdhzghk) okfrk zlk d{zlfrgzgkx rkdi%

gkj gz) l{nk xwxzkegh rgxcx ldj dhh{e{idzkj okif~ zlk rkn{idzfrx rdjdr)gm zlk xldjf~ odmcgmn xwxzke- Ngqkm zlk dgi{rk f pr{jkmzgdi x{pkrqgxfrwdhzgfm zf prkqkmz d o{gij%{p f xwxzkegh rgxc) zlk hkmzrdi odmc) dx d edhrf%amdmhgdi x{pkrqgxfr) xlf{ij ldqk rkdhzkj zf hrkjgz offex) rgxgmn ikqkrdnk)xldrp dxxkz prghk gmhrkdxkx) dmj zlk o{gij%{p f xwxzkegh q{imkrdogigzgkx owdjfpzgmn zgnlzkr efmkzdrw pfighw-

^kdc nifodi amdmhgdi drhlgzkhz{rk

Zlkrk ~krk jkahgkmhgkx gm zlk nifodi amdmhgdi drhlgzkhz{rk zlk f hgdi

xzr{hz{rk zldz dhgigzdzkx nifodi amdmhgdi xzdogigzw dmj zlk xeffzl f~ fnffjx) xkrqghkx dmj hdpgzdi dhrfxx hf{mzrgkx- Zlkrk drk zlrkk gxx{kx-

Agrxz) nifodi gmxzgz{zgfmx igck zlk GEA) zlk Odmc fr GmzkrmdzgfmdiXkzzikekmzx) dmj zlk Agmdmhgdi Xzdogigzw Afr{e ,mf~ zlk AgmdmhgdiXzdogigzw Ofdrj) AXO' dgikj zf hfmj{hz kkhzgqk edhrfkhfmfegh dmjamdmhgdi x{rqkgiidmhk f xwxzkeghdiiw gepfrzdmz khfmfegkx3 zldz gx) zlkwjgj mfz hikdriw gjkmzgw zlk kekrngmn xwxzkegh rgxc gm zlk [X) zlk [C dmjzlk k{rffmk) xkmj hikdr ~drmgmnx zf pfighwedckrx) fr prfqgjk prdhzghdipfighw djqghk fm hfmhrkzk ekdx{rkx zf rkj{hk zlk xwxzkegh rgxc-8 Zlkgr

dmdiwxgx hikdriw {mjkrkxzgedzkj zlk iffegmn rgxc gm zlk xldjf~ odmcgmnxwxzke) gmzkrhfmmkhzgfmx dhrfxx amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx) edrckzx) dmj hf{m%zrgkx) dmj nifodi edhrfkhfmfeghamdmhgdi igmcx-

Xkhfmj) zlkrk ~dx hfmxgjkrdoik jgxh{xxgfm f nifodi pdwekmzx geodi%dmhkx j{rgmn ?00??00>- Zlk GEA gm pdrzgh{idr ~drmkj rkpkdzkjiw) pdr%zgh{idriw zlrf{nl zlk mk~iw kxzdoigxlkj e{izgidzkrdi hfmx{izdzgfm prfhkxx)zldz nifodi geodidmhkx pfxkj d xkrgf{x rgxc zf nifodi amdmhgdi xzdogigzw-Lf~kqkr) zlk nifodi geodidmhk jgxh{xxgfm edw ldqk jgqkrzkj pfighwedc%krx dzzkmzgfm d~dw rfe [X jfekxzgh amdmhgdi geodidmhkx zf~drj

nifodi geodidmhkx) zlk rgxc f jfiidr hfiidpxk dmj zlk mkkj zf rkqdi{k zlkh{rrkmhw f zlk Pkfpikx _kp{oigh f Hlgmd) zlk rkmegmog-Zlgrj) zlk hrgxgx ldx rkqkdikj zlk gmkkhzgqkmkxx f rdnekmzkj


49/296

8? Gepighdzgfmx f zlk nifodi amdmhgdi hrgxgx

gmzkrmdzgfmdi drrdmnkekmzx fr rkn{idzgfm) x{pkrqgxgfm dmj rkxfi{zgfmf gmzkrmdzgfmdiiw dhzgqk amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx- Zlk prfoike okhdek pdr%zgh{idriw dh{zk ~lkm x{hl gmxzgz{zgfmx xlf~kj xgnmx f dgigmn- Dizlf{nllfek%hf{mzrw d{zlfrgzgkx drk edgmiw rkxpfmxgoik fr rkxfiqgmn gmxfiqkmzgmxzgz{zgfmx) lfxz%hf{mzrw d{zlfrgzgkx ~krk fzkm t{ghc zf rgmn%kmhk dxxkzxgm zlkgr b{rgxjghzgfmx okhd{xk f zlk doxkmhk f hikdr gmzkrmdzgfmdi r{ikxnfqkrmgmn o{rjkm%xldrgmn ekhldmgxex fr ifxxkx j{k zf dgi{rk f amdmhgdiarex ~gzl hrfxx%ofrjkr fpkrdzgfmx-

?-?-? Prgmhgpikx f Hrgxgx Hfmzdgmekmz

Zlk efxz {mjdekmzdi dpprfdhl zf d amdmhgdi hrgxgx xlf{ij ok zf prkqkmz

fmk rfe zdcgmn pidhk gm zlk arxz pidhk- Fmhk d hrgxgx orkdcx f{z) lf~kqkr)k hgkmz hrgxgx edmdnkekmz dmj rkxfi{zgfm pfighgkx okhfek gepfrzdmz-

Zlk ckw prgmhgpik xlf{ij ok2 Hrgxgx prkqkmzgfm gx okzzkr zldm

h{rk- Zlgx kmzdgix zlk prkqkmzgfm fr egzgndzgfm f zlk o{gij%{p f

q{imkrdogigzgkx zldz hf{ij ikdj zf xwxzkegh rgxc dmj kqkmz{diiw d amdmhgdi

hrgxgx- Zlk edbfr prkqkmzgqk ekhldmgxex xlf{ij gmhi{jk2 ,4' kxzdoigxl%

ekmz f kkhzgqk rkn{idzgfm dmj x{pkrqgxgfm zldz efmgzfrx dmj dhzx fm

khfmfew%~gjk xwxzkegh rgxc3 ,?' d xf{mj edhrfkhfmfegh edmdnkekmz

rdek~frc ,fr efmkzdrw) axhdi dmj k|hldmnk rdzk pfighgkx' zldz hdm

hf{mzkrdhz zlk o{gij%{p f xwxzkegh q{imkrdogigzgkx x{hl dx dxxkz prghko{ooikx3 dmj ,8' hrkdzgfm f d xzrfmn gmzkrmdzgfmdi amdmhgdi drhlgzkhz{rk

zldz hdm xkmj pfgmzkj kdriw ~drmgmnx dmj gmj{hk kkhzgqk gmzkrmdzgfmdi

pfighw hffrjgmdzgfm zf rkj{hk xwxzkegh rgxc gmzkrmdzgfmdiiw- Gm zlk prk%

qkmzgfm k|krhgxk) zlk edhrfpr{jkmzgdi dpprfdhl gx okhfegmn gmhrkdx%

gmniw gepfrzdmz-

Fmhk d amdmhgdi hrgxgx orkdcx f{z) gz gx mkhkxxdrw zf djfpz hfeprklkmxgqkpfighw ekdx{rkx xf zldz zlk hrgxgx jfkx mfz ednmgw fr prfifmn gzxki- Hrgxgxedmdnkekmz zffix gmhi{jk2 ,4' prfqgxgfm f zgekiw dmj djkt{dzk igt{gjgzw3

,?' rgnfrf{x k|degmdzgfm f amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx odidmhk xlkkzx) gmhi{jgmnzlrf{nl xzrkxx zkxzx3 ,8' x{ppfrz f qgdoik o{z dgigmn amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmxzlrf{nl n{drdmzkkx) mfm%pkrfregmn ifdm rkefqdi dmj rkhdpgzdigdzgfm3dmj ,:' djfpzgfm f dpprfprgdzk edhrfkhfmfegh pfighgkx zf egzgndzk zlkdjqkrxk kkjodhc iffp okz~kkm zlk amdmhgdi xkhzfr dmj zlk rkdi khfmfew)rkkhzgmn zlk xpkhgah hfmjgzgfmx dmj rkdigzw f zlk khfmfew- Dm gepfrzdmzhldiikmnk gx lf~ zf kmx{rk zldz x{hl edmdnkekmz pfighgkx jf mfz hrkdzkefrdi lddrj prfoikex-

Agmdiiw g d amdmhgdi hrgxgx kqfiqkx gmzf d {ii%oif~m khfmfegh hrgxgx)

~gzl xwxzkegh jdednkx zf zlk amdmhgdi) hfrpfrdzk dmj lf{xklfij xkhzfrx)gz gx qgzdi zf rkxfiqk zlk prfoike t{ghciw- Hrgxgx rkxfi{zgfm ekdx{rkxgmhi{jk2 ,4' {xk f ekhldmgxex fr rkxzr{hz{rgmn amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx


50/296

Xzrkmnzlkmgmn xwxzkegh amdmhgdi rkn{idzgfm 88

gepdgrkj dxxkzx dmj) lkmhk) hfrpfrdzk dmj lf{xklfij jkoz3 ,?' {xk f ~kii%{mhzgfmgmn jfekxzgh gmxfiqkmhw prfhkj{rkx fr mfmqgdoik amdmhgdi gmxzg%z{zgfmx3 dmj ,8' {xk f gmzkrmdzgfmdi ekhldmgxex fr rkxfiqgmn mfm%qgdoikgmzkrmdzgfmdiiw dhzgqk amdmhgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx) gmhi{jgmn hikdr o{rjkm%xldrgmnekhldmgxex- ^gzlf{z d hikdriw jkamkj rkngek fr zlk rkxfi{zgfm f amdm%hgdi gmxzgz{zgfmx jfekxzghdiiw dmj gmzkrmdzgfmdiiw) zlk hrgxgx edmdnkekmzprfhkxx hdm hrkdzk gmzkrmdzgfmdi hfmghz) rkx{izgmn rfe x{hl dhzgfmx dx zlkrgmn%kmhgmn f frkgnm odmc dxxkzx-

Zlk mdz{rk f d hrgxgx rkxfi{zgfm ekhldmgxe dkhzx hrgxgx edmdnkekmzpfighgkx dmj zlk jknrkk f efrdi ldd

Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Financial Reform and Regulation in Asia

Documents

Transcript of Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Financial Reform and Regulation in Asia